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Ota M, Hoehn KB, Fernandes-Braga W, Ota T, Aranda CJ, Friedman S, Miranda-Waldetario MG, Redes J, Suprun M, Grishina G, Sampson HA, Malbari A, Kleinstein SH, Sicherer SH, de Lafaille MAC. CD23 +IgG1 + memory B cells are poised to switch to pathogenic IgE production in food allergy. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi0673. [PMID: 38324641 PMCID: PMC11008013 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Food allergy is caused by allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, but little is known about the B cell memory of persistent IgE responses. Here, we describe, in human pediatric peanut allergy, a population of CD23+IgG1+ memory B cells arising in type 2 immune responses that contain high-affinity peanut-specific clones and generate IgE-producing cells upon activation. The frequency of CD23+IgG1+ memory B cells correlated with circulating concentrations of IgE in children with peanut allergy. A corresponding population of "type 2-marked" IgG1+ memory B cells was identified in single-cell RNA sequencing experiments. These cells differentially expressed interleukin-4 (IL-4)- and IL-13-regulated genes, such as FCER2/CD23+, IL4R, and germline IGHE, and carried highly mutated B cell receptors (BCRs). In children with high concentrations of serum peanut-specific IgE, high-affinity B cells that bind the main peanut allergen Ara h 2 mapped to the population of "type 2-marked" IgG1+ memory B cells and included clones with convergent BCRs across different individuals. Our findings indicate that CD23+IgG1+ memory B cells transcribing germline IGHE are a unique memory population containing precursors of high-affinity pathogenic IgE-producing cells that are likely to be involved in the long-term persistence of peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyo Ota
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
| | - Takayuki Ota
- Department of Dermatology, Janssen Research & Development LLC; San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Carlos J. Aranda
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
| | - Sara Friedman
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
| | - Mariana G.C. Miranda-Waldetario
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
| | - Jamie Redes
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, ISMMS; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria Suprun
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Galina Grishina
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hugh A. Sampson
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alefiyah Malbari
- Kravis Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, ISMMS; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Program in Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Yale University; New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Scott H. Sicherer
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria A. Curotto de Lafaille
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
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2
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The roles of post-translational modifications and coactivators of STAT6 signaling in tumor growth and progression. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1945-1960. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) are highly expressed in various tumors and associated with tumorigenesis, immunosuppression, proliferation, metastasis and poor prognosis in human cancers. In response to IL-4/13, STAT6 is phosphorylated, dimerizes and triggers transcriptional regulation after recruitment of coactivators to transcriptosome, such as CBP/p300, SRC-1, PARP-14 and PSF. Post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, ADP-ribosylation and acetylation, have been explored for molecular mechanisms of STAT6 in tumor development and management. STAT6 has been developed as a specific biomarker for distinguishing and diagnosing tumor phenotypes, although it is observed to be frequently mutated in metastatic tumors. In this article, we focus mainly on the structural characteristics of STAT6 and its role in tumor growth and progression.
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3
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Zhang S, Liu H, Yin M, Pei X, Hausser A, Ishikawa E, Yamasaki S, Jin ZG. Deletion of Protein Kinase D3 Promotes Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Hepatology 2020; 72:1717-1734. [PMID: 32048304 PMCID: PMC9338785 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver fibrosis (LF) is a central pathological process that occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases. Advanced LF causes cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of LF remain largely unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS This study was designed to investigate the role of protein kinase D3 (PKD3; gene name Prkd3) in the regulation of liver homeostasis. We generated global Prkd3 knockout (Prkd3-/- ) mice and myeloid-cell-specific Prkd3 knockout (Prkd3∆LysM ) mice, and we found that both Prkd3-/- mice and Prkd3∆LysM mice displayed spontaneous LF. PKD3 deficiency also aggravated CCl4 -induced LF. PKD3 is highly expressed in hepatic macrophages (HMs), and PKD3 deficiency skewed macrophage polarization toward a profibrotic phenotype. Activated profibrotic macrophages produced transforming growth factor beta that, in turn, activates hepatic stellate cells to become matrix-producing myofibroblasts. Moreover, PKD3 deficiency decreased the phosphatase activity of SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (a bona-fide PKD3 substrate), resulting in sustained signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 activation in macrophages. In addition, we observed that PKD3 expression in HMs was down-regulated in cirrhotic human liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS PKD3 deletion in mice drives LF through the profibrotic macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY,Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY,Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Meimei Yin
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Xiuying Pei
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Angelika Hausser
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zheng Gen Jin
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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4
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Delgado-Ramirez Y, Colly V, Gonzalez GV, Leon-Cabrera S. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 as a target in colon cancer therapy. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:455-464. [PMID: 32565970 PMCID: PMC7285805 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a member of the STAT family of proteins that serve key roles in the initiation of tumorigenesis and malignant transformation. STAT6 is highly expressed in several types of cancer, including breast, pancreatic, prostate and colorectal cancer. STAT6 transduces signals in response to the binding of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 to their receptors and regulates the expression of genes involved in the immune response, cell survival, tumor proliferation and metastasis. Patients with colorectal cancer exhibit high STAT6 activity in the colonic epithelium, and STAT6 expression is associated with lower survival rates, lymph node metastasis, changes in the epithelial barrier function and alterations in the inflammatory response. A number of studies investigating experimental models and cancer cell lines have revealed that STAT6 is associated with tumor growth and development, as well as with increased invasion and metastasis, suggesting that STAT6 inhibition may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy in colon cancer. The present review summarizes the evidence with regard to the implications of STAT6 in cancer biology and the direct and indirect effects on colon tumor transformation. Furthermore, the current treatment strategies targeting the IL-4/IL-13/STAT6 axis in colon cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Delgado-Ramirez
- Laboratory of Oncoimmunology, Biomedical Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico
| | - Vaneesa Colly
- Laboratory of Oncoimmunology, Biomedical Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico.,Medical School, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico
| | - Giovanni Villanueva Gonzalez
- Medical School, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico
| | - Sonia Leon-Cabrera
- Laboratory of Oncoimmunology, Biomedical Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico.,Medical School, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico
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5
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Abstract
Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a key signaling pathway in macrophage function, and is required for the so-called alternative (M2) activation of macrophages. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are important M2 polarizing cytokines that act through STAT6 by inducing its phosphorylation and promoting transcription of STAT6-responsive genes. Inactivation of STAT6 signaling in macrophages has not been fully explored; however, a recent model suggests that inactivation of STAT6 signaling can occur via ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In this chapter, we describe a combination of techniques that can be used to study the activation/inactivation of STAT6 signaling in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace Ampem
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamás Röszer
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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6
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Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases as Potential Regulators of STAT3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092708. [PMID: 30208623 PMCID: PMC6164089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein is a major transcription factor involved in many cellular processes, such as cell growth and proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell death or cell apoptosis. It is activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli including cytokines and growth factors. The aberrant activation of STAT3 contributes to several human diseases, particularly cancer. Consequently, STAT3-mediated signaling continues to be extensively studied in order to identify potential targets for the development of new and more effective clinical therapeutics. STAT3 activation can be regulated, either positively or negatively, by different posttranslational mechanisms including serine or tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, acetylation, or demethylation. One of the major mechanisms that negatively regulates STAT3 activation is dephosphorylation of the tyrosine residue essential for its activation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). There are seven PTPs that have been shown to dephosphorylate STAT3 and, thereby, regulate STAT3 signaling: PTP receptor-type D (PTPRD), PTP receptor-type T (PTPRT), PTP receptor-type K (PTPRK), Src homology region 2 (SH-2) domain-containing phosphatase 1(SHP1), SH-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2), MEG2/PTP non-receptor type 9 (PTPN9), and T-cell PTP (TC-PTP)/PTP non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2). These regulators have great potential as targets for the development of more effective therapies against human disease, including cancer.
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7
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Waqas SFH, Hoang AC, Lin YT, Ampem G, Azegrouz H, Balogh L, Thuróczy J, Chen JC, Gerling IC, Nam S, Lim JS, Martinez-Ibañez J, Real JT, Paschke S, Quillet R, Ayachi S, Simonin F, Schneider EM, Brinkman JA, Lamming DW, Seroogy CM, Röszer T. Neuropeptide FF increases M2 activation and self-renewal of adipose tissue macrophages. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2842-2854. [PMID: 28581443 DOI: 10.1172/jci90152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantity and activation state of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) impact the development of obesity-induced metabolic diseases. Appetite-controlling hormones play key roles in obesity; however, our understanding of their effects on ATMs is limited. Here, we have shown that human and mouse ATMs express NPFFR2, a receptor for the appetite-reducing neuropeptide FF (NPFF), and that NPFFR2 expression is upregulated by IL-4, an M2-polarizing cytokine. Plasma levels of NPFF decreased in obese patients and high-fat diet-fed mice and increased following caloric restriction. NPFF promoted M2 activation and increased the proliferation of murine and human ATMs. Both M2 activation and increased ATM proliferation were abolished in NPFFR2-deficient ATMs. Mechanistically, the effects of NPFF involved the suppression of E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF128 expression, resulting in enhanced stability of phosphorylated STAT6 and increased transcription of the M2 macrophage-associated genes IL-4 receptor α (Il4ra), arginase 1 (Arg1), IL-10 (Il10), and alkylglycerol monooxygenase (Agmo). NPFF induced ATM proliferation concomitantly with the increase in N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (Ndrg2) expression and suppressed the transcription of Ifi200 cell-cycle inhibitor family members and MAF bZIP transcription factor B (Mafb), a negative regulator of macrophage proliferation. NPFF thus plays an important role in supporting healthy adipose tissue via the maintenance of metabolically beneficial ATMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anh Cuong Hoang
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ya-Tin Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Grace Ampem
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hind Azegrouz
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lajos Balogh
- National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Jin-Chung Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ivan C Gerling
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sorim Nam
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juncal Martinez-Ibañez
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario de València, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Valencia, Spain
| | - José T Real
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario de València, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Valencia, Spain
| | - Stephan Paschke
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Raphaëlle Quillet
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Safia Ayachi
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Frédéric Simonin
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - E Marion Schneider
- Division of Experimental Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jacqueline A Brinkman
- University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christine M Seroogy
- University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tamás Röszer
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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8
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Hato SV, Figdor CG, Takahashi S, Pen AE, Halilovic A, Bol KF, Vasaturo A, Inoue Y, de Haas N, Verweij D, Van Herpen CML, Kaanders JH, van Krieken JHJM, Van Laarhoven HWM, Hooijer GKJ, Punt CJA, Asai A, de Vries IJM, Lesterhuis WJ. Direct inhibition of STAT signaling by platinum drugs contributes to their anti-cancer activity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54434-54443. [PMID: 28903353 PMCID: PMC5589592 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapeutics are amongst the most powerful anti-cancer drugs. Although their exact mechanism of action is not well understood, it is thought to be mediated through covalent DNA binding. We investigated the effect of platinum-based chemotherapeutics on signaling through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins, which are involved in many oncogenic signaling pathways. We performed in vitro experiments in various cancer cell lines, investigating the effects of platinum chemotherapeutics on STAT phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, the expression of STAT-modulating proteins and downstream signaling pathways. Direct binding of platinum to STAT proteins was assessed using an AlphaScreen assay. Nuclear STAT3 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and correlated with disease-free survival in retrospective cohorts of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients treated with cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy (n= 65) or with radiotherapy alone (n = 32). At clinically relevant concentrations, platinum compounds inhibited STAT phosphorylation, resulting in loss of constitutively activated STAT proteins in multiple distinct cancer cell lines. Platinum drugs specifically inhibited phospho-tyrosine binding to SH2 domains, thereby blocking STAT activation, and subsequently downregulating pro-survival- and anti-apoptotic- target genes. Importantly, we found that active STAT3 in tumors directly correlated with response to cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy in HNSCC patients (p = 0.006). These findings provide insight into a novel, non-DNA-targeted mechanism of action of platinum drugs, and could be leveraged into the use of STAT expression as predictive biomarker for cisplatin chemotherapy and to potentiate other therapeutic strategies such as immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanleyson V Hato
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susumu Takahashi
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Anja E Pen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Altuna Halilovic
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kalijn F Bol
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Vasaturo
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yukie Inoue
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nienke de Haas
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Verweij
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla M L Van Herpen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H Kaanders
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan H J M van Krieken
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W M Van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit K J Hooijer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Akira Asai
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W Joost Lesterhuis
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Current address: University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, Australia
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9
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Interleukin-4 receptor signaling and its binding mechanism: A therapeutic insight from inhibitors tool box. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 32:3-15. [PMID: 27165851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies on Interlukin-4 (IL-4) disclosed great deal of information about its various physiological and pathological roles. All these roles depend upon its interaction and signaling through either type-I (IL-4Rα/common γ-chain) or type-II (IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα) receptors. Another cytokine, IL-13, shares some of the functions of IL-4, because both cytokines use a common receptor subunit, IL-4Rα. Here in this review, we discuss the structural details of IL-4 and IL-4Rα subunit and the structural similarities between IL-4 and IL-13. We also describe detailed chemistry of type-I and type-II receptor complexes and their signaling pathways. Furthermore, we elaborate the strength of type-II hetero dimer signals in response to IL-4 and IL-13. These cytokines are prime players in pathogenesis of allergic asthma, allergic hypersensitivity, different cancers, and HIV infection. Recent advances in the structural and binding chemistry of these cytokines various types of inhibitors were designed to block the interaction of IL-4 and IL-13 with their receptor, including several IL-4 mutant analogs and IL-4 antagonistic antibodies. Moreover, different targeted immunotoxins, which is a fusion of cytokine protein with a toxin or suicidal gene, are the new class of inhibitors to prevent cancer progression. In addition few small molecular inhibitors such as flavonoids have also been developed which are capable of binding with high affinity to IL-4Rα and, therefore, can be very effective in blocking IL-4-mediated responses.
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10
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Regulation of IL-4 Expression in Immunity and Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:31-77. [PMID: 27734408 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 was first identified as a T cell-derived growth factor for B cells. Studies over the past several decades have markedly expanded our understanding of its cellular sources and function. In addition to T cells, IL-4 is produced by innate lymphocytes, such as NTK cells, and myeloid cells, such as basophils and mast cells. It is a signature cytokine of type 2 immune response but also has a nonimmune function. Its expression is tightly regulated at several levels, including signaling pathways, transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, microRNA, and long noncoding RNA. This chapter will review in detail the molecular mechanism regulating the cell type-specific expression of IL-4 in physiological and pathological type 2 immune responses.
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11
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Dwivedi G, Gran MA, Bagchi P, Kemp ML. Dynamic Redox Regulation of IL-4 Signaling. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004582. [PMID: 26562652 PMCID: PMC4642971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the magnitude and dynamics of protein oxidation during cell signaling is technically challenging. Computational modeling provides tractable, quantitative methods to test hypotheses of redox mechanisms that may be simultaneously operative during signal transduction. The interleukin-4 (IL-4) pathway, which has previously been reported to induce reactive oxygen species and oxidation of PTP1B, may be controlled by several other putative mechanisms of redox regulation; widespread proteomic thiol oxidation observed via 2D redox differential gel electrophoresis upon IL-4 treatment suggests more than one redox-sensitive protein implicated in this pathway. Through computational modeling and a model selection strategy that relied on characteristic STAT6 phosphorylation dynamics of IL-4 signaling, we identified reversible protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) oxidation as the primary redox regulatory mechanism in the pathway. A systems-level model of IL-4 signaling was developed that integrates synchronous pan-PTP oxidation with ROS-independent mechanisms. The model quantitatively predicts the dynamics of IL-4 signaling over a broad range of new redox conditions, offers novel hypotheses about regulation of JAK/STAT signaling, and provides a framework for interrogating putative mechanisms involving receptor-initiated oxidation. Incomplete reduction of oxygen during respiration results in the formation of highly reactive molecules known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) that react indiscriminately with cellular components and adversely affect cellular function. For a long time ROS were thought solely to be undesirable byproducts of respiration. Indeed, high levels of ROS are associated with a number of diseases. Despite these facts, antioxidants, agents that neutralize ROS, have not shown any clinical benefits when used as oral supplements. This paradox is partially explained by discoveries over the last two decades demonstrating that ROS are not always detrimental and may be essential for controlling physiological processes like cell signaling. However, the mechanisms by which ROS react with biomolecules are not well understood. In this work we have combined biological experiments with novel computational methods to identify the most important mechanisms of ROS-mediated regulation in the IL-4 signaling pathway of the immune system. We have also developed a detailed computer model of the IL-4 pathway and its regulation by ROS dependent and independent methods. Our work enhances the understanding of principles underlying regulation of cell signaling by ROS and has potential implications in advancing therapeutic methods targeting ROS and their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Dwivedi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Gran
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pritha Bagchi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa L. Kemp
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Higuchi H, Shoji T, Murase Y, Iijima S, Nishijima KI. Siglec-9 modulated IL-4 responses in the macrophage cell line RAW264. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 80:501-9. [PMID: 26540411 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1104238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Siglecs, an immunoglobulin-like lectin family that recognizes the sialic acid moiety, regulate various aspects of immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Siglecs on the macrophage cell line RAW264, which was stimulated with interleukin-4 (IL-4). The induction of arginase-1 (Arg1) by IL-4 was stronger in Siglec-9-expressing cells than in mock cells. Mutations in the cytoplasmic tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs in Siglec-9 markedly reduced the expression of Arg1. The phosphorylation of Akt by IL-4 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) without IL-4 was stronger in Siglec-9-expressing cells, indicating the enhanced activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI-3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ERK pathways, respectively. The enhanced expression of Arg1 was inhibited by MEK inhibitors, but not by PI-3K inhibitor. These results indicate that Siglec-9 affects several different signaling pathways in IL-4-stimulated macrophages, which resulted in enhanced induction of Arg1 in Siglec-9-expressing RAW264 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Higuchi
- a Department of Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Toru Shoji
- a Department of Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yusuke Murase
- a Department of Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Shinji Iijima
- a Department of Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nishijima
- a Department of Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
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13
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McCormick SM, Heller NM. Commentary: IL-4 and IL-13 receptors and signaling. Cytokine 2015; 75:38-50. [PMID: 26187331 PMCID: PMC4546937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 were discovered approximately 30years ago and were immediately linked to allergy and atopic diseases. Since then, new roles for IL-4 and IL-13 and their receptors in normal gestation, fetal development and neurological function and in the pathogenesis of cancer and fibrosis have been appreciated. Studying IL-4/-13 and their receptors has revealed important clues about cytokine biology and led to the development of numerous experimental therapeutics. Here we aim to highlight new discoveries and consolidate concepts in the field of IL-4 and IL-13 structure, receptor regulation, signaling and experimental therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McCormick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Nicola M Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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14
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Li Z, Guan YQ, Liu JM. The role of STAT-6 as a key transcription regulator in HeLa cell death induced by IFN-γ/TNF-α co-immobilized on nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5016-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Li W, Holsinger RMD, Kruse CA, Flügel A, Graeber MB. The potential for genetically altered microglia to influence glioma treatment. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2014; 12:750-62. [PMID: 24047526 DOI: 10.2174/18715273113126660171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse and unstoppable infiltration of brain and spinal cord tissue by neoplastic glial cells is the single most important therapeutic problem posed by the common glioma group of tumors: astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, their malignant variants and glioblastoma. These neoplasms account for more than two thirds of all malignant central nervous system tumors. However, most glioma research focuses on an examination of the tumor cells rather than on host-specific, tumor micro-environmental cells and factors. This can explain why existing diffuse glioma therapies fail and why these tumors have remained incurable. Thus, there is a great need for innovation. We describe a novel strategy for the development of a more effective treatment of diffuse glioma. Our approach centers on gaining control over the behavior of the microglia, the defense cells of the CNS, which are manipulated by malignant glioma and support its growth. Armoring microglia against the influences from glioma is one of our research goals. We further discuss how microglia precursors may be genetically enhanced to track down infiltrating glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Shea-Donohue T, Zhao A, Antalis TM. SerpinB2 mediated regulation of macrophage function during enteric infection. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:254-8. [PMID: 24637799 PMCID: PMC4063854 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.28093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense is an orchestrated response involving changes in the expression of receptors and release of mediators from both immune and structural cells. There is a growing recognition of the important role of proteolytic pathways for the protective immune response to enteric pathogens. Enteric nematode infection induces a type 2 immune response with polarization of macrophages toward the alternatively activated phenotype (M2). The Th2 cytokines, IL-4, and IL-13, induce a STAT6-dependent upregulation of the expression of the protease inhibitor, serpinB2, which protects macrophages from apoptosis. M2 are critical to worm clearance and a novel role for serpinB2 is its regulation of the chemokine, CCL2, which is necessary for monocyte and/or macrophage influx into small intestine during infection. There is a growing list of factors including immune (LPS, Th2 cytokines) as well as hormonal (gastrin, 5-HT) that are linked to increased expression of serpinB2. Thus, serpinB2 represents an immune regulated factor that has multiple roles in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terez Shea-Donohue
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Department of Medicine; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Department of Physiology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Correspondence to: Terez Shea-Donohue,
| | - Aiping Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Department of Medicine; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Toni M Antalis
- Department of Physiology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
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17
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Böhmer FD, Friedrich K. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as wardens of STAT signaling. JAKSTAT 2014; 3:e28087. [PMID: 24778927 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.28087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling by signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) is controlled at many levels of the signaling cascade. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) regulate STAT activation at several layers, including direct pSTAT dephosphorylation in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Despite the importance of this regulation mode, many aspects are still incompletely understood, e.g., the identity of PTPs acting on certain members of the STAT family. After a brief introduction into the STAT and PTP families, we discuss here the current knowledge on PTP mediated regulation of STAT activity, focusing on the interaction of individual STATs with specific PTPs. Finally, we highlight open questions and propose important tasks of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank-D Böhmer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology; CMB; Jena University Hospital; Jena, Germany
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18
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Johnson DJ, Pao LI, Dhanji S, Murakami K, Ohashi PS, Neel BG. Shp1 regulates T cell homeostasis by limiting IL-4 signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1419-31. [PMID: 23797092 PMCID: PMC3698519 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Absence of the phosphatase Shp1 in T cells does not affect the TCR signaling threshold but results in IL-4 sensitivity and memory phenotype cells. The protein-tyrosine phosphatase Shp1 is expressed ubiquitously in hematopoietic cells and is generally viewed as a negative regulatory molecule. Mutations in Ptpn6, which encodes Shp1, result in widespread inflammation and premature death, known as the motheaten (me) phenotype. Previous studies identified Shp1 as a negative regulator of TCR signaling, but the severe systemic inflammation in me mice may have confounded our understanding of Shp1 function in T cell biology. To define the T cell–intrinsic role of Shp1, we characterized mice with a T cell–specific Shp1 deletion (Shp1fl/fl CD4-cre). Surprisingly, thymocyte selection and peripheral TCR sensitivity were unaltered in the absence of Shp1. Instead, Shp1fl/fl CD4-cre mice had increased frequencies of memory phenotype T cells that expressed elevated levels of CD44. Activation of Shp1-deficient CD4+ T cells also resulted in skewing to the Th2 lineage and increased IL-4 production. After IL-4 stimulation of Shp1-deficient T cells, Stat 6 activation was sustained, leading to enhanced Th2 skewing. Accordingly, we observed elevated serum IgE in the steady state. Blocking or genetic deletion of IL-4 in the absence of Shp1 resulted in a marked reduction of the CD44hi population. Therefore, Shp1 is an essential negative regulator of IL-4 signaling in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Johnson
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
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19
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Luzina IG, Keegan AD, Heller NM, Rook GAW, Shea-Donohue T, Atamas SP. Regulation of inflammation by interleukin-4: a review of "alternatives". J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:753-64. [PMID: 22782966 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0412214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of IL-4 have revealed a wealth of information on the diverse roles of this cytokine in homeostatic regulation and disease pathogenesis. Recent data suggest that instead of simple linear regulatory pathways, IL-4 drives regulation that is full of alternatives. In addition to the well-known dichotomous regulation of Th cell differentiation by IL-4, this cytokine is engaged in several other alternative pathways. Its own production involves alternative mRNA splicing, yielding at least two functional isoforms: full-length IL-4, encoded by the IL-4 gene exons 1-4, and IL-4δ2, encoded by exons 1, 3, and 4. The functional effects of these two isoforms are in some ways similar but in other ways quite distinct. When binding to the surface of target cells, IL-4 may differentially engage two different types of receptors. By acting on macrophages, a cell type critically involved in inflammation, IL-4 induces the so-called alternative macrophage activation. In this review, recent advances in understanding these three IL-4-related branch points--alternative splicing of IL-4, differential receptor engagement by IL-4, and differential regulation of macrophage activation by IL-4--are summarized in light of their contributions to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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20
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Wang Y, Zhu Z, Church TD, Lugogo NL, Que LG, Francisco D, Ingram JL, Huggins M, Beaver DM, Wright JR, Kraft M. SHP-1 as a critical regulator of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced inflammation in human asthmatic airway epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3371-81. [PMID: 22371396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against exposure of the airway to infectious agents. Src homology protein (SHP)-1, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, is a negative regulator of signaling pathways that are critical to the development of asthma and host defense. We hypothesize that SHP-1 function is defective in asthma, contributing to the increased inflammatory response induced by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a pathogen known to exacerbate asthma. M. pneumoniae significantly activated SHP-1 in airway epithelial cells collected from nonasthmatic subjects by bronchoscopy with airway brushing but not in cells from asthmatic subjects. In asthmatic airway epithelial cells, M. pneumoniae induced significant PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, NF-κB activation, and IL-8 production compared with nonasthmatic cells, which were reversed by SHP-1 overexpression. Conversely, SHP-1 knockdown significantly increased IL-8 production and PI3K/Akt and NF-κB activation in the setting of M. pneumoniae infection in nonasthmatic cells, but it did not exacerbate these three parameters already activated in asthmatic cells. Thus, SHP-1 plays a critical role in abrogating M. pneumoniae-induced IL-8 production in nonasthmatic airway epithelial cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB activity, but it is defective in asthma, resulting in an enhanced inflammatory response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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21
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Datta R, Naura AS, Zerfaoui M, Errami Y, Oumouna M, Kim H, Ju J, Ronchi VP, Haas AL, Boulares AH. PARP-1 deficiency blocks IL-5 expression through calpain-dependent degradation of STAT-6 in a murine asthma model. Allergy 2011; 66:853-61. [PMID: 21276008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently showed that poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) may play a role in allergen (ovalbumin)-induced airway eosinophilia, potentially through a specific effect on IL-5 production. We also reported that while IL-5 replenishment promotes reversal of eosinophilia in lungs of PARP-1(-/-) mice, IL-4 or Immunoglobulin E replenishment do not, suggesting a potentially significant regulatory relationship between PARP-1 and IL-5. OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism by which PARP-1 regulates IL-5 production and to determine how PARP-1 inhibition blocks allergen-induced eosinophilia. METHODS This study was conducted using a murine model of allergic airway inflammation and primary splenocytes. RESULTS PARP-1 knockout-associated reduction in IL-5 upon allergen exposure occurs at the mRNA level. Such an effect appears to take place after IL-4 receptor activation as PARP-1 inhibition exerted no effect on JAK1/JAK3 activation. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (STAT-6) protein was severely downregulated in spleens of PARP-1(-/-) mice without any effect on mRNA levels, suggesting an effect on protein integrity rather than gene transcription. Interestingly, the degradation of STAT-6 in PARP-1(-/-) mice required allergen stimulation. Additionally, PARP-1 enzymatic activity appears to be required for STAT-6 integrity. The downregulation of STAT-6 coincided with mRNA and protein reduction of GATA-binding protein-3 and occupancy of its binding site on the IL-5 gene promoter. IL-4 was sufficient to induce STAT-6 downregulation in both PARP-1(-/-) mice and isolated splenocytes. Such degradation may be mediated by calpain, but not by proteasomes. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate a novel function of PARP-1 in regulating IL-5 expression during allergen-induced inflammation and explain the underlying mechanism by which PARP-1 inhibition results in IL-5 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Datta
- Department of Pharmacology, The Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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22
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Hussein Y, El-Tarhouny S, Mohamed R, Pasha H, Abul-Saoud A. Association of interleukin-4 receptor gene polymorphisms with rheumatoid arthritis in Egyptian female patients. Joint Bone Spine 2011; 79:38-42. [PMID: 21497535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is a feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The role of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and its receptor in the pathogenesis of RA is conflicting. We aim to investigate the role of polymorphisms in the IL-4Rα gene in susceptibility and severity of RA. METHODS One hundred and seventy-two RA patients and 172 controls were enrolled in the study. Genotyping of IL-4Rα I50V (rs1805010) and IL-4Rα Q576R (rs1801275) was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS IL-4Rα I50V genotype was significantly more frequent in patients with RA than in controls (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1-3.7, P: 0.035). Subjects with IL-4Rα V50V genotype were significantly more likely to have erosive arthropathy (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1-6.1, P: 0.02). The frequencies of IL-4Rα Q576R genotype were significantly decreased in patients with erosive RA compared to patients with nonerosive RA (31.6% versus 48.2%, OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1-7.7, P: 0.04). CONCLUSION IL-4Rα polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility to RA and may be helpful in early detection of erosive RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousri Hussein
- Medical biochemistry department, Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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23
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Christophi GP, Hudson CA, Gruber R, Christophi CP, Massa PT. Promoter-specific induction of the phosphatase SHP-1 by viral infection and cytokines in CNS glia. J Neurochem 2010; 105:2511-23. [PMID: 18331586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 is highly expressed in CNS glia and is an important modulator of cytokine signaling. As such, mice genetically lacking SHP-1 display constitutive myelin abnormalities, severe virus-induced demyelinating disease, and defects in innate anti-viral responses in the CNS. In this study, we show the differential distribution of the SHP-1 promoter-specific transcripts and demonstrate that several cytokines significantly induce SHP-1 expression in CNS glia. Consistent with these cytokine effects, infection with a neurotropic virus both in vitro and in vivo up-regulates SHP-1 transcripts and protein in CNS cells. Using CNS glial cultures of gene knockout mice, we show that interferons-beta and interferons-gamma act through STAT-1 and interferon regulatory factor-1 to induce the SHP-1 promoter I transcripts. Conversely, interferons-beta and IL-6 act through STAT-3 to induce SHP-1 promoter II transcripts. This study demonstrates that interferons and other cytokines associated with virus infections in the CNS can significantly induce the expression of SHP-1 through STAT-1/3 activity and provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating cytokine-induced expression important for multiple homeostatic functions of SHP-1 in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Christophi
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Abdel-Mawla MY, Mostafa Y, Abuel-Majd Y, Attwa R. Detection of R576 interleukin-4 receptor an allele gene, serum interleukin-4, and eosinophilic cationic protein in atopic dermatitis patients. Indian J Dermatol 2010; 54:31-5. [PMID: 20049266 PMCID: PMC2800867 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.48983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic skin disease. It results from a complex interplay between strong genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this work was to study some biochemical markers of the dermatosis. This included detection of R576 interleukin-4 receptor alpha allele gene. Twenty five patients with AD and 25 controls participated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Abdel-Mawla
- Department of Dermatology, Zagazig Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, Egypt.
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25
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Sustained signaling by canonical helper T cell cytokines throughout the reactive lymph node. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:520-6. [PMID: 20418876 PMCID: PMC2895995 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble proteins that regulate immune responses. A current paradigm is that cytokine production in lymphoid tissues is tightly localized and signaling occurs between conjugate cells. Here we assess cytokine signaling during infection by measuring in vivo phosphorylation of intracellular signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). We show that interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) signal to the majority of lymphocytes throughout the reactive lymph node, and that IL-4 conditioning of naïve, bystander cells is sufficient to override opposing Th1 instruction. Our results demonstrate that, despite localized production, cytokines can permeate a lymph node and modify the majority of cells therein. Cytokine conditioning of bystander cells could provide a mechanism by which chronic worm infections subvert the host response to subsequent infections or vaccination attempts.
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Tachdjian R, Al Khatib S, Schwinglshackl A, Kim HS, Chen A, Blasioli J, Mathias C, Kim HY, Umetsu DT, Oettgen HC, Chatila TA. In vivo regulation of the allergic response by the IL-4 receptor alpha chain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1128-1136.e8. [PMID: 20392476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling by IL-4 and IL-13 through the IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha) plays a critical role in the pathology of allergic diseases. The IL-4Ralpha is endowed with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) centered on tyrosine 709 (Y709) in the cytoplasmic domain that binds a number of regulatory phosphatases. The function of the ITIM in the in vivo regulation of IL-4 receptor signaling remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the in vivo function of the IL-4Ralpha ITIM by using mice in which the ITIM was inactivated by mutagenesis of the tyrosine Y709 residue into phenylalanine (F709). METHODS F709 ITIM mutant mice were derived by means of knock-in mutagenesis. Activation of intracellular signaling cascades by IL-4 and IL-13 was assessed by means of intracellular staining of phosphorylated signaling intermediates and gene expression analysis. In vivo responses to allergic sensitization were assessed by using models of allergic airway inflammation. RESULTS The F709 mutation increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 phosphorylation by IL-4 and, disproportionately, by IL-13. This was associated with exaggerated T(H)2 polarization, enhanced alternative macrophage activation by IL-13, augmented basal and antigen-induced IgE responses, and intensified allergen-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. CONCLUSIONS These results point to a physiologic negative regulatory role for the Y709 ITIM in signaling through IL-4Ralpha, especially by IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffi Tachdjian
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, the Department of Pediatrics, the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA.
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Christophi GP, Massa PT. Central neuroinvasion and demyelination by inflammatory macrophages after peripheral virus infection is controlled by SHP-1. Viral Immunol 2010; 22:371-87. [PMID: 19951174 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SHP-1 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that negatively regulates cytokine signaling and inflammatory gene expression. Mice genetically lacking SHP-1 (me/me) display severe inflammatory demyelinating disease following intracranial inoculation with the BeAn strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) compared to infected wild-type mice. Furthermore, SHP-1-deficient mice show a profound and predominant infiltration of blood-derived macrophages into the CNS following intracerebral injection of TMEV, and these macrophages are concentrated in areas of demyelination in brain and spinal cord. In the present study we investigated the role of SHP-1 in controlling CNS inflammatory demyelination following a peripheral instead of an intracerebral inoculation of TMEV. Surprisingly, we found that while wild-type mice were entirely refractory to intraperitoneal (IP) infection by TMEV, in agreement with previous studies, all SHP-1-deficient mice displayed profound macrophage neuroinvasion and macrophage-mediated inflammatory demyelination. Moreover, SHP-1 deficiency led to increased expression of inflammatory molecules in macrophages, serum, and CNS following IP infection with TMEV. Importantly, pharmacological depletion of peripheral macrophages significantly decreased both paralysis and CNS viral loads in SHP-1-deficient mice. In addition, peripheral MCP-1 neutralization attenuated disease severity, decreased macrophage infiltration into the CNS, and decreased monocyte numbers in the blood of SHP-1-deficient mice, implicating MCP-1 as an important mediator of monocyte migration between multiple tissues. These results demonstrate that peripheral TMEV infection results in a unique evolution of macrophage-mediated demyelination in SHP-1-deficient mice, implicating SHP-1 in the control of neuroinvasion of inflammatory macrophages and neurotropic viruses into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Christophi
- Department of Neurology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Ford AQ, Heller NM, Stephenson L, Boothby MR, Keegan AD. An atopy-associated polymorphism in the ectodomain of the IL-4R(alpha) chain (V50) regulates the persistence of STAT6 phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1607-16. [PMID: 19592641 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several commonly occurring polymorphisms in the IL-4R(alpha) have been associated with atopy in humans; the Q576R and the S503P polymorphisms reside in the cytoplasmic domain, whereas the I50 to V50 polymorphism resides in the extracellular domain of the IL-4R(alpha). The effects of these polymorphisms on signaling remain controversial. To determine the effect of the polymorphisms on IL-4 signaling in human cells, we stably transfected the human monocytic cell line U937 with murine IL-4R(alpha) cDNA bearing the I or V at position 50 and the P503/R576 double mutant. Each form of the murine IL-4R(alpha) mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6 in response to murine IL-4 treatment similar to the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation by human IL-4 signaling through the endogenous human IL-4R(alpha). After IL-4 removal, tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT6 rapidly decayed in cells expressing I50 or P503R576 murine IL-4Ralpha. In contrast, STAT6 remained significantly phosphorylated for several hours after murine IL-4 withdrawal in cells expressing the V50 polymorphism. This persistence in tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT6 was associated with persistence in CIS mRNA expression. Blocking IL-4 signaling during the decay phase using the JAK inhibitor AG490 or the anti-IL-4R(alpha) Ab M1 abrogated the persistence of phosphorylated STAT6 observed in the V50-IL-4R(alpha)-expressing cells. These results indicate that the V50 polymorphism promotes sustained STAT6 phosphorylation and that this process is mediated by continued engagement of IL-4R(alpha), suggesting enhanced responses of V50 IL-4R when IL-4 is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Q Ford
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Macrophages of multiple sclerosis patients display deficient SHP-1 expression and enhanced inflammatory phenotype. J Transl Med 2009; 89:742-59. [PMID: 19398961 PMCID: PMC2725397 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in mice have demonstrated that the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 is a crucial negative regulator of proinflammatory cytokine signaling, TLR signaling, and inflammatory gene expression. Furthermore, mice genetically lacking SHP-1 (me/me) display a profound susceptibility to inflammatory CNS demyelination relative to wild-type mice. In particular, SHP-1 deficiency may act predominantly in inflammatory macrophages to increase CNS demyelination as SHP-1-deficient macrophages display coexpression of inflammatory effector molecules and increased demyelinating activity in me/me mice. Recently, we reported that PBMCs of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have a deficiency in SHP-1 expression relative to normal control subjects indicating that SHP-1 deficiency may play a similar role in MS as to that seen in mice. Therefore, it became essential to examine the specific expression and function of SHP-1 in macrophages from MS patients. Herein, we document that macrophages of MS patients have deficient SHP-1 protein and mRNA expression relative to those of normal control subjects. To examine functional consequences of the lower SHP-1, the activation of STAT6, STAT1, and NF-kappaB was quantified and macrophages of MS patients showed increased activation of these transcription factors. In accordance with this observation, several STAT6-, STAT1-, and NF-kappaB-responsive genes that mediate inflammatory demyelination were increased in macrophages of MS patients following cytokine and TLR agonist stimulation. Supporting a direct role of SHP-1 deficiency in altered macrophage function, experimental depletion of SHP-1 in normal subject macrophages resulted in an increased STAT/NF-kappaB activation and increased inflammatory gene expression to levels seen in macrophages of MS patients. In conclusion, macrophages of MS patients display a deficiency of SHP-1 expression, heightened activation of STAT6, STAT1, and NF-kappaB and a corresponding inflammatory profile that may be important in controlling macrophage-mediated demyelination in MS.
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Interferon-beta treatment in multiple sclerosis attenuates inflammatory gene expression through inducible activity of the phosphatase SHP-1. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:27-44. [PMID: 19559654 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-beta is a current treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). Interferon-beta is thought to exert its therapeutic effects on MS by down-modulating the immune response by multiple potential pathways. Here, we document that treatment of MS patients with interferon beta-1a (Rebif) results in a significant increase in the levels and function of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in PBMCs. SHP-1 is a crucial negative regulator of cytokine signaling, inflammatory gene expression, and CNS demyelination as evidenced in mice deficient in SHP-1. In order to examine the functional significance of SHP-1 induction in MS PBMCs, we analyzed the activity of proinflammatory signaling molecules STAT1, STAT6, and NF-kappaB, which are known SHP-1 targets. Interferon-beta treatment in vivo resulted in decreased NF-kappaB and STAT6 activation and increased STAT1 activation. Further analysis in vitro showed that cultured PBMCs of MS patients and normal subjects had a significant SHP-1 induction following interferon-beta treatment that correlated with decreased NF-kappaB and STAT6 activation. Most importantly, experimental depletion of SHP-1 in cultured PBMCs abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of interferon-beta treatment, indicating that SHP-1 is a predominant mediator of interferon-beta activity. In conclusion, interferon-beta treatment upregulates SHP-1 expression resulting in decreased transcription factor activation and inflammatory gene expression important in MS pathogenesis.
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DNA methylation regulates constitutive expression of Stat6 regulatory genes SOCS-1 and SHP-1 in colon cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1791-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Modulation of macrophage infiltration and inflammatory activity by the phosphatase SHP-1 in virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Virol 2008; 83:522-39. [PMID: 18987138 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01210-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 is a crucial negative regulator of cytokine signaling and inflammatory gene expression, both in the immune system and in the central nervous system (CNS). Mice genetically lacking SHP-1 (me/me) display severe inflammatory demyelinating disease following inoculation with the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) compared to infected wild-type mice. Therefore, it became essential to investigate the mechanisms of TMEV-induced inflammation in the CNS of SHP-1-deficient mice. Herein, we show that the expression of several genes relevant to inflammatory demyelination in the CNS of infected me/me mice is elevated compared to that in wild-type mice. Furthermore, SHP-1 deficiency led to an abundant and exclusive increase in the infiltration of high-level-CD45-expressing (CD45(hi)) CD11b(+) Ly-6C(hi) macrophages into the CNS of me/me mice, in concert with the development of paralysis. Histological analyses of spinal cords revealed the localization of these macrophages to extensive inflammatory demyelinating lesions in infected SHP-1-deficient mice. Sorted populations of CNS-infiltrating macrophages from infected me/me mice showed increased amounts of viral RNA and an enhanced inflammatory profile compared to wild-type macrophages. Importantly, the application of clodronate liposomes effectively depleted splenic and CNS-infiltrating macrophages and significantly delayed the onset of TMEV-induced paralysis. Furthermore, macrophage depletion resulted in lower viral loads and lower levels of inflammatory gene expression and demyelination in the spinal cords of me/me mice. Finally, me/me macrophages were more responsive than wild-type macrophages to chemoattractive stimuli secreted by me/me glial cells, indicating a mechanism for the increased numbers of infiltrating macrophages seen in the CNS of me/me mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that infiltrating macrophages in SHP-1-deficient mice play a crucial role in promoting viral replication by providing abundant viral targets and contribute to increased proinflammatory gene expression relevant to the effector mechanisms of macrophage-mediated demyelination.
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Oh SY, Zheng T, Kim YK, Cohn L, Homer RJ, McKenzie ANJ, Zhu Z. A critical role of SHP-1 in regulation of type 2 inflammation in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 40:568-74. [PMID: 18952567 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0225oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Type 2 T helper (Th) cell-dominated inflammation in the lung is a hallmark of asthma. Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1 is a negative regulator in the signaling pathways of many growth factor and cytokine receptors. However, a direct role of SHP-1 in the IL-4/IL-13 signaling pathway has not been established. In this study, we sought to define the function of SHP-1 in the lung by characterizing the pulmonary inflammation of viable motheaten (mev) mice, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. Pulmonary histology, physiology, and cytokine expression of mev mice were analyzed to define the nature of the inflammation, and the gene-deletion approach was used to identify critical molecules involved. In mev mice, we observed spontaneous Th2-like inflammatory responses in the lung, including eosinophilia, mucus metaplasia, airway epithelial hypertrophy, pulmonary fibrosis, and increased airway resistance and airway hyperresponsiveness. The pulmonary phenotype was accompanied by up-regulation of Th2 cytokines and chemokines. Selective deletion of IL-13 or signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, key genes in the Th2 signaling pathway, significantly reduced, but did not completely eliminate, the inflammation in the lung. These findings suggest that SHP-1 plays a critical role in regulating the IL-4/IL-13 signaling pathway and in maintaining lung homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme shown to negatively regulate multiple tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathways. PTP1B can modulate cytokine signaling pathways by dephosphorylating JAK2, TYK2, and STAT5a/b. Herein, we report that phosphorylated STAT6 may serve as a cytoplasmic substrate for PTP1B. Overexpression of PTP1B led to STAT6 dephosphorylation and the suppression of STAT6 transcriptional activity, whereas PTP1B knockdown or deficiency augmented IL-4-induced STAT6 signaling. Pretreatment of these cells with the PTK inhibitor staurosporine led to sustained STAT6 phosphorylation consistent with STAT6 serving as a direct substrate of PTP1B. Furthermore, PTP1B-D181A "substrate-trapping" mutants formed stable complexes with phosphorylated STAT6 in a cellular context and endogenous PTP1B and STAT6 interacted in an interleukin 4 (IL-4)-inducible manner. We delineate a new negative regulatory loop of IL-4-JAK-STAT6 signaling. We demonstrate that IL-4 induces PTP1B mRNA expression in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent manner and enhances PTP1B protein stability to suppress IL-4-induced STAT6 signaling. Finally, we show that PTP1B expression may be preferentially elevated in activated B cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. These observations identify a novel regulatory loop for the regulation of IL-4-induced STAT6 signaling that may have important implications in both neoplastic and inflammatory processes.
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Perez-G M, Cortes JR, Rivas MD, Masa F, Zamorano J. Treatment of cells with n-alpha-tosyl-L-phenylalanine-chloromethyl ketone induces the proteolytic loss of STAT6 transcription factor. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3896-901. [PMID: 18676023 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The implication of the STAT6 transcription factor in several human diseases makes the regulation of its activity a topic of great biological interest. The activation of this transcription factor is tightly regulated by kinases, phosphatases, and proteases. The initial aim of this study was to investigate the utility of protease inhibitors in controlling STAT6 activation. Among all inhibitors analyzed, n-alpha-tosyl-L-phenylalanine-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) was found to inhibit the IL-4-induced STAT6 activation. Unexpectedly, this inhibition was accompanied by a loss of STAT6 protein. Thus, TPCK promoted the loss of STAT6 by a mechanism sensitive to the serine-protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoetyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride. However, the effects of TPCK seemed not to be mediated by its protease inhibitory activity since multiple protease inhibitors tested had no effect on STAT6 expression. The results found suggest that the effect of TPCK was mediated by its alkylating activity. Thus, cysteine reactive and thiol antioxidant compounds prevented the loss of STAT6 induced by TPCK. The reactivity of thiol groups on STAT6 was moreover demonstrated with biotinylated sulfhydryl-reactive compounds. Analysis of other signaling molecules indicated that STAT5, but not other STATs, Shc, or c-Rel, was also affected by TPCK, suggesting a common downregulatory mechanism for STAT6 and STAT5. These results reveal a novel mechanism of action of TPCK in inducing a selective loss of STAT proteins. These findings may have implications for diseases in which STAT proteins are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises Perez-G
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, Avenida Pablo Naranjo s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
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Yuan Q, Li PD, Li BH, Yang XZ, Xu SB, Liu XH, Zhou FX, Zhang WJ. Differential IL-4/Stat6 activities correlate with differential expression of regulatory genes SOCS-1, SHP-1, and PP2A in colon cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:131-40. [PMID: 18536936 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate potential differences in the expression of Stat6 regulatory genes that may influence IL-4/Stat6 activities (phenotypes) in colon cancer cells. METHODS RT-PCR method was employed to examine the constitutive mRNA expression of Stat6 negative regulators SOCS-1 and SHP-1, and positive regulator PP2A in colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and Caco-2. Stat6 protein expression and nuclear phosphorylation were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS Caco-2 cells carrying inactive Stat6(null) phenotype showed normal constitutive expression of Stat6 but decreased phosphorylation of nuclear Stat6 compared with HT-29 cells carrying active Stat6(high) phenotype. Stat6(null) Caco-2 cells expressed increased levels of mRNA and protein of SOCS-1 and SHP-1, and decreased mRNA expression of PPP2CA and PPP2CB, encoding two critical subunits of PP2A. CONCLUSIONS Constitutively increased expression of Stat6 negative regulators SOCS-1 and SHP-1, together with decreased expression of positive regulator PP2A, may play a role in forming the inactive Stat6(null) phenotype in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yuan
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Christophi GP, Hudson CA, Gruber RC, Christophi CP, Mihai C, Mejico LJ, Jubelt B, Massa PT. SHP-1 deficiency and increased inflammatory gene expression in PBMCs of multiple sclerosis patients. J Transl Med 2008; 88:243-55. [PMID: 18209728 PMCID: PMC2883308 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in mice have demonstrated that the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 is a crucial negative regulator of cytokine signaling, inflammatory gene expression, and demyelination in central nervous system. The present study investigates a possible similar role for SHP-1 in the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS). The levels of SHP-1 protein and mRNA in PBMCs of MS patients were significantly lower compared to normal subjects. Moreover, promoter II transcripts, expressed from one of two known promoters, were selectively deficient in MS patients. To examine functional consequences of the lower SHP-1 in PBMCs of MS patients, we measured the intracellular levels of phosphorylated STAT6 (pSTAT6). As expected, MS patients had significantly higher levels of pSTAT6. Accordingly, siRNA to SHP-1 effectively increased the levels of pSTAT6 in PBMCs of controls to levels equal to MS patients. Additionally, transduction of PBMCs with a lentiviral vector expressing SHP-1 lowered pSTAT6 levels. Finally, multiple STAT6-responsive inflammatory genes were increased in PBMCs of MS patients relative to PBMCs of normal subjects. Thus, PBMCs of MS patients display a stable deficiency of SHP-1 expression, heightened STAT6 phosphorylation, and an enhanced state of activation relevant to the mechanisms of inflammatory demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Christophi
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Chad A Hudson
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ross C Gruber
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Cornelia Mihai
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Luis J Mejico
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Burk Jubelt
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Paul T Massa
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Lu X, Chen J, Sasmono RT, Hsi ED, Sarosiek KA, Tiganis T, Lossos IS. T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase, distinctively expressed in activated-B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, is the nuclear phosphatase of STAT6. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:2166-79. [PMID: 17210636 PMCID: PMC1820499 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01234-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) consist of clinically distinct subtypes: germinal center B-cell (GCB)-like and activated-B-cell (ABC)-like tumors, characterized by long and short survival, respectively. We reported distinct interleukin 4 (IL-4) responsiveness and STAT6 signaling in these DLBCL subtypes. Increased nuclear dephosphorylation of phospho-STAT6 (pSTAT6) was observed in ABC-like tumors, which exhibited a different expression profile of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Among the differentially expressed PTPs, only T-cell PTP (TCPTP) localizes to the nucleus. Herein, we report that the elevated expression of TCPTP in ABC- versus GCB-like DLBCL tumors is not due to the distinct ontogeny of these neoplasms but rather may be an acquired feature of the tumors. Moreover, we report that STAT6 may serve as a physiological nuclear substrate for TCPTP. We demonstrate interactions between endogenous TCPTP and STAT6 and delineate the domains responsible for the interaction. Overexpression of TCPTP ameliorates IL-4-induced STAT6 phosphorylation and associated gene transcription, whereas knockdown of endogenous TCPTP results in increased IL-4-induced STAT6 signaling. Moreover, we report that TCPTP protein levels may be increased in response to IL-4 and that TCPTP may serve in a negative feedback loop for the suppression of IL-4-induced signaling. Taken together, these results identify TCPTP as a physiological regulator of STAT6 phosphorylation and suggest that specific increases in TCPTP expression in ABC-like DLBCLs may contribute to the different biological characteristics of these tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Catalytic Domain
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/enzymology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/classification
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/enzymology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/classification
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Binding
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/deficiency
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- STAT6 Transcription Factor/deficiency
- STAT6 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT6 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lu
- Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Han Y, Amin HM, Franko B, Frantz C, Shi X, Lai R. Loss of SHP1 enhances JAK3/STAT3 signaling and decreases proteosome degradation of JAK3 and NPM-ALK in ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood 2006; 108:2796-803. [PMID: 16825495 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-017434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that most cases of ALK(+) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALK(+)ALCL) do not express SHP1, a tyrosine phosphatase and an important negative regulator for cellular signaling pathways such as that of JAK/STAT. To fully assess the biologic significance of loss of SHP1 in ALK(+)ALCL, we transfected SHP1 plasmids into 2 SHP1(-), ALK(+)ALCL cell lines, Karpas 299 and SU-DHL-1. After 24 hours of transfection, pJAK3 and pSTAT3 were decreased, and these changes correlated with down-regulation of STAT3 downstream targets including cyclin D3, mcl-1, and bcl-2. Expression of SHP1 in these 2 cell lines also resulted in marked decreases in the protein levels of JAK3 and NPM-ALK, and these effects were reversible by proteosome inhibitor MG132. Conversely, when SHP1 expression in SUP-M2 (a SHP1(+) ALK(+)ALCL cell line) was inhibited using siRNA, pSTAT3, pJAK3, JAK3, and NPM-ALK were all up-regulated. Coimmunoprecipitation studies showed that SHP1 was physically associated with JAK3 and NPM-ALK. SHP1 expression in Karpas 299 and SU-DHL-1 led to significant G(1) cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis. To conclude, loss of SHP1 contributes to the pathogenesis of ALK(+)ALCL by 2 mechanisms: (1) it leaves the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of JAK3/STAT3 unchecked and (2) it decreases proteosome degradation of JAK3 and NPM-ALK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
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Kozma N, Halasz M, Polgar B, Poehlmann TG, Markert UR, Palkovics T, Keszei M, Par G, Kiss K, Szeberenyi J, Grama L, Szekeres-Bartho J. Progesterone-induced blocking factor activates STAT6 via binding to a novel IL-4 receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:819-26. [PMID: 16393965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) induces Th2-dominant cytokine production. Western blotting and EMSA revealed phosphorylation as well as nuclear translocation of STAT6 and inhibition of STAT4 phosphorylation in PIBF-treated cells. The silencing of STAT6 by small interfering RNA reduced the cytokine effects. Because the activation of the STAT6 pathway depends on the ligation of IL-4R, we tested the involvement of IL-4R in PIBF-induced STAT6 activation. Although PIBF does not bind to IL-4R, the blocking of the latter with an Ab abolished PIBF-induced STAT6 activation, whereas the blocking of the IL-13R had no effect. PIBF activated suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 and inhibited IL-12-induced suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 activation. The blocking of IL-4R counteracted all the described effects, suggesting that the PIBF receptor interacts with IL-4R alpha-chain, allowing PIBF to activate the STAT6 pathway. PIBF did not phosphorylate Jak3, suggesting that the gamma-chain is not needed for PIBF signaling. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed a colocalization and at 37 degrees C a cocapping of the FITC PIBF-activated PIBF receptor and PE anti-IL-4R-labeled IL-4R. After the digestion of the cells with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, the STAT6-activating effect of PIBF was lost, whereas that of IL-4 remained unaltered. These data suggest the existence of a novel type of IL-4R composed of the IL-4R alpha-chain and the GPI-anchored PIBF receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Kozma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Pecs University, Pecs, Hungary
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Fiset PO, Tulic MK, Skrablin PSA, Grover SM, Létuvé S, Mazer BD, Hamid Q. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 down-regulates toll-like receptor-4 expression of a monocytic cell line. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:158-65. [PMID: 16433852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), part of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, is an important bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Our previous studies have indicated reduced expression of TLR4 and reduced responsiveness to LPS in nasal mucosa of atopic adults compared with non-atopic adults. IL-4 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), which are increased in atopic patients, may have a role in modulating TLR4. OBJECTIVE To examine direct effects of IL-4 and STAT6 on TLR4 expression of U-937 monocytic cells. METHODS LPS responsiveness, under different conditions of U-937 cells was measured by nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation of transcription. TLR4 mRNA was quantified by real-time PCR and TLR4 surface expression was measured by flow cytometry. The promoter and 4.3 kb of the upstream region of TLR4 were cloned into a plasmid vector and transiently transfected into U-937 cells. Transfected cells were incubated with IL-4 and transcriptional activity was assayed by the luciferase assay. STAT6 was transfected to evaluate overexpression of this transcription factor. Cells were also incubated with Tyrphostin AG490 to inhibit tyrosine kinases. RESULTS NF-kappaB activation by LPS was inhibited by IL-4 pre-incubation but not when IL-4 was added at the same time as LPS. TLR4 mRNA expression was inhibited by IL-4 as early as 6 h but the effect was lost by 24 h. Surface expression of TLR4 was inhibited by IL-4 at 12 and 24 h, but returned to baseline at 48 h. IL-4 inhibited activity of the TLR4 promoter as early as 6 h, but, like the mRNA, these effects were transient. STAT6 overexpression enhanced the inhibition of the TLR4 promoter and prolonged it. Inhibition of TLR4 by IL-4 was abolished by pre-incubation with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Tyrphostin AG490. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that IL-4, through STAT6, can modulate TLR4 expression and suggests that Th2 cytokines can impact on the LPS responsiveness of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Fiset
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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42
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Stephenson LM, Park DS, Mora AL, Goenka S, Boothby M. Sequence motifs in IL-4R alpha mediating cell-cycle progression of primary lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5178-85. [PMID: 16210622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 signaling through the IL-4Ralpha chain regulates the development and proliferation of the Th2 lineage of effector CD4(+) T cells. Analyses of the IL-4R in factor-dependent cell lines led to the development of two apparently conflicting models of the primary structural determinants of IL-4R-mediated proliferative signaling. In one model, proliferation was dependent on the first conserved tyrosine in the cytoplasmic tail (Y1), while in the second, proliferation was independent of cytoplasmic tyrosines. We found that in activated primary T cells, mutation of only the Y1 residue resulted in a modest decrease in IL-4-induced S phase entry, a further decrease in cell-cycle completion, and a complete failure of IL-4 to induce p70S6 kinase phosphorylation. Consistent with a role for the PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in mediating cytokine acceleration of G(2)/M transit, pretreatment of activated T cells with rapamycin resulted in only a modest decrease in IL-4-induced S phase entry, but a total block of cell-cycle completion. Strikingly, IL-4Ralpha chains that lacked all cytoplasmic tyrosines were competent to signal for STAT5 phosphorylation, mediated efficient S phase entry, and promoted cell-cycle progression. The ability of tyrosine-deficient IL-4Rs to mediate proliferative signaling and STAT phosphorylation was absolutely dependent on the presence of an intact ID-1 region. These findings show that IL-4Ralpha lacking cytoplasmic tyrosine residues is competent to induce ID-1-dependent proliferation, and indicate that IL-4 can promote G(2)/M progression via activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway initiated at the Y1 residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Stephenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232-3463, USA
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Tanaka T, Soriano MA, Grusby MJ. SLIM is a nuclear ubiquitin E3 ligase that negatively regulates STAT signaling. Immunity 2005; 22:729-36. [PMID: 15963787 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
STAT proteins are a family of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors that are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to a variety of cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. Once activated, STAT proteins translocate into the nucleus and help coordinate gene transcription. One striking feature of STAT signaling is its rapid and transient activation and deactivation cycle, although the molecular mechanisms responsible for this remain poorly understood. Here, we report on a nuclear protein that contains both PDZ and LIM domains and that interacts with activated STAT4 molecules. We show that SLIM is an ubiquitin E3 ligase that acts on STAT proteins to cause their proteosome-mediated degradation and enhance their dephosphorylation. Overexpression of SLIM leads to impaired STAT1 and STAT4 activity due to reduced STAT protein levels, while SLIM-deficiency results in increased STAT expression and thus enhanced IFNgamma production by Th1 cells. These studies suggest that SLIM is a novel ubiquitin E3 ligase whose targets include STAT proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine produced by T(H)2 type helper T cells and by mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. This cytokine can elicit many responses, some of which are associated with allergy and asthma. Studies with long-term cell lines and primary cells have revealed differences in the signaling between these two experimental systems. Understanding these differences is important because therapeutic strategies targeting IL-4 and its signaling pathways are currently being tested to treat allergy and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kelly-Welch
- Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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45
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Zamorano J, Rivas MD, Setien F, Perez-G M. Proteolytic regulation of activated STAT6 by calpains. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2843-8. [PMID: 15728494 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT6 plays an important role in cell responses to IL-4. Its activation is tightly regulated. STAT6 phosphorylation is associated with JAKs, whereas dephosphorylation is associated with specific phosphatases. Several studies indicate that proteases can also regulate STAT6. The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of these proteases in mouse T cell lines. We found that STAT6 was degraded in cell extracts by calcium-dependent proteases. This degradation was specifically prevented by calpain inhibitors, suggesting that STAT6 was a target for these proteases. This was supported by the cleavage of STAT6 by recombinant calpains. The proteolytic regulation of STAT6 was more complex in vivo. Calcium signaling was not sufficient to induce STAT6 degradation. However, treatment of IL-4-stimulated cells with calcium ionophores resulted in the absence of phosphorylated STAT6. This effect correlated with the loss of STAT6 protein and was prevented by calpain inhibitors. Cytoplasmic calpains seemed to be responsible for STAT6 degradation. Calpains can target signaling proteins; in this study we found that they can negatively regulate activated STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zamorano
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, Caceres, Spain.
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Yu WM, Wang S, Keegan AD, Williams MS, Qu CK. Abnormal Th1 cell differentiation and IFN-gamma production in T lymphocytes from motheaten viable mice mutant for Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1013-9. [PMID: 15634925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) plays an important role in T and B lymphocyte signaling; however, the function of SHP-1 in Th cell differentiation, in particular, the Th1 response, has not been defined. In this study, we provide evidence that SHP-1 phosphatase negatively regulates Th1 cell development and IFN-gamma production. Compared with the wild-type control, anti-CD3-activated mouse T lymphocytes carrying the motheaten viable mutation in the SHP-1 gene produced a significantly increased amount of IFN-gamma in the presence of IL-12. This increase was also seen at the basal level without IL-12 addition. Similarly, Th1 cell differentiation and proliferation of anti-CD3-activated SHP-1 mutant lymph node cells in the presence or absence of IL-12 were markedly enhanced, indicating a negative role for SHP-1 phosphatase in such lymphocyte activities. Interestingly, IL-12-induced activation of Jak2 and STAT4, critical components for IL-12-mediated cellular responses, was shortened or attenuated in mutant T cells. Together these results suggest that SHP-1 negatively regulates Th1 cell development and functions through a mechanism that is not directly related to IL-12 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Mei Yu
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory for the Biomedical Sciences, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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Huang Z, Xin J, Coleman J, Huang H. IFN-gamma suppresses STAT6 phosphorylation by inhibiting its recruitment to the IL-4 receptor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2005; 174:1332-7. [PMID: 15661890 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polarized Th1 cells show a stable phenotype: they become insensitive to IL-4 stimulation and lose the potential to produce IL-4. Previously, we reported that IFN-gamma played a critical role in stabilizing Th1 phenotype. However, the mechanism by which IFN-gamma stabilizes Th1 phenotype is not clear. In this study, we compared STAT6 phosphorylation in wild-type (WT) and IFN-gamma receptor knockout (IFNGR(-/-)) Th1 cells. We found a striking diminution of STAT6 phosphorylation in differentiated WT Th1 cells, but not in differentiated IFNGR(-/-) Th1 cells. The impairment of STAT6 phosphorylation in differentiated WT Th1 cells was not due to a lack of IL-4R expression or phosphorylation. Jak1 and Jak3 expression and phosphorylation were comparable in both cell types. No differential expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), SOCS3, or SOCS5 was observed in the two cell types. In addition, Src homology 2-containing phosphatase mutation did not affect IL-4-induced STAT6 phosphorylation in differentiated Th1 cells derived from viable motheaten (me(v)/me(v)) mice. These results led us to focus on a novel mechanism. By using a pulldown assay, we observed that STAT6 in WT Th1 cells bound less effectively to the phosphorylated IL-4R/GST fusion protein than that in IFNGR(-/-) Th1 cells. Our results suggest that IFN-gamma may suppress phosphorylation of STAT6 by inhibiting its recruitment to the IL-4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Huang
- Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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48
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Lu X, Nechushtan H, Ding F, Rosado MF, Singal R, Alizadeh AA, Lossos IS. Distinct IL-4-induced gene expression, proliferation, and intracellular signaling in germinal center B-cell-like and activated B-cell-like diffuse large-cell lymphomas. Blood 2004; 105:2924-32. [PMID: 15591113 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-3820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) can be subclassified into germinal center B-cell (GCB)-like and activated B-cell (ABC)-like tumors characterized by long and short survival, respectively. In contrast to ABC-like DLBCL, GCB-like tumors exhibit high expression of components of the interleukin 4 (IL-4) signaling pathway and of IL-4 target genes such as BCL6 and HGAL, whose high expression independently predicts better survival. These observations suggest distinct activity of the IL-4 signaling pathway in DLBCL subtypes. Herein, we demonstrate similar IL-4 expression but qualitatively different IL-4 effects on GCB-like and ABC-like DLBCL. In GCB-like DLBCL, IL-4 induces expression of its target genes, activates signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) signaling, and increases cell proliferation. In contrast, in the ABC-like DLBCL, IL-4 activates AKT, decreases cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest, and does not induce gene expression due to aberrant Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT6 signaling attributed to STAT6 dephosphorylation. We found distinct expression profiles of tyrosine phosphatases in DLBCL subtypes and identified putative STAT6 tyrosine phosphatases-protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 1 (PTPN1) and PTPN2, whose expression is significantly higher in ABC-like DLBCL. These differences in tyrosine phosphatase expression might underlie distinct expression profiles of some of the IL-4 target genes and could contribute to a different clinical outcome of patients with GCB-like and ABC-like DLBCLs.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/physiopathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1475 NW 12th Ave (D8-4), Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Huang Z, Coleman JM, Su Y, Mann M, Ryan J, Shultz LD, Huang H. SHP-1 regulates STAT6 phosphorylation and IL-4-mediated function in a cell type-specific manner. Cytokine 2004; 29:118-24. [PMID: 15613279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2004] [Revised: 10/02/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
SHP-1 has been shown to play positive and negative regulatory roles in IL-4-induced STAT6 phosphorylation and in IL-4-mediated functions. To determine whether SHP-1 can regulate STAT6 phosphorylation and IL-4-mediated functions in a cell type-specific manner in the immune system, we examined the IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) expression, STAT6 phosphorylation, and IL-4-mediated functions in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of viable motheaten (me(v)/me(v)) and littermate control (+/-) mice. CD4+ T cells as well as CD8+ T cells from the lymph node of me(v)/me(v) and +/- mice expressed comparable levels of IL-4R. In CD4+ T cells, the loss of SHP-1 activity did not affect IL-4-induced STAT6 phosphorylation or IL-4-mediated function. In contrast, SHP-1-deficient CD8+ T cells from me(v)/me(v) mice failed to develop into IL-4-producing type-2 cytotoxic T cells (Tc2) in the presence of IL-4 despite that they showed comparable levels of STAT6 phosphorylation to that of +/- CD8+ T cells. Loss of SHP-1 activity also abolished IL-4-mediated inhibition of c-kit expression in bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMC). Thus, our data suggest that SHP-1 may regulate IL-4-induced STAT6 phosphorylation and IL-4-mediated functions in a cell type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Huang
- The Department of Cell Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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50
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic allergic inflammatory disease, the initiation and progression of which is dependent on the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 acting through related receptor complexes. Disease pathogenesis is effected by intracellular signaling pathways that couple primarily to specific motifs within the intracellular domain of the IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha), a subunit that is common to the IL-4 and IL-13 receptor complexes. Recent studies using genetic approaches have identified distinct functions for the respective IL-4Ralpha-coupled signaling pathways in regulating both early and chronic stages of asthma. Polymorphisms in components of the IL-4 and IL-13 cytokine-receptor axes are associated with allergy and asthma, suggesting that variations among individuals in the activity of this pathway contribute to disease susceptibility and manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal A Chatila
- Department of Pediatrics, The David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA.
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