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Tiwari R, Garg K, Senthil-Kumar M, Bisht NC. XLG2 and CORI3 function additively to regulate plant defense against the necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:616-631. [PMID: 37910396 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-bound heterotrimeric G-proteins in plants play a crucial role in defending against a broad range of pathogens. This study emphasizes the significance of Extra-large Gα protein 2 (XLG2), a plant-specific G-protein, in mediating the plant response to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which infects over 600 plant species worldwide. Our analysis of Arabidopsis G-protein mutants showed that loss of XLG2 function increased susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum, accompanied by compromised accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) during pathogen infection. Overexpression of the XLG2 gene in xlg2 mutant plants resulted in higher resistance and increased JA accumulation during S. sclerotiorum infection. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) analysis on S. sclerotiorum infected Col-0 samples, using two different approaches, identified 201 XLG2-interacting proteins. The identified JA-biosynthetic and JA-responsive proteins had compromised transcript expression in the xlg2 mutant during pathogen infection. XLG2 was found to interact physically with a JA-responsive protein, Coronatine induced 1 (CORI3) in Co-IP, and confirmed using split firefly luciferase complementation and bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays. Additionally, genetic analysis revealed an additive effect of XLG2 and CORI3 on resistance against S. sclerotiorum, JA accumulation, and expression of the defense marker genes. Overall, our study reveals two independent pathways involving XLG2 and CORI3 in contributing resistance against S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Tiwari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kajal Garg
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Naveen C Bisht
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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2
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Koper K, Han SW, Pastor DC, Yoshikuni Y, Maeda HA. Evolutionary Origin and Functional Diversification of Aminotransferases. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102122. [PMID: 35697072 PMCID: PMC9309667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminotransferases (ATs) are pyridoxal 5′-phosphate–dependent enzymes that catalyze the transamination reactions between amino acid donor and keto acid acceptor substrates. Modern AT enzymes constitute ∼2% of all classified enzymatic activities, play central roles in nitrogen metabolism, and generate multitude of primary and secondary metabolites. ATs likely diverged into four distinct AT classes before the appearance of the last universal common ancestor and further expanded to a large and diverse enzyme family. Although the AT family underwent an extensive functional specialization, many AT enzymes retained considerable substrate promiscuity and multifunctionality because of their inherent mechanistic, structural, and functional constraints. This review summarizes the evolutionary history, diverse metabolic roles, reaction mechanisms, and structure–function relationships of the AT family enzymes, with a special emphasis on their substrate promiscuity and multifunctionality. Comprehensive characterization of AT substrate specificity is still needed to reveal their true metabolic functions in interconnecting various branches of the nitrogen metabolic network in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Koper
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sang-Woo Han
- The US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- The US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Global Center for Food, Land, and Water Resources, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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3
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Xu C, Hao B, Sun G, Mei Y, Sun L, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang D, Rao Z, Li X, Shen QJ, Wang NN. Dual activities of ACC synthase: Novel clues regarding the molecular evolution of ACS genes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg8752. [PMID: 34757795 PMCID: PMC8580319 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg8752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays profound roles in plant development. The rate-limiting enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis is 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (ACS), which is generally believed to be a single-activity enzyme evolving from aspartate aminotransferases. Here, we demonstrate that, in addition to catalyzing the conversion of S-adenosyl-methionine to the ethylene precursor ACC, genuine ACSs widely have Cβ-S lyase activity. Two N-terminal motifs, including a glutamine residue, are essential for conferring ACS activity to ACS-like proteins. Motif and activity analyses of ACS-like proteins from plants at different evolutionary stages suggest that the ACC-dependent pathway is uniquely developed in seed plants. A putative catalytic mechanism for the dual activities of ACSs is proposed on the basis of the crystal structure and biochemical data. These findings not only expand our current understanding of ACS functions but also provide novel insights into the evolutionary origin of ACS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bowei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gongling Sun
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mei
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lifang Sun
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yunmei Sun
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | - Ning Ning Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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4
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Otogo N’Nang E, Bernadat G, Mouray E, Kumulungui B, Grellier P, Poupon E, Champy P, Beniddir MA. Theionbrunonines A and B: Dimeric Vobasine Alkaloids Tethered by a Thioether Bridge from Mostuea brunonis. Org Lett 2018; 20:6596-6600. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Otogo N’Nang
- Équipe “Pharmacognosie-Chimie des Substances Naturelles” BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, BP769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Guillaume Bernadat
- Équipe “Pharmacognosie-Chimie des Substances Naturelles” BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Elisabeth Mouray
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP52, 57, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Brice Kumulungui
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, BP769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Philippe Grellier
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP52, 57, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Erwan Poupon
- Équipe “Pharmacognosie-Chimie des Substances Naturelles” BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Pierre Champy
- Équipe “Pharmacognosie-Chimie des Substances Naturelles” BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mehdi A. Beniddir
- Équipe “Pharmacognosie-Chimie des Substances Naturelles” BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Wang M, Toda K, Maeda HA. Biochemical properties and subcellular localization of tyrosine aminotransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 132:16-25. [PMID: 27726859 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce various L-tyrosine (Tyr)-derived compounds that are of pharmaceutical or nutritional importance to humans. Tyr aminotransferase (TAT) catalyzes the reversible transamination between Tyr and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP), the initial step in the biosynthesis of many Tyr-derived plant natural products. Herein reported is the biochemical characterization and subcellular localization of TAT enzymes from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Arabidopsis has at least two homologous TAT genes, At5g53970 (AtTAT1) and At5g36160 (AtTAT2). Their recombinant enzymes showed distinct biochemical properties: AtTAT1 had the highest activity towards Tyr, while AtTAT2 exhibited a broad substrate specificity for both amino and keto acid substrates. Also, AtTAT1 favored the direction of Tyr deamination to HPP, whereas AtTAT2 preferred transamination of HPP to Tyr. Subcellular localization analysis using GFP-fusion proteins and confocal microscopy showed that AtTAT1, AtTAT2, and HPP dioxygenase (HPPD), which catalyzes the subsequent step of TAT, are localized in the cytosol, unlike plastid-localized Tyr and tocopherol biosynthetic enzymes. Furthermore, subcellular fractionation indicated that, while HPPD activity is restricted to the cytosol, TAT activity is detected in both cytosolic and plastidic fractions of Arabidopsis leaf tissue, suggesting that an unknown aminotransferase(s) having TAT activity is also present in the plastids. Biochemical and cellular analyses of Arabidopsis TATs provide a fundamental basis for future in vivo studies and metabolic engineering for enhanced production of Tyr-derived phytochemicals in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Wang
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Kyoko Toda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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6
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Sun L, Dong H, Mei Y, Wang NN. Functional investigation of two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase-like genes in the moss Physcomitrella patens. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:817-30. [PMID: 26743426 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Two ACC synthase-like (ACL) proteins in the moss Physcomitrella patens have no ACS activity, and PpACL1 functions as an L -cystine/ L -cysteine C-S lyase. The ethylene biosynthetic pathway has been well characterized in higher plants, and homologs of a key enzyme in this pathway, ACS, have been reported in several algae and mosses, including Physcomitrella patens. However, the function of the ACS homologs in P. patens has not been investigated. In this research, we cloned two putative ACS genes from the P. patens genome, namely PpACS-Like 1 and 2, and investigated whether their encoded proteins had in vitro and in vivo ACS activity. In vitro biochemical assays using purified PpACL1 and PpACL2 showed that neither protein had ACS activity. Subsequently, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing 35S:PpACL1 and 35S:PpACL2, and found that the transgenic etiolated seedlings that overexpressed either of these proteins lacked the constitutive triple response phenotype and did not emit excess levels of ethylene, indicating that neither of the PpACS-Like proteins had in vivo ACS activity. Furthermore, we found that PpACL1 functions as a C-S lyase that uses L-cystine and L-cysteine as substrates, rather than as an aminotransferase. Together, these results indicated that PpACL1 and PpACL2 are not true ACS genes as those found in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Sun
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mei
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ning Ning Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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7
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Tahir J, Dijkwel P. β-Substituting alanine synthases: roles in cysteine metabolism and abiotic and biotic stress signalling in plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:307-323. [PMID: 32480463 DOI: 10.1071/fp15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is required for the synthesis of proteins and metabolites, and is therefore an indispensable compound for growth and development. The β-substituting alanine synthase (BSAS) gene family encodes enzymes known as O-acetylserine thiol lyases (OASTLs), which carry out cysteine biosynthesis in plants. The functions of the BSAS isoforms have been reported to be crucial in assimilation of S and cysteine biosynthesis, and homeostasis in plants. In this review we explore the functional variation in this classic pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent enzyme family of BSAS isoforms. We discuss how specialisation and divergence in BSAS catalytic activities makes a more dynamic set of biological routers that integrate cysteine metabolism and abiotic and biotic stress signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and also other species. Our review presents a universal scenario in which enzymes modulating cysteine metabolism promote survival and fitness of the species by counteracting internal and external stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Tahir
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul Dijkwel
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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8
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Cohen H, Israeli H, Matityahu I, Amir R. Seed-specific expression of a feedback-insensitive form of CYSTATHIONINE-γ-SYNTHASE in Arabidopsis stimulates metabolic and transcriptomic responses associated with desiccation stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1575-92. [PMID: 25232013 PMCID: PMC4226362 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.246058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With an aim to elucidate novel metabolic and transcriptional interactions associated with methionine (Met) metabolism in seeds, we have produced transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seeds expressing a feedback-insensitive form of CYSTATHIONINE-γ-SYNTHASE, a key enzyme of Met synthesis. Metabolic profiling of these seeds revealed that, in addition to higher levels of Met, the levels of many other amino acids were elevated. The most pronounced changes were the higher levels of stress-related amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, valine, and proline), sugars, intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and polyamines and lower levels of polyols, cysteine, and glutathione. These changes reflect stress responses and an altered mitochondrial energy metabolism. The transgenic seeds also had higher contents of total proteins and starch but lower water contents. In accordance with the metabolic profiles, microarray analysis identified a strong induction of genes involved in defense mechanisms against osmotic and drought conditions, including those mediated by the signaling cascades of ethylene and abscisic acid. These changes imply that stronger desiccation processes occur during seed development. The expression levels of transcripts controlling the levels of Met, sugars, and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites were also significantly elevated. Germination assays showed that the transgenic seeds had higher germination rates under salt and osmotic stresses and in the presence of ethylene substrate and abscisic acid. However, under oxidative conditions, the transgenic seeds displayed much lower germination rates. Altogether, the data provide new insights on the factors regulating Met metabolism in Arabidopsis seeds and on the mechanisms by which elevated Met levels affect seed composition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Cohen
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel (H.C., H.I., I.M., R.A.);Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel (H.C., R.A.); andTel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 11016, Israel (R.A.)
| | - Hadasa Israeli
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel (H.C., H.I., I.M., R.A.);Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel (H.C., R.A.); andTel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 11016, Israel (R.A.)
| | - Ifat Matityahu
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel (H.C., H.I., I.M., R.A.);Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel (H.C., R.A.); andTel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 11016, Israel (R.A.)
| | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel (H.C., H.I., I.M., R.A.);Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel (H.C., R.A.); andTel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 11016, Israel (R.A.)
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9
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Pivato M, Fabrega-Prats M, Masi A. Low-molecular-weight thiols in plants: Functional and analytical implications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 560:83-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Terefe NS, Buckow R, Versteeg C. Quality-Related Enzymes in Fruit and Vegetable Products: Effects of Novel Food Processing Technologies, Part 1: High-Pressure Processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 54:24-63. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.566946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Munt O, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. A novel C-S lyase from the latex-producing plant Taraxacum brevicorniculatum displays alanine aminotransferase and l-cystine lyase activity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:33-40. [PMID: 23073363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We isolated a novel pyridoxal-5-phosphate-dependent l-cystine lyase from the dandelion Taraxacum brevicorniculatum. Real time qPCR analysis showed that C-S lyase from Taraxacum brevicorniculatum (TbCSL) mRNA is expressed in all plant tissues, although at relatively low levels in the latex and pedicel. The 1251 bp TbCSL cDNA encodes a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 46,127 kDa. It is homologous to tyrosine and alanine aminotransferases (AlaATs) as well as to an Arabidopsis thaliana carbon-sulfur lyase (C-S lyase) (SUR1), which has a role in glucosinolate metabolism. TbCSL displayed in vitrol-cystine lyase and AlaAT activities of 4 and 19nkatmg(-1) protein, respectively. However, we detected no in vitro tyrosine aminotransferase (TyrAT) activity and RNAi knockdown of the enzyme had no effect on phenotype, showing that TbCSL substrates might be channeled into redundant pathways. TbCSL is in vivo localized in the cytosol and functions as a C-S lyase or an aminotransferase in planta, but the purified enzyme converts at least two substrates specifically, and can thus be utilized for further in vitro applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Munt
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany
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12
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Riewe D, Koohi M, Lisec J, Pfeiffer M, Lippmann R, Schmeichel J, Willmitzer L, Altmann T. A tyrosine aminotransferase involved in tocopherol synthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:850-9. [PMID: 22540282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic function of the predicted Arabidopsis tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) encoded by the At5g53970 gene was studied using two independent knock-out mutants. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolic profiling revealed a specific increase in tyrosine levels, supporting the proposed function of At5g53970 as a tyrosine-specific aminotransferase not involved in tyrosine biosynthesis, but rather in utilization of tyrosine for other metabolic pathways. The TAT activity of the At5g53970-encoded protein was verified by complementation of the Escherichia coli tyrosine auxotrophic mutant DL39, and in vitro activity of recombinantly expressed and purified At5g53970 was found to be specific for tyrosine. To investigate the physiological role of At5g53970, the consequences of reduction in tyrosine utilization on metabolic pathways having tyrosine as a substrate were analysed. We found that tocopherols were substantially reduced in the mutants and we conclude that At5g53970 encodes a TAT important for the synthesis of tocopherols in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Riewe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research-IPK, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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13
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Maeda H, Dudareva N. The shikimate pathway and aromatic amino Acid biosynthesis in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:73-105. [PMID: 22554242 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 735] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine are aromatic amino acids (AAAs) that are used for the synthesis of proteins and that in plants also serve as precursors of numerous natural products, such as pigments, alkaloids, hormones, and cell wall components. All three AAAs are derived from the shikimate pathway, to which ≥30% of photosynthetically fixed carbon is directed in vascular plants. Because their biosynthetic pathways have been lost in animal lineages, the AAAs are essential components of the diets of humans, and the enzymes required for their synthesis have been targeted for the development of herbicides. This review highlights recent molecular identification of enzymes of the pathway and summarizes the pathway organization and the transcriptional/posttranscriptional regulation of the AAA biosynthetic network. It also identifies the current limited knowledge of the subcellular compartmentalization and the metabolite transport involved in the plant AAA pathways and discusses metabolic engineering efforts aimed at improving production of the AAA-derived plant natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA.
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14
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Hell R, Wirtz M. Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Cellular Physiology of Cysteine Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0154. [PMID: 22303278 PMCID: PMC3268551 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is one of the most versatile molecules in biology, taking over such different functions as catalysis, structure, regulation and electron transport during evolution. Research on Arabidopsis has contributed decisively to the understanding of cysteine synthesis and its role in the assimilatory pathways of S, N and C in plants. The multimeric cysteine synthase complex is present in the cytosol, plastids and mitochondria and forms the centre of a unique metabolic sensing and signaling system. Its association is reversible, rendering the first enzyme of cysteine synthesis active and the second one inactive, and vice-versa. Complex formation is triggered by the reaction intermediates of cysteine synthesis in response to supply and demand and gives rise to regulation of genes of sulfur metabolism to adjust cellular sulfur homeostasis. Combinations of biochemistry, forward and reverse genetics, structural- and cell-biology approaches using Arabidopsis have revealed new enzyme functions and the unique pattern of spatial distribution of cysteine metabolism in plant cells. These findings place the synthesis of cysteine in the centre of the network of primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Lee EJ, Facchini PJ. Tyrosine aminotransferase contributes to benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1067-78. [PMID: 21949209 PMCID: PMC3252151 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.185512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine aminotransferase (TyrAT) catalyzes the transamination of L-Tyr and α-ketoglutarate, yielding 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and L-glutamate. The decarboxylation product of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, is a precursor to a large and diverse group of natural products known collectively as benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). We have isolated and characterized a TyrAT cDNA from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), which remains the only commercial source for several pharmaceutical BIAs, including codeine, morphine, and noscapine. TyrAT belongs to group I pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes wherein Schiff base formation occurs between PLP and a specific Lys residue. The amino acid sequence of TyrAT showed considerable homology to other putative plant TyrATs, although few of these have been functionally characterized. Purified, recombinant TyrAT displayed a molecular mass of approximately 46 kD and a substrate preference for L-Tyr and α-ketoglutarate, with apparent K(m) values of 1.82 and 0.35 mm, respectively. No specific requirement for PLP was detected in vitro. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry confirmed the conversion of L-Tyr to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. TyrAT gene transcripts were most abundant in roots and stems of mature opium poppy plants. Virus-induced gene silencing was used to evaluate the contribution of TyrAT to BIA metabolism in opium poppy. TyrAT transcript levels were reduced by at least 80% in silenced plants compared with controls and showed a moderate reduction in total alkaloid content. The modest correlation between transcript levels and BIA accumulation in opium poppy supports a role for TyrAT in the generation of alkaloid precursors, but it also suggests the occurrence of other sources for 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde.
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Sharon M, Freeman S, Sneh B. Assessment of resistance pathways induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by hypovirulent Rhizoctonia spp. isolates. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 101:828-38. [PMID: 21385012 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-10-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Certain hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates effectively protect plants against well-known important pathogens among Rhizoctonia isolates as well as against other pathogens. The modes of action involved in this protection include resistance induced in plants by colonization with hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates. The qualifications of hypovirulent isolates (efficient protection, rapid growth, effective colonization of the plants, and easy application in the field) provide a significant potential for the development of a commercial microbial preparation for application as biological control agents. Understanding of the modes of action involved in protection is important for improving the various aspects of development and application of such preparations. The hypothesis of the present study is that resistance pathways such as systemic acquired resistance (SAR), induced systemic resistance (ISR), and phytoalexins are induced in plants colonized by the protective hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates and are involved in the protection of these plants against pathogenic Rhizoctonia. Changes in protection levels of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in defense-related genes (npr1-1, npr1-2, ndr1-1, npr1-2/ndr1-1, cim6, wrky70.1, snc1, and pbs3-1) and colonized with the hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates compared with that of the wild type (wt) plants colonized with the same isolates confirmed the involvement of induced resistance in the protection of the plants against pathogenic Rhizoctonia spp., although protection levels of mutants constantly expressing SAR genes (snc1 and cim6) were lower than that of wt plants. Plant colonization by hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates induced elevated expression levels of the following genes: PR5 (SAR), PDF1.2, LOX2, LOX1, CORI3 (ISR), and PAD3 (phytoalexin production), which indicated that all of these pathways were induced in the hypovirulent-colonized plants. When SAR or ISR were induced separately in plants after application of the chemical inducers Bion and methyl jasmonate, respectively, only ISR activation resulted in a higher protection level against the pathogen, although the protection was minor. In conclusion, plant colonization with the protective hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates significantly induced genes involved in the SAR, ISR, and phytoalexin production pathways. In the studied system, SAR probably did not play a major role in the mode of protection against pathogenic Rhizoctonia spp.; however, it may play a more significant role in protection against other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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17
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Perez-Jimenez R, Li J, Kosuri P, Sanchez-Romero I, Wiita AP, Rodriguez-Larrea D, Chueca A, Holmgren A, Miranda-Vizuete A, Becker K, Cho SH, Beckwith J, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, Gaucher EA, Gaucher E, Sanchez-Ruiz JM, Berne BJ, Fernandez JM. Diversity of chemical mechanisms in thioredoxin catalysis revealed by single-molecule force spectroscopy. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2009; 16:890-6. [PMID: 19597482 PMCID: PMC2745927 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are oxidoreductase enzymes, present in all organisms, that catalyze the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins. By applying a calibrated force to a substrate disulfide, the chemical mechanisms of Trx catalysis can be examined in detail at the single-molecule level. Here we use single-molecule force-clamp spectroscopy to explore the chemical evolution of Trx catalysis by probing the chemistry of eight different Trx enzymes. All Trxs show a characteristic Michaelis-Menten mechanism that is detected when the disulfide bond is stretched at low forces, but at high forces, two different chemical behaviors distinguish bacterial-origin from eukaryotic-origin Trxs. Eukaryotic-origin Trxs reduce disulfide bonds through a single-electron transfer reaction (SET), whereas bacterial-origin Trxs show both nucleophilic substitution (S(N)2) and SET reactions. A computational analysis of Trx structures identifies the evolution of the binding groove as an important factor controlling the chemistry of Trx catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Perez-Jimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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19
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Rowe HC, Kliebenstein DJ. Complex genetics control natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Genetics 2008; 180:2237-50. [PMID: 18845849 PMCID: PMC2600955 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.091439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic architecture of plant defense against microbial pathogens may be influenced by pathogen lifestyle. While plant interactions with biotrophic pathogens are frequently controlled by the action of large-effect resistance genes that follow classic Mendelian inheritance, our study suggests that plant defense against the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea is primarily quantitative and genetically complex. Few studies of quantitative resistance to necrotrophic pathogens have used large plant mapping populations to dissect the genetic structure of resistance. Using a large structured mapping population of Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified quantitative trait loci influencing plant response to B. cinerea, measured as expansion of necrotic lesions on leaves and accumulation of the antimicrobial compound camalexin. Testing multiple B. cinerea isolates, we identified 23 separate QTL in this population, ranging in isolate-specificity from being identified with a single isolate to controlling resistance against all isolates tested. We identified a set of QTL controlling accumulation of camalexin in response to pathogen infection that largely colocalized with lesion QTL. The identified resistance QTL appear to function in epistatic networks involving three or more loci. Detection of multilocus connections suggests that natural variation in specific signaling or response networks may control A. thaliana-B. cinerea interaction in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Rowe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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20
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Suza WP, Staswick PE. The role of JAR1 in Jasmonoyl-L: -isoleucine production during Arabidopsis wound response. PLANTA 2008; 227:1221-32. [PMID: 18247047 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. JASMONATE RESISTANT 1( JAR1) locus is essential for pathogen defense, but its role in wound response has not been investigated. JAR1 encodes an enzyme that conjugates jasmonic acid (JA) to isoleucine, which was recently shown to function directly in CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1)-mediated signal transduction. Leaf wounding rapidly increased the level of JA-Ile by about 60-fold to a peak of 279 pmole/g FW at 40 min after wounding. Conjugates with Leu, Val and Phe remained near basal level or were not detected. Kinetic analysis showed that JAR1 had a K (m) of 0.03 mM for Ile, which was 60-80-fold lower than for Leu, Val and Phe. JA-Ile accumulated mostly near the wound site with a minor increase in unwounded portions of wounded leaves. JAR1 transcript also increased dramatically in wounded tissue, reaching a maximum after about 1 h. In the jar1-1 mutant JA-Ile was only about 10% of the WT level at 40 min after leaf wounding, and reached a maximum of 47 pmole/g FW at 2 h. However, the reduced accumulation of JA-Ile had little or no effect on several jasmonate-dependent wound-induced genes. Wound induction of the VSP2 transcript was only slightly delayed while transcripts for LOX2, PDF1.2, WRKY33, TAT3 and CORI3 were unaffected. These results suggest that the rapid increase in JA-Ile mediated by the JAR1 enzyme plays only a minor role in transcriptional modulation of genes induced by mechanical wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter P Suza
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
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21
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Hell R, Wirtz M. Metabolism of Cysteine in Plants and Phototrophic Bacteria. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Campanini B, Schiaretti F, Abbruzzetti S, Kessler D, Mozzarelli A. Sulfur Mobilization in Cyanobacteria. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:38769-80. [PMID: 17020883 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607098200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mobilization represents one of the key steps in ubiquitous Fe-S clusters assembly and is performed by a recently characterized set of proteins encompassing cysteine desulfurases, assembly factors, and shuttle proteins. Despite the evolutionary conservation of these proteins, some degree of variability among organisms was observed, which might reflect functional specialization. L-Cyst(e)ine lyase (C-DES), a pyridoxal 5'-phosphatedependent enzyme identified in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis, was reported to use preferentially cystine over cysteine with production of cysteine persulfide, pyruvate, and ammonia. In this study, we demonstrate that C-DES sequences are present in all cyanobacterial genomes and constitute a new family of sulfur-mobilizing enzymes, distinct from cysteine desulfurases. The functional properties of C-DES from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714 were investigated under pre-steady-state and steady-state conditions. Single wavelength and rapid scanning stopped-flow kinetic data indicate that the internal aldimine reacts with cystine forming an external aldimine that rapidly decays to a transient quinonoid species and stable tautomers of the alpha-aminoacrylate Schiff base. In the presence of cysteine, the transient formation of a dipolar species precedes the selective and stable accumulation of the enolimine tautomer of the external aldimine, with no formation of the alpha-aminoacrylate Schiff base under reducing conditions. Effective sulfur mobilization from cystine might represent a mechanism that allows adaptation of cyanobacteria to different environmental conditions and to light-dark cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Campanini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
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23
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Obayashi T, Kinoshita K, Nakai K, Shibaoka M, Hayashi S, Saeki M, Shibata D, Saito K, Ohta H. ATTED-II: a database of co-expressed genes and cis elements for identifying co-regulated gene groups in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 35:D863-9. [PMID: 17130150 PMCID: PMC1716726 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Publicly available database of co-expressed gene sets would be a valuable tool for a wide variety of experimental designs, including targeting of genes for functional identification or for regulatory investigation. Here, we report the construction of an Arabidopsis thaliana trans-factor and cis-element prediction database (ATTED-II) that provides co-regulated gene relationships based on co-expressed genes deduced from microarray data and the predicted cis elements. ATTED-II () includes the following features: (i) lists and networks of co-expressed genes calculated from 58 publicly available experimental series, which are composed of 1388 GeneChip data in A.thaliana; (ii) prediction of cis-regulatory elements in the 200 bp region upstream of the transcription start site to predict co-regulated genes amongst the co-expressed genes; and (iii) visual representation of expression patterns for individual genes. ATTED-II can thus help researchers to clarify the function and regulation of particular genes and gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Obayashi
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology4259-B-14 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba 263-8522, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency4-1-8, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Tel: +81 45 924 5736; Fax: +81 45 924 5823;
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Structure and Function of Biomolecules, SORSTJST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakai
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shibaoka
- Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shinpei Hayashi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Motoshi Saeki
- Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, KisarazuChiba 292-0812, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba 263-8522, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency4-1-8, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-choTsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology4259-B-14 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Research Center for the Evolving Earth and Planets, 4259-B-14 Nagatsuta-choMidori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Holländer-Czytko H, Grabowski J, Sandorf I, Weckermann K, Weiler EW. Tocopherol content and activities of tyrosine aminotransferase and cystine lyase in Arabidopsis under stress conditions. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 162:767-70. [PMID: 16008101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols are presumed to be important antioxidants and scavengers of lipid radicals and reactive oxygen species in plants. Age is known to be a condition under which oxidative stress increases. In leaves of aging Arabidopsis thaliana plants, the content of alpha-tocopherol as well as of gamma-tocopherol increased significantly. The activity of tyrosine aminotransferase, which supplies the biosynthetic pathway with 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, was increased as well. On the other hand, coronatine, a phytotoxin mimicking octadecanoids and leading to symptoms of senescence, caused a moderate increase in alpha-tocopherol as well as some enhancement of gamma-tocopherol.
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25
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Hirai MY, Klein M, Fujikawa Y, Yano M, Goodenowe DB, Yamazaki Y, Kanaya S, Nakamura Y, Kitayama M, Suzuki H, Sakurai N, Shibata D, Tokuhisa J, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Papenbrock J, Saito K. Elucidation of Gene-to-Gene and Metabolite-to-Gene Networks inArabidopsis by Integration of Metabolomics andTranscriptomics. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:25590-5. [PMID: 15866872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502332200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the completion of genome sequences of model organisms, functional identification of unknown genes has become a principal challenge in biology. Post-genomics sciences such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are expected to discover gene functions. This report outlines the elucidation of gene-to-gene and metabolite-to-gene networks via integration of metabolomics with transcriptomics and presents a strategy for the identification of novel gene functions. Metabolomics and transcriptomics data of Arabidopsis grown under sulfur deficiency were combined and analyzed by batch-learning self-organizing mapping. A group of metabolites/genes regulated by the same mechanism clustered together. The metabolism of glucosinolates was shown to be coordinately regulated. Three uncharacterized putative sulfotransferase genes clustering together with known glucosinolate biosynthesis genes were candidates for involvement in biosynthesis. In vitro enzymatic assays of the recombinant gene products confirmed their functions as desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferases. Several genes involved in sulfur assimilation clustered with O-acetylserine, which is considered a positive regulator of these genes. The genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis clustered with the gene encoding a transcriptional factor that up-regulates specifically anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. These results suggested that regulatory metabolites and transcriptional factor genes can be identified by this approach, based on the assumption that they cluster with the downstream genes they regulate. This strategy is applicable not only to plant but also to other organisms for functional elucidation of unknown genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Yokota Hirai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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26
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Piotrowski M, Schemenewitz A, Lopukhina A, Müller A, Janowitz T, Weiler EW, Oecking C. Desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferases from Arabidopsis thaliana catalyze the final step in the biosynthesis of the glucosinolate core structure. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:50717-25. [PMID: 15358770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407681200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytotoxin coronatine is a structural analog of octadecanoid signaling molecules, which are well known mediators of plant defense reactions. To isolate novel coronatine-regulated genes from Arabidopsis thaliana, differential mRNA display was performed. Transcript levels of CORI-7 (coronatine induced-7) were rapidly and transiently increased in coronatine-treated plants, and the corresponding cDNA was found to encode the sulfotransferase AtST5a. Likewise, upon wounding, an immediate and transient increase in AtST5a mRNA levels could be observed in both locally wounded and unwounded (systemic) leaves. Furthermore, application of octadecanoids and ethylene as compounds involved in plant wound defense reactions resulted in AtST5a gene activation, whereas pathogen defense-related signals (yeast elicitor and salicylic acid) were inactive. AtST5a and its close homologs AtST5b and AtST5c were purified as His6-tagged proteins from Escherichia coli. The three enzymes were shown to catalyze the final step in the biosynthesis of the glucosinolate (GS) core structure, the sulfation of desulfoglucosinolates (dsGSs). They accept a broad range of dsGSs as substrates. However, in a competitive situation, AtST5a clearly prefers tryptophan- and phenylalanine-derived dsGSs, whereas long chain dsGSs derived from methionine are the preferred substrates of AtST5b and AtST5c. Treatment of Arabidopsis plants with low concentrations of coronatine resulted in an increase in the amounts of specific GSs, primarily glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin. Hence, it is suggested that AtST5a is the sulfotransferase responsible for the biosynthesis of tryptophan-derived GSs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Piotrowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Saito K. Sulfur assimilatory metabolism. The long and smelling road. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 136:2443-50. [PMID: 15375200 PMCID: PMC523311 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.046755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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28
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Mikkelsen MD, Naur P, Halkier BA. Arabidopsis mutants in the C-S lyase of glucosinolate biosynthesis establish a critical role for indole-3-acetaldoxime in auxin homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 37:770-7. [PMID: 14871316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report characterization of SUPERROOT1 (SUR1) as the C-S lyase in glucosinolate biosynthesis. This is evidenced by selective metabolite profiling of sur1, which is completely devoid of aliphatic and indole glucosinolates. Furthermore, following in vivo feeding with radiolabeled p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime to the sur1 mutant, the corresponding C-S lyase substrate accumulated. C-S lyase activity of recombinant SUR1 heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli was demonstrated using the C-S lyase substrate djenkolic acid. The abolishment of glucosinolates in sur1 indicates that the SUR1 function is not redundant and thus SUR1 constitutes a single gene family. This suggests that the "high-auxin" phenotype of sur1 is caused by accumulation of endogenous C-S lyase substrates as well as aldoximes, including indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) that is channeled into the main auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Thereby, the cause of the "high-auxin" phenotype of sur1 mutant resembles that of two other "high-auxin" mutants, superroot2 (sur2) and yucca1. Our findings provide important insight to the critical role IAOx plays in auxin homeostasis as a key branching point between primary and secondary metabolism, and define a framework for further dissection of auxin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dalgaard Mikkelsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jones P, Messner B, Nakajima JI, Schäffner AR, Saito K. UGT73C6 and UGT78D1, glycosyltransferases involved in flavonol glycoside biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:43910-8. [PMID: 12900416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303523200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonol glycosides constitute one of the most prominent plant natural product classes that accumulate in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To date there are no reports of functionally characterized flavonoid glycosyltransferases in Arabidopsis, despite intensive research efforts aimed at both flavonoids and Arabidopsis. In this study, flavonol glycosyltransferases were considered in a functional genomics approach aimed at revealing genes involved in determining the flavonol-glycoside profile. Candidate glycosyltransferase-encoding genes were selected based on homology to other known flavonoid glycosyltransferases and two T-DNA knockout lines lacking flavonol-3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-rhamnosides (ugt78D1) and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside (ugt73C6 and ugt78D1) were identified. To confirm the in planta results, cDNAs encoding both UGT78D1 and UGT73C6 were expressed in vitro and analyzed for their qualitative substrate specificity. UGT78D1 catalyzed the transfer of rhamnose from UDP-rhamnose to the 3-OH position of quercetin and kaempferol, whereas UGT73C6 catalyzed the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to the 7-OH position of kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, respectively. The present results suggest that UGT78D1 and UGT73C6 should be classified as UDP-rhamnose:flavonol-3-Orhamnosyltransferase and UDP-glucose:flavonol-3-O-glycoside-7-O-glucosyltransferase, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate school of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology of Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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