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Chen J, Gong Y, Sun X, Chen N, Zhao Z, Zhang W, Zheng Y. Prostaglandin E2 may clinically alleviate dry eye disease by inducing Th17 cell differentiation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14477. [PMID: 38361150 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Dry eye (DE) is a multifactorial ocular surface disease characterised by an imbalance in tear homeostasis. The pathogenesis of DE is complex and related to environmental, immunological (e.g., T helper 17 cells) and other factors. However, the DE disease pathogenesis remains unclear, thereby affecting its clinical treatment. This study aimed to explore the mechanism through which prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) affects DE inflammation by regulating Th17. The DE mouse model was established through subcutaneous injection of scopolamine hydrobromide. The tear secretion test and break-up time (BUT) method were used to detect tear secretion and tear film BUT, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the concentrations of PGE2, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) in tear fluid and those of PGE2 and IL-17 in the serum. RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to test the mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-17 and retinoid-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt). PGE2 was highly expressed in the DE mouse model. The mRNA and protein levels of IL-17 and the key Th17 transcription factor RORγt were increased in tissues of the DE mice. Moreover, PGE2 promoted tear secretion, reduced the BUT, increased the IL-17 concentration in tears and increased the Th17 cell proportion in DE, whereas the PGE2 receptor inhibitor AH6809 reversed the effects of PGE2 on tear secretion, BUT, and the Th17 cell proportion in draining lymph node (DLN) cells. Taken together, the study findings indicate that PGE2 could induce DE-related symptoms by promoting Th17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Ophthalmology Department of Kunming First People's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Nuo Chen
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zijun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yixin Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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2
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Attiq A, Afzal S. Trinity of inflammation, innate immune cells and cross-talk of signalling pathways in tumour microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1255727. [PMID: 37680708 PMCID: PMC10482416 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1255727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Unresolved inflammation is a pathological consequence of persistent inflammatory stimulus and perturbation in regulatory mechanisms. It increases the risk of tumour development and orchestrates all stages of tumorigenesis in selected organs. In certain cancers, inflammatory processes create the appropriate conditions for neoplastic transformation. While in other types, oncogenic changes pave the way for an inflammatory microenvironment that leads to tumour development. Of interest, hallmarks of tumour-promoting and cancer-associated inflammation are striking similar, sharing a complex network of stromal (fibroblasts and vascular cells) and inflammatory immune cells that collectively form the tumour microenvironment (TME). The cross-talks of signalling pathways initially developed to support homeostasis, change their role, and promote atypical proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and subversion of adaptive immunity in TME. These transcriptional and regulatory pathways invariably contribute to cancer-promoting inflammation in chronic inflammatory disorders and foster "smouldering" inflammation in the microenvironment of various tumour types. Besides identifying common target sites of numerous cancer types, signalling programs and their cross-talks governing immune cells' plasticity and functional diversity can be used to develop new fate-mapping and lineage-tracing mechanisms. Here, we review the vital molecular mechanisms and pathways that establish the connection between inflammation and tumour development, progression, and metastasis. We also discussed the cross-talks between signalling pathways and devised strategies focusing on these interaction mechanisms to harness synthetic lethal drug combinations for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Attiq
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sheryar Afzal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Huang SM, Xiong MY, Liu L, Mu J, Wang MW, Jia YL, Cai K, Tie L, Zhang C, Cao S, Wen X, Wang JL, Guo SC, Li Y, Qu CX, He QT, Cai BY, Xue C, Gan S, Xie Y, Cong X, Yang Z, Kong W, Li S, Li Z, Xiao P, Yang F, Yu X, Guan YF, Zhang X, Liu Z, Yang BX, Du Y, Sun JP. Single hormone or synthetic agonist induces G s/G i coupling selectivity of EP receptors via distinct binding modes and propagating paths. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216329120. [PMID: 37478163 PMCID: PMC10372679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216329120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To accomplish concerted physiological reactions, nature has diversified functions of a single hormone at at least two primary levels: 1) Different receptors recognize the same hormone, and 2) different cellular effectors couple to the same hormone-receptor pair [R.P. Xiao, Sci STKE 2001, re15 (2001); L. Hein, J. D. Altman, B.K. Kobilka, Nature 402, 181-184 (1999); Y. Daaka, L. M. Luttrell, R. J. Lefkowitz, Nature 390, 88-91 (1997)]. Not only these questions lie in the heart of hormone actions and receptor signaling but also dissecting mechanisms underlying these questions could offer therapeutic routes for refractory diseases, such as kidney injury (KI) or X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Here, we identified that Gs-biased signaling, but not Gi activation downstream of EP4, showed beneficial effects for both KI and NDI treatments. Notably, by solving Cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM) structures of EP3-Gi, EP4-Gs, and EP4-Gi in complex with endogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)or two synthetic agonists and comparing with PGE2-EP2-Gs structures, we found that unique primary sequences of prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP) receptors and distinct conformational states of the EP4 ligand pocket govern the Gs/Gi transducer coupling selectivity through different structural propagation paths, especially via TM6 and TM7, to generate selective cytoplasmic structural features. In particular, the orientation of the PGE2 ω-chain and two distinct pockets encompassing agonist L902688 of EP4 were differentiated by their Gs/Gi coupling ability. Further, we identified common and distinct features of cytoplasmic side of EP receptors for Gs/Gi coupling and provide a structural basis for selective and biased agonist design of EP4 with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ming Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Meng-Yao Xiong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
| | - Jianqiang Mu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518055, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
| | - Ying-Li Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Kui Cai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- School of Medicine, Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
| | - Jia-Le Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Guo
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Chang-Xiu Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Qing-Tao He
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
| | - Bo-Yang Cai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Chenyang Xue
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518055, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- School of Medicine, Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Yihe Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Research, Beijing100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing100191, P. R. China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
| | - You-Fei Guan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian116044, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian116044, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518055, China
| | - Bao-Xue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Yang Du
- School of Medicine, Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing100191, P. R. China
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
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4
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Chhichholiya Y, Ruthuparna M, Velagaleti H, Munshi A. Brain metastasis in breast cancer: focus on genes and signaling pathways involved, blood-brain barrier and treatment strategies. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:1218-1241. [PMID: 36897508 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-03050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in women. Despite advancement in early detection and efficient treatment, recurrence and metastasis continue to pose a significant risk to the life of BC patients. Brain metastasis (BM) reported in 17-20 percent of BC patients is considered as a major cause of mortality and morbidity in these patients. BM includes various steps from primary breast tumor to secondary tumor formation. Various steps involved are primary tumor formation, angiogenesis, invasion, extravasation, and brain colonization. Genes involved in different pathways have been reported to be associated with BC cells metastasizing to the brain. ADAM8 gene, EN1 transcription factor, WNT, and VEGF signaling pathway have been associated with primary breast tumor; MMP1, COX2, XCR4, PI3k/Akt, ERK and MAPK pathways in angiogenesis; Noth, CD44, Zo-1, CEMIP, S0X2 and OLIG2 are involved in invasion, extravasation and colonization, respectively. In addition, the blood-brain barrier is also a key factor in BM. Dysregulation of cell junctions, tumor microenvironment and loss of function of microglia leads to BBB disruption ultimately resulting in BM. Various therapeutic strategies are currently used to control the BM in BC. Oncolytic virus therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, mTOR-PI3k inhibitors and immunotherapy have been developed to target various genes involved in BM in BC. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR/Cas9 are novel interventions in the field of BCBM where research to validate these and clinical trials are being carried out. Gaining a better knowledge of metastasis biology is critical for establishing better treatment methods and attaining long-term therapeutic efficacies against BC. The current review has been compiled with an aim to evaluate the role of various genes and signaling pathways involved in multiple steps of BM in BC. The therapeutic strategies being used currently and the novel ones being explored to control BM in BC have also been discussed at length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Chhichholiya
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Malayil Ruthuparna
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harini Velagaleti
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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5
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Wilmoth RL, Sharma S, Ferguson VL, Bryant SJ. The effects of prostaglandin E2 on gene expression of IDG-SW3-derived osteocytes in 2D and 3D culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 630:8-15. [PMID: 36126467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a key signaling molecule produced by osteocytes in response to mechanical loading, but its effect on osteocytes is less understood. This work examined the effect of PGE2 on IDG-SW3-derived osteocytes in standard 2D culture (collagen-coated tissue culture polystyrene) and in a 3D degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel. IDG-SW3 cells were differentiated for 35 days into osteocytes in 2D and 3D cultures. 3D culture led to a more mature osteocyte phenotype with 100-fold higher Sost expression. IDG-SW3-derived osteocytes were treated with PGE2 and assessed for expression of genes involved in PGE2, anabolic, and catabolic signaling. In 2D, PGE2 had a rapid (1 h) and sustained (24 h) effect on many PGE2 signaling genes, a rapid stimulatory effect on Il6, and a sustained inhibitory effect on Tnfrsf11b and Bglap. Comparing culture environment without PGE2, osteocytes had higher expression of all four EP receptors and Sost but lower expression of Tnfrsf11b, Bglap, and Gja1 in 3D. Osteocytes were more responsive to PGE2 in 3D. With increasing PGE2, 3D led to increased Gja1 and decreased Sost expressions and a higher Tnfrsf11b/Tnfsf11 ratio, indicating an anabolic response. Further analysis in 3D revealed that EP4, the receptor implicated in PGE2 signaling in bone, was not responsible for the PGE2-induced gene expression changes in osteocytes. In summary, osteocytes are highly responsive to PGE2 when cultured in an in vitro 3D hydrogel model suggesting that autocrine and paracrine PGE2 signaling in osteocytes may play a role in bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Wilmoth
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Sadhana Sharma
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, 4001 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, 4001 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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6
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Srivastava T, Garola RE, Zhou J, Boinpelly VC, Priya L, Ali MF, Rezaiekhaligh MH, Heruth DP, Novak J, Alon US, Joshi T, Jiang Y, McCarthy ET, Savin VJ, Johnson ML, Sharma R, Sharma M. Prostanoid receptors in hyperfiltration-mediated glomerular injury: Novel agonists and antagonists reveal opposing roles for EP2 and EP4 receptors. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22559. [PMID: 36125047 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200875r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased fluid-flow shear stress (FFSS) contributes to hyperfiltration-induced podocyte and glomerular injury resulting in progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We reported that increased FFSS in vitro and in vivo upregulates PGE2 receptor EP2 (but not EP4 expression), COX2-PGE2 -EP2 axis, and EP2-linked Akt-GSK3β-β-catenin signaling pathway in podocytes. To understand and use the disparities between PGE2 receptors, specific agonists, and antagonists of EP2 and EP4 were used to assess phosphorylation of Akt, GSK3β and β-catenin in podocytes using Western blotting, glomerular filtration barrier function using in vitro albumin permeability (Palb ) assay, and mitigation of hyperfiltration-induced injury in unilaterally nephrectomized (UNX) mice at 1 and 6 months. Results show an increase in Palb by PGE2 , EP2 agonist (EP2AGO ) and EP4 antagonist (EP4ANT ), but not by EP2 antagonist (EP2ANT ) or EP4 agonist (EP4AGO ). Pretreatment with EP2ANT blocked the effect of PGE2 or EP2AGO on Palb . Modulation of EP2 and EP4 also induced opposite effects on phosphorylation of Akt and β-Catenin. Individual agonists or antagonists of EP2 or EP4 did not induce significant improvement in albuminuria in UNX mice. However, treatment with a combination EP2ANT + EP4AGO for 1 or 6 months caused a robust decrease in albuminuria. EP2ANT + EP4AGO combination did not impact adaptive hypertrophy or increased serum creatinine. Observed differences between expression of EP2 and EP4 on the glomerular barrier highlight these receptors as potential targets for intervention. Safe and effective mitigating effect of EP2ANT + EP4AGO presents a novel opportunity to delay the progression of hyperfiltration-associated CKD as seen in transplant donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Srivastava
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City-School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert E Garola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Varun C Boinpelly
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Lakshmi Priya
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mohammed Farhan Ali
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mohammad H Rezaiekhaligh
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel P Heruth
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Uri S Alon
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yuexu Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ellen T McCarthy
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Virginia J Savin
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Mark L Johnson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City-School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Ram Sharma
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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7
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The Interaction of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Prostaglandin E2 Signaling in Carcinogenesis: A Focus on Cervical Cancer Therapeutics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162528. [PMID: 36010605 PMCID: PMC9406919 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and chronic inflammation are factors associated with the onset and progression of several neoplasias, including cervical cancer. Oncogenic proteins E5, E6, and E7 from HPV are the main drivers of cervical carcinogenesis. In the present article, we review the general mechanisms of HPV-driven cervical carcinogenesis, as well as the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and downstream effectors in this pathology. We also review the evidence on the crosstalk between chronic HPV infection and PGE2 signaling, leading to immune response weakening and cervical cancer development. Finally, the last section updates the current therapeutic and preventive options targeting PGE2-derived inflammation and HPV infection in cervical cancer. These treatments include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prophylactic and therapeutical vaccines, immunomodulators, antivirals, and nanotechnology. Inflammatory signaling pathways are closely related to the carcinogenic nature of the virus, highlighting inflammation as a co-factor for HPV-dependent carcinogenesis. Therefore, blocking inflammatory signaling pathways, modulating immune response against HPV, and targeting the virus represent excellent options for anti-tumoral therapies in cervical cancer.
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8
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Cacialli P, Mailhe MP, Wagner I, Merkler D, Golub R, Bertrand JY. Synergistic prostaglandin E synthesis by myeloid and endothelial cells promotes fetal hematopoietic stem cell expansion in vertebrates. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108536. [PMID: 35924455 PMCID: PMC9531293 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are produced from the hemogenic endothelium and will expand in a transient hematopoietic niche. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is essential during vertebrate development and HSC specification, but its precise source in the embryo remains elusive. Here, we show that in the zebrafish embryo, PGE2 synthesis genes are expressed by distinct stromal cell populations, myeloid (neutrophils, macrophages), and endothelial cells of the caudal hematopoietic tissue. Ablation of myeloid cells, which produce the PGE2 precursor prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), results in loss of HSCs in the caudal hematopoietic tissue, which could be rescued by exogeneous PGE2 or PGH2 supplementation. Endothelial cells contribute by expressing the PGH2 import transporter slco2b1 and ptges3, the enzyme converting PGH2 into PGE2. Of note, differential niche cell expression of PGE2 biosynthesis enzymes is also observed in the mouse fetal liver. Taken altogether, our data suggest that the triad composed of neutrophils, macrophages, and endothelial cells sequentially and synergistically contributes to blood stem cell expansion during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Cacialli
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Diagnostic, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Golub
- Unité Lymphocytes et Immunité, Pasteur Institute, Paris Cedex 15, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Y Bertrand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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9
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Inazumi T, Sugimoto Y. Metabolic Regulation in Adipocytes by Prostanoid Receptors. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:992-997. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Inazumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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10
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Fujino H. The Biased Activities of Prostanoids and Their Receptors: Review and Beyond. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:684-690. [PMID: 35650096 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of β-arrestin, a new concept/viewpoint has arisen in G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling. The Lock and Key concept of GPCR was previously recognized as basically a single- or mono-originated pathway activated from a single receptor. However, the new concept/viewpoint allows for many- or more-than-one-originated pathways activated from a single receptor; namely, biased activities. It is well-recognized that prostanoids exhibit preferences for their corresponding cognate receptors, while promiscuous cross-reactivities have also been reported among endogenous prostanoids and their receptor family. However, of particular interest, such cross-reactivities have led to reports of their physiologically significant roles. Thus, this review discusses and considers that the endogenous prostanoids are not showing random cross-reactivities but what are showing important physiological and pathological activities as biased ligands. Moreover, why and how the biased activities are evoked by endogenous structurally similar prostanoid ligands are discussed. Furthermore, when the biased activities of endogenous prostanoids first arose is also discussed and considered. These biased activities of endogenous prostanoids are also discussed from the perspective that they may provide many benefits and/or disadvantages for all living things, any-where on this planet, who/which are utilizing, had utilized, and will utilize the prostanoids and their receptor system, as a marked driving force for evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Fujino
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
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11
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Abstract
The mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is the central regulator of cell growth and proliferation by integrating growth factor and nutrient availability. Under healthy physiological conditions, this process is tightly coordinated and essential to maintain whole-body homeostasis. Not surprisingly, dysregulated mTOR signaling underpins several diseases with increasing incidence worldwide, including obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Consequently, there is significant clinical interest in developing therapeutic strategies that effectively target this pathway. The transition of mTOR inhibitors from the bench to bedside, however, has largely been marked with challenges and shortcomings, such as the development of therapy resistance and adverse side effects in patients. In this review, we discuss the current status of first-, second-, and third-generation mTOR inhibitors as a cancer therapy in both preclinical and clinical settings, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms of drug resistance. We focus especially on the emerging role of diet as an important environmental determinant of therapy response, and posit a conceptual framework that links nutrient availability and whole-body metabolic states such as obesity with many of the previously defined processes that drive resistance to mTOR-targeted therapies. Given the role of mTOR as a central integrator of cell metabolism and function, we propose that modulating nutrient inputs through dietary interventions may influence the signaling dynamics of this pathway and compensatory nodes. In doing so, new opportunities for exploiting diet/drug synergies are highlighted that may unlock the therapeutic potential of mTOR inhibitors as a cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Koundouros
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021,USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence: Nikos Koundouros, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021 USA.
| | - John Blenis
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021,USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence: John Blenis, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021 USA.
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12
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Molecular determinants regulating the release of the egg during ovulation: Perspectives in piscine models. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Walker OL, Dahn ML, Power Coombs MR, Marcato P. The Prostaglandin E2 Pathway and Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Evidence of Increased Signaling and Potential Targeting. Front Oncol 2022; 11:791696. [PMID: 35127497 PMCID: PMC8807694 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.791696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Culprits of cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are characterized by specific markers, active developmental signaling pathways, metabolic plasticity, increased motility, invasiveness, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In breast cancer, these cells are often more prominent in aggressive disease, are amplified in drug-resistant tumors, and contribute to recurrence. For breast cancer, two distinct CSC populations exist and are typically defined by CD44+/CD24- cell surface marker expression or increased aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. These CSC populations share many of the same properties but also exhibit signaling pathways that are more active in CD44+/CD24- or ALDH+ populations. Understanding these CSC populations and their shared or specific signaling pathways may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies that will improve breast cancer patient outcomes. Herein, we review the current evidence and assess published patient tumor datasets of sorted breast CSC populations for evidence of heightened prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling and activity in these breast CSC populations. PGE2 is a biologically active lipid mediator and in cancer PGE2 promotes tumor progression and poor patient prognosis. Overall, the data suggests that PGE2 signaling is important in propagating breast CSCs by enhancing inherent tumor-initiating capacities. Development of anti-PGE2 signaling therapeutics may be beneficial in inhibiting tumor growth and limiting breast CSC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melanie R. Power Coombs
- Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - Paola Marcato
- Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Paola Marcato,
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14
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Jin D, Zhong TP. Prostaglandin signaling in ciliogenesis and development. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:2632-2643. [PMID: 34927727 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) signaling regulates a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, including body temperature, cardiovascular homeostasis, reproduction, and inflammation. Recent studies have revealed that PGs play pivotal roles in embryo development, ciliogenesis, and organ formation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its receptor EP4 modulate ciliogenesis by increasing the anterograde intraflagellar transport. Many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including EP4 are localized in cilia for modulating cAMP signaling under various conditions. During development, PGE2 signaling regulates embryogenesis, hepatocyte differentiation, hematopoiesis, and kidney formation. Prostaglandins are also essential for skeletal muscle repair. This review outlines recent advances in understanding the functions and mechanisms of prostaglandin signaling in ciliogenesis, embryo development, and organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao P Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Tsirvouli E, Ashcroft F, Johansen B, Kuiper M. Logical and experimental modeling of cytokine and eicosanoid signaling in psoriatic keratinocytes. iScience 2021; 24:103451. [PMID: 34877506 PMCID: PMC8633970 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease, in which immune cells and keratinocytes keep each other in a state of inflammation. It is believed that phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-dependent eicosanoid release plays a key role in this. T-helper (Th) 1-derived cytokines are established activators of phospholipases in keratinocytes, whereas Th17-derived cytokines have largely unknown effects. Logical model simulations describing the function of cytokine and eicosanoid signaling networks combined with experimental data suggest that Th17 cytokines stimulate proinflammatory cytokine expression in psoriatic keratinocytes via activation of cPLA2α-Prostaglandin E2-EP4 signaling, which could be suppressed using the anti-psoriatic calcipotriol. cPLA2α inhibition and calcipotriol distinctly regulate expression of key psoriatic genes, possibly offering therapeutic advantage when applied together. Model simulations additionally suggest EP4 and protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha as drug targets that may restore a normal phenotype. Our work illustrates how the study of complex diseases can benefit from an integrated systems approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Tsirvouli
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Felicity Ashcroft
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Kuiper
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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16
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An Y, Yao J, Niu X. The Signaling Pathway of PGE 2 and Its Regulatory Role in T Cell Differentiation. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:9087816. [PMID: 34867083 PMCID: PMC8641993 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9087816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid. As an essential inflammatory factor, PGE2 has a critical impact on immune regulation through the prostanoid E (EP) receptor pathway. T cells, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, play crucial roles in the adaptive immune response. Previous studies have shown that PGE2 is involved in regulating CD4+ T cell differentiation and inflammatory cytokine production via the EP receptor pathway, thereby affecting the development of diseases mediated by CD4+ T cells. In this review, we summarize the signaling pathway of PGE2 and describe the relationship between PGE2 and T cell differentiation. Hence, this review may provide important evidence for immune therapies and may even promote the development of biomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang An
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiameng Yao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xianxia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xiaoyin Niu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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17
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Fedeli M, Kuka M, Finardi A, Albano F, Viganò V, Iannacone M, Furlan R, Dellabona P, Casorati G. miR-21 sustains CD28 signalling and low-affinity T-cell responses at the expense of self-tolerance. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1321. [PMID: 34584693 PMCID: PMC8454917 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective miR-21 is highly expressed in iNKT and activated T cells, but its T-cell autonomous functions are poorly defined. We sought to investigate the role of miR-21 in the development and functions of T and iNKT cells, representing adaptive and innate-like populations, respectively. Methods We studied mice with a conditional deletion of miR-21 in all mature T lymphocytes. Results Thymic and peripheral T and iNKT compartments were normal in miR-21 KO mice. Upon activation in vitro, miR-21 depletion reduced T-cell survival, TH17 polarisation and, remarkably, T- and iNKT cell ability to respond to low-affinity antigens, without altering their response to high-affinity ones. Mechanistically, miR-21 sustained CD28-dependent costimulation pathways required to lower the T-cell activation threshold, inhibiting its repressors in a positive feedback circuit, in turn increasing T-cell sensitivity to antigenic stimulation and survival. Upon immunisation with the low-affinity self-epitope MOG35-55, miR-21 KO mice were indeed less susceptible than WT animals to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas they mounted normal T-cell responses against high-affinity viral epitopes generated upon lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Conclusion The induction of T-cell responses to weak antigens (signal 1) depends on CD28 costimulation (signal 2). miR-21 sustains CD28 costimulation, decreasing the T-cell activation threshold and increasing their sensitivity to antigenic stimulation and survival, broadening the immune surveillance range. This occurs at the cost of unleashing autoimmunity, resulting from the recognition of weak self-antigens by autoreactive immune responses. Thus, miR-21 fine-tunes T-cell response and self-/non-self-discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Fedeli
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy.,Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit Institute of Experimental Neurology IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Albano
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Valentina Viganò
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy.,Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy.,Experimental Imaging Centre IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit Institute of Experimental Neurology IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
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18
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Simard M, Rioux G, Morin S, Martin C, Guérin SL, Flamand N, Julien P, Fradette J, Pouliot R. Investigation of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biological Activity in a Tissue-Engineered Skin Model Involving Psoriatic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2391-2401.e13. [PMID: 33857488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that diets enriched with omega-3 (also know as n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids could relieve the symptoms of patients with psoriasis. However, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA) on the proliferation and differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes in a three-dimensional skin model. Skin models featuring healthy (healthy substitute) or psoriatic (psoriatic substitute) cells were engineered by the self-assembly method of tissue engineering using a culture medium supplemented with 10 μM ALA in comparison with the regular unsupplemented medium. ALA decreased keratinocyte proliferation and improved psoriatic substitute epidermal differentiation, as measured by decreased Ki67 staining and increased protein expression of FLG and loricrin. The added ALA was notably incorporated into the epidermal phospholipids and metabolized into long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. ALA supplementation led to increased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid derivatives (15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid and 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid) as well as a decrease in levels of omega-6 (also know as n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid lipid mediators (9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and leukotriene B4). Furthermore, the signal transduction mediators extracellular signal‒regulated kinases 1 and 2 were the kinases most activated after ALA supplementation. Taken together, these results show that ALA decreases the pathologic phenotype of psoriatic substitutes by normalizing keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Rioux
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Morin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain L Guérin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; CUO-Recherche, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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19
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Wang B, Wu L, Chen J, Dong L, Chen C, Wen Z, Hu J, Fleming I, Wang DW. Metabolism pathways of arachidonic acids: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:94. [PMID: 33637672 PMCID: PMC7910446 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The arachidonic acid (AA) pathway plays a key role in cardiovascular biology, carcinogenesis, and many inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, arthritis, etc. Esterified AA on the inner surface of the cell membrane is hydrolyzed to its free form by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which is in turn further metabolized by cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to a spectrum of bioactive mediators that includes prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (diHETEs), eicosatetraenoic acids (ETEs), and lipoxins (LXs). Many of the latter mediators are considered to be novel preventive and therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, and inflammatory diseases. This review sets out to summarize the physiological and pathophysiological importance of the AA metabolizing pathways and outline the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of AA related to its three main metabolic pathways in CVD and cancer progression will provide valuable insight for developing new therapeutic drugs for CVD and anti-cancer agents such as inhibitors of EETs or 2J2. Thus, we herein present a synopsis of AA metabolism in human health, cardiovascular and cancer biology, and the signaling pathways involved in these processes. To explore the role of the AA metabolism and potential therapies, we also introduce the current newly clinical studies targeting AA metabolisms in the different disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China
| | - Lujin Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Dong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiong Hu
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
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20
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Prostaglandin E2 Receptor 4 (EP4) as a Therapeutic Target to Impede Breast Cancer-Associated Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050942. [PMID: 33668160 PMCID: PMC7956318 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of new blood (angiogenesis) and lymphatic (lymphangiogenesis) vessels are major events associated with most epithelial malignancies, including breast cancer. Angiogenesis is essential for cancer cell survival. Lymphangiogenesis is critical in maintaining tumoral interstitial fluid balance and importing tumor-facilitatory immune cells. Both vascular routes also serve as conduits for cancer metastasis. Intratumoral hypoxia promotes both events by stimulating multiple angiogenic/lymphangiogenic growth factors. Studies on tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and its exploitation for therapy have received less attention from the research community than those on angiogenesis. Inflammation is a key mediator of both processes, hijacked by many cancers by the aberrant expression of the inflammation-associated enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2. In this review, we focus on breast cancer and showed that COX-2 is a major promoter of both events, primarily resulting from the activation of prostaglandin (PG) E receptor EP4 on tumor cells, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and endothelial cells; and the induction of oncogenic microRNAs. The COX-2/EP4 pathway also promotes additional events in breast cancer progression, such as cancer cell migration, invasion, and the stimulation of stem-like cells. Based on a combination of studies using multiple breast cancer models, we show that EP4 antagonists hold a major promise in breast cancer therapy in combination with other modalities including immune check-point inhibitors.
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21
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Vleeshouwers W, van den Dries K, de Keijzer S, Joosten B, Lidke DS, Cambi A. Characterization of the Signaling Modalities of Prostaglandin E2 Receptors EP2 and EP4 Reveals Crosstalk and a Role for Microtubules. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613286. [PMID: 33643295 PMCID: PMC7907432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator that modulates the function of myeloid immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) through the activation of the G protein-coupled receptors EP2 and EP4. While both EP2 and EP4 signaling leads to an elevation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels through the stimulating Gαs protein, EP4 also couples to the inhibitory Gαi protein to decrease the production of cAMP. The receptor-specific contributions to downstream immune modulatory functions are still poorly defined. Here, we employed quantitative imaging methods to characterize the early EP2 and EP4 signaling events in myeloid cells and their contribution to the dissolution of adhesion structures called podosomes, which is a first and essential step in DC maturation. We first show that podosome loss in DCs is primarily mediated by EP4. Next, we demonstrate that EP2 and EP4 signaling leads to distinct cAMP production profiles, with EP4 inducing a transient cAMP response and EP2 inducing a sustained cAMP response only at high PGE2 levels. We further find that simultaneous EP2 and EP4 stimulation attenuates cAMP production, suggesting a reciprocal control of EP2 and EP4 signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that efficient signaling of both EP2 and EP4 relies on an intact microtubule network. Together, these results enhance our understanding of early EP2 and EP4 signaling in myeloid cells. Considering that modulation of PGE2 signaling is regarded as an important therapeutic possibility in anti-tumor immunotherapy, our findings may facilitate the development of efficient and specific immune modulators of PGE2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Vleeshouwers
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Koen van den Dries
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sandra de Keijzer
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ben Joosten
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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22
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Li WJ, Lu JW, Zhang CY, Wang WS, Ying H, Myatt L, Sun K. PGE2 vs PGF2α in human parturition. Placenta 2020; 104:208-219. [PMID: 33429118 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and F2α (PGF2α) are the two most prominent prostanoids in parturition. They are involved in cervical ripening, membrane rupture, myometrial contraction and inflammation in gestational tissues. Because multiple receptor subtypes for PGE2 and PGF2α exist, coupled with diverse signaling pathways, the effects of PGE2 and PGF2α depend largely on the spatial and temporal expression of these receptors in intrauterine tissues. It appears that PGE2 and PGF2α play different roles in parturition. PGE2 is probably more important for labor onset, while PGF2α may play a more important role in labor accomplishment, which may be attributed to the differential effects of PGE2 and PGF2α in gestational tissues. PGE2 is more powerful than PGF2α in the induction of cervical ripening. In terms of myometrial contraction, PGE2 produces a biphasic effect with an initial contraction and a following relaxation, while PGF2α consistently stimulates myometrial contraction. In the fetal membranes, both PGE2 and PGF2α appear to be involved in the process of membrane rupture. In addition, PGE2 and PGF2α may also participate in the inflammatory process of intrauterine tissues at parturition by stimulating not only neutrophil influx and cytokine production but also cyclooxygenase-2 expression thereby intensifying their own production. This review summarizes the differential roles of PGE2 and PGF2α in parturition with respect to their production and expression of receptor subtypes in gestational tissues. Dissecting the specific mechanisms underlying the effects of PGE2 and PGF2α in parturition may assist in developing specific therapeutic targets for preterm and post-term birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jiao Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiang-Wen Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chu-Yue Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wang-Sheng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hao Ying
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, PR China.
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23
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Nabergoj S, Markovič T, Avsec D, Gobec M, Podgornik H, Jakopin Ž, Mlinarič-Raščan I. EP4 receptor agonist L-902688 augments cytotoxic activities of ibrutinib, idelalisib, and venetoclax against chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114352. [PMID: 33278351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has significantly improved more recently with the approval of several new agents, including ibrutinib, idelalisib, and venetoclax. Despite the outstanding efficacies observed with these agents, these treatments are sometimes discontinued due to toxicity, unresponsiveness, transformation of the disease and/or resistance. Constitutive NF-κB activation that protects CLL cells from apoptotic stimuli represents one of molecular mechanisms that underlie the emergence of drug resistance. As prostaglandin E (EP)4 receptor agonists have been shown to successfully inhibit the NF-κB pathway in B-cell lymphoma cells, we investigated the potential of the highly specific EP4 receptor agonist L-902688 for the potential treatment of patients with CLL. We show here that low micromolar concentrations of L-902688 can indeed induce selective cytotoxicity towards several B-cell malignancies, including CLL. Moreover, L-902688-mediated activation of the EP4 receptor in patient derived CLL cells resulted in inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, cell proliferation, and induction of apoptosis. Most importantly, we show for the first time that in combination with ibrutinib, idelalisib, or venetoclax, L-902688 induces synergistic cytotoxic activity against patient derived CLL cells. To conclude, the modulation of NF-κB activity by EP4 receptor agonists represents an innovative approach to improve the treatment of patients with CLL. In particular, EP4 receptor agonists appear to represent promising adjuncts to the already existing therapies for patients with CLL due to these promising synergistic activities.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/administration & dosage
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adult
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/administration & dosage
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Piperidines/administration & dosage
- Purines/administration & dosage
- Pyrrolidinones/administration & dosage
- Quinazolinones/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/administration & dosage
- Tetrazoles/administration & dosage
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Nabergoj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tijana Markovič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjan Avsec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Podgornik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Haematology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Mlinarič-Raščan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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24
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Braune S, Küpper JH, Jung F. Effect of Prostanoids on Human Platelet Function: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239020. [PMID: 33260972 PMCID: PMC7730041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostanoids are bioactive lipid mediators and take part in many physiological and pathophysiological processes in practically every organ, tissue and cell, including the vascular, renal, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems. In this review, we focus on their influence on platelets, which are key elements in thrombosis and hemostasis. The function of platelets is influenced by mediators in the blood and the vascular wall. Activated platelets aggregate and release bioactive substances, thereby activating further neighbored platelets, which finally can lead to the formation of thrombi. Prostanoids regulate the function of blood platelets by both activating or inhibiting and so are involved in hemostasis. Each prostanoid has a unique activity profile and, thus, a specific profile of action. This article reviews the effects of the following prostanoids: prostaglandin-D2 (PGD2), prostaglandin-E1, -E2 and E3 (PGE1, PGE2, PGE3), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane-A2 (TXA2) on platelet activation and aggregation via their respective receptors.
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25
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Aliabadi F, Ajami M, Pazoki–Toroudi H. Why does COVID‐19 pathology have several clinical forms? Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000198. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Aliabadi
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Marjan Ajami
- Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hamidreza Pazoki–Toroudi
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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26
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Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kim M, Baik H, Park SJ, Kang MS, Kim DH, Kim BW, Markowitz SD, Bae KB. Inhibition of 15-PGDH prevents ischemic renal injury by the PGE 2/EP 4 signaling pathway mediating vasodilation, increased renal blood flow, and increased adenosine/A 2A receptors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F1054-F1066. [PMID: 33135478 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00103.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrated the marked activity of SW033291, an inhibitor of 15-hydoxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), in preventing acute kidney injury (AKI) in a murine model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. AKI due to ischemic injury represents a significant clinical problem. PGE2 is vasodilatory in the kidney, but it is rapidly degraded in vivo due to catabolism by 15-PGDH. We investigated the potential of SW033291, a potent and specific 15-PGDH inhibitor, as prophylactic treatment for ischemic AKI. Prophylactic administration of SW033291 significantly increased renal tissue PGE2 levels and increased post-AKI renal blood flow and renal arteriole area. In parallel, prophylactic SW033291 decreased post-AKI renal morphology injury scores and tubular apoptosis and markedly reduced biomarkers of renal injury that included blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and kidney injury molecule-1. Prophylactic SW033291 also reduced post-AKI induction of proinflammatory cytokines, high-mobility group box 1, and malondialdehyde. Protective effects of SW033291 were mediated by PGE2 signaling, as they could be blocked by pharmacological inhibition of PGE2 synthesis. Consistent with activation of PGE2 signaling, SW033291 induced renal levels of both EP4 receptors and cAMP, along with other vasodilatory effectors, including AMP, adenosine, and the adenosine A2A receptor. The protective effects of SW0333291 could largely be achieved with a single prophylactic dose of the drug. Inhibition of 15-PGDH may thus represent a novel strategy for prophylaxis of ischemic AKI in multiple clinical settings, including renal transplantation and cardiovascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,In-Dang Bio Medical Research Institute, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungJoo Baik
- Department of Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ju Park
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nephrology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Seon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Woo Kim
- Department of Nephrology, Haeundae Bumin Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanford D Markowitz
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ki Beom Bae
- Department of Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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27
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Norel X, Sugimoto Y, Ozen G, Abdelazeem H, Amgoud Y, Bouhadoun A, Bassiouni W, Goepp M, Mani S, Manikpurage HD, Senbel A, Longrois D, Heinemann A, Yao C, Clapp LH. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CIX. Differences and Similarities between Human and Rodent Prostaglandin E 2 Receptors (EP1-4) and Prostacyclin Receptor (IP): Specific Roles in Pathophysiologic Conditions. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:910-968. [PMID: 32962984 PMCID: PMC7509579 DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are derived from arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase activities. Among prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclin (PGI2) and PGE2 are strongly involved in the regulation of homeostasis and main physiologic functions. In addition, the synthesis of these two prostaglandins is significantly increased during inflammation. PGI2 and PGE2 exert their biologic actions by binding to their respective receptors, namely prostacyclin receptor (IP) and prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP) 1-4, which belong to the family of G-protein-coupled receptors. IP and EP1-4 receptors are widely distributed in the body and thus play various physiologic and pathophysiologic roles. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in studies using pharmacological approaches, genetically modified animals, and genome-wide association studies regarding the roles of IP and EP1-4 receptors in the immune, cardiovascular, nervous, gastrointestinal, respiratory, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems. In particular, we highlight similarities and differences between human and rodents in terms of the specific roles of IP and EP1-4 receptors and their downstream signaling pathways, functions, and activities for each biologic system. We also highlight the potential novel therapeutic benefit of targeting IP and EP1-4 receptors in several diseases based on the scientific advances, animal models, and human studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this review, we present an update of the pathophysiologic role of the prostacyclin receptor, prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP) 1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 receptors when activated by the two main prostaglandins, namely prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2, produced during inflammatory conditions in human and rodents. In addition, this comparison of the published results in each tissue and/or pathology should facilitate the choice of the most appropriate model for the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Norel
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Gulsev Ozen
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Heba Abdelazeem
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Yasmine Amgoud
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Amel Bouhadoun
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Marie Goepp
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Salma Mani
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Hasanga D Manikpurage
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Amira Senbel
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Dan Longrois
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Chengcan Yao
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Lucie H Clapp
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
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28
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Biringer RG. A Review of Prostanoid Receptors: Expression, Characterization, Regulation, and Mechanism of Action. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 15:155-184. [PMID: 32970276 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin signaling controls a wide range of biological processes from blood pressure homeostasis to inflammation and resolution thereof to the perception of pain to cell survival. Disruption of normal prostanoid signaling is implicated in numerous disease states. Prostaglandin signaling is facilitated by G-protein-coupled, prostanoid-specific receptors and the array of associated G-proteins. This review focuses on the expression, characterization, regulation, and mechanism of action of prostanoid receptors with particular emphasis on human isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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29
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Endo S, Suganami A, Fukushima K, Senoo K, Araki Y, Regan JW, Mashimo M, Tamura Y, Fujino H. 15-Keto-PGE 2 acts as a biased/partial agonist to terminate PGE 2-evoked signaling. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13338-13352. [PMID: 32727851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is well-known as an endogenous proinflammatory prostanoid synthesized from arachidonic acid by the activation of cyclooxygenase-2. E type prostanoid (EP) receptors are cognates for PGE2 that have four main subtypes: EP1 to EP4. Of these, the EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors have been shown to couple to Gαs-protein and can activate adenylyl cyclase to form cAMP. Studies suggest that EP4 receptors are involved in colorectal homeostasis and cancer development, but further work is needed to identify the roles of EP2 receptors in these functions. After sufficient inflammation has been evoked by PGE2, it is metabolized to 15-keto-PGE2 Thus, 15-keto-PGE2 has long been considered an inactive metabolite of PGE2 However, it may have an additional role as a biased and/or partial agonist capable of taking over the actions of PGE2 to gradually terminate reactions. Here, using cell-based experiments and in silico simulations, we show that PGE2-activated EP4 receptor-mediated signaling may evoke the primary initiating reaction of the cells, which would take over the 15-keto-PGE2-activated EP2 receptor-mediated signaling after PGE2 is metabolized to 15-keto-PGE2 The present results shed light on new aspects of 15-keto-PGE2, which may have important roles in passing on activities to EP2 receptors from PGE2-stimulated EP4 receptors as a "switched agonist." This novel mechanism may be significant for gradually terminating PGE2-evoked inflammation and/or maintaining homeostasis of colorectal tissues/cells functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzu Endo
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Suganami
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keijo Fukushima
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kanaho Senoo
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yumi Araki
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - John W Regan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Masato Mashimo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Fujino
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
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30
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Wu J, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Sun X, Zhao Y, Guan Y, Zhang Y, Wang W. PPARγ as an E3 Ubiquitin-Ligase Impedes Phosphate-Stat6 Stability and Promotes Prostaglandins E 2-Mediated Inhibition of IgE Production in Asthma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1224. [PMID: 32636842 PMCID: PMC7317005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased serum IgE level is one of the features of allergic asthma. It is reported that IgE production can be enhanced by E-prostanoid 2 (EP2) receptor of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2); however, whether E-prostanoid 4 (EP4) receptor (encoded by Ptger4) has a unique or redundant role is still unclear. Here, we demonstrated the mice with B cell-specific deletion of the EP4 receptor (Ptger4fl/flMb1cre+/−) showed their serum levels of IgE were markedly increased. A much more severe airway allergic inflammation was observed in the absence of EP4 signal using the OVA-induced asthma model. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the transcription levels of AID, GLTε, and PSTε in EP4-deficient B cells were found to be significantly increased, implying an enhanced IgE class switch. In addition, we saw higher levels of phosphorylated STAT6, a vital factor for IgE class switch. Biochemical analyses indicated that inhibitory effect of EP4 signal on IgE depended on the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. Further downstream, PPARγ expression was up-regulated. Independent of its activity as a transcription factor, PPARγ here primarily functioned as an E3 ubiquitin-ligase, which bound the phosphorylated STAT6 to initiate its degradation. In support of PPARγ as a key mediator downstream of the EP4 signal, PPARγ agonist induced the down-regulation of phospho-STAT6, whereas its antagonist was able to rescue the EP4-mediated inhibition of STAT6 activation and IgE production. Thus, our findings highlight a role for the PGE2-EP4-AKT-PPARγ-STAT6 signaling in IgE response, highlighting the therapeutic potential of combined application of EP4 and PPARγ agonists in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowan Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Youfei Guan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
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31
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Concerted EP2 and EP4 Receptor Signaling Stimulates Autocrine Prostaglandin E 2 Activation in Human Podocytes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051256. [PMID: 32438662 PMCID: PMC7290667 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular hyperfiltration is an important mechanism in the development of albuminuria. During hyperfiltration, podocytes are exposed to increased fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) in Bowman’s space. Elevated Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis and upregulated cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) are associated with podocyte injury by FFSS. We aimed to elucidate a PGE2 autocrine/paracrine pathway in human podocytes (hPC). We developed a modified liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) protocol to quantify cellular PGE2, 15-keto-PGE2, and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 levels. hPC were treated with PGE2 with or without separate or combined blockade of prostaglandin E receptors (EP), EP2, and EP4. Furthermore, the effect of FFSS on COX2, PTGER2, and PTGER4 expression in hPC was quantified. In hPC, stimulation with PGE2 led to an EP2- and EP4-dependent increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and COX2, and induced cellular PGE2. PTGER4 was downregulated after PGE2 stimulation in hPC. In the corresponding LC/ESI-MS/MS in vivo analysis at the tissue level, increased PGE2 and 15-keto-PGE2 levels were observed in isolated glomeruli obtained from a well-established rat model with glomerular hyperfiltration, the Munich Wistar Frömter rat. COX2 and PTGER2 were upregulated by FFSS. Our data thus support an autocrine/paracrine COX2/PGE2 pathway in hPC linked to concerted EP2 and EP4 signaling.
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32
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Andreoli Miyake J, Nascimento Gomes R, Colquhoun A. Gamma-Linolenic acid alters migration, proliferation and apoptosis in human and rat glioblastoma cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 150:106452. [PMID: 32439412 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant astrocytoma, the main treatments consist of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Patients, after diagnosed, have a survival rate of one year. GBM cells have an invasive, proliferative and migratory characteristic, also they do not respond properly for usual cancer treatment (radiotherapy, chemotherapy). Fatty acids have been studied as an adjuvant cancer treatment in breast, colorectal and GBM. The fatty acid can alter tumoural cell metabolism causing a modification of eicosanoids production. This study has observed some cellular aspects modified by fatty acid treatment in vitro, using GBM cells (human and rat). Modifications in cell behaviour were analyzed like cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion cell capacity after treatment with fatty acid (gamma-linolenic acid). The treatment suggested in this study showed an increased number of apoptotic cells and a decreased number of proliferative and migratory cells. These data recognize that gamma-linolenic acid could be used as an alternative treatment for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Andreoli Miyake
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Mailbox 476, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Renata Nascimento Gomes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 1374, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alison Colquhoun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 1374, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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33
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Tsuge K, Inazumi T, Shimamoto A, Sugimoto Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying prostaglandin E2-exacerbated inflammation and immune diseases. Int Immunol 2020; 31:597-606. [PMID: 30926983 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are the major lipid mediators in animals and which are biosynthesized from arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenases (COX-1 or COX-2) as the rate-limiting enzymes. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is the most abundantly detected PG in various tissues, exerts versatile physiological and pathological actions via four receptor subtypes (EP1-4). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin and indomethacin, exert potent anti-inflammatory actions by the inhibition of COX activity and the resulting suppression of PG production. Therefore, PGE2 has been shown to exacerbate several inflammatory responses and immune diseases. Recently, studies using mice deficient in each PG receptor subtype have clarified the detailed mechanisms underlying PGE2-associated inflammation and autoimmune diseases involving each EP receptor. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the roles of PGE2 receptors in the progression of acute and chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. PGE2 induces acute inflammation through mast cell activation via the EP3 receptor. PGE2 also induces chronic inflammation and various autoimmune diseases through T helper 1 (Th1)-cell differentiation, Th17-cell proliferation and IL-22 production from Th22 cells via the EP2 and EP4 receptors. The possibility of EP receptor-targeted drug development for the treatment of immune diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoshiro Tsuge
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Inazumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shimamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Yue M, Shao L, Cheng J, Fan Y, Cai X, Li H, Li M, Zhang X, Fu A, Huang Y, Nie C, Long F, Chen H, Zhu Q, Zeng H. Prostaglandin E2 accelerated recovery of chemotherapy-induced intestinal damage by increasing expression of cyclin D. Exp Cell Res 2020; 388:111819. [PMID: 31917964 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis upon chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It has been documented that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment improved hematopoietic stem cell function in vitro and in vivo, while the relationship between PGE2 and intestinal stem cells remains unclear. Presently, mice were exposed to PGE1, dmPGE2 and indomethacin. Numbers and function of ISCs were assessed by analyzing Olfm4+ ISCs. Intestinal protection of dmPGE2 was investigated on a 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-induced intestinal damage mouse model. The results showed that dmPGE2 treatment, but not PGE1, increased numbers of Olfm4+ ISCs in dose- and time-dependent manners. Indomethacin treatment decreased numbers of Olfm4+ ISCs. The beneficial effects of short-term dmPGE2 treatment on intestine were supported in a 5FU-induced intestinal damage model. Our data showed that 5FU treatment significantly decreased numbers of Olfm4+ ISCs and goblet cells in intestine, which could be ameliorated by dmPGE2 treatment. dmPGE2 treatment accelerated the recovery of 5FU-induced ISC injury via increasing expression of cyclin D1 and D2 in intestine. Furthermore, dmPGE2 treatment-induced expression of cyclin D1 and D2 might be mediated by up-regulation of FOXM1 expression in intestine. These findings feature PGE2 as an effective protector against chemotherapy-induced intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Yue
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Lijian Shao
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jiaoqi Cheng
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xueqin Cai
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Huan Li
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Manjun Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Aixiang Fu
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yanqiu Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Chengtao Nie
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Fei Long
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Qingxian Zhu
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Huihong Zeng
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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35
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Rothe R, Schulze S, Neuber C, Hauser S, Rammelt S, Pietzsch J. Adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing: Part I – Modulation of inflammation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:381-408. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-199102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rothe
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulze
- University Center of Orthopaedics & Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Rammelt
- University Center of Orthopaedics & Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
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Sheng J, Sun H, Yu FB, Li B, Zhang Y, Zhu YT. The Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1095-1101. [PMID: 32410839 PMCID: PMC7211146 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.44439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third common cancer in this world, accounting for more than 1 million cases each year. However, detailed etiology and mechanism of colorectal cancer have not been fully understood. For example, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been closely linked to its occurrence, progression and prognosis. However, the mechanisms on how COX-2 and PGE2-mediate the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer are obscure. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in studies of pathogenesis and control in colorectal cancer to assist further advances in the research for the cure of the cancer. In addition, the knowledge gained may also guide the audiences for reduction of the risk and control of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Hong Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Fu-Bing Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Tissue Tech Inc, Miami, Florida 33032, USA
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Koundouros N, Poulogiannis G. Reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism in cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:4-22. [PMID: 31819192 PMCID: PMC6964678 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A common feature of cancer cells is their ability to rewire their metabolism to sustain the production of ATP and macromolecules needed for cell growth, division and survival. In particular, the importance of altered fatty acid metabolism in cancer has received renewed interest as, aside their principal role as structural components of the membrane matrix, they are important secondary messengers, and can also serve as fuel sources for energy production. In this review, we will examine the mechanisms through which cancer cells rewire their fatty acid metabolism with a focus on four main areas of research. (1) The role of de novo synthesis and exogenous uptake in the cellular pool of fatty acids. (2) The mechanisms through which molecular heterogeneity and oncogenic signal transduction pathways, such as PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling, regulate fatty acid metabolism. (3) The role of fatty acids as essential mediators of cancer progression and metastasis, through remodelling of the tumour microenvironment. (4) Therapeutic strategies and considerations for successfully targeting fatty acid metabolism in cancer. Further research focusing on the complex interplay between oncogenic signalling and dysregulated fatty acid metabolism holds great promise to uncover novel metabolic vulnerabilities and improve the efficacy of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Koundouros
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - George Poulogiannis
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Osawa K, Umemura M, Nakakaji R, Tanaka R, Islam RM, Nagasako A, Fujita T, Yokoyama U, Koizumi T, Mitsudo K, Ishikawa Y. Prostaglandin E 2 receptor EP4 regulates cell migration through Orai1. Cancer Sci 2019; 111:160-174. [PMID: 31755615 PMCID: PMC6942437 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The EP4 prostanoid receptors are one of four receptor subtypes for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ). Therefore, EP4 may play an important role in cancer progression. However, little information is available regarding their function per se, including migration and the cellular signaling pathway of EP4 in oral cancer. First, we found that mRNA and protein expression of EP4 was abundantly expressed in human-derived tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines HSC-3 and OSC-19. The EP4 agonist (ONO-AE1-437) significantly promoted cell migration in HSC-3 cells. In contrast, knockdown of EP4 reduced cell migration. Furthermore, we confirmed that knockdown of EP4 suppressed metastasis of oral cancer cells in the lungs of mice in vivo. Therefore, we focused on the mechanism of migration/metastasis in EP4 signaling. Interestingly, EP4 agonist significantly induced intracellular Ca2+ elevation not in only oral cancer cells but also in other cells, including normal cells. Furthermore, we found that EP4 activated PI3K and induced Ca2+ influx through Orai1 without activation of store depletion and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). Immunoprecipitation showed that EP4 formed complexes with Orai1 and TRPC1, but not with STIM. Moreover, the EP4 agonist ONO-AE1-437 phosphorylated ERK and activated MMP-2 and MMP-9. Knockdown of Orai1 negated EP4 agonist-induced ERK phosphorylation. Taken together, our data suggested that EP4 activated PI3K and then induced Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space through Orai1, resulting in ERK phosphorylation and promoting cell migration. Migration is regulated by EP4/PI3K/Orai1 signaling in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Osawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masanari Umemura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rina Nakakaji
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rafikul Md Islam
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akane Nagasako
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujita
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Utako Yokoyama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Koizumi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Mitsudo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Chen R, Cao Y, Tian Y, Gu Y, Lu H, Zhang S, Xu H, Su Z. PGE2 ameliorated viral myocarditis development and promoted IL-10-producing regulatory B cell expansion via MAPKs/AKT-AP1 axis or AhR signaling. Cell Immunol 2019; 347:104025. [PMID: 31837749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.104025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
B10 cells, a specific subset of regulatory B cells, are capable of regulating immune response and restricting inflammation and autoimmune disease progression by producing IL-10. B10 cells frequently change significantly during inflammation and autoimmunity. However, how B10 cell populations change in viral myocarditis (VMC) remains unclear. Therefore, this work was conducted to clarify the changes in B10 cells and their potential mechanisms. Our results showed that the B10 cell frequency significantly changed in the VMC model. Changes in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in VMC model hearts were consistent with B10 expansion. PGE2 induced B10 cell expansion via the MAPKs/AKT-AP1 axis or AhR signaling. Additionally, PGE2-pretreated B10 cells inhibited naïve CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th17 cells. In vivo, PGE2 treatment or adoptive B10 cell transfer significantly restricted VMC development. Our results provide sufficient evidence that PGE2-induced B10 cell expansion may become a promising therapeutic approach for VMC and acute inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuwen Cao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yufeng Gu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hongxiang Lu
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Li L, Guan K, Zhou Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Wang W. Prostaglandin E2 signal inhibits T regulatory cell differentiation during allergic rhinitis inflammation through EP4 receptor. World Allergy Organ J 2019; 12:100090. [PMID: 31871536 PMCID: PMC6909350 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease seriously affecting quality of life, and until now the effect of medical therapy is not satisfactory. It is essential to explore in depth the pathologic mechanism of AR to offer new ideas for developing novel treatment strategies. The defect of T regulatory (Treg) cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AR, but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. This study aims to determine the effect of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the differentiation of Treg cells in AR patients and the involvement of E prostanoid (EP) receptor signaling pathway. Methods The proportion of Treg cells and the level of PGE2 in the peripheral blood of AR patients and healthy controls were compared. Differentiation rate of Treg cells under the influence of various concentrations of PGE2 with or without diverse EP receptor agonists and antagonists were investigated through cell culture and flow cytometry in vitro. The cyclic AMP (cAMP) mimic or protein kinase B (Akt) inhibitor was also added to the culture to evaluate the downstream pathway of EP receptor signaling. Results The proportion of Treg cells decreased and PGE2 concentration increased in the peripheral blood of AR patients compared to healthy controls. PGE2 dose-dependently suppressed the differentiation of Treg cells from both human and mice naïve CD4+ T cells in vitro. This inhibitory effect was mediated through EP4 via a mechanism involving activation of cAMP-dependent proteinkinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. Conclusion PGE2-EP4-cAMP signaling might mediate the development of AR by inhibiting the differentiation of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Li
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Kai Guan
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
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Zhang C, Wang L, Li T, Mao W, Liu B, Cao J. EP2/4 Receptors Promote the Synthesis of PGE 2 Increasing Tissue Damage in Bovine Endometrial Explants Induced by Escherichia coli. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 372:175-184. [PMID: 31732699 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.262444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine uterine is easily contaminated with bacteria during coitus or parturition. A previous study suggested that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promoted Escherichia coli-infected bovine endometrial tissue inflammatory damage via cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). However, it remains unclear which PGE2 receptors regulate the proinflammatory effect of PGE2 In this study, we evaluated the effect of PGE2 and its mediated receptors on E. coli-infected endometrium explants isolated from the bovine uterus. The E. coli-infected bovine endometrial explants were cultured in vitro, and the study used EP2/4 receptor agonists to investigate the responses of COX-2, mPGES-1, PGE2, proinflammatory factors, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The expression of COX-2, mPGES-1, PGE2, proinflammatory factors, and DAMPs was significantly increased after infection with E. coli; however, the high expression levels caused by E. coli were reduced following treatment with COX-2 and mPGES-1 inhibitors. In addition, the expression levels of COX-2, mPGES-1, PGE2, proinflammatory factors, and DAMPs were higher in treatment with EP2/4 receptor agonists in E. coli-infected endometrium explants, and their promotable effects were effectively blocked by EP2/4 receptor antagonists. These findings provide evidence that PGE2 may promote the progress of inflammation in endometrial explants infected with E. coli in bovines. Furthermore, EP2/4 may be involved in a positive feedback loop for COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression, and this may be responsible for the proinflammatory reaction of PGE2 in E. coli-infected uteri of bovines. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: PGE2 promoted E. coli-infected bovine endometrial tissue damage via COX-2 and mPGES-1. However, this proinflammatory effect of PGE2 depends on which receptors are affected by PGE2, and this remains unclear. In this study, it was investigated that EP2 and EP4 may be involved in a positive feedback loop for COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression, and this may be responsible for the proinflammatory reaction of PGE2 in E. coli-infected uteri of bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), and Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Lingrui Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), and Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), and Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), and Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), and Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), and Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture (C.Z., L.W., T.L., W.M., B.L., J.C.), Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
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Arachidonic Acid Metabolism and Kidney Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153683. [PMID: 31357612 PMCID: PMC6695795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major component of cell membrane lipids, Arachidonic acid (AA), being a major component of the cell membrane lipid content, is mainly metabolized by three kinds of enzymes: cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. Based on these three metabolic pathways, AA could be converted into various metabolites that trigger different inflammatory responses. In the kidney, prostaglandins (PG), thromboxane (Tx), leukotrienes (LTs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) are the major metabolites generated from AA. An increased level of prostaglandins (PGs), TxA2 and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) results in inflammatory damage to the kidney. Moreover, the LTB4-leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) axis participates in the acute kidney injury via mediating the recruitment of renal neutrophils. In addition, AA can regulate renal ion transport through 19-hydroxystilbenetetraenoic acid (19-HETE) and 20-HETE, both of which are produced by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) generated by the CYP450 enzyme also plays a paramount role in the kidney damage during the inflammation process. For example, 14 and 15-EET mitigated ischemia/reperfusion-caused renal tubular epithelial cell damage. Many drug candidates that target the AA metabolism pathways are being developed to treat kidney inflammation. These observations support an extraordinary interest in a wide range of studies on drug interventions aiming to control AA metabolism and kidney inflammation.
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Klasen C, Meyer A, Wittekind PS, Waqué I, Nabhani S, Kofler DM. Prostaglandin receptor EP4 expression by Th17 cells is associated with high disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:159. [PMID: 31253169 PMCID: PMC6599260 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, the mechanism underlying enhanced Th17 cell accumulation in AS remains unknown. The prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2/EP4 signaling pathway plays a critical role in the development of autoimmune Th17 cells. Interestingly, recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified five risk alleles for AS in PTGER4, the gene encoding for EP4. The aim of this study was to reveal a possible link between EP4 and disease activity in patients with AS. METHODS Th17 cells from patients with AS were analyzed for the transcriptional expression of prostaglandin receptor genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Th17 cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and from healthy individuals served as controls. EP4 receptor expression in Th17 cells was assessed ex vivo by flow cytometry and by western blot. Functional analysis using EP4-specific agonists was performed to reveal how EP4 regulates Th17 cells. RESULTS EP4 is significantly overexpressed in Th17 cells from patients with AS compared to Th17 cells from healthy individuals or patients with RA or psoriatic arthritis (PsA). EP4 upregulation is unique to Th17 cells and is not found in other CD4+ T cell subsets. Specific activation of EP4 drives Th17 cell development and promotes EP4 expression in a positive feedback loop in AS but not in RA or PsA. Mechanistically, EP4 acts via upregulation of the interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R), by suppressing the RORγt inhibitor FoxO1 and by enhancing STAT3 phosphorylation. Increased EP4 expression levels in Th17 cells from AS patients correlate with high disease activity as defined by a Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) score ≥ 4 (r = 0.7591, p = 0.0016). CONCLUSIONS EP4 is a potential marker of disease activity in patients with AS. Aberrant EP4 expression might contribute to pathogenic Th17 cell accumulation and represent a new target for the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Klasen
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Meyer
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paula S Wittekind
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Iris Waqué
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Schafiq Nabhani
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - David M Kofler
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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Abstract
Eicosanoids are bioactive lipids that play crucial roles in various pathophysiological conditions, including inflammation and cancer. They include both the COX-derived prostaglandins and the LOX-derived leukotrienes. Furthermore, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways family of receptor tyrosine kinases also are known to play a central role in the tumorigenesis. Various antitumor modalities have been approved cancer treatments that target therapeutically the COX-2 and EGFR pathways; these include selective COX-2 inhibitors and EGFR monoclonal antibodies. Research has shown that the COX-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways actively interact with each other in order to orchestrate carcinogenesis. This has been used to justify a targeted combinatorial approach aimed at these two pathways. Although combined therapies have been found to have a greater antitumor effect than the administration of single agent, this does not exempt them from the possible fatal cardiac effects that are associated with COX-2 inhibition. In this review, we delineate the contribution of HB-EGF, an important EGFR ligand, to the cardiac dysfunction related to decreased shedding of HB-EGF after COX-2/PGE2 inhibition. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these cardiac side effects will make possible more effective regimens that use the dual-targeting approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chieh Yang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ugwuagbo KC, Maiti S, Omar A, Hunter S, Nault B, Northam C, Majumder M. Prostaglandin E2 promotes embryonic vascular development and maturation in zebrafish. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.039768. [PMID: 30890523 PMCID: PMC6504002 DOI: 10.1242/bio.039768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG)-E2 is essential for growth and development of vertebrates. PGE2 binds to G-coupled receptors to regulate embryonic stem cell differentiation and maintains tissue homeostasis. Overproduction of PGE2 by breast tumor cells promotes aggressive breast cancer phenotypes and tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. In this study, we investigated novel roles of PGE2 in early embryonic vascular development and maturation with the microinjection of PGE2 in fertilized zebrafish (Danio rerio) eggs. We injected Texas Red dextran to trace vascular development. Embryos injected with the solvent of PGE2 served as vehicle. Distinct developmental changes were noted from 28-96 h post fertilization (hpf), showing an increase in embryonic tail flicks, pigmentation, growth, hatching and larval movement post-hatching in the PGE2-injected group compared to the vehicle. We recorded a significant increase in trunk vascular fluorescence and maturation of vascular anatomy, embryo heartbeat and blood vessel formation in the PGE2 injected group. At 96 hpf, all larvae were euthanized to measure vascular marker mRNA expression. We observed a significant increase in the expression of stem cell markers efnb2a, ephb4a, angiogenesis markers vegfa, kdrl, etv2 and lymphangiogenesis marker prox1 in the PGE2-group compared to the vehicle. This study shows the novel roles of PGE2 in promoting embryonic vascular maturation and angiogenesis in zebrafish.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujit Maiti
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Ahmed Omar
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Stephanie Hunter
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Braydon Nault
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Caleb Northam
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Mousumi Majumder
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba R7A 6A9, Canada
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Kurata N, Tokashiki N, Fukushima K, Misao T, Hasuoka N, Kitagawa K, Mashimo M, Regan JW, Murayama T, Fujino H. Short chain fatty acid butyrate uptake reduces expressions of prostanoid EP 4 receptors and their mediation of cyclooxygenase-2 induction in HCA-7 human colon cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:308-315. [PMID: 30980797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are known to maintain gut homeostasis, by the fermentation of dietary fiber in the human colon. Among SCFAs, butyrate has been considered as the most physiologically effective SCFA in colorectal epithelial cells for growth and differentiation. Here we show that the E-type prostanoid 4 (EP4) receptor expression level is regulated by different concentrations of butyrate, but not by other SCFAs, in human colon cancer HCA-7 cells, through sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter-1 (SMCT-1)-mediated uptake followed by the activation of histone acetyltransferase: cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein/p300. Of particular interest, the prostanoid EP4 receptors are known to be expressed in normal colorectal crypt epithelial cells and maintain intestinal homeostasis by preserving mucosal integrity, while they are also known to be involved in the early stage of carcinogenesis. Thus, the links between butyrate and the expression of prostanoid EP4 receptors are both important factors for maintaining homeostasis. Based on in silico analysis, almost half of colorectal cancer tissues have lost the expression of SMCT-1 mRNA when compared with healthy corresponding tissues. Therefore, with the collapse of homeostasis systems such as a decrease in the concentration of butyrate in colorectal tissues, or reduced butyrate uptake, there is a possibility of early stage colorectal cancer development; the transformation of normal cells to the cancerous phenotype may be due to the overexpression of prostanoid EP4 receptors followed by excessive cyclooxygenase-2 induction, which are caused by a reduced amount of butyrate and/or its uptake, in/around colorectal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kurata
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan; Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Natsumi Tokashiki
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Keijo Fukushima
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Takaya Misao
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Nanae Hasuoka
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kana Kitagawa
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masato Mashimo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, 610-0311, Japan
| | - John W Regan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Toshihiko Murayama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Fujino
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan.
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47
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Roles of prostaglandins in tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis with special reference to breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 37:369-384. [PMID: 29858743 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis (formation of new lymphatic vessels), unlike angiogenesis, has been a lesser-focused field in cancer biology, because of earlier controversy regarding whether lymphatic metastasis occurs via pre-existing or newly formed lymphatics. Recent evidence reveals that peri-tumoral or intra-tumoral lymphangiogenesis is a precursor for lymphatic metastasis in most carcinomas and melanomas. Two major lymphangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D, are produced by cancer cells or immune cells such as macrophages in the tumor-stroma to promote sprouting of lymphatics from lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) or LEC precursors (LECP) by binding to their primary (high affinity) receptor VEGF-R3 or secondary receptors VEGF-R2, neuropilin (NRP)2 and α9/β1 integrin. Many other growth factors/receptors such as VEGF-A/VEGF-R2, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2/FGF-R, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/PDGF-R, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/C-Met, angiopoietins (Ang)1, 2/Tie2, and chemokines/ chemokine receptors (CCL21/CCR7, CCL12/CCR4) can also stimulate LEC sprouting directly or indirectly. This review deals with the roles of prostaglandins (PG), in particular PGE2, in cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis, with special emphasis on breast cancer. We show that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression by breast cancer cells or tumor stroma leading to high PGE2 levels in the tumor milieu promotes lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastases, resulting from binding of PGE2 to PGE receptors (EP, in particular EP4) on multiple cell types: tumor cells, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and LEC. EP4 activation on cancer cells and macrophages upregulated VEGF-C/D production to stimulate LEC sprouting. Furthermore, ligation of EP4 with PGE2 on cancer or host cells can initiate a new cascade of molecular events leading to cross-talk between cancer cells and LEC, facilitating lymphangiogenesis and lympho-vascular transport of cancer cells. We make a case for EP4 as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Lu JW, Wang WS, Zhou Q, Gan XW, Myatt L, Sun K. Activation of prostaglandin EP4 receptor attenuates the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by EP2 receptor activation in human amnion fibroblasts: implications for parturition. FASEB J 2019; 33:8148-8160. [PMID: 30917001 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802642r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human amnion fibroblasts produce abundant prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays a crucial role in parturition by stimulating not only myometrial contraction and cervical ripening but also the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme in PGE2 synthesis-namely, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This feed-forward induction of COX-2 expression by PGE2 is mediated via its receptors coupled with the cAMP and PKA pathway and subsequent phosphorylation of the transcription factors cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Although prostaglandin E receptor (EP)-2 and EP4 for PGE2 are coupled with activation of the cAMP and PKA pathway, the exact roles of these 2 receptors in the regulation of COX-2 expression in amnion fibroblasts remain to be determined. Here, we clarify this issue by employing human amnion tissue and fibroblasts with the long-term objective of specific targeting of prostaglandin synthesis in prevention of preterm birth. We find that an EP2 agonist caused long-lasting increases in CREB phosphorylation and COX-2 expression, whereas an EP4 agonist induced only transient increases in CREB phosphorylation and COX-2 expression in amnion fibroblasts. Moreover, only EP2 stimulation increased STAT3 phosphorylation, whereas only EP4 stimulation increased PI3K activity. EP4 antagonist or inhibition of PI3K enhanced the induction of CREB and STAT3 phosphorylation and COX-2 expression by PGE2 or EP2 stimulation, which was attenuated by EP4 overexpression. Of interest, PGE2 and cortisol, both well-demonstrated stimulants of COX-2 expression in amnion fibroblasts, increased EP2 but decreased EP4 receptor expression. Furthermore, increased EP2 but decreased EP4 abundance were observed in amnion tissue at parturition. We conclude that EP2 and EP4 receptors play different roles in the regulation of COX-2 expression in human amnion fibroblasts. EP2 is the dominant PGE2 receptor mediating the induction of COX-2 at parturition, which can be attenuated by simultaneous activation of PI3K coupled to the EP4 receptor.-Lu, J.-W., Wang, W.-S., Zhou, Q., Gan, X.-W., Myatt, L., Sun, K. Activation of prostaglandin EP4 receptor attenuates the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by EP2 receptor activation in human amnion fibroblasts: implications for parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Wen Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang-Sheng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Gan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
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Chen Y, Zhu L, Ji L, Yang Y, Lu L, Wang X, Zhou G. Silencing the ACAT1 Gene in Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells Inhibits the Expression of Cyclo-Oxygenase 2 (COX2) and Reduces β-Amyloid-Induced Toxicity Due to Activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) and ERK. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:9007-9018. [PMID: 30541014 PMCID: PMC6299791 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acyl-coenzymeA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) 1, a key enzyme converting excess free cholesterol to cholesterol esters, has been demonstrated to be associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the mechanism underlying the protective role of ACAT1 blockage in AD progression remains elusive. Material/Methods Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were treated for 24 h with increasing concentrations of aggregated Aβ25–35 (5, 15, 25, and 45 μmol) with or without the ACAT1 siRNA pretreatment. Cell viability analysis was measured by CCK-8 assay. The genome-wide correlation between ACAT1 and all other probe sets was measured by the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Western blotting was used to detect the ACAT1 protein expression in the hippocampus of APP/PSN transgenic AD mice. The mRNA level for each target was analyzed by qPCR. Western blotting was used to detect the ACAT1, cyclo-oxygenase-2 (Cox2), Calcium voltage-gated channel subunits (CACNAs), and ERK/PKC proteins in SH-SY5Y cells with or without the ACAT1 siRNA pretreatment in the presence of Aβ25–35. Results The expression of ACAT1 was significantly increased in the hippocampus of APP/PSN mice, and also showed an increasing trend when SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to Aβ25–35. Silencing ACAT1 significantly attenuated Aβ-induced cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. The genome-wide correlation analysis showed that Ptgs2 had the most significant correlation with Acat1 in the hippocampus of BXD RI mice. We further determined the regulatory effect of ACAT1 on COX2 expression by silencing or over-expressing ACAT1 in SH-SY5Y cells and found that silencing ACAT1 played a protective role in AD progression by regulating CACNAs and PKC/ERK signaling cascades. Conclusions Silencing ACAT1 attenuates Aβ25–35-induced cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells, which may due to the synergistic effect of ACAT1 and COX2 through PKC/ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Lu Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, Urumqi, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Ji
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Guomim Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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50
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Seira N, Yamagata K, Fukushima K, Araki Y, Kurata N, Yanagisawa N, Mashimo M, Nakamura H, Regan JW, Murayama T, Fujino H. Cellular density-dependent increases in HIF-1α compete with c-Myc to down-regulate human EP4 receptor promoter activity through Sp-1-binding region. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00441. [PMID: 30455960 PMCID: PMC6230926 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The up-regulated expression of E-type prostanoid (EP) 4 receptors has been implicated in carcinogenesis; however, the expression of EP4 receptors has also been reported to be weaker in tumor tissues than in normal tissues. Indeed, EP4 receptors have been suggested to play a role in the maintenance of colorectal homeostasis. This study aimed to examine the underlying mechanisms/reasons for why inconsistent findings have been reported regarding EP4 receptor expression levels in homeostasis and carcinogenesis by focusing on cellular densities. Thus, the human colon cancer HCA-7 cells, which retain some functional features of normal epithelia, and luciferase reporter genes containing wild-type or mutated EP4 receptor promoters were used for elucidating the cellular density-dependent mechanisms about the regulation of EP4 receptor expression. In silico analysis was also utilized for confirming the relevance of the findings with respect to colon cancer development. We here demonstrated that the expression of EP4 receptors was up-regulated by c-Myc by binding to Sp-1 under low cellular density conditions, but was down-regulated under high cellular density conditions via the increase in the expression levels of HIF-1α protein, which may pull out c-Myc and Sp-1 from DNA-binding. The tightly regulated EP4 receptor expression mechanism may be a critical system for maintaining homeostasis in normal colorectal epithelial cells. Therefore, once the system is altered, possibly due to the transient overexpression of EP4 receptors, it may result in aberrant cellular proliferation and transformation to cancerous phenotypes. However, at the point, EP4 receptors themselves and their mediated homeostasis would be no longer required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Seira
- Laboratory of Chemical PharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChuo‐ku ChibaJapan
| | - Kazuyuki Yamagata
- Laboratory of Chemical PharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChuo‐ku ChibaJapan
| | - Keijo Fukushima
- Department of Pharmacology for Life SciencesGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Yumi Araki
- Laboratory of Chemical PharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChuo‐ku ChibaJapan
- Department of Pharmacology for Life SciencesGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Naoki Kurata
- Laboratory of Chemical PharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChuo‐ku ChibaJapan
- Department of Pharmacology for Life SciencesGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Naoki Yanagisawa
- Laboratory of Chemical PharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChuo‐ku ChibaJapan
| | - Masato Mashimo
- Laboratory of PharmacologyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDoshisha Women's College of Liberal ArtsKyotanabe, KyotoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Chemical PharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChuo‐ku ChibaJapan
| | - John W. Regan
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyThe University of ArizonaTucsonArizona
| | - Toshihiko Murayama
- Laboratory of Chemical PharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChuo‐ku ChibaJapan
| | - Hiromichi Fujino
- Department of Pharmacology for Life SciencesGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
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