1
|
Cook L, Gharzia FG, Bartsch JW, Yildiz D. A jack of all trades - ADAM8 as a signaling hub in inflammation and cancer. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 38097912 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the family of A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases (ADAM) ADAM8 is preferentially expressed in lymphatic organs, immune cells, and tumor cells. The substrate spectrum for ADAM8 proteolytic activity is not exclusive but is related to effectors of inflammation and signaling in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, complexes of ADAM8 with extracellular binding partners such as integrin β-1 cause an extensive intracellular signaling in tumor cells, thereby activating kinase pathways with STAT3, ERK1/2, and Akt signaling, which causes increased cell survival and enhanced motility. The cytoplasmic domain of ADAM8 harbors five SRC homology-3 (SH3) domains that can potentially interact with several proteins involved in actin dynamics and cell motility, including Myosin 1F (MYO1F), which is essential for neutrophil motility. The concept of ADAM8 thus involves immune cell recruitment, in most cases leading to an enhancement of inflammatory (asthma, COPD) and tumor (including pancreatic and breast cancers) pathologies. In this review, we report on available studies that qualify ADAM8 as a therapeutic target in different pathologies. As a signaling hub, ADAM8 controls extracellular, intracellular, and intercellular communication, the latter one mainly mediated by the release of extracellular vesicles with ADAM8 as cargo. Here, we will dissect the contribution of different domains to these distinct ways of communication in several pathologies. We conclude that therapeutic targeting attempts for ADAM8 should consider blocking more than a single domain and that this requires a thorough evaluation of potent molecules targeting ADAM8 in an in vivo setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Cook
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Federico Guillermo Gharzia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jörg W Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Yildiz
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hershkovits AS, Gelley S, Hanna R, Kleifeld O, Shulman A, Fishman A. Shifting the balance: soluble ADAM10 as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1171123. [PMID: 37266401 PMCID: PMC10229884 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1171123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accumulation of amyloid β in the brain is regarded as a key initiator of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the amyloidogenic pathway yields neurotoxic amyloid β species. In the non-amyloidogenic pathway, APP is processed by membrane-bound ADAM10, the main α-secretase in the nervous system. Here we present a new enzymatic approach for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease using a soluble form of ADAM10. Methods The ability of the soluble ADAM10 to shed overexpressed and endogenous APP was determined with an ADAM10 knockout cell line and a human neuroblastoma cell line, respectively. We further examined its effect on amyloid β aggregation by thioflavin T fluorescence, HPLC, and confocal microscopy. Using N-terminal and C-terminal enrichment proteomic approaches, we identified soluble ADAM10 substrates. Finally, a truncated soluble ADAM10, based on the catalytic domain, was expressed in Escherichia coli for the first time, and its activity was evaluated. Results The soluble enzyme hydrolyzes APP and releases the neuroprotective soluble APPα when exogenously added to cell cultures. The soluble ADAM10 inhibits the formation and aggregation of characteristic amyloid β extracellular neuronal aggregates. The proteomic investigation identified new and verified known substrates, such as VGF and N-cadherin, respectively. The truncated variant also exhibited α-secretase capacity as shown with a specific ADAM10 fluorescent substrate in addition to shedding overexpressed and endogenous APP. Discussion Our in vitro study demonstrates that exogenous treatment with a soluble variant of ADAM10 would shift the balance toward the non-amyloidogenic pathway, thus utilizing its natural neuroprotective effect and inhibiting the main neurotoxic amyloid β species. The potential of such a treatment for Alzheimer's disease needs to be further evaluated in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Sarah Hershkovits
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- The Interdisciplinary Program for Biotechnology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sivan Gelley
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rawad Hanna
- Department of Biology Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- Department of Biology Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wittrahm R, Takalo M, Kuulasmaa T, Mäkinen PM, Mäkinen P, Končarević S, Fartzdinov V, Selzer S, Kokkola T, Antikainen L, Martiskainen H, Kemppainen S, Marttinen M, Jeskanen H, Rostalski H, Rahunen E, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Natunen T, Lambert JC, Tanzi RE, Kim DY, Rauramaa T, Herukka SK, Soininen H, Laakso M, Pike I, Leinonen V, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Protective Alzheimer's disease-associated APP A673T variant predominantly decreases sAPPβ levels in cerebrospinal fluid and 2D/3D cell culture models. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 182:106140. [PMID: 37120095 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rare A673T variant was the first variant found within the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene conferring protection against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thereafter, different studies have discovered that the carriers of the APP A673T variant show reduced levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the plasma and better cognitive performance at high age. Here, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of APP A673T carriers and control individuals using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify differentially regulated targets in an unbiased manner. Furthermore, the APP A673T variant was introduced into 2D and 3D neuronal cell culture models together with the pathogenic APP Swedish and London mutations. Consequently, we now report for the first time the protective effects of the APP A673T variant against AD-related alterations in the CSF, plasma, and brain biopsy samples from the frontal cortex. The CSF levels of soluble APPβ (sAPPβ) and Aβ42 were significantly decreased on average 9-26% among three APP A673T carriers as compared to three well-matched controls not carrying the protective variant. Consistent with these CSF findings, immunohistochemical assessment of cortical biopsy samples from the same APP A673T carriers did not reveal Aβ, phospho-tau, or p62 pathologies. We identified differentially regulated targets involved in protein phosphorylation, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in the CSF and plasma samples of APP A673T carriers. Some of the identified targets showed inverse levels in AD brain tissue with respect to increased AD-associated neurofibrillary pathology. In 2D and 3D neuronal cell culture models expressing APP with the Swedish and London mutations, the introduction of the APP A673T variant resulted in lower sAPPβ levels. Concomitantly, the levels of sAPPα were increased, while decreased levels of CTFβ and Aβ42 were detected in some of these models. Our findings emphasize the important role of APP-derived peptides in the pathogenesis of AD and demonstrate the effectiveness of the protective APP A673T variant to shift APP processing towards the non-amyloidogenic pathway in vitro even in the presence of two pathogenic mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Wittrahm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petra M Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | - Stefan Selzer
- Proteome Sciences GmbH & Co. KG, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Leila Antikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Heli Jeskanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hannah Rostalski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Eija Rahunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; The Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tiia Ngandu
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- U1167, University of Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Unit of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Sciences plc, Hamilton House, London, WC1H 9BB, UK.
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Das S, Datta S, Ghosal A, Chaudhuri NR, Sundaram G, Basu S. Screening of BACE1 inhibitors with antiamyloidogenic activity: A study of flavonoids and flavonoid derivatives. Neurosci Lett 2023; 792:136965. [PMID: 36379389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aggregates of β-amyloid peptide are found to occur in brains of AD patients and are formed upon sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein by BACE1 and γ-secretase. Strategies inhibiting either peptide aggregation or the rate limiting enzyme BACE1 have been in demand for its implication in AD therapeutics. The present study is undertaken to mine compounds with dual ability. In this context, some natural compounds that were already predicted as BACE1 inhibitors by our group, were further tested for their activity as aggregation inhibitors. A pharmacophore model built with known antiamyloidogenic compounds was then applied for screening the natural compounds previously predicted as BACE1 inhibitors. Subsequently experimental validation by Thioflavin-T and Aβ-GFP assay filtered four compounds genistein, syringetin, tamarixetin and ZINC53276039. Out of them, ZINC53276039 showed promising antiamyloidogenic activity to act as a potent inhibitor of aggregation. Interestingly, our previous study revealed syringetin and ZINC53276039 to be good BACE1 inhibitors while tamarixetin to be a moderate BACE1 inhibitor. These good to moderate BACE1 inhibitors with moderate to reasonable antiamyloidogenic activity might show potency in reducing the amyloid load of AD brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita Das
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Suchismita Datta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Agamani Ghosal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Nibedita Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Geetanjali Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Soumalee Basu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taylor HA, Przemylska L, Clavane EM, Meakin PJ. BACE1: More than just a β-secretase. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13430. [PMID: 35119166 PMCID: PMC9286785 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) research has historically focused on its actions as the β-secretase responsible for the production of β-amyloid beta, observed in Alzheimer's disease. Although the greatest expression of BACE1 is found in the brain, BACE1 mRNA and protein is also found in many cell types including pancreatic β-cells, adipocytes, hepatocytes, and vascular cells. Pathologically elevated BACE1 expression in these cells has been implicated in the development of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we examine key questions surrounding the BACE1 literature, including how is BACE1 regulated and how dysregulation may occur in disease, and understand how BACE1 regulates metabolism via cleavage of a myriad of substrates. The phenotype of the BACE1 knockout mice models, including reduced weight gain, increased energy expenditure, and enhanced leptin signaling, proposes a physiological role of BACE1 in regulating energy metabolism and homeostasis. Taken together with the weight loss observed with BACE1 inhibitors in clinical trials, these data highlight a novel role for BACE1 in regulation of metabolic physiology. Finally, this review aims to examine the possibility that BACE1 inhibitors could provide a innovative treatment for obesity and its comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Taylor
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lena Przemylska
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eva M Clavane
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul J Meakin
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jocher G, Grass V, Tschirner SK, Riepler L, Breimann S, Kaya T, Oelsner M, Hamad MS, Hofmann LI, Blobel CP, Schmidt-Weber CB, Gokce O, Jakwerth CA, Trimpert J, Kimpel J, Pichlmair A, Lichtenthaler SF. ADAM10 and ADAM17 promote SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and spike protein-mediated lung cell fusion. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54305. [PMID: 35527514 PMCID: PMC9171409 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe‐acute‐respiratory‐syndrome‐coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is the causative agent of COVID‐19, but host cell factors contributing to COVID‐19 pathogenesis remain only partly understood. We identify the host metalloprotease ADAM17 as a facilitator of SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry and the metalloprotease ADAM10 as a host factor required for lung cell syncytia formation, a hallmark of COVID‐19 pathology. ADAM10 and ADAM17, which are broadly expressed in the human lung, cleave the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein (S) in vitro, indicating that ADAM10 and ADAM17 contribute to the priming of S, an essential step for viral entry and cell fusion. ADAM protease‐targeted inhibitors severely impair lung cell infection by the SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern alpha, beta, delta, and omicron and also reduce SARS‐CoV‐2 infection of primary human lung cells in a TMPRSS2 protease‐independent manner. Our study establishes ADAM10 and ADAM17 as host cell factors for viral entry and syncytia formation and defines both proteases as potential targets for antiviral drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Jocher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Grass
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah K Tschirner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lydia Riepler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Breimann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tuğberk Kaya
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Madlen Oelsner
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - M Sabri Hamad
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura I Hofmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Departments of Medicine and of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ozgun Gokce
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze A Jakwerth
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Taylor HA, Simmons KJ, Clavane EM, Trevelyan CJ, Brown JM, Przemyłska L, Watt NT, Matthews LC, Meakin PJ. PTPRD and DCC Are Novel BACE1 Substrates Differentially Expressed in Alzheimer's Disease: A Data Mining and Bioinformatics Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094568. [PMID: 35562959 PMCID: PMC9103286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-site Amyloid precursor protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) is an extensively studied therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD), owing to its role in the production of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. However, despite numerous BACE1 inhibitors entering clinical trials, none have successfully improved AD pathogenesis, despite effectively lowering Aβ concentrations. This can, in part, be attributed to an incomplete understanding of BACE1, including its physiological functions and substrate specificity. We propose that BACE1 has additional important physiological functions, mediated through substrates still to be identified. Thus, to address this, we computationally analysed a list of 533 BACE1 dependent proteins, identified from the literature, for potential BACE1 substrates, and compared them against proteins differentially expressed in AD. We identified 15 novel BACE1 substrates that were specifically altered in AD. To confirm our analysis, we validated Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D (PTPRD) and Netrin receptor DCC (DCC) using Western blotting. These findings shed light on the BACE1 inhibitor failings and could enable the design of substrate-specific inhibitors to target alternative BACE1 substrates. Furthermore, it gives us a greater understanding of the roles of BACE1 and its dysfunction in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A. Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Katie J. Simmons
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Eva M. Clavane
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Christopher J. Trevelyan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Jane M. Brown
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Lena Przemyłska
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Nicole T. Watt
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Laura C. Matthews
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Paul J. Meakin
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Finding New Ways How to Control BACE1. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:293-318. [PMID: 35305135 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, all applications of BACE1 inhibitors failed as therapeutical targets for Alzheimer´s disease (AD) due to severe side effects. Therefore, alternative ways for treatment development are a hot research topic. The present analysis investigates BACE1 protein-protein interaction networks and attempts to solve the absence of complete knowledge about pathways involving BACE1. A bioinformatics analysis matched the functions of the non-substrate interaction network with Voltage-gated potassium channels, which also appear as top priority protein nodes. Targeting BACE1 interactions with PS1 and GGA-s, blocking of BACE1 access to APP by BRI3 and RTN-s, activation of Wnt signaling and upregulation of β-catenin, and brain delivery of the extracellular domain of p75NTR, are the main alternatives to the use of BACE 1 inhibitors highlighted by the analysis. The pathway enrichment analysis also emphasized substrates and substrate candidates with essential biological functions, which cleavage must remain controlled. They include ephrin receptors, ROBO1, ROBO2, CNTN-s, CASPR-s, CD147, CypB, TTR, APLP1/APLP2, NRXN-s, and PTPR-s. The analysis of the interaction subnetwork of BACE1 functionally related to inflammation identified a connection to three cardiomyopathies, which supports the hypothesis of the common molecular mechanisms with AD. A lot of potential shows the regulation of BACE1 activity through post-translational modifications. The interaction network of BACE1 and its phosphorylation enzyme CSNK1D functionally match the Circadian clock, p53, and Hedgehog signaling pathways. The regulation of BACE1 glycosylation could be achieved through N-acetylglucosamine transferases, α-(1→6)-fucosyltransferase, β-galactoside α-(2→6)-sialyltransferases, galactosyltransferases, and mannosidases suggested by the interaction network analysis of BACE1-MGAT3. The present analysis proposes possibilities for the alternative control of AD pathology.
Collapse
|
9
|
Effects of microRNA-298 on APP and BACE1 translation differ according to cell type and 3'-UTR variation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3074. [PMID: 35197498 PMCID: PMC8866491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is marked by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques composed of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. However, specific contributions of different cell types to Aβ deposition remain unknown. Non-coding microRNAs (miRNA) play important roles in AD by regulating translation of major associated proteins, such as Aβ precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE1), two key proteins associated with Aβ biogenesis. MiRNAs typically silence protein expression via binding specific sites in mRNAs’ 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTR). MiRNAs regulate protein levels in a cell-type specific manner; however, mechanisms of the variation of miRNA activity remain unknown. We report that miR-298 treatment reduced native APP and BACE1 protein levels in an astrocytic but not in a neuron-like cell line. From miR-298’s effects on APP-3′-UTR activity and native protein levels, we infer that differences in APP 3′-UTR length could explain differential miR-298 activity. Such varied or truncated, but natural, 3′-UTR specific to a given cell type provides an opportunity to regulate native protein levels by particular miRNA. Thus, miRNA’s effect tailoring to a specific cell type, bypassing another undesired cell type with a truncated 3′-UTR would potentially advance clinically-relevant translational research.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dai L, Shen Y. Insights into T-cell dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13511. [PMID: 34725916 PMCID: PMC8672785 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells, the critical immune cells of the adaptive immune system, are often dysfunctional in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are involved in AD pathology. Reports highlight neuroinflammation as a crucial modulator of AD pathogenesis, and aberrant T cells indirectly contribute to neuroinflammation by secreting proinflammatory mediators via direct crosstalk with glial cells infiltrating the brain. However, the mechanisms underlying T‐cell abnormalities in AD appear multifactorial. Risk factors for AD and pathological hallmarks of AD have been tightly linked with immune responses, implying the potential regulatory effects of these factors on T cells. In this review, we discuss how the risk factors for AD, particularly Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), Aβ, α‐secretase, β‐secretase, γ‐secretase, Tau, and neuroinflammation, modulate T‐cell activation and the association between T cells and pathological AD hallmarks. Understanding these associations is critical to provide a comprehensive view of appropriate therapeutic strategies for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Dai
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Sciences and Technology of China Hefei China
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yong Shen
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Sciences and Technology of China Hefei China
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dai L, Wang Q, Lv X, Gao F, Chen Z, Shen Y. Elevated β-secretase 1 expression mediates CD4 + T cell dysfunction via PGE2 signalling in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:337-348. [PMID: 34500034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating CD4+ T cells are dysfunctional in Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not clear. In this study, we demonstrate that CD4+ T cells from AD patients and 5xFAD transgenic mice exhibit elevated levels of β-secretase 1 (BACE1). Overexpression of BACE1 in CD4+ T cells potentiated CD4+ T-cell activation and T-cell-dependent immune responses. Mechanistically, BACE1 modulates prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthetase-microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 2 (mPGES2)-to promote mPGES2 maturation and PGE2 production, which increases T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling. Moreover, administration of peripheral PGE2 signalling antagonists partially ameliorates CD4+ T cell overactivation and AD pathology in 5xFAD mice. Overall, our results reveal a potential role for BACE1 in mediating CD4+ T-cell dysfunction in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Dai
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Centre, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Centre, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyi Lv
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Centre, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Centre, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zuolong Chen
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Centre, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Centre, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Centre for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tüshaus J, Müller SA, Shrouder J, Arends M, Simons M, Plesnila N, Blobel CP, Lichtenthaler SF. The pseudoprotease iRhom1 controls ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins in the nervous system. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21962. [PMID: 34613632 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100936r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins is a fundamental mechanism to control the communication between cells and their environment. A key protease for membrane protein shedding is ADAM17, which requires a non-proteolytic subunit, either inactive Rhomboid 1 (iRhom1) or iRhom2 for its activity. While iRhom1 and iRhom2 are co-expressed in most tissues and appear to have largely redundant functions, the brain is an organ with predominant expression of iRhom1. Yet, little is known about the spatio-temporal expression of iRhom1 in mammalian brain and about its function in controlling membrane protein shedding in the nervous system. Here, we demonstrate that iRhom1 is expressed in mouse brain from the prenatal stage to adulthood with a peak in early postnatal development. In the adult mouse brain iRhom1 was widely expressed, including in cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum. Proteomic analysis of the secretome of primary neurons using the hiSPECS method and of cerebrospinal fluid, obtained from iRhom1-deficient and control mice, identified several membrane proteins that require iRhom1 for their shedding in vitro or in vivo. One of these proteins was 'multiple-EGF-like-domains protein 10' (MEGF10), a phagocytic receptor in the brain that is linked to the removal of amyloid β and apoptotic neurons. MEGF10 was further validated as an ADAM17 substrate using ADAM17-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Taken together, this study discovers a role for iRhom1 in controlling membrane protein shedding in the mouse brain, establishes MEGF10 as an iRhom1-dependent ADAM17 substrate and demonstrates that iRhom1 is widely expressed in murine brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tüshaus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua Shrouder
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Arends
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shah H, Patel A, Parikh V, Nagani A, Bhimani B, Shah U, Bambharoliya T. The β-Secretase Enzyme BACE1: A Biochemical Enigma for Alzheimer's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:184-194. [PMID: 32452328 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200526144141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Beta site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a rational target in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) drug development due to its role in amyloidogenic cleavage of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) in generating Amyloid β (Aβ). This β-secretase cleaves not only Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and its homologues, but also small series of substrates including neuregulin and β subunit of voltage-gated sodium channel that play a very important role in the development and normal function of the brain. Moreover, BACE1 is modulated at the post-translational level by several factors that are associated with both physiological and pathological functions. Since the discovery of BACE1 over a decade ago, medicinal chemistry and pharmacokinetics of BACE1 small molecule inhibitors have proven challenging for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirak Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Ashish Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat 388421, India
| | - Vruti Parikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Afzal Nagani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Bhargav Bhimani
- Piramal Discovery Solution, Pharmaceutical Special Economic Zone, Ahmedabad 382213, India
| | - Umang Shah
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat 388421, India
| | - Tushar Bambharoliya
- Pharmaceutical Polymer Technology, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mattila SO, Tuhkanen HE, Lackman JJ, Konzack A, Morató X, Argerich J, Saftig P, Ciruela F, Petäjä-Repo UE. GPR37 is processed in the N-terminal ectodomain by ADAM10 and furin. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21654. [PMID: 34042202 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002385rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
GPR37 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) implicated in several neurological diseases and important physiological pathways in the brain. We previously reported that its long N-terminal ectodomain undergoes constitutive metalloprotease-mediated cleavage and shedding, which have been rarely described for class A GPCRs. Here, we demonstrate that the protease that cleaves GPR37 at Glu167↓Gln168 is a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). This was achieved by employing selective inhibition, RNAi-mediated downregulation, and genetic depletion of ADAM10 in cultured cells as well as in vitro cleavage of the purified receptor with recombinant ADAM10. In addition, the cleavage was restored in ADAM10 knockout cells by overexpression of the wild type but not the inactive mutant ADAM10. Finally, postnatal conditional depletion of ADAM10 in mouse neuronal cells was found to reduce cleavage of the endogenous receptor in the brain cortex and hippocampus, confirming the physiological relevance of ADAM10 as a GPR37 sheddase. Additionally, we discovered that the receptor is subject to another cleavage step in cultured cells. Using site-directed mutagenesis, the site (Arg54↓Asp55) was localized to a highly conserved region at the distal end of the ectodomain that contains a recognition site for the proprotein convertase furin. The cleavage by furin was confirmed by using furin-deficient human colon carcinoma LoVo cells and proprotein convertase inhibitors. GPR37 is thus the first multispanning membrane protein that has been validated as an ADAM10 substrate and the first GPCR that is processed by both furin and ADAM10. The unconventional N-terminal processing may represent an important regulatory element for GPR37.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Orvokki Mattila
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna E Tuhkanen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarkko J Lackman
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anja Konzack
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Xavier Morató
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Argerich
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulla E Petäjä-Repo
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Live-cell monitoring of protein localization to membrane rafts using protein-fragment complementation. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221616. [PMID: 31850494 PMCID: PMC6944658 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane consists of a variety of discrete domains differing from the surrounding membrane in composition and properties. Selective partitioning of protein to these microdomains is essential for membrane functioning and integrity. Studying the nanoscale size and dynamic nature of the membrane microdomains requires advanced imaging approaches with a high spatiotemporal resolution and, consequently, expensive and specialized equipment, unavailable for most researchers and unsuited for large-scale studies. Thus, understanding of protein partitioning to the membrane microdomains in health and disease is still hampered by the lack of inexpensive live-cell approaches with an appropriate spatial resolution. Here, we have developed a novel approach based on Gaussia princeps luciferase protein-fragment complementation assay to quantitively investigate protein partitioning to cholesterol and sphingomyelin-rich domains, sometimes called ‘lipid rafts’, in intact living cells with a high-spatial resolution. In the assay, the reporter construct, carrying one half of the luciferase protein, is targeted to lipid microdomains through the fused acetylation motif from Src-family kinase Fyn. A protein of interest carries the second half of the luciferase protein. Together, this serves as a reversible real-time sensor of raft recruitment for the studied protein. We demonstrated that the assay can efficiently detect the dynamic alterations in raft localization of two disease-associated proteins: Akt and APP. Importantly, this method can be used in high-throughput screenings and other large-scale studies in living cells. This inexpensive, and easy to implement raft localization assay will benefit all researchers interested in protein partitioning in rafts.
Collapse
|
16
|
Fissel JA, Farah MH. The influence of BACE1 on macrophage recruitment and activity in the injured peripheral nerve. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:71. [PMID: 33722254 PMCID: PMC7962400 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury, multiple cell types, including axons, Schwann cells, and macrophages, coordinate to promote nerve regeneration. However, this capacity for repair is limited, particularly in older populations, and current treatments are insufficient. A critical component of the regeneration response is the network of cell-to-cell signaling in the injured nerve microenvironment. Sheddases are expressed in the peripheral nerve and play a role in the regulation if this cell-to-cell signaling through cleavage of transmembrane proteins, enabling the regulation of multiple pathways through cis- and trans-cellular regulatory mechanisms. Enhanced axonal regeneration has been observed in mice with deletion of the sheddase beta-secretase (BACE1), a transmembrane aspartyl protease that has been studied in the context of Alzheimer’s disease. BACE1 knockout (KO) mice display enhanced macrophage recruitment and activity following nerve injury, although it is unclear whether this plays a role in driving the enhanced axonal regeneration. Further, it is unknown by what mechanism(s) BACE1 increases macrophage recruitment and activity. BACE1 has many substrates, several of which are known to have immunomodulatory activity. This review will discuss current knowledge of the role of BACE1 and other sheddases in peripheral nerve regeneration and outline known immunomodulatory BACE1 substrates and what potential roles they could play in peripheral nerve regeneration. Currently, the literature suggests that BACE1 and substrates that are expressed by neurons and Schwann cells are likely to be more important for this process than those expressed by macrophages. More broadly, BACE1 may play a role as an effector of immunomodulation beyond the peripheral nerve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Fissel
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos Sr. Building, Room 239, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mohamed H Farah
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos Sr. Building, Room 239, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vijayan D, Chandra R. Amyloid Beta Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease: Major Culprits and Recent Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:148-166. [PMID: 31385768 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190806153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia and has been a global concern for several years. Due to the multi-factorial nature of the disease, AD has become irreversible, fatal and imposes a tremendous socio-economic burden. Even though experimental medicines suggested moderate benefits, AD still lacks an effective treatment strategy for the management of symptoms or cure. Among the various hypotheses that describe development and progression of AD, the amyloid hypothesis has been a long-term adherent to the AD due to the involvement of various forms of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the impairment of neuronal and cognitive functions. Hence, majority of the drug discovery approaches in the past have focused on the prevention of the accumulation of Aβ peptides. Currently, there are several agents in the phase III clinical trials that target Aβ or the various macromolecules triggering Aβ deposition. In this review, we present the state of the art knowledge on the functional aspects of the key players involved in the amyloid hypothesis. Furthermore, we also discuss anti-amyloid agents present in the Phase III clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Vijayan
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Remya Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Thalassery Campus, Kannur University, Kerala Pin 670 661, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pinci F, Gaidt MM, Jung C, Kuut G, Jackson MA, Bauernfried S, Hornung V. C-tag TNF: a reporter system to study TNF shedding. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18065-18075. [PMID: 33082141 PMCID: PMC7939438 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF is a highly pro-inflammatory cytokine that contributes not only to the regulation of immune responses but also to the development of severe inflammatory diseases. TNF is synthesized as a transmembrane protein, which is further matured via proteolytic cleavage by metalloproteases such as ADAM17, a process known as shedding. At present, TNF is mainly detected by measuring the precursor or the mature cytokine of bulk cell populations by techniques such as ELISA or immunoblotting. However, these methods do not provide information on the exact timing and extent of TNF cleavage at single-cell resolution and they do not allow the live visualization of shedding events. Here, we generated C-tag TNF as a genetically encoded reporter to study TNF shedding at the single-cell level. The functionality of the C-tag TNF reporter is based on the exposure of a cryptic epitope on the C terminus of the transmembrane portion of pro-TNF on cleavage. In both denatured and nondenatured samples, this epitope can be detected by a nanobody in a highly sensitive and specific manner only upon TNF shedding. As such, C-tag TNF can successfully be used for the detection of TNF cleavage in flow cytometry and live-cell imaging applications. We furthermore demonstrate its applicability in a forward genetic screen geared toward the identification of genetic regulators of TNF maturation. In summary, the C-tag TNF reporter can be employed to gain novel insights into the complex regulation of ADAM-dependent TNF shedding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pinci
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz M Gaidt
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christophe Jung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kuut
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Margaret A Jackson
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauernfried
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Das S, Sengupta S, Chakraborty S. Scope of β-Secretase (BACE1)-Targeted Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease: Emphasizing the Flavonoid Based Natural Scaffold for BACE1 Inhibition. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3510-3522. [PMID: 33073981 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia in the world. Studies report the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques consisting of β-amyloid peptide and intracellular tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins as the histopathological indicators of AD. The process of β-amyloid peptide generation by sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase, followed by its aggregation to form amyloid plaques, is the mechanistic basis of the amyloid hypothesis. Other popular hypotheses related to the pathogenesis of AD include the tau hypothesis and the oxidative stress hypothesis. Various targets of the amyloid cascade are now in prime focus to develop drugs for AD. Many BACE1 inhibitors, β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors, and Aβ clearance strategies using monoclonal antibodies are in various stages of clinical trials. This review provides an in-depth evaluation of the role of BACE1 in disease pathogenesis and also highlights the therapeutic approaches developed to find more potent but less toxic inhibitors for BACE1, particularly emphasizing the natural scaffold as a nontoxic lead for BACE1 inhibition. Cellular targets and signaling cascades involving BACE1 have been highlighted to understand the physiological role of BACE1. This knowledge is extremely crucial to understand the toxicity evaluations for BACE1-targeted therapy. We have particularly highlighted the scope of flavonoids as a new generation of nontoxic BACE1 inhibitory scaffolds. The structure-activity relationship of BACE1 inhibition for this group of compounds has been highlighted to provide a guideline to design more selective highly potent inhibitors. The review aims to provide a holistic overview of BACE1-targeted therapy for AD that paves the way for future drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita Das
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Swaha Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata 700135, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Expression analysis of BDNF, BACE1 and their antisense transcripts in inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 47:102613. [PMID: 33160139 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies (AIDP and CIDP) are two immune-related conditions in the peripheral nervous system. In the current study, we assessed expression levels of Beta-secretase (BACE1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and their antisense transcripts in the peripheral blood of AIDP and CIDP patients compared with age- and sex-matched controls to assess their potential as biomarkers for these conditions. Expressions of BACE1 and BACE1-AS were down-regulated in CIDP cases compared with controls (Ratios of mean expressions=0.01 and 0.03; P values= 1.07E-08, respectively). On the other hand, expressions of BDNF and BDNF-AS were up-regulated in CIDP cases compared with controls (Ratios of mean expressions=4.78 and 25.71; P values= 7.84E-03 and 2.66E-07, respectively). Expressions of BACE1 and BACE1-AS were lower in AIDP cases compared with controls (Ratios of mean expressions=0.00; P values= 6.92E-10 and 8.04E-10, respectively). While expression of BDNF was not different between AIDP cases and controls, expression of its antisense transcript was higher in total AIDP cases compared with total controls (Ratio of mean expression= 8.61, P value=3.69E-04). Expressions of BACE1-AS, BDNF and BDNF-AS were significantly higher in CIDP cases compared with AIDP cases (Ratios of mean expression=1.98, 3.49 and 2.99; P values=4.67E-02, 4.67E-04 and 8.94E-03 respectively). Expression levels of BACE1, BACE1-AS and BDNF-AS could distinguish AIDP and CIDP cases from healthy subjects. BACE1 had the best diagnostic values in differentiation of CIDP and AIDP cases from controls (AUC values=0.88 and 0.91, respectively). Combination of all genes enhanced the diagnostic power to 0.96, 0.97 and 0.97 for differentiation between CIDP/controls, AIDP/controls and all patients/controls, respectively. Taken together, these genes might be implicated in the pathogenesis of AIDP and CIDP and can be suggested as putative markers for these conditions.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ovsepian SV, Horacek J, O'Leary VB, Hoschl C. The Ups and Downs of BACE1: Walking a Fine Line between Neurocognitive and Other Psychiatric Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:222-234. [PMID: 32713260 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420940943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although neurocognitive deficit is the best-recognized indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD), psychotic and other noncognitive symptoms are the prime cause of institutionalization. BACE1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of Aβ of AD, and one of the promising therapeutic targets in countering cognitive decline and amyloid pathology. Changes in BACE1 activity have also emerged to cause significant noncognitive neuropsychiatric symptoms and impairments of circadian rhythms, as evident from clinical trials and reports in transgenic models. In this study, we consider key characteristics of BACE1 with its contribution to neurocognitive deficit and other psychiatric symptoms of AD. We argue that a growing list of noncognitive mental impairments related to pharmacological modulation of BACE1 might present a major obstacle in clinical translation of emerging therapeutic leads targeting this protease. The adverse effects of BACE1 inhibition on mental health call for a revision of treatment strategies that assume indiscriminate inhibition of this key protease, and stress the need for further mechanistic and translational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saak V Ovsepian
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jiri Horacek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Hoschl
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Alam J, Sharma L. Potential Enzymatic Targets in Alzheimer's: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:316-339. [PMID: 30124150 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180820104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's, a degenerative cause of the brain cells, is called as a progressive neurodegenerative disease and appears to have a heterogeneous etiology with main emphasis on amyloid-cascade and hyperphosphorylated tau-cascade hypotheses, that are directly linked with macromolecules called enzymes such as β- & γ-secretases, colinesterases, transglutaminases, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3), cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk-5), microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK). The catalytic activity of the above enzymes is the result of cognitive deficits, memory impairment and synaptic dysfunction and loss, and ultimately neuronal death. However, some other enzymes also lead to these dysfunctional events when reduced to their normal activities and levels in the brain, such as α- secretase, protein kinase C, phosphatases etc; metabolized to neurotransmitters, enzymes like monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) etc. or these abnormalities can occur when enzymes act by other mechanisms such as phosphodiesterase reduces brain nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP) levels, phospholipase A2: PLA2 is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production etc. On therapeutic fronts, several significant clinical trials are underway by targeting different enzymes for development of new therapeutics to treat Alzheimer's, such as inhibitors for β-secretase, GSK-3, MAO, phosphodiesterase, PLA2, cholinesterases etc, modulators of α- & γ-secretase activities and activators for protein kinase C, sirtuins etc. The last decades have perceived an increasing focus on findings and search for new putative and novel enzymatic targets for Alzheimer's. Here, we review the functions, pathological roles, and worth of almost all the Alzheimer's associated enzymes that address to therapeutic strategies and preventive approaches for treatment of Alzheimer's.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Alam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu L, Lauro BM, Ding L, Rovere M, Wolfe MS, Selkoe DJ. Multiple BACE1 inhibitors abnormally increase the BACE1 protein level in neurons by prolonging its half-life. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:1183-1194. [PMID: 31416794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is keen interest in elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying recent failures of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease trials. METHODS We developed a highly sensitive and specific immunoassay for BACE1 in cell lines and iPSC-derived human neurons to systematically analyze the effects of eight clinically relevant BACE1 inhibitors. RESULTS Seven of 8 inhibitors elevated BACE1 protein levels. Among protease inhibitors tested, the elevation was specific to BACE1 inhibitors. The inhibitors did not increase BACE1 transcription but extended the protein's half-life. BACE1 became elevated at concentrations below the IC50 for amyloid β (Aβ). DISCUSSION Elevation of BACE1 by 7 of 8 BACE1 inhibitors raises new concerns about advancing such β-secretase inhibitors for AD. Chronic elevation could lead to intermittently uninhibited BACE1 when orally dosed inhibitors reach trough levels, abnormally increasing substrate processing. Compounds such as roburic acid that lower Aβ by dissociating β/γ secretase complexes are better candidates because they neither inhibit β- and γ-secretase nor increase BACE1 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bianca M Lauro
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matteo Rovere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Wolfe
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao L, Zhao Y, Tang FL, Xiong L, Su C, Mei L, Zhu XJ, Xiong WC. pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry Acts as a Reporter for the Intracellular Distribution of Active BACE1 In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells 2019; 8:E474. [PMID: 31108937 PMCID: PMC6562731 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) initiates amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage and β-amyloid (Aβ) production, a critical step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is thus of considerable interest to investigate how BACE1 activity is regulated. BACE1 has its maximal activity at acidic pH and GFP variant-pHluorin-displays pH dependence. In light of these observations, we generated three tandem fluorescence-tagged BACE1 fusion proteins, named pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry, BACE1-mCherry-pHluorin and BACE1-mCherry-EGFP. Comparing the fluorescence characteristics of these proteins in response to intracellular pH changes induced by chloroquine or bafilomycin A1, we found that pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry is a better pH sensor for BACE1 because its fluorescence intensity responds to pH changes more dramatically and more quickly. Additionally, we found that (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a subunit of the v-ATPase complex, which is critical for maintaining vesicular pH, regulates pHluorin's fluorescence and BACE1 activity in pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry expressing cells. Finally, we found that the expression of Swedish mutant APP (APPswe) suppresses pHluorin fluorescence in pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry expressing cells in culture and in vivo, implicating APPswe not only as a substrate but also as an activator of BACE1. Taken together, these results suggest that the pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry fusion protein may serve as a useful tool for visualizing active/inactive BACE1 in culture and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Fu-Lei Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Lei Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Ce Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Leskelä S, Takalo M, Marttinen M, Huber N, Paananen J, Mitra V, Rauramaa T, Mäkinen P, Leinonen V, Soininen H, Pike I, Remes AM, Hiltunen M, Haapasalo A. Interrelationship between the Levels of C9orf72 and Amyloid-β Protein Precursor and Amyloid-β in Human Cells and Brain Samples. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:269-278. [PMID: 29439323 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A subset of C9orf72 repeat expansion-carrying frontotemporal dementia patients display an Alzheimer-like decrease in cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β (Aβ) biomarker levels. We report that downregulation of C9orf72 in non-neuronal human cells overexpressing amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) resulted in increased levels of secreted AβPP fragments and Aβ, while levels of AβPP or its C-terminal fragments (CTFs) remained unchanged. In neuronal cells, AβPP and C83 CTF levels were decreased upon C9orf72 knockdown, but those of secreted AβPP fragments or Aβ remained unchanged. C9orf72 protein levels significantly increased in human brain with advancing neurofibrillary pathology and positively correlated with brain Aβ42 levels. Our data suggest that altered C9orf72 levels may lead to cell-type specific alterations in AβPP processing, but warrant further studies to clarify the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stina Leskelä
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nadine Huber
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vikram Mitra
- Proteome Sciences plc, Coveham House, Cobham, Surrey, UK
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Sciences plc, Coveham House, Cobham, Surrey, UK
| | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mazdeh M, Komaki A, Omrani MD, Gharzi V, Sayad A, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Expression analysis of beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) and its naturally occurring antisense (BACE1-AS) in blood of epileptic patients. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:1565-1569. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
27
|
Evaluation of an Allosteric BACE Inhibitor Peptide to Identify Mimetics that Can Interact with the Loop F Region of the Enzyme and Prevent APP Cleavage. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1566-1576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
28
|
Sun J, Roy S. The physical approximation of APP and BACE-1: A key event in alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 78:340-347. [PMID: 29106038 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of insoluble deposits of Amyloid β (Aβ) in brains. Aβ is derived by sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site secretase enzyme (BACE-1) and γ-secretase. Proteolytic processing of APP by BACE-1 is the rate-limiting step in Aβ production, and this pathway is a prime target for AD drug development. Both APP and BACE-1 are membrane-spanning proteins, transported via secretory and endocytic pathways; and the physical interaction of APP and BACE-1 during trafficking is a key cell biological event initiating the amyloidogenic pathway. Here, we highlight recent research on intracellular trafficking/sorting of APP and BACE-1, and discuss how dysregulation of these pathways might lead to enhanced convergence of APP and BACE-1, and subsequent β-cleavage of APP. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 340-347, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
| | - Subhojit Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
BACE1 Function and Inhibition: Implications of Intervention in the Amyloid Pathway of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101723. [PMID: 29027981 PMCID: PMC6151801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by increasing loss in memory, cognition, and function of daily living. Among the many pathologic events observed in the progression of AD, changes in amyloid β peptide (Aβ) metabolism proceed fastest, and precede clinical symptoms. BACE1 (β-secretase 1) catalyzes the initial cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein to generate Aβ. Therefore inhibition of BACE1 activity could block one of the earliest pathologic events in AD. However, therapeutic BACE1 inhibition to block Aβ production may need to be balanced with possible effects that might result from diminished physiologic functions BACE1, in particular processing of substrates involved in neuronal function of the brain and periphery. Potentials for beneficial or consequential effects resulting from pharmacologic inhibition of BACE1 are reviewed in context of ongoing clinical trials testing the effect of BACE1 candidate inhibitor drugs in AD populations.
Collapse
|
30
|
Tallon C, Farah MH. Beta secretase activity in peripheral nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1565-1574. [PMID: 29171411 PMCID: PMC5696827 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the peripheral nervous system has the capacity to regenerate following a nerve injury, it is often at a slow rate and results in unsatisfactory recovery, leaving patients with reduced function. Many regeneration associated genes have been identified over the years, which may shed some insight into how we can manipulate this intrinsic regenerative ability to enhance repair following peripheral nerve injuries. Our lab has identified the membrane bound protease beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), or beta secretase, as a potential negative regulator of peripheral nerve regeneration. When beta secretase activity levels are abolished via a null mutation in mice, peripheral regeneration is enhanced following a sciatic nerve crush injury. Conversely, when activity levels are greatly increased by overexpressing beta secretase in mice, nerve regeneration and functional recovery are impaired after a sciatic nerve crush injury. In addition to our work, many substrates of beta secretase have been found to be involved in regulating neurite outgrowth and some have even been identified as regeneration associated genes. In this review, we set out to discuss BACE1 and its substrates with respect to axonal regeneration and speculate on the possibility of utilizing BACE1 inhibitors to enhance regeneration following acute nerve injury and potential uses in peripheral neuropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Department of Neurology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohamed H. Farah
- Department of Neurology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Huang N, Lu S, Liu XG, Zhu J, Wang YJ, Liu RT. PLGA nanoparticles modified with a BBB-penetrating peptide co-delivering Aβ generation inhibitor and curcumin attenuate memory deficits and neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:81001-81013. [PMID: 29113362 PMCID: PMC5655257 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by the formation of extracellular senile plaques and neuronal loss caused by amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates in the brains of AD patients. Conventional strategies failed to treat AD in clinical trials, partly due to the poor solubility, low bioavailability and ineffectiveness of the tested drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Moreover, AD is a complex, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease; one-target strategies may be insufficient to prevent the processes of AD. Here, we designed novel kind of poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles by loading with Aβ generation inhibitor S1 (PQVGHL peptide) and curcumin to target the detrimental factors in AD development and by conjugating with brain targeting peptide CRT (cyclic CRTIGPSVC peptide), an iron-mimic peptide that targets transferrin receptor (TfR), to improve BBB penetration. The average particle size of drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and CRT-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles were 128.6 nm and 139.8 nm, respectively. The results of Y-maze and new object recognition test demonstrated that our PLGA nanoparticles significantly improved the spatial memory and recognition in transgenic AD mice. Moreover, PLGA nanoparticles remarkably decreased the level of Aβ, reactive oxygen species (ROS), TNF-α and IL-6, and enhanced the activities of super oxide dismutase (SOD) and synapse numbers in the AD mouse brains. Compared with other PLGA nanoparticles, CRT peptide modified-PLGA nanoparticles co-delivering S1 and curcumin exhibited most beneficial effect on the treatment of AD mice, suggesting that conjugated CRT peptide, and encapsulated S1 and curcumin exerted their corresponding functions for the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiao-Ge Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu-Jiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Rui-Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tallon C, Rockenstein E, Masliah E, Farah MH. Increased BACE1 activity inhibits peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 106:147-157. [PMID: 28687442 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons of the peripheral nervous system possess the capacity to regenerate following injury. Previously, we showed that genetically knocking out Beta-Site APP-Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) leads to increased nerve regeneration. Two cellular components, macrophages and neurons, contribute to enhanced nerve regeneration in BACE1 knockout mice. Here, we utilized a transgenic mouse model that overexpresses BACE1 in its neurons to investigate whether neuronal BACE1 has an inverse effect on regeneration following nerve injury. We performed a sciatic nerve crush in BACE1 transgenic mice and control wild-type littermates, and evaluated the extent of both morphological and physiological improvements over time. At the earliest time point of 3days, we observed a significant decrease in the length of axonal sprouts growing out from the crush site in BACE1 transgenic mice. At later times (10 and 15days post-crush), there were significant reductions in the number of myelinated axons in the sciatic nerve and the percentage of re-innervated neuromuscular junctions in the gastrocnemius muscle. Transgenic mice had a functional electrophysiological delay in the recovery up to 8weeks post-crush compared to controls. These results indicate that BACE1 activity levels have an inverse effect on peripheral nerve repair after injury. The results obtained in this study provide evidence that neuronal BACE1 activity levels impact peripheral nerve regeneration. This data has clinical relevance by highlighting a novel drug target to enhance peripheral nerve repair, an area which currently does not have any approved therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Molecular Pathology, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mohamed H Farah
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dysregulation of intracellular trafficking and endosomal sorting in Alzheimer's disease: controversies and unanswered questions. Biochem J 2017; 473:1977-93. [PMID: 27407168 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain consisting of an aggregated form of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) derived from sequential amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by membrane-bound proteases β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. The initial processing of APP by BACE1 is re-gulated by intracellular sorting events of the enzyme, which is a prime target for therapeutic intervention. GWAS (genome-wide sequencing studies) have identified several AD-susceptibility genes that are associated with the regulation of membrane trafficking, and substantial evidence now indicates that AD is likely to arise from defective membrane trafficking in either or both of the secretory and endocytic pathways. Considerable progress has been made in defining the intracellular trafficking pathways of BACE1 and APP and the sorting signals of these membrane proteins that define their itineraries. In this review we highlight recent advances in understanding the regulation of the intracellular sorting of BACE1 and APP, discuss how dysregulation of these trafficking events may lead to enhanced generation of the neurotoxic Aβ products in AD and highlight the unresolved questions in the field.
Collapse
|
34
|
Yan R. Physiological Functions of the β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 and 2. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:97. [PMID: 28469554 PMCID: PMC5395628 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACE1 was discovered as the β-secretase for initiating the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the β-secretase site, while its close homology BACE2 cleaves APP within the β-amyloid (Aβ) domain region and shows distinct cleavage preferences in vivo. Inhibition of BACE1 proteolytic activity has been confirmed to decrease Aβ generation and amyloid deposition, and thus specific inhibition of BACE1 by small molecules is a current focus for Alzheimer’s disease therapy. While BACE1 inhibitors are being tested in advanced clinical trials, knowledge regarding the properties and physiological functions of BACE is highly important and this review summarizes advancements in BACE1 research over the past several years. We and others have shown that BACE1 is not only a critical enzyme for testing the “Amyloid Hypothesis” associated with Alzheimer’s pathogenesis, but also important for various functions such as axon growth and pathfinding, astrogenesis, neurogenesis, hyperexcitation, and synaptic plasticity. BACE2 appears to play different roles such as glucose homeostasis and pigmentation. This knowledge regarding BACE1 functions is critical for monitoring the safe use of BACE1 inhibitors in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, ClevelandOH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tien WS, Chen JH, Wu KP. SheddomeDB: the ectodomain shedding database for membrane-bound shed markers. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:42. [PMID: 28361715 PMCID: PMC5374707 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of membrane-anchored proteins are known to be released from cell surface via ectodomain shedding. The cleavage and release of membrane proteins has been shown to modulate various cellular processes and disease pathologies. Numerous studies revealed that cell membrane molecules of diverse functional groups are subjected to proteolytic cleavage, and the released soluble form of proteins may modulate various signaling processes. Therefore, in addition to the secreted protein markers that undergo secretion through the secretory pathway, the shed membrane proteins may comprise an additional resource of noninvasive and accessible biomarkers. In this context, identifying the membrane-bound proteins that will be shed has become important in the discovery of clinically noninvasive biomarkers. Nevertheless, a data repository for biological and clinical researchers to review the shedding information, which is experimentally validated, for membrane-bound protein shed markers is still lacking. RESULTS In this study, the database SheddomeDB was developed to integrate publicly available data of the shed membrane proteins. A comprehensive literature survey was performed to collect the membrane proteins that were verified to be cleaved or released in the supernatant by immunological-based validation experiments. From 436 studies on shedding, 401 validated shed membrane proteins were included, among which 199 shed membrane proteins have not been annotated or validated yet by existing cleavage databases. SheddomeDB attempted to provide a comprehensive shedding report, including the regulation of shedding machinery and the related function or diseases involved in the shedding events. In addition, our published tool ShedP was embedded into SheddomeDB to support researchers for predicting the shedding event on unknown or unrecorded membrane proteins. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, SheddomeDB is the first database for the identification of experimentally validated shed membrane proteins and currently may provide the most number of membrane proteins for reviewing the shedding information. The database included membrane-bound shed markers associated with numerous cellular processes and diseases, and some of these markers are potential novel markers because they are not annotated or validated yet in other databases. SheddomeDB may provide a useful resource for discovering membrane-bound shed markers. The interactive web of SheddomeDB is publicly available at http://bal.ym.edu.tw/SheddomeDB/ .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Tien
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hong Chen
- Department of Computer Science, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Pin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fine Tuning Cell Migration by a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9621724. [PMID: 28260841 PMCID: PMC5316459 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9621724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is an instrumental process involved in organ development, tissue homeostasis, and various physiological processes and also in numerous pathologies. Both basic cell migration and migration towards chemotactic stimulus consist of changes in cell polarity and cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell detachment from, invasion through, and reattachment to their neighboring cells, and numerous interactions with the extracellular matrix. The different steps of immune cell, tissue cell, or cancer cell migration are tightly coordinated in time and place by growth factors, cytokines/chemokines, adhesion molecules, and receptors for these ligands. This review describes how a disintegrin and metalloproteinases interfere with several steps of cell migration, either by proteolytic cleavage of such molecules or by functions independent of proteolytic activity.
Collapse
|
37
|
Gerakis Y, Dunys J, Bauer C, Checler F. Aβ42 oligomers modulate β-secretase through an XBP-1s-dependent pathway involving HRD1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37436. [PMID: 27853315 PMCID: PMC5112606 DOI: 10.1038/srep37436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aspartyl protease β-site APP cleaving enzyme, BACE1, is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the production of amyloid-β peptide, which accumulates in both sporadic and familial cases of Alzheimer’s disease and is at the center of gravity of the amyloid cascade hypothesis. In this context, unravelling the molecular mechanisms controlling BACE1 expression and activity in both physiological and pathological conditions remains of major importance. We previously demonstrated that Aβ controlled BACE1 transcription in an NFκB-dependent manner. Here, we delineate an additional cellular pathway by which natural and synthetic Aβ42 oligomers enhance active X-box binding protein XBP-1s. XBP-1s lowers BACE1 expression and activity indirectly, via the up-regulation of the ubiquitin-ligase HRD1 that acts as an endogenous down-regulator of BACE1. Thus, we delineate a novel pathway by which cells could compensate for Aβ42 oligomers production and thus, associated toxicity, by triggering a compensatory mechanism aimed at lowering BACE-1-mediated Aβ production by a molecular cascade involving XBP-1s and HRD1. It thus identifies HRD1 as a potential target for a novel Aβ-centered therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Gerakis
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Julie Dunys
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Charlotte Bauer
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Fréderic Checler
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pigoni M, Wanngren J, Kuhn PH, Munro KM, Gunnersen JM, Takeshima H, Feederle R, Voytyuk I, De Strooper B, Levasseur MD, Hrupka BJ, Müller SA, Lichtenthaler SF. Seizure protein 6 and its homolog seizure 6-like protein are physiological substrates of BACE1 in neurons. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:67. [PMID: 27716410 PMCID: PMC5053352 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The protease BACE1 (beta-site APP cleaving enzyme) is a major drug target in Alzheimer’s disease. However, BACE1 therapeutic inhibition may cause unwanted adverse effects due to its additional functions in the nervous system, such as in myelination and neuronal connectivity. Additionally, recent proteomic studies investigating BACE1 inhibition in cell lines and cultured murine neurons identified a wider range of neuronal membrane proteins as potential BACE1 substrates, including seizure protein 6 (SEZ6) and its homolog SEZ6L. Methods and results We generated antibodies against SEZ6 and SEZ6L and validated these proteins as BACE1 substrates in vitro and in vivo. Levels of the soluble, BACE1-cleaved ectodomain of both proteins (sSEZ6, sSEZ6L) were strongly reduced upon BACE1 inhibition in primary neurons and also in vivo in brains of BACE1-deficient mice. BACE1 inhibition increased neuronal surface levels of SEZ6 and SEZ6L as shown by cell surface biotinylation, demonstrating that BACE1 controls surface expression of both proteins. Moreover, mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the BACE1 cleavage site in SEZ6 is located in close proximity to the membrane, similar to the corresponding cleavage site in SEZ6L. Finally, an improved method was developed for the proteomic analysis of murine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and was applied to CSF from BACE-deficient mice. Hereby, SEZ6 and SEZ6L were validated as BACE1 substrates in vivo by strongly reduced levels in the CSF of BACE1-deficient mice. Conclusions This study demonstrates that SEZ6 and SEZ6L are physiological BACE1 substrates in the murine brain and suggests that sSEZ6 and sSEZ6L levels in CSF are suitable markers to monitor BACE1 inhibition in mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0134-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pigoni
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Wanngren
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Pathology und Pathological Anatomy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathryn M Munro
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny M Gunnersen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Takeshima
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Regina Feederle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Research Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Iryna Voytyuk
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (LIND), University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Brian J Hrupka
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany. .,Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ohno M. Alzheimer's therapy targeting the β-secretase enzyme BACE1: Benefits and potential limitations from the perspective of animal model studies. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:183-198. [PMID: 27093940 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide as the culprit in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-Site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a protease that is responsible for initiating Aβ production. Although precise mechanisms that trigger Aβ accumulation remain unclear, BACE1 inhibition undoubtedly represents an important intervention that may prevent and/or cure AD. Remarkably, animal model studies with knockouts, virus-delivered small interfering RNAs, immunization and bioavailable small-molecule agents that specifically inhibit BACE1 activity strongly support the idea for the therapeutic BACE1 inhibition. Meanwhile, a growing number of BACE1 substrates besides APP uncover new physiological roles of this protease, raising some concern regarding the safety of BACE1 inhibition. Here, I review recent progress in preclinical studies that have evaluated the efficacies and potential limitations of genetic/pharmacological inhibition of BACE1, with special focus on AD-associated phenotypes including synaptic dysfunction, neuron loss and memory deficits in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masuo Ohno
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kurkinen KMA, Marttinen M, Turner L, Natunen T, Mäkinen P, Haapalinna F, Sarajärvi T, Gabbouj S, Kurki M, Paananen J, Koivisto AM, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Tanila H, Soininen H, Lucas FR, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. SEPT8 modulates β-amyloidogenic processing of APP by affecting the sorting and accumulation of BACE1. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2224-38. [PMID: 27084579 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and loss of synapses are early pathogenic events in Alzheimer's disease. A central step in the generation of toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE1). Here, we have elucidated whether downregulation of septin (SEPT) protein family members, which are implicated in synaptic plasticity and vesicular trafficking, affects APP processing and Aβ generation. SEPT8 was found to reduce soluble APPβ and Aβ levels in neuronal cells through a post-translational mechanism leading to decreased levels of BACE1 protein. In the human temporal cortex, we identified alterations in the expression of specific SEPT8 transcript variants in a manner that correlated with Alzheimer's-disease-related neurofibrillary pathology. These changes were associated with altered β-secretase activity. We also discovered that the overexpression of a specific Alzheimer's-disease-associated SEPT8 transcript variant increased the levels of BACE1 and Aβ peptides in neuronal cells. These changes were related to an increased half-life of BACE1 and the localization of BACE1 in recycling endosomes. These data suggest that SEPT8 modulates β-amyloidogenic processing of APP through a mechanism affecting the intracellular sorting and accumulation of BACE1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa M A Kurkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Turner
- Eisai Ltd., Bernard Katz Building, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fanni Haapalinna
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Gabbouj
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mitja Kurki
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Koivisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen, Institute for Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fiona R Lucas
- Eisai Ltd., Bernard Katz Building, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen, Institute for Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu L, Fissel JA, Tasnim A, Borzan J, Gocke A, Calabresi PA, Farah MH. Increased TNFR1 expression and signaling in injured peripheral nerves of mice with reduced BACE1 activity. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:21-7. [PMID: 27080468 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematogenous macrophages remove myelin debris from injured peripheral nerves to provide a micro-environment conducive to axonal regeneration. Previously, we observed that injured peripheral nerves from Beta-site APP Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) knockout (KO) mice displayed earlier influx of and enhanced phagocytosis by macrophages when compared to wild-type (WT) mice. These observations suggest that BACE1 might regulate macrophage influx into distal stumps of injured nerves. To determine through which pathway BACE1 influences macrophage influx, we used a mouse inflammation antibody array to assay the expression of inflammation-related proteins in injured nerves of BACE1 KO and WT mice. The most significant change was in expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) in the distal stump of injured BACE1 KO nerves. Western blotting of protein extracts confirmed increased expression of TNFR1 and its downstream transcriptional factor NFκB in the BACE1 KO distal stumps. Additionally, treatment of WT mice with a BACE1 inhibitor resulted in increased TNFR1 expression and signaling in the distal stump of injured nerves. Exogenous TNFα increased nuclear translocation of p65 NFκB in BACE1 KO tissue and cultured fibroblasts compared with control WT. BACE1 regulates TNFR1 expression at the level of gene expression and not through proteolytic processing. The accelerated macrophage influx in injured nerves of BACE1 KO mice correlates with increased expression and signaling via TNFR1, indicating a link between BACE1 activity and TNFR1 expression/signaling that might contribute to repair of the injured nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
| | - John A Fissel
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Aniqa Tasnim
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jasenka Borzan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Anne Gocke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Mohamed H Farah
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li X, Cui J, Yu Y, Li W, Hou Y, Wang X, Qin D, Zhao C, Yao X, Zhao J, Pei G. Traditional Chinese Nootropic Medicine Radix Polygalae and Its Active Constituent Onjisaponin B Reduce β-Amyloid Production and Improve Cognitive Impairments. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151147. [PMID: 26954017 PMCID: PMC4782990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decline of cognitive function is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), regardless of the pathological mechanism. Traditional Chinese medicine has been used to combat cognitive impairments and has been shown to improve learning and memory. Radix Polygalae (RAPO) is a typical and widely used herbal medicine. In this study, we aimed to follow the β-amyloid (Aβ) reduction activity to identify active constituent(s) of RAPO. We found that Onjisaponin B of RAPO functioned as RAPO to suppress Aβ production without direct inhibition of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase activities. Our mechanistic study showed that Onjisaponin B promoted the degradation of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Further, oral administration of Onjisaponin B ameliorated Aβ pathology and behavioral defects in APP/PS1 mice. Taken together, our results indicate that Onjisaponin B is effective against AD, providing a new therapeutic agent for further drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Qin
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (GP); (JZ)
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (GP); (JZ)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ben Halima S, Mishra S, Raja KMP, Willem M, Baici A, Simons K, Brüstle O, Koch P, Haass C, Caflisch A, Rajendran L. Specific Inhibition of β-Secretase Processing of the Alzheimer Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2127-2141. [PMID: 26923602 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of disease-modifying therapeutics is urgently needed for treating Alzheimer disease (AD). AD is characterized by toxic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides produced by β- and γ-secretase-mediated cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). β-secretase inhibitors reduce Aβ levels, but mechanism-based side effects arise because they also inhibit β-cleavage of non-amyloid substrates like Neuregulin. We report that β-secretase has a higher affinity for Neuregulin than it does for APP. Kinetic studies demonstrate that the affinities and catalytic efficiencies of β-secretase are higher toward non-amyloid substrates than toward APP. We show that non-amyloid substrates are processed by β-secretase in an endocytosis-independent manner. Exploiting this compartmentalization of substrates, we specifically target the endosomal β-secretase by an endosomally targeted β-secretase inhibitor, which blocked cleavage of APP but not non-amyloid substrates in many cell systems, including induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. β-secretase inhibitors can be designed to specifically inhibit the Alzheimer process, enhancing their potential as AD therapeutics without undesired side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saoussen Ben Halima
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Center Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Graduate Program of the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Muruga Poopathi Raja
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu 625002, Madurai, India
| | - Michael Willem
- Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81337 Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Baici
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Simons
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175 Bonn, Germany; Life & Brain, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81337 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175 Bonn, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Amedeo Caflisch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Center Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Graduate Program of the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hunter S, Martin S, Brayne C. The APP Proteolytic System and Its Interactions with Dynamic Networks in Alzheimer's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1303:71-99. [PMID: 26235060 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diseases of aging are often complex and multifactorial, involving many genetic and life course modifiers. Systems biology is becoming an essential tool to investigate disease initiation and disease progression. Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be used as a case study to investigate the application of systems biology to complex disease. Here we describe approaches to capturing biological data, representing data in terms of networks and interpreting their meaning in relation to the human population. We highlight issues that remain to be addressed both in terms of modeling disease progression and in relating findings to the current understanding of human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hunter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Forvie Site, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 113, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kizuka Y, Kitazume S, Fujinawa R, Saito T, Iwata N, Saido TC, Nakano M, Yamaguchi Y, Hashimoto Y, Staufenbiel M, Hatsuta H, Murayama S, Manya H, Endo T, Taniguchi N. An aberrant sugar modification of BACE1 blocks its lysosomal targeting in Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:175-89. [PMID: 25592972 PMCID: PMC4328647 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1), an essential protease for the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, is a major drug target for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there is a concern that inhibiting BACE1 could also affect several physiological functions. Here, we show that BACE1 is modified with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a sugar modification highly expressed in brain, and demonstrate that AD patients have higher levels of bisecting GlcNAc on BACE1. Analysis of knockout mice lacking the biosynthetic enzyme for bisecting GlcNAc, GnT-III (Mgat3), revealed that cleavage of Aβ-precursor protein (APP) by BACE1 is reduced in these mice, resulting in a decrease in Aβ plaques and improved cognitive function. The lack of this modification directs BACE1 to late endosomes/lysosomes where it is less colocalized with APP, leading to accelerated lysosomal degradation. Notably, other BACE1 substrates, CHL1 and contactin-2, are normally cleaved in GnT-III-deficient mice, suggesting that the effect of bisecting GlcNAc on BACE1 is selective to APP. Considering that GnT-III-deficient mice remain healthy, GnT-III may be a novel and promising drug target for AD therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Disease Glycomics Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center Global Research Cluster RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kitazume
- Disease Glycomics Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center Global Research Cluster RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Reiko Fujinawa
- Disease Glycomics Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center Global Research Cluster RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Iwata
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan Department of Genome-based Drug Discovery, Unit of Molecular Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Miyako Nakano
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center Global Research Cluster RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- Department of Neuropathology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Manya
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamao Endo
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Disease Glycomics Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center Global Research Cluster RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dislich B, Wohlrab F, Bachhuber T, Müller SA, Kuhn PH, Hogl S, Meyer-Luehmann M, Lichtenthaler SF. Label-free Quantitative Proteomics of Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid Detects β-Site APP Cleaving Enzyme (BACE1) Protease Substrates In Vivo. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2550-63. [PMID: 26139848 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.041533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of murine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by quantitative mass spectrometry is challenging because of low CSF volume, low total protein concentration, and the presence of highly abundant proteins such as albumin. We demonstrate that the CSF proteome of individual mice can be analyzed in a quantitative manner to a depth of several hundred proteins in a robust and simple workflow consisting of single ultra HPLC runs on a benchtop mass spectrometer. The workflow is validated by a comparative analysis of BACE1-/- and wild-type mice using label-free quantification. The protease BACE1 cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) as well as several other substrates and is a major drug target in Alzheimer's disease. We identified a total of 715 proteins with at least 2 unique peptides and quantified 522 of those proteins in CSF from BACE1-/- and wild-type mice. Several proteins, including the known BACE1 substrates APP, APLP1, CHL1 and contactin-2 showed lower abundance in the CSF of BACE1-/- mice, demonstrating that BACE1 substrate identification is possible from CSF. Additionally, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 5 was identified as a novel BACE1 substrate and validated in cells using immunoblots and by an in vitro BACE1 protease assay. Likewise, receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2 and plexin domain-containing 2 were confirmed as BACE1 substrates by in vitro assays. Taken together, our study shows the deepest characterization of the mouse CSF proteome to date and the first quantitative analysis of the CSF proteome of individual mice. The BACE1 substrates identified in CSF may serve as biomarkers to monitor BACE1 activity in Alzheimer patients treated with BACE inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Dislich
- From the ‡German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; §Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Wohlrab
- From the ‡German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; §Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Bachhuber
- ¶Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich Biochemistry, Munich Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- From the ‡German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; §Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- §Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; **Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hogl
- From the ‡German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; §Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- From the ‡German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; §Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; **Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany; ‡‡Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kandalepas PC, Vassar R. The normal and pathologic roles of the Alzheimer's β-secretase, BACE1. Curr Alzheimer Res 2015; 11:441-9. [PMID: 24893886 DOI: 10.2174/1567205011666140604122059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As the most common neurodegenerative disease, therapeutic avenues for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's Disease are highly sought after. The aspartic protease BACE1 is the initiator enzyme for the formation of Aβ, a major constituent of amyloid plaques that represent one of the hallmark pathological features of this disorder. Thus, targeting BACE1 for disease-modifying AD therapies represents a rationale approach. The collective knowledge acquired from investigations of BACE1 deletion mutants and characterization of BACE1 substrates has downstream significance not only for the discovery of AD drug therapies but also for predicting side effects of BACE1 inhibition. Here we discuss the identification and validation of BACE1 as the β-secretase implicated in AD, in addition to information regarding BACE1 cell biology, localization, substrates and potential physiological functions derived from BACE1 knockout models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Vassar
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, 300 E. Superior, Tarry 8-713, IL 60611, Chicago.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kang B, Opatz T, Landfester K, Wurm FR. Carbohydrate nanocarriers in biomedical applications: functionalization and construction. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8301-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are used to functionalize or construct nanocarriers for biomedical applications – specific targeting, biocompatibility, stealth effect, biodegradability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Kang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wasser CR, Masiulis I, Durakoglugil MS, Lane-Donovan C, Xian X, Beffert U, Agarwala A, Hammer RE, Herz J. Differential splicing and glycosylation of Apoer2 alters synaptic plasticity and fear learning. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra113. [PMID: 25429077 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apoer2 is an essential receptor in the central nervous system that binds to the apolipoprotein ApoE. Various splice variants of Apoer2 are produced. We showed that Apoer2 lacking exon 16, which encodes the O-linked sugar (OLS) domain, altered the proteolytic processing and abundance of Apoer2 in cells and synapse number and function in mice. In cultured cells expressing this splice variant, extracellular cleavage of OLS-deficient Apoer2 was reduced, consequently preventing γ-secretase-dependent release of the intracellular domain of Apoer2. Mice expressing Apoer2 lacking the OLS domain had increased Apoer2 abundance in the brain, hippocampal spine density, and glutamate receptor abundance, but decreased synaptic efficacy. Mice expressing a form of Apoer2 lacking the OLS domain and containing an alternatively spliced cytoplasmic tail region that promotes glutamate receptor signaling showed enhanced hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a phenomenon associated with learning and memory. However, these mice did not display enhanced spatial learning in the Morris water maze, and cued fear conditioning was reduced. Reducing the expression of the mutant Apoer2 allele so that the abundance of the protein was similar to that of Apoer2 in wild-type mice normalized spine density, hippocampal LTP, and cued fear learning. These findings demonstrated a role for ApoE receptors as regulators of synaptic glutamate receptor activity and established differential receptor glycosylation as a potential regulator of synaptic function and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Wasser
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Irene Masiulis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Murat S Durakoglugil
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xunde Xian
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Uwe Beffert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anandita Agarwala
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Robert E Hammer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mori T, Koyama N, Segawa T, Maeda M, Maruyama N, Kinoshita N, Hou H, Tan J, Town T. Methylene blue modulates β-secretase, reverses cerebral amyloidosis, and improves cognition in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30303-30317. [PMID: 25157105 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) proteolysis is required for production of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides that comprise β-amyloid plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, we tested whether the experimental agent methylene blue (MB), used for treatment of methemoglobinemia, might improve AD-like pathology and behavioral deficits. We orally administered MB to the aged transgenic PSAPP mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis and evaluated cognitive function and cerebral amyloid pathology. Beginning at 15 months of age, animals were gavaged with MB (3 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily for 3 months. MB treatment significantly prevented transgene-associated behavioral impairment, including hyperactivity, decreased object recognition, and defective spatial working and reference memory, but it did not alter nontransgenic mouse behavior. Moreover, brain parenchymal and cerebral vascular β-amyloid deposits as well as levels of various Aβ species, including oligomers, were mitigated in MB-treated PSAPP mice. These effects occurred with inhibition of amyloidogenic APP proteolysis. Specifically, β-carboxyl-terminal APP fragment and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 protein expression and activity were attenuated. Additionally, treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing human wild-type APP with MB significantly decreased Aβ production and amyloidogenic APP proteolysis. These results underscore the potential for oral MB treatment against AD-related cerebral amyloidosis by modulating the amyloidogenic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mori
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Saitama Medical Center and University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan; Departments of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center and University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan,.
| | - Naoki Koyama
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Saitama Medical Center and University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Segawa
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Fujioka, Gunma 375-0005, Japan
| | - Masahiro Maeda
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Fujioka, Gunma 375-0005, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Maruyama
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Fujioka, Gunma 375-0005, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kinoshita
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Fujioka, Gunma 375-0005, Japan
| | - Huayan Hou
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center and University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613
| | - Jun Tan
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center and University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613; Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsoni College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, and
| | - Terrence Town
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2821.
| |
Collapse
|