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Sert A, Erdemir S, Malkondu S. Ratiometric detection and monitoring of cyanide in biological, environmental and food samples by a novel triphenylamine-xhantane based fluorescent probe. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1320:343000. [PMID: 39142780 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As cyanide (CN-) is a significant hazard to the environment and human health, it is essential to monitor cyanide levels in water and food samples. Moreover, real-time visualization of CN-could provide an additional understanding of its critical physiological and toxicological roles in living cells. The fluorescence approach based on small organic probes is an effective way for the detection of CN-. In this approach, a triphenylamine-xhantane conjugate was applied to detect in many samples such as sewage water, soil, sprouted potato, apricot seed, and living cells. RESULTS We report a new ratiometric near-infrared fluorescent probe based on a triphenylamine-xhantane derivative for CN-sensing in many samples. The probe displays high selectivity for only CN- ions among a series of analytes. The addition of cyanide to the dicyanovinyl moiety of the probe disrupts π-conjugation followed by the interruption of internal charge transfer. Consequently, the emission peak of the probe shifts hypsochromically from 655 to 495 nm. There is a linear correlation between the emission intensity (I495) and cyanide level, with a detection limit of 0.036 μM. The probe has many advantages over many probes, such as NIR fluorescence, ratiometric response, low cytotoxicity (85.0 % cell viability up to 50.0 μM of the probe), good membrane permeability, fast response time (4.0 min), high selectivity, good photostability, and anti-interference capability. SIGNIFICANCE Although various probes have been reported in the literature, the use of triphenylamine-xhantane unit as CN- probe has yet to be explored. The probe can detect trace levels of cyanide in many samples such as sewage water, soil, sprouted potatoes, and apricot seeds. Furthermore, it is successfully utilized for the ratiometric fluorescent bioimaging of cyanide in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sert
- Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, 42250, Konya, Turkey
| | - Serkan Erdemir
- Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Sait Malkondu
- Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Giresun, 28200, Turkey
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Park S, Mukai D, Lee J, Burney T, Boss G, Haouzi P, Lee JA, Kim MT, Fox AM, Philipopoulos G, Brenner M. Intratracheal cobinamide (vitamin B 12 analog) administration increases survivability in rabbits exposed to a lethal dose of inhaled hydrogen sulfide. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2024; 62:94-100. [PMID: 38512020 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2024.2314155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic, flammable, and colorless gas. Hydrogen sulfide has been identified as a potential terrorist chemical threat agent in mass-casualty events. Our previous studies showed that cobinamide, a vitamin B12 analog, effectively reverses the toxicity from hydrogen sulfide poisoning. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of intratracheally administered cobinamide in treating a lethal dose hydrogen sulfide gas inhalation and compare its performance to saline control administration. METHODS A total of 53 pathogen-free New Zealand White rabbits were used for this study. Four groups were compared: (i) received no saline solution or drug intratracheally (n = 15), (ii) slow drip saline intratracheally (n = 15), (iii) fast drip saline intratracheally (n = 15), and (iv) slow drip cobinamide intratracheally (n = 8). Blood pressure was continuously monitored, and deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin concentration changes were monitored in real-time in vivo using continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS The mean (± standard deviation) weight for all animals (n = 53) was 3.87 ± 0.10 kg. The survival rates of the slow cobinamide and the fast saline groups were 75 percent and 60 percent, respectively, while the survival rates in the slow saline and control groups were 26.7 percent and 20 percent, respectively. A log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test showed that survival in fast saline and slow cobinamide groups were significantly greater than those of no saline control and slow saline groups (P < 0.05). The slow and no saline control groups were not significantly different (P = 0.59). The slow cobinamide group did significantly better than the slow saline group (P = 0.021). DISCUSSION The ability to use intratracheal cobinamide as an antidote to hydrogen sulfide poisoning is a novel approach to mass-casualty care. The major limitations of this study are that it was conducted in a single species at a single inhaled hydrogen sulfide concentration. Repeated investigations in other species and at varying levels of hydrogen sulfide exposure will be needed before any definitive recommendations can be made. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that intratracheal cobinamide and fast saline drip improved survival for hydrogen sulfide gas inhalation in rabbit models. Although further study is required, our results suggest that intratracheal administration of cobinamide and fast saline may be useful in hydrogen sulfide mass-casualty events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyong Park
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of CA, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - David Mukai
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of CA, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jangweon Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of CA, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tanya Burney
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of CA, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gerry Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Phillipe Haouzi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of CA, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Zuhra K, Szabo C. The two faces of cyanide: an environmental toxin and a potential novel mammalian gasotransmitter. FEBS J 2021; 289:2481-2515. [PMID: 34297873 PMCID: PMC9291117 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is traditionally viewed as a cytotoxic agent, with its primary mode of action being the inhibition of mitochondrial Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase). However, recent studies demonstrate that the effect of cyanide on Complex IV in various mammalian cells is biphasic: in lower concentrations (nanomolar to low micromolar) cyanide stimulates Complex IV activity, increases ATP production and accelerates cell proliferation, while at higher concentrations (high micromolar to low millimolar) it produces the previously known (‘classic’) toxic effects. The first part of the article describes the cytotoxic actions of cyanide in the context of environmental toxicology, and highlights pathophysiological conditions (e.g., cystic fibrosis with Pseudomonas colonization) where bacterially produced cyanide exerts deleterious effects to the host. The second part of the article summarizes the mammalian sources of cyanide production and overviews the emerging concept that mammalian cells may produce cyanide, in low concentrations, to serve biological regulatory roles. Cyanide fulfills many of the general criteria as a ‘classical’ mammalian gasotransmitter and shares some common features with the current members of this class: nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Zuhra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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4
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Cyanobiphenyl-spiropyrane and -hemicyanine conjugates for cyanide detection in organic/aqueous media through reverse ICT direction: Their practical applications. Talanta 2021; 231:122385. [PMID: 33965047 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is one of the most known toxic substances. It is used in many industries and threats human health and environment through releasing with wastewater. Therefore, it is very important to detect its accurate amount, rapidly. Herein, turn-on and turn-off fluorescence sensors of hybrid cyanobiphenyl-spiropyrane and -hemicyanine were developed for the detection of CN- ions on the basis of nuchleophilic addition to indolium moiety. Detection behavior of the both probes toward a series of anions was investigated by means of fluorescence, UV-vis, NMR and TOF-MS techniques. The results obviously indicate that both probes show remarkable spectral changes and high selectivity toward CN- with respect to other tested anions. Cyanide levels in water samples up to 0.208 μM could be quantitatively detected as practical application. A smartphone imaging application was successfully constructed for CN- detection. Noticeably, production of cotton kids and PSF capsules revealed that the probe could be conveniently used for on-site measurement of cyanide without complicated instruments.
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Lunova M, Smolková B, Uzhytchak M, Janoušková KŽ, Jirsa M, Egorova D, Kulikov A, Kubinová Š, Dejneka A, Lunov O. Light-induced modulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity: possibilities and limitations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2815-2838. [PMID: 31583425 PMCID: PMC11104903 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological effects of high fluence low-power (HFLP) lasers have been reported for some time, yet the molecular mechanisms procuring cellular responses remain obscure. A better understanding of the effects of HFLP lasers on living cells will be instrumental for the development of new experimental and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we investigated sub-cellular mechanisms involved in the laser interaction with human hepatic cell lines. We show that mitochondria serve as sub-cellular "sensor" and "effector" of laser light non-specific interactions with cells. We demonstrated that despite blue and red laser irradiation results in similar apoptotic death, cellular signaling and kinetic of biochemical responses are distinct. Based on our data, we concluded that blue laser irradiation inhibited cytochrome c oxidase activity in electron transport chain of mitochondria. Contrary, red laser triggered cytochrome c oxidase excessive activation. Moreover, we showed that Bcl-2 protein inhibited laser-induced toxicity by stabilizing mitochondria membrane potential. Thus, cells that either overexpress or have elevated levels of Bcl-2 are protected from laser-induced cytotoxicity. Our findings reveal the mechanism how HFLP laser irradiation interfere with cell homeostasis and underscore that such laser irradiation permits remote control of mitochondrial function in the absence of chemical or biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Lunova
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Smolková
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Uzhytchak
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Žofie Janoušková
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12108, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Šárka Kubinová
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic.
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6
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Saini V, Chinta KC, Reddy VP, Glasgow JN, Stein A, Lamprecht DA, Rahman MA, Mackenzie JS, Truebody BE, Adamson JH, Kunota TTR, Bailey SM, Moellering DR, Lancaster JR, Steyn AJC. Hydrogen sulfide stimulates Mycobacterium tuberculosis respiration, growth and pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:557. [PMID: 31992699 PMCID: PMC6987094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in numerous pathophysiological processes and shares overlapping functions with CO and •NO. However, the importance of host-derived H2S in microbial pathogenesis is unknown. Here we show that Mtb-infected mice deficient in the H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) survive longer with reduced organ burden, and that pharmacological inhibition of CBS reduces Mtb bacillary load in mice. High-resolution respirometry, transcriptomics and mass spectrometry establish that H2S stimulates Mtb respiration and bioenergetics predominantly via cytochrome bd oxidase, and that H2S reverses •NO-mediated inhibition of Mtb respiration. Further, exposure of Mtb to H2S regulates genes involved in sulfur and copper metabolism and the Dos regulon. Our results indicate that Mtb exploits host-derived H2S to promote growth and disease, and suggest that host-directed therapies targeting H2S production may be potentially useful for the management of tuberculosis and other microbial infections. The importance of host-produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in microbial pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, Saini et al. show that H2S alters Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) central metabolism, stimulates respiration to promote growth and TB disease, and upregulates the Dos regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Asaf Stein
- Department of Environment Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dirk A Lamprecht
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shannon M Bailey
- Department of Environment Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Douglas R Moellering
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Medicine, and Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa. .,Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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7
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Weitgasser L, Ihra G, Schäfer B, Markstaller K, Radtke C. Update on hyperbaric oxygen therapy in burn treatment. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2019; 133:137-143. [PMID: 31701218 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-019-01569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been shown to improve tissue hypoxia, neovascularization and ischemia reperfusion injury and reduce pathologic inflammation in various clinical settings and was proposed to be a game changer in treatment of burns. Improved and faster wound healing as well as a reduction of morbidity and mortality after thermal and concomitant carbon monoxide poisoning are expected. In defiance of the observed benefits for burn wounds and carbon monoxide poisoning in animal models and few randomized controlled trials there is an ongoing controversy regarding its use, indications and cost effectiveness. Furthermore, the use of HBOT, its indications and the evidence behind its efficiency are still widely unknown to most physicians involved in the treatment of burn patients. Therefore, a review of the up to date evidence-based literature was performed with a focus on available data of HBOT in burn care, to elaborate its use in acute thermal injury and carbon monoxide intoxication. Although beneficial effects of HBOT seem very likely insufficient evidence to support or disprove the routine use of HBOT in the treatment of burn care was found. Although difficult to carry out because of the high interindividual variability of burns and chronic wounds, the need for larger high-quality prospective randomized double-blinded controlled multicenter trials are necessary to be able to evaluate useful applications, expense and cost-efficiency of HBOT for burn care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenz Weitgasser
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gerald Ihra
- Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Markstaller
- Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Radtke
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Ashrafi AM, Sýs M, Sedláčková E, Farag AS, Adam V, Přibyl J, Richtera L. Application of the Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors for Monitoring Non-Competitive Inhibition of Enzyme Activity by Heavy Metals. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19132939. [PMID: 31277338 PMCID: PMC6651500 DOI: 10.3390/s19132939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition effect of the selected heavy metals (Ag+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+) on glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme from Aspergillus niger (EC 1.1.3.4.) was studied using a new amperometric biosensor with an electrochemical transducer based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) covered with a thin layer of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) incorporated with ruthenium(IV) oxide as a redox mediator. Direct adsorption of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and subsequent covering with Nafion® layer was used for immobilization of Gox. The analytical figures of merit of the developed glucose (Glc) biosensor are sufficient for determination of Glc in body fluids in clinical analysis. From all tested heavy metals, mercury(II) has the highest inhibition effect. However, it is necessary to remember that cadmium and silver ions also significantly inhibit the catalytic activity of Gox. Therefore, the development of Gox biosensors for selective indirect determination of each heavy metal still represents a challenge in the field of bioelectroanalysis. It can be concluded that amperometric biosensors, differing in the utilized enzyme, could find their application in the toxicity studies of various poisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Ashrafi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Sýs
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Sedláčková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Amir Shaaban Farag
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Přibyl
- Czech Republic CEITEC MU, Nanobiotechnol Group, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Richtera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Garrett KK, Frawley KL, Totoni SC, Bae Y, Peterson J, Pearce LL. Antidotal Action of Some Gold(I) Complexes toward Phosphine Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1310-1316. [PMID: 31070361 PMCID: PMC7723013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine (PH3) poisoning continues to be a serious problem worldwide, for which there is no antidote currently available. An invertebrate model for examining potential toxicants and their putative antidotes has been used to determine if a strategy of using Au(I) complexes as phosphine-scavenging compounds may be antidotally beneficial. When Galleria mellonella larvae (or wax worms) were subjected to phosphine exposures of 4300 (±700) ppm·min over a 20 min time span, they became immobile (paralyzed) for ∼35 min. The administration of Au(I) complexes auro-sodium bisthiosulfate (AuTS), aurothioglucose (AuTG), and sodium aurothiomalate (AuTM) 5 min prior to phosphine exposure resulted in a drastic reduction in the recovery time (0-4 min). When the putative antidotes were given 10 min after the phosphine exposure, all the antidotes were therapeutic, resulting in mean recovery times of 14, 17, and 19 min for AuTS, AuTG, and AuTM, respectively. Since AuTS proved to be the best therapeutic agent in the G. mellonella model, it was subsequently tested in mice using a behavioral assessment (pole-climbing test). Mice given AuTS (50 mg/kg) 5 min prior to a 3200 (±500) ppm·min phosphine exposure exhibited behavior comparable to mice not exposed to phosphine. However, when mice were given a therapeutic dose of AuTS (50 mg/kg) 1 min after a similar phosphine exposure, only a very modest improvement in performance was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K. Garrett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Kristin L. Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Samantha Carpenter Totoni
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Yookyung Bae
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Linda L. Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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Petrikovics I, Kiss L, Chou CE, Ebrahimpour A, Kovács K, Kiss M, Logue B, Chan A, Manage ABW, Budai M, Boss GR, Rockwood GA. Antidotal efficacies of the cyanide antidote candidate dimethyl trisulfide alone and in combination with cobinamide derivatives. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:438-444. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1585504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Lóránd Kiss
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Ching-En Chou
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Afshin Ebrahimpour
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Kristóf Kovács
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Márton Kiss
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Brian Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ananda B. W. Manage
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Marianna Budai
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gary A. Rockwood
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, APG, MD, USA
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Frawley KL, Praekunatham H, Cronican AA, Peterson J, Pearce LL. Assessing modulators of cytochrome c oxidase activity in Galleria mellonella larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 219:77-86. [PMID: 30802621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caterpillars of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, are shown to be a useful invertebrate organism for examining mitochondrial toxicants (inhibitors of electron transport) and testing putative antidotes. Administration of sodium azide, sodium cyanide, or sodium (hydro)sulfide by intra-haemocoel injection (through a proleg) results in a dose-dependent paralysed state in the larvae lasting from <1 to ~40 min. The duration of paralysis is easily monitored, because if turned onto their backs, the larvae right themselves onto their prolegs once they are able to move again. The efficacy of putative antidotes to the three toxicants can routinely be assessed by observing shortened periods of paralysis with larvae given toxicant and antidote compared to larvae administered only the same dose of toxicant. The validity of the approach is demonstrated with agents previously shown to be antidotal towards cyanide intoxication in mice; namely, sodium nitrite and CoN4[11.3.1] (cobalt(II/III) 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo-[11.3.1]-heptadeca-1(7)2,11,13,15-pentaenyl cation). These same compounds are shown to be antidotal towards all three toxicants in the G. mellonella caterpillars; findings that may prove important in relation to azide and sulfide poisonings, for which there are currently no effective antidotes available. The observation that sodium nitrite ameliorates cyanide toxicity in the larvae is additionally interesting because it unambiguously demonstrates that the antidotal action of nitrites does not require the involvement of methemoglobin, contributing to the resolution of an ongoing controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Hirunwut Praekunatham
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Andrea A Cronican
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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12
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Analysis of potential cyanide antidote, dimethyl trisulfide, in whole blood by dynamic headspace gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Liu Y, Zhao Z, Huo R, Liu Q. Two macrocycle-based sensors for anions sensing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:502. [PMID: 30679573 PMCID: PMC6345996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36916-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Two macrocyclic bis-benzimidazolium salts 2 and 4 (23-membered for 2 and 25-membered for 4) were prepared, and their structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The research of anion recognitions using 2 or 4 as hosts were carried out with the methods of fluorescence and ultraviolet spectroscopy, 1H NMR titrations, MS and IR spectra. The experiment results show that 2 can detect acetate anion and 4 can detect nitrate anion with favorable selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Process Measurement and Control, Institute of Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University), Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Ran Huo
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University), Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Qingxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University), Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
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Cronican AA, Frawley KL, Straw EP, Lopez-Manzano E, Praekunatham H, Peterson J, Pearce LL. A Comparison of the Cyanide-Scavenging Capabilities of Some Cobalt-Containing Complexes in Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:259-268. [PMID: 29512376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four cobalt-containing macrocyclic compounds previously shown to ameliorate cyanide toxicity have been comparatively evaluated with an acute sublethal toxicity model in conscious (unanesthetized) adult male Swiss-Webster mice. All of the compounds (the cobalt-corrins cobalamin and cobinamide, a cobalt-porphyrin, plus a cobalt-Schiff base macrocycle) given 5 min prior to the toxicant dose significantly decreased the righting-recovery time of cyanide-intoxicated mice, but the doses required for maximal antidotal effect varied. Additionally, all of the compounds tested significantly reduced the righting-recovery time when administered at either 1 or 2 min after cyanide intoxication, but none of the compounds tested significantly reduced the righting-recovery time when delivered 5 min after the toxicant dose. Using the lowest effective dose of each compound determined during the first (prophylactic) set of experiments, neuromuscular recovery following cyanide intoxication in the presence/absence of the cobalt-based antidotes was assessed by RotaRod testing. All the compounds tested accelerated recovery of neuromuscular coordination, and no persistent impairment in any group, including those animals that received toxicant and no antidote, was apparent up to 2 weeks postexposures. The relative effectiveness of the cobalt compounds as cyanide antidotes are discussed and rationalized on the basis of the cyanide-binding stoichiometries and stability constants of the Co(III) cyano adducts, together with consideration of the rate constants for axial ligand substitutions by cyanide in the Co(II) forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Cronican
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Erin P Straw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Elisenda Lopez-Manzano
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Hirunwut Praekunatham
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
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15
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Schwenk M. Chemical warfare agents. Classes and targets. Toxicol Lett 2017; 293:253-263. [PMID: 29197625 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic toxic chemicals (toxicants) and biological poisons (toxins) have been developed as chemical warfare agents in the last century. At the time of their initial consideration as chemical weapon, only restricted knowledge existed about their mechanisms of action. There exist two different types of acute toxic action: nonspecific cytotoxic mechanisms with multiple chemo-biological interactions versus specific mechanisms that tend to have just a single or a few target biomolecules. TRPV1- and TRPA-receptors are often involved as chemosensors that induce neurogenic inflammation. The present work briefly surveys classes and toxicologically relevant features of chemical warfare agents and describes mechanisms of toxic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwenk
- Formerly: Medical School Hannover. Present address: In den Kreuzäckern 16/1, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.
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16
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Yuan Q, Pearce LL, Peterson J. Relative Propensities of Cytochrome c Oxidase and Cobalt Corrins for Reaction with Cyanide and Oxygen: Implications for Amelioration of Cyanide Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:2197-2208. [PMID: 29116760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In aqueous media at neutral pH, the binding of two cyanide molecules per cobinamide can be described by two formation constants, Kf1 = 1.1 (±0.6) × 105 M-1 and Kf2 = 8.5 (±0.1) × 104 M-1, or an overall cyanide binding constant of ∼1 × 1010 M-2. In comparison, the cyanide binding constants for cobalamin and a fully oxidized form of cytochrome c oxidase, each binding a single cyanide anion, were found to be 7.9 (±0.5) × 104 M-1 and 1.6 (±0.2) × 107 M-1, respectively. An examination of the cyanide-binding properties of cobinamide at neutral pH by stopped-flow spectrophotometry revealed two kinetic phases, rapid and slow, with apparent second-order rate constants of 3.2 (±0.5) × 103 M-1 s-1 and 45 (±1) M-1 s-1, respectively. Under the same conditions, cobalamin exhibited a single slow cyanide-binding kinetic phase with a second-order rate constant of 35 (±1) M-1 s-1. All three of these processes are significantly slower than the rate at which cyanide is bound by complex IV during enzyme turnover (>106 M-1 s-1). Overall, it can be understood from these findings why cobinamide is a measurably better cyanide scavenger than cobalamin, but it is unclear how either cobalt corrin can be antidotal toward cyanide intoxication as neither compound, by itself, appears able to out-compete cytochrome c oxidase for available cyanide. Furthermore, it has also been possible to unequivocally show in head-to-head comparison assays that the enzyme does indeed have greater affinity for cyanide than both cobalamin and cobinamide. A plausible resolution of the paradox that both cobalamin and cobinamide clearly are antidotal toward cyanide intoxication, involving the endogenous auxiliary agent nitric oxide, is suggested. Additionally, the catalytic consumption of oxygen by the cobalt corrins is demonstrated and, in the case of cobinamide, the involvement of cytochrome c when present. Particularly in the case of cobinamide, these oxygen-dependent reactions could potentially lead to erroneous assessment of the ability of the cyanide scavenger to restore the activity of cyanide-inhibited cytochrome c oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yuan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
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17
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Frawley KL, Cronican AA, Pearce LL, Peterson J. Sulfide Toxicity and Its Modulation by Nitric Oxide in Bovine Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:2100-2109. [PMID: 29088535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) respond in a dose-dependent manner to millimolar (0-10) levels of sodium sulfide (NaHS). No measurable increase in caspase-3 activity and no change in the extent of autophagy (or mitophagy) were observed in BPAEC. However, lactate dehydrogenase levels increased in the BPAEC exposed NaHS, which indicated necrotic cell death. In the case of galactose-conditioned BPAEC, the toxicity of NaHS was increased by 30% compared to that observed in BPAEC maintained in the regular glucose-containing culture medium, which indicated a link between mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the mechanism of toxicant action. This is consistent with the widely held view that cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV of the mitochondrial electron-transport system) is the principal molecular target involved in the acute toxicity of "sulfide" (H2S/HS-). In support of this view, elevated NO (which can reverse cytochrome c oxidase inhibition) ameliorated the toxicity of NaHS and, conversely, suppression of endogenous NO production exacerbated the observed toxicity. Respirometric measurements showed the BPAEC to possess a robust sulfide oxidizing system, which was able to out-compete cytochrome c oxidase for available H2S/HS- at micromolar concentrations. This detoxification system has previously been reported by other groups in several cell types, but notably, not neurons. The findings appear to provide some insight into the question of why human survivors of H2S inhalation frequently present at the clinic with respiratory insufficiency/pulmonary edema, while acutely poisoned laboratory animals tend to either succumb to cardiopulmonary paralysis or fully recover without any intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Andrea A Cronican
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
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18
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DeLeon SM, Downey JD, Hildenberger DM, Rhoomes MO, Booker L, Rockwood GA, Basi KA. DMTS is an effective treatment in both inhalation and injection models for cyanide poisoning using unanesthetized mice. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 56:332-341. [PMID: 28922956 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1376749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cyanide (CN) is a metabolic poison, halting ATP synthesis by inhibiting complex IV of the electron transport chain. If exposed at high enough concentrations, humans and most animals can die within minutes. Because time is a crucial factor in survival of CN poisoning, a rapidly bioavailable, nontoxic, easy to administer CN medical countermeasure could improve morbidity/mortality in a mass CN exposure scenario. The most likely route of exposure to CN is via inhalation. OBJECTIVE This study examined the efficacy of a new formulation for dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), a countermeasure which has shown promise as a treatment for CN poisoning, using both inhalation and injection models of CN exposure. METHODS We developed a model of acute CN inhalation intoxication, using the highly toxic agent system from CH Technologies for nose-only exposure. Both continuous and discontinuous HCN exposure paradigms were implemented. For comparison, we also utilized a potassium cyanide (KCN) injection model. In all experiments, DMTS was administered as a cyanide countermeasure via intramuscular injection in unanesthetized mice. RESULTS We found DMTS administration to be highly protective against both subcutaneous KCN and HCN inhalation toxicity. In the KCN injection model, DMTS afforded protection against 3.73 times the LD50 dose of KCN. In our HCN inhalation exposure model, mice challenged with LC50 HCN doses for the duration of either 10- or 40-minute exposure paradigms demonstrated improved survival in the presence of DMTS treatment (87.5% and 90.0% survival, respectively). Animals in the DMTS treatment groups of both lethal exposure models similarly exhibited improvement in observed toxic signs. CONCLUSION We show that a newly developed formulation of DMTS is efficacious within two lethal CN exposure mouse models (inhalation and injection) and is highly effective by intramuscular injection. Within these HCN studies, we demonstrate efficacy of DMTS in both continuous and discontinuous inhalation exposure models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M DeLeon
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Jason D Downey
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Diane M Hildenberger
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Melissa O Rhoomes
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Lamont Booker
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Gary A Rockwood
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Kelly A Basi
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
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19
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MacRae CA, Boss G, Brenner M, Gerszten RE, Mahon S, Peterson RT. A countermeasure development pipeline. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1378:58-67. [PMID: 27737495 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an integrated pipeline for countermeasure discovery that, under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats network, is one of the few efforts within academia that by design spans the spectrum from discovery to phase I. The successful implementation of this approach for cyanide would enable efficient proof-of-concept studies that would lay the foundation for a generalizable strategy for parallel mechanistic studies and accelerated countermeasure development in the face of new and emerging chemical threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum A MacRae
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Gerry Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Robert E Gerszten
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Sari Mahon
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Randall T Peterson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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20
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Bebarta VS, Brittain M, Chan A, Garrett N, Yoon D, Burney T, Mukai D, Babin M, Pilz RB, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Boss GR. Sodium Nitrite and Sodium Thiosulfate Are Effective Against Acute Cyanide Poisoning When Administered by Intramuscular Injection. Ann Emerg Med 2016; 69:718-725.e4. [PMID: 28041825 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The 2 antidotes for acute cyanide poisoning in the United States must be administered by intravenous injection. In the out-of-hospital setting, intravenous injection is not practical, particularly for mass casualties, and intramuscular injection would be preferred. The purpose of this study is to determine whether sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate are effective cyanide antidotes when administered by intramuscular injection. METHODS We used a randomized, nonblinded, parallel-group study design in 3 mammalian models: cyanide gas inhalation in mice, with treatment postexposure; intravenous sodium cyanide infusion in rabbits, with severe hypotension as the trigger for treatment; and intravenous potassium cyanide infusion in pigs, with apnea as the trigger for treatment. The drugs were administered by intramuscular injection, and all 3 models were lethal in the absence of therapy. RESULTS We found that sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate individually rescued 100% of the mice, and that the combination of the 2 drugs rescued 73% of the rabbits and 80% of the pigs. In all 3 species, survival in treated animals was significantly better than in control animals (log rank test, P<.05). In the pigs, the drugs attenuated an increase in the plasma lactate concentration within 5 minutes postantidote injection (difference: plasma lactate, saline solution-treated versus nitrite- or thiosulfate-treated 1.76 [95% confidence interval 1.25 to 2.27]). CONCLUSION We conclude that sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate administered by intramuscular injection are effective against severe cyanide poisoning in 3 clinically relevant animal models of out-of-hospital emergency care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Norma Garrett
- Medical Toxicology and the Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center/59 MDW, San Antonio, TX
| | - David Yoon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Tanya Burney
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - David Mukai
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | | | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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21
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Manandhar E, Maslamani N, Petrikovics I, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. Determination of dimethyl trisulfide in rabbit blood using stir bar sorptive extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1461:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Ozolu RI, Okolie NP, Ebeigbe AB, Karikari N. Effects of sub-chronic oral cyanide on endothelial function in rabbit aortic rings. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 26:105-10. [PMID: 17370868 DOI: 10.1177/0960327107071865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated how the endothelium affects vascular responses following sub-chronic low dose cyanide administration. Cyanide exists in low levels in cassava foods, which are widely consumed in tropical Africa. Adult rabbits were administered 0.38 mg/kg per day KCN po for 25 days, and responses of the isolated aortic rings to noradrenaline (NA), calcium chloride (Ca2+) and acetylcholine (ACh) were measured in vitro in the presence and absence of the endothelium. In order to establish that the dose was not toxic, animal weight, some haematological indices, plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. Results show that endothelium denudation significantly (P <0.05) attenuates NA-induced contraction in rings from cyanide-treated rabbits. There was a similar reduction in response in Ca2+-depleted NA-precontracted endothelium-denuded aortic rings from cyanide-treated rabbits. Endothelium-denuded rings from cyanide-treated rabbits showed significantly (P <0.05) enhanced relaxation to ACh. In rings from control animals, the responses to NA and Ca2+ were not significantly altered, whether in the presence or absence of the endothelium. There were no significant changes in the studied toxicological indices. We conclude that endothelial compromise is necessary for low-dose sub-chronic cyanide-induced to alter vascular reactivity to NA and ACh. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 105-110
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Ozolu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
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23
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Lopez-Manzano E, Cronican AA, Frawley KL, Peterson J, Pearce LL. Cyanide Scavenging by a Cobalt Schiff-Base Macrocycle: A Cost-Effective Alternative to Corrinoids. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1011-9. [PMID: 27104767 PMCID: PMC5555407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The complex of cobalt(II) with the ligand 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo-[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17)2,11,13,15-pentaene (CoN4[11.3.1]) has been shown to bind two molecules of cyanide in a cooperative fashion with an association constant of 2.7 (±0.2) × 10(5). In vivo, irrespective of whether it is initially administered as the Co(II) or Co(III) cation, EPR spectroscopic measurements on blood samples show that at physiological levels of reductant (principally ascorbate) CoN4[11.3.1] becomes quantitatively reduced to the Co(II) form. However, following addition of sodium cyanide, a dicyano Co(III) species is formed, both in blood and in buffered aqueous solution at neutral pH. In keeping with other cobalt-containing cyanide-scavenging macrocycles like cobinamide and cobalt(III) meso-tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine, we found that CoN4[11.3.1] exhibits rapid oxygen turnover in the presence of the physiological reductant ascorbate. This behavior could potentially render CoN4[11.3.1] cytotoxic and/or interfere with evaluations of the antidotal capability of the complex toward cyanide through respirometric measurements, particularly since cyanide rapidly inhibits this process, adding further complexity. A sublethal mouse model was used to assess the effectiveness of CoN4[11.3.1] as a potential cyanide antidote. The administration of CoN4[11.3.1] prophylactically to sodium cyanide-intoxicated mice resulted in the time required for the surviving animals to recover from "knockdown" (unconsciousness) being significantly decreased (3 ± 2 min) compared to that of the controls (22 ± 5 min). All observations are consistent with the demonstrated antidotal activity of CoN4[11.3.1] operating through a cyanide-scavenging mechanism, which is associated with a Co(II) → Co(III) oxidation of the cation. To test for postintoxication neuromuscular sequelae, the ability of mice to remain in position on a rotating cylinder (RotaRod test) was assessed during and after recovery. While intoxicated animals given CoN4[11.3.1] did recover ∼30 min more quickly than controls given only toxicant, there were no indications of longer-term problems in either group, as determined by continuing the RotaRod testing up to 24 h after the intoxications and routine behavioral observations for a further week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Lopez-Manzano
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Andrea A. Cronican
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Kristin L. Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Linda L. Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
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24
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Patterson SE, Moeller B, Nagasawa HT, Vince R, Crankshaw DL, Briggs J, Stutelberg MW, Vinnakota CV, Logue BA. Development of sulfanegen for mass cyanide casualties. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374:202-9. [PMID: 27308865 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide is a metabolic poison that inhibits the utilization of oxygen to form ATP. The consequences of acute cyanide exposure are severe; exposure results in loss of consciousness, cardiac and respiratory failure, hypoxic brain injury, and dose-dependent death within minutes to hours. In a mass-casualty scenario, such as an industrial accident or terrorist attack, currently available cyanide antidotes would leave many victims untreated in the short time available for successful administration of a medical countermeasure. This restricted therapeutic window reflects the rate-limiting step of intravenous administration, which requires both time and trained medical personnel. Therefore, there is a need for rapidly acting antidotes that can be quickly administered to large numbers of people. To meet this need, our laboratory is developing sulfanegen, a potential antidote for cyanide poisoning with a novel mechanism based on 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) for the detoxification of cyanide. Additionally, sulfanegen can be rapidly administered by intramuscular injection and has shown efficacy in many species of animal models. This article summarizes the journey from concept to clinical leads for this promising cyanide antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bryant Moeller
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Herbert T Nagasawa
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daune L Crankshaw
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jacquie Briggs
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael W Stutelberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Chakravarthy V Vinnakota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
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Jiang J, Chan A, Ali S, Saha A, Haushalter KJ, Lam WLM, Glasheen M, Parker J, Brenner M, Mahon SB, Patel HH, Ambasudhan R, Lipton SA, Pilz RB, Boss GR. Hydrogen Sulfide--Mechanisms of Toxicity and Development of an Antidote. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20831. [PMID: 26877209 PMCID: PMC4753484 DOI: 10.1038/srep20831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas—second only to carbon monoxide as a cause of inhalational deaths. Its mechanism of toxicity is only partially known, and no specific therapy exists for sulfide poisoning. We show in several cell types, including human inducible pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons, that sulfide inhibited complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and induced apoptosis. Sulfide increased hydroxyl radical production in isolated mouse heart mitochondria and F2-isoprostanes in brains and hearts of mice. The vitamin B12 analog cobinamide reversed the cellular toxicity of sulfide, and rescued Drosophila melanogaster and mice from lethal exposures of hydrogen sulfide gas. Cobinamide worked through two distinct mechanisms: direct reversal of complex IV inhibition and neutralization of sulfide-generated reactive oxygen species. We conclude that sulfide produces a high degree of oxidative stress in cells and tissues, and that cobinamide has promise as a first specific treatment for sulfide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sameh Ali
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Helmy Institute of Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Arindam Saha
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kristofer J Haushalter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wai-Ling Macrina Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Megan Glasheen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James Parker
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hemal H Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rajesh Ambasudhan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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26
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Decréau RA, Collman JP. Three toxic gases meet in the mitochondria. Front Physiol 2015; 6:210. [PMID: 26347655 PMCID: PMC4542460 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rationale of the study was two-fold: (i) develop a functional synthetic model of the Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) active site, (ii) use it as a convenient tool to understand or predict the outcome of the reaction of CcO with ligands (physiologically relevant gases and other ligands). At physiological pH and potential, the model catalyzes the 4-electron reduction of oxygen. This model was immobilized on self-assembled-monolayer (SAM) modified electrode. During catalytic oxygen reduction, electron delivery through SAMs is rate limiting, similar to the situation in CcO. This model contains all three redox-active components in CcO's active site, which are required to minimize the production of partially-reduced-oxygen-species (PROS): Fe-heme (“heme a3”) in a myoglobin-like model fitted with a proximal imidazole ligand, and a distal tris-imidazole Copper (“CuB”) complex, where one imidazole is cross-linked to a phenol (mimicking “Tyr244”). This functional CcO model demonstrates how CcO itself might tolerate the hormone NO (which diffuses through the mitochondria). It is proposed that CuB delivers superoxide to NO bound to Fe-heme forming peroxynitrite, then nitrate that diffuses away. Another toxic gas, H2S, has exceptional biological effects: at ~80 ppm, H2S induces a state similar to hibernation in mice, lowering the animal's temperature and slowing respiration. Using our functional CcO model, we have demonstrated that at the same concentration range H2S can reversibly inhibit catalytic oxygen reduction. Such a reversible catalytic process on the model was also demonstrated with an organic compound, tetrazole (TZ). Following studies showed that TZ reversibly inhibits respiration in isolated mitochondria, and induces deactivation of platelets, a mitochondria-rich key component of blood coagulation. Hence, this program is a rare example illustrating the use of a functional model to understand and predict physiologically important reactions at the active site of CcO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Decréau
- Department of Chemistry (ICMUB Institute), University of Burgundy Franche-Comté Dijon, France ; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James P Collman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
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Petrikovics I, Budai M, Kovacs K, Thompson DE. Past, present and future of cyanide antagonism research: From the early remedies to the current therapies. World J Methodol 2015; 5:88-100. [PMID: 26140275 PMCID: PMC4482825 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v5.i2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews milestones in antidotal therapies for cyanide (CN) spanning early remedies, current antidotal systems and research towards next generation therapies. CN has been a part of plant defense mechanisms for millions of years. It became industrially important in the nineteenth century with the advent of CN assisted gold mining and the use of CN as a pest control agent. The biochemical basis of CN poisoning was actively studied and key mechanisms were understood as early as 1929. These fundamental studies led to a variety of antidotes, including indirect CN binders that generate methemoglobin, direct CN binders such as hydroxocobalamin, and sulfur donors that convert CN to the less toxic thiocyanate. Research on blood gases at the end of the twentieth century shed new light on the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the body. The discovery of NO’s ability to compete with CN for enzymatic binding sites provided a previously missed explanation for the rapid efficacy of NO generating antidotes such as the nitrites. Presently used CN therapies include: methemoglobin/NO generators (e.g., sodium nitrite, amyl nitrite, and dimethyl aminophenol), sulfur donors (e.g., sodium thiosulfate and glutathione), and direct binding agents [(e.g., hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (dicobalt edetate)]. A strong effort is being made to explore novel antidotal systems and to formulate them for rapid administration at the point of intoxication in mass casualty scenarios. New antidotes, formulations, and delivery systems are enhancing bioavailability and efficacy and hold promise for a new generation of improved CN countermeasures.
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Cronican AA, Frawley KL, Ahmed H, Pearce LL, Peterson J. Antagonism of Acute Sulfide Poisoning in Mice by Nitrite Anion without Methemoglobinemia. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1398-408. [PMID: 25951111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no FDA-approved antidotes for H2S/sulfide intoxication. Sodium nitrite, if given prophylactically to Swiss Webster mice, was shown to be highly protective against the acute toxic effects of sodium hydrosulfide (∼LD40 dose) with both agents administered by intraperitoneal injections. However, sodium nitrite administered after the toxicant dose did not detectably ameliorate sulfide toxicity in this fast-delivery, single-shot experimental paradigm. Nitrite anion was shown to rapidly produce NO in the bloodstream, as judged by the appearance of EPR signals attributable to nitrosylhemoglobin and methemoglobin, together amounting to less than 5% of the total hemoglobin present. Sulfide-intoxicated mice were neither helped by the supplemental administration of 100% oxygen nor were there any detrimental effects. Compared to cyanide-intoxicated mice, animals surviving sulfide intoxication exhibited very short knockdown times (if any) and full recovery was extremely fast (∼15 min) irrespective of whether sodium nitrite was administered. Behavioral experiments testing the ability of mice to maintain balance on a rotating cylinder showed no motor impairment up to 24 h post sulfide exposure. It is argued that antagonism of sulfide inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by NO is the crucial antidotal activity of nitrite rather than formation of methemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Cronican
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Humza Ahmed
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
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Abstract
Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) is an antioxidative molecule with antiproliferative and neuroprotective properties in a variety of cells. Previously, we have shown that D609 decreased the proliferation of neural progenitor cells. In this study, we examined the antioxidative property of D609 on neural progenitor cells isolated from the subventricular zone of the rat brain. Cellular oxidation was assessed by measuring the ATP content of the cells. Our results show that D609 decreased the ATP content of the neural progenitor cells by ∼40%, suggesting the possible inhibition of cellular metabolic activity. Cytochrome c oxidase (Cox), also known as complex IV of the electron transport chain, is a terminal enzyme involved in the oxidation of substrates resulting in the generation of energy required for the cellular activity. Therefore, regulating the activity of Cox could interfere with the generation of ATP, consequently affecting the proliferation of cells. Consistent with this hypothesis, we also observed a decrease in the Cox activity following the incubation of neural progenitor cells with D609. These results suggest that D609 could inhibit the activity of Cox and subsequent ATP synthesis in the neural progenitor cells.
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Chan A, Jiang J, Fridman A, Guo LT, Shelton GD, Liu MT, Green C, Haushalter KJ, Patel HH, Lee J, Yoon D, Burney T, Mukai D, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Pilz RB, Boss GR. Nitrocobinamide, a new cyanide antidote that can be administered by intramuscular injection. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1750-9. [PMID: 25650735 DOI: 10.1021/jm501565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently available cyanide antidotes must be given by intravenous injection over 5-10 min, making them ill-suited for treating many people in the field, as could occur in a major fire, an industrial accident, or a terrorist attack. These scenarios call for a drug that can be given quickly, e.g., by intramuscular injection. We have shown that aquohydroxocobinamide is a potent cyanide antidote in animal models of cyanide poisoning, but it is unstable in solution and poorly absorbed after intramuscular injection. Here we show that adding sodium nitrite to cobinamide yields a stable derivative (referred to as nitrocobinamide) that rescues cyanide-poisoned mice and rabbits when given by intramuscular injection. We also show that the efficacy of nitrocobinamide is markedly enhanced by coadministering sodium thiosulfate (reducing the total injected volume), and we calculate that ∼1.4 mL each of nitrocobinamide and sodium thiosulfate should rescue a human from a lethal cyanide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Chan
- Departments of †Medicine, ‡Pathology, §Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ∥Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0652, United States
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Kaur S, Singh A, Mithu VS, Singh P. A rationally designed molecule for removal of cyanide from human blood serum and cytochrome c oxidase. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09658d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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33
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Stutelberg MW, Vinnakota CV, Mitchell BL, Monteil AR, Patterson SE, Logue BA. Determination of 3-mercaptopyruvate in rabbit plasma by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 949-950:94-8. [PMID: 24480329 PMCID: PMC3989840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accidental or intentional cyanide poisoning is a serious health risk. The current suite of FDA approved antidotes, including hydroxocobalamin, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate is effective, but each antidote has specific major limitations, such as large effective dosage or delayed onset of action. Therefore, next generation cyanide antidotes are being investigated to mitigate these limitations. One such antidote, 3-mercaptopyruvate (3-MP), detoxifies cyanide by acting as a sulfur donor to convert cyanide into thiocyanate, a relatively nontoxic cyanide metabolite. An analytical method capable of detecting 3-MP in biological fluids is essential for the development of 3-MP as a potential antidote. Therefore, a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) method was established to analyze 3-MP from rabbit plasma. Sample preparation consisted of spiking the plasma with an internal standard ((13)C3-3-MP), precipitation of plasma proteins, and reaction with monobromobimane to inhibit the characteristic dimerization of 3-MP. The method produced a limit of detection of 0.1μM, a linear dynamic range of 0.5-100μM, along with excellent linearity (R(2)≥0.999), accuracy (±9% of the nominal concentration) and precision (<7% relative standard deviation). The optimized HPLC-MS-MS method was capable of detecting 3-MP in rabbits that were administered sulfanegen, a prodrug of 3-MP, following cyanide exposure. Considering the excellent performance of this method, it will be utilized for further investigations of this promising cyanide antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Stutelberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Chakravarthy V Vinnakota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Brendan L Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Alexandre R Monteil
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA
| | - Steven E Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Cambal LK, Weitz AC, Li HH, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Pearce LL, Peterson J. Comparison of the relative propensities of isoamyl nitrite and sodium nitrite to ameliorate acute cyanide poisoning in mice and a novel antidotal effect arising from anesthetics. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:828-36. [PMID: 23536974 PMCID: PMC5555309 DOI: 10.1021/tx400103k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isoamyl nitrite has previously been considered acceptable as an inhaled cyanide antidote; therefore, the antidotal utility of this organic nitrite compared with sodium nitrite was investigated. To facilitate a quantitative comparison, doses of both sodium nitrite and isoamyl nitrite were given intraperitoneally in equimolar amounts to sublethally cyanide-challenged mice. Righting recovery from the knockdown state was clearly compromised in the isoamyl nitrite-treated animals, the effect being attributable to the toxicity of the isoamyl alchol produced during hydrolysis of the isoamyl nitrite to release nitrite anion. Subsequently, inhaled aqueous sodium nitrite aerosol was demonstrated to ameliorate sublethal cyanide toxicity, when provided to mice after the toxic dose, by the more rapid recovery of righting ability compared to that of the control animals given only the toxicant. Aerosolized sodium nitrite has thus been shown by these experiments to have promise as a better alternative to organic nitrites for development as an inhaled cyanide antidote. The inhaled sodium nitrite led to the production of NO in the bloodstream as determined by the appearance of EPR signals attributable to nitrosylhemoglobin and methemoglobin. The aerosol delivery was performed in an unmetered inhalation chamber, and in this study, no attempt was made to optimize the procedure. It is argued that administration of an effective inhaled aqueous sodium nitrite dose in humans is possible, though just beyond the capability of current individual metered-dose inhaler designs, such as those used for asthma. Finally, working at slightly greater than LD50 NaCN doses, it was fortuitously discovered that (i) anesthesia leads to significantly prolonged survival compared to that of unanesthetized animals and that (ii) the antidotal activity of nitrite anion was completely abolished under anesthesia. Plausible explanations for these effects in mice and their practical consequences in relation to testing putative cyanide antidotes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah K Cambal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh , 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
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35
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Nath AK, Roberts LD, Liu Y, Mahon SB, Kim S, Ryu JH, Werdich A, Januzzi JL, Boss GR, Rockwood GA, MacRae CA, Brenner M, Gerszten RE, Peterson RT. Chemical and metabolomic screens identify novel biomarkers and antidotes for cyanide exposure. FASEB J 2013; 27:1928-38. [PMID: 23345455 PMCID: PMC3633825 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cyanide causes a spectrum of cardiac, neurological, and metabolic dysfunctions that can be fatal. Improved cyanide antidotes are needed, but the ideal biological pathways to target are not known. To understand better the metabolic effects of cyanide and to discover novel cyanide antidotes, we developed a zebrafish model of cyanide exposure and scaled it for high-throughput chemical screening. In a screen of 3120 small molecules, we discovered 4 novel antidotes that block cyanide toxicity. The most potent antidote was riboflavin. Metabolomic profiling of cyanide-treated zebrafish revealed changes in bile acid and purine metabolism, most notably by an increase in inosine levels. Riboflavin normalizes many of the cyanide-induced neurological and metabolic perturbations in zebrafish. The metabolic effects of cyanide observed in zebrafish were conserved in a rabbit model of cyanide toxicity. Further, humans treated with nitroprusside, a drug that releases nitric oxide and cyanide ions, display increased circulating bile acids and inosine. In summary, riboflavin may be a novel treatment for cyanide toxicity and prophylactic measure during nitroprusside treatment, inosine may serve as a biomarker of cyanide exposure, and metabolites in the bile acid and purine metabolism pathways may shed light on the pathways critical to reversing cyanide toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali K. Nath
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lee D. Roberts
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California–Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA
| | - Sonia Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justine H. Ryu
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Werdich
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James L. Januzzi
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; and
| | - Gary A. Rockwood
- Analytical Toxicology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, USA
| | - Calum A. MacRae
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California–Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Randall T. Peterson
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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36
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Herrmann PC, Herrmann EC. Mitochondrial proteome: toward the detection and profiling of disease associated alterations. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 823:265-77. [PMID: 22081351 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-216-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Existing at the heart of cellular energy metabolism, the mitochondrion is uniquely positioned to have a major impact on human disease processes. Examples of mitochondrial impact on human pathology abound and include etiologies ranging from inborn errors of metabolism to the site of activity of a variety of toxic compounds. In this review, the unique aspects of the mechanisms related to the mitochondrial proteome are discussed along with an overview of the literature related to mitochondrial proteomic exploration. The review includes discussion of potential areas for exploration and advantages of applying proteomic techniques to the study of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Herrmann
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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37
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Biochemical issues in emergency medicine: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations of selected toxic presentations. Am J Emerg Med 2012; 30:231-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2010.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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38
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Sarti P, Forte E, Mastronicola D, Giuffrè A, Arese M. Cytochrome c oxidase and nitric oxide in action: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:610-9. [PMID: 21939634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reactions between Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase, CcOX) and nitric oxide (NO) were described in the early 60's. The perception, however, that NO could be responsible for physiological or pathological effects, including those on mitochondria, lags behind the 80's, when the identity of the endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and NO synthesis by the NO synthases were discovered. NO controls mitochondrial respiration, and cytotoxic as well as cytoprotective effects have been described. The depression of OXPHOS ATP synthesis has been observed, attributed to the inhibition of mitochondrial Complex I and IV particularly, found responsible of major effects. SCOPE OF REVIEW The review is focused on CcOX and NO with some hints about pathophysiological implications. The reactions of interest are reviewed, with special attention to the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of NO observed on cytochrome c oxidase, particularly during turnover with oxygen and reductants. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The NO inhibition of CcOX is rapid and reversible and may occur in competition with oxygen. Inhibition takes place following two pathways leading to formation of either a relatively stable nitrosyl-derivative (CcOX-NO) of the enzyme reduced, or a more labile nitrite-derivative (CcOX-NO(2)(-)) of the enzyme oxidized, and during turnover. The pathway that prevails depends on the turnover conditions and concentration of NO and physiological substrates, cytochrome c and O(2). All evidence suggests that these parameters are crucial in determining the CcOX vs NO reaction pathway prevailing in vivo, with interesting physiological and pathological consequences for cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sarti
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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39
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Marziaz ML, Frazier K, Guidry PB, Ruiz RA, Petrikovics I, Haines DC. Comparison of brain mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity with cyanide LD50yields insight into the efficacy of prophylactics. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:50-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L. Marziaz
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
| | - Kathryn Frazier
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
| | - Paul B. Guidry
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
| | - Robyn A. Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
| | - Donovan C. Haines
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
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40
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Chan A, Crankshaw DL, Monteil A, Patterson SE, Nagasawa HT, Briggs JE, Kozocas JA, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Pilz RB, Bigby TD, Boss GR. The combination of cobinamide and sulfanegen is highly effective in mouse models of cyanide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49:366-73. [PMID: 21740135 PMCID: PMC3882312 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2011.584879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cyanide is a component of smoke in residential and industrial fires, and accidental exposure to cyanide occurs in a variety of industries. Moreover, cyanide has the potential to be used by terrorists, particularly in a closed space such as an airport or train station. Current therapies for cyanide poisoning must be given by intravenous administration, limiting their use in treating mass casualties. OBJECTIVE We are developing two new cyanide antidotes--cobinamide, a vitamin B(12) analog, and sulfanegen, a 3-mercaptopyruvate prodrug. Both drugs can be given by intramuscular administration, and therefore could be used to treat a large number of people quickly. We now asked if the two drugs would have an augmented effect when combined. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a non-lethal and two different lethal models of cyanide poisoning in mice. The non-lethal model assesses neurologic recovery by quantitatively evaluating the innate righting reflex time of a mouse. The two lethal models are a cyanide injection and a cyanide inhalation model. RESULTS We found that the two drugs are at least additive when used together in both the non-lethal and lethal models: at doses where all animals died with either drug alone, the combination yielded 80 and 40% survival in the injection and inhalation models, respectively. Similarly, drug doses that yielded 40% survival with either drug alone, yielded 80 and 100% survival in the injection and inhalation models, respectively. As part of the inhalation model, we developed a new paradigm in which animals are exposed to cyanide gas, injected intramuscularly with an antidote, and then re-exposed to cyanide gas. This simulates cyanide exposure of a large number of people in a closed space, because people would remain exposed to cyanide, even after receiving an antidote. CONCLUSION The combination of cobinamide and sulfanegen shows great promise as a new approach to treating cyanide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
- Medicine Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Daune L. Crankshaw
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0213
| | - Alexandre Monteil
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0213
| | | | | | - Jackie E. Briggs
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0213
| | | | - Sari B. Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612-1475
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612-1475
| | - Renate B. Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Timothy D. Bigby
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
- Medicine Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
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41
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Anand R, Binukumar BK, Gill KD. Aluminum phosphide poisoning: an unsolved riddle. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 31:499-505. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Anand
- Department of Biochemistry; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh; India
| | - B. K. Binukumar
- Department of Biochemistry; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh; India
| | - Kiran Dip Gill
- Department of Biochemistry; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh; India
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42
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Cambal LK, Swanson MR, Yuan Q, Weitz AC, Li HH, Pitt BR, Pearce LL, Peterson J. Acute, sublethal cyanide poisoning in mice is ameliorated by nitrite alone: complications arising from concomitant administration of nitrite and thiosulfate as an antidotal combination. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1104-12. [PMID: 21534623 DOI: 10.1021/tx2001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sodium nitrite alone is shown to ameliorate sublethal cyanide toxicity in mice when given from ∼1 h before until 20 min after the toxic dose as demonstrated by the recovery of righting ability. An optimum dose (12 mg/kg) was determined to significantly relieve cyanide toxicity (5.0 mg/kg) when administered to mice intraperitoneally. Nitrite so administered was shown to rapidly produce NO in the bloodsteam as judged by the dose-dependent appearance of EPR signals attributable to nitrosylhemoglobin and methemoglobin. It is argued that antagonism of cyanide inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by NO is the crucial antidotal activity rather than the methemoglobin-forming action of nitrite. Concomitant addition of sodium thiosulfate to nitrite-treated blood resulted in the detection of sulfidomethemoblobin by EPR spectroscopy. Sulfide is a product of thiosulfate hydrolysis and, like cyanide, is known to be a potent inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase, the effects of the two inhibitors being essentially additive under standard assay conditions rather than dominated by either one. The findings afford a plausible explanation for an observed detrimental effect in mice associated with the use of the standard nitrite-thiosulfate combination therapy at sublethal levels of cyanide intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah K Cambal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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43
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Lawson-Smith P, Jansen EC, Hyldegaard O. Cyanide intoxication as part of smoke inhalation--a review on diagnosis and treatment from the emergency perspective. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2011; 19:14. [PMID: 21371322 PMCID: PMC3058018 DOI: 10.1186/1757-7241-19-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the current literature on smoke inhalation injuries with special attention to the effects of hydrogen cyanide. It is assumed that cyanide poisoning is still an overlooked diagnosis in fire victims. Treatment against cyanide poisoning in the emergency setting should be given based on the clinical diagnosis only. Oxygen in combination with a recommended antidote should be given immediately, the first to reduce cellular hypoxia and the second to eliminate cyanide. A specific antidote is hydroxycobalamin, which can be given iv. and has few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Lawson-Smith
- Laboratory of Hyperbaric Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, Center of Head and Orthopaedics, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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44
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Schopfer MP, Wang J, Karlin KD. Bioinspired heme, heme/nonheme diiron, heme/copper, and inorganic NOx chemistry: *NO((g)) oxidation, peroxynitrite-metal chemistry, and *NO((g)) reductive coupling. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:6267-82. [PMID: 20666386 DOI: 10.1021/ic100033y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this Forum Article highlights work from our own laboratories and those of others in the area of biochemical and biologically inspired inorganic chemistry dealing with nitric oxide [nitrogen monoxide, *NO((g))] and its biological roles and reactions. The latter focus is on (i) oxidation of *NO((g)) to nitrate by nitric oxide dioxygenases (NODs) and (ii) reductive coupling of two molecules of *NO((g)) to give N(2)O(g). In the former case, NODs are described, and the highlighting of possible peroxynitrite/heme intermediates and the consequences of this are given by a discussion of recent works with myoglobin and a synthetic heme model system for NOD action. Summaries of recent copper complex chemistries with *NO((g)) and O(2)(g), leading to peroxynitrite species, are given. The coverage of biological reductive coupling of *NO((g)) deals with bacterial nitric oxide reductases (NORs) with heme/nonheme diiron active sites and on heme/copper oxidases such as cytochrome c oxidase, which can mediate the same chemistry. Recently designed protein and synthetic model compounds (heme/nonheme/diiron or heme/copper) as functional mimics are discussed in some detail. We also highlight examples from the chemical literature, not necessarily involving biologically relevant metal ions, that describe the oxidation of *NO((g)) to nitrate (or nitrite) and possible peroxynitrite intermediates or reductive coupling of *NO((g)) to give nitrous oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Schopfer
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Nůsková H, Vrbacký M, Drahota Z, Houštěk J. Cyanide inhibition and pyruvate-induced recovery of cytochrome c oxidase. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2010; 42:395-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-010-9307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Qo site of mitochondrial complex III is the source of increased superoxide after transient exposure to hydrogen peroxide. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:875-85. [PMID: 20688078 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transient exposure of cardiac myocytes to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) results in further production of superoxide by the mitochondria as a result of increased influx of calcium through the L-type Ca(2+) channel and increased calcium uptake by the mitochondria. The response persists as a result of positive feedback on the channel and induces alterations in protein synthesis and cell size consistent with the development of myocyte hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to investigate the site of increased superoxide production within the mitochondria. Exposure of myocytes to 30 μM H(2)O(2) (5 min) then 10 U/mL catalase (5 min) increased dihydroethidium (DHE) signal by 58.7 ± 12.0% (n=4) compared to myocytes exposed to 0 μM H(2)O(2) for 5 min followed by 10 U/mL catalase (n=9). Complex I inhibitors DPI (n=5) and rotenone (n=7) attenuated the increase in DHE signal due to H(2)O(2). Complex III inhibitors myxothiazol (n=16) and stigmatellin (n=5) also attenuated the increase in DHE signal due to H(2)O(2). However, antimycin A (inhibitor of Q(i) site of complex III) had no effect. We "isolated" complex III in the intact cell by applying succinate in the patch pipette and exposing the cell to rotenone and antimycin A. Myxothiazol and TCA cycle inhibitors α-keto-β-methyl-n-valeric acid (KMV) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) completely attenuated the increase in DHE signal. Direct activation of the L-type Ca(2+) channel by voltage-step mimicked the increase in DHE signal after transient exposure to H(2)O(2) (47.6 ± 17.8%, n=6) while intracellular application of catalase attenuated the increase in DHE signal due to H(2)O(2) (n=6). We propose that elevated superoxide production after transient exposure to H(2)O(2) occurs at the Q(o) superoxide generation site of complex III in cardiac myocytes and that an increase in TCA cycle activity plays a significant role in mediating the response.
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Leavesley HB, Li L, Mukhopadhyay S, Borowitz JL, Isom GE. Nitrite-mediated antagonism of cyanide inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase in dopamine neurons. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:569-76. [PMID: 20335280 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide inhibits aerobic metabolism by binding to the binuclear heme center of cytochrome c oxidase (CcOX). Amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite (NaNO(2)) antagonize cyanide toxicity in part by oxidizing hemoglobin to methemoglobin (mHb), which then scavenges cyanide. mHb generation is thought to be a primary mechanism by which the NO(2)(-) ion antagonizes cyanide. On the other hand, NO(2)(-) can undergo biotransformation to generate nitric oxide (NO), which may then directly antagonize cyanide inhibition of CcOX. In this study, nitrite-mediated antagonism of cyanide inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation was examined in rat dopaminergic N27 cells. NaNO(2) produced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in whole-cell and mitochondrial levels of NO. The NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxy 3-oxide (PTIO) reversed this increase in cellular and mitochondrial NO. NO generated from NaNO(2) decreased cellular oxygen consumption and inhibited CcOX activity. PTIO reversed the NO-mediated inhibition, thus providing strong evidence that NO mediates the action of NaNO(2). Under similar conditions, KCN (20muM) inhibited cellular state-3 oxygen consumption and CcOX activity. Pretreatment with NaNO(2) reversed KCN-mediated inhibition of both oxygen consumption and CcOX activity. The NaNO(2) antagonism of cyanide was blocked by pretreatment with the NO scavenger PTIO. It was concluded that NaNO(2) antagonizes cyanide inhibition of CcOX by generating of NO, which then interacts directly with the binding of KCN x CcOX to reverse the toxicity. In vivo antagonism of cyanide by NO(2)(-) appears to be due to both generation of mHb and direct displacement of cyanide from CcOX by NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Leavesley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1333, USA
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48
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Gases in the mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2009; 10:83-93. [PMID: 20005988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2009.12.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gasomodulators - nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide - are important physiological mediators that have been implicated in disorders such as neurodegeneration and sepsis. Some of their biological functions involve the mitochondria. In particular, their inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase has received much attention as this can cause energy depletion and cytotoxicity. However, reports that cellular energy production and cell survival are maintained even in the presence of gasomodulators are not uncommon. In both cases, modulation of mitochondrial targets by the gasomodulators appears to be an important event. We provide an overview of the effects of the gasomodulators on the mitochondria.
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49
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Jones TT, Brewer GJ. Age-related deficiencies in complex I endogenous substrate availability and reserve capacity of complex IV in cortical neuron electron transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1797:167-76. [PMID: 19799853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory enzyme complex dysfunction is mechanistically involved in mitochondrial failure leading to neurodegenerative disease, but the pathway is unclear. Here, age-related differences in mitochondrial respiration were measured in both whole and permeabilized neurons from 9-month and 24-month adult rat cortex cultured in common conditions. After permeabilization, respiration increased in both ages of neurons with excess substrates. To dissect specific deficiencies in the respiratory chain, inhibitors for each respiratory chain complex were used to isolate their contributions. Relative to neurons from 9-month rats, in neurons isolated from 24-month rats, complexes I, III, and IV were more sensitive to selective inhibition. Flux control point analysis identified complex I in neurons isolated from 24-month rats as the most sensitive to endogenous substrate availability. The greatest age-related deficit in flux capacity occurred at complex IV with a 29% decrease in neurons isolated from 24-month rats relative to those from 9-month rats. The deficits in complexes I and III may contribute to a redox shift in the quinone pool within the electron transport chain, further extending these age-related deficits. Together these changes could lead to an age-related catastrophic decline in energy production and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torrie T Jones
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, PO Box 19626, Springfield, IL 62794-9626, USA
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50
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Pearce LL, Lopez Manzano E, Martinez-Bosch S, Peterson J. Antagonism of nitric oxide toward the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by carbon monoxide and cyanide. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 21:2073-81. [PMID: 18956847 DOI: 10.1021/tx800140y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The principle mitochondrial target where the respiratory inhibitors CO, CN(-), and NO act in the execution of their acute toxic effects is complex IV of the electron-transport chain, cytochrome c oxidase. However, there is a paucity of studies in the literature regarding the concerted effects of such poisons. Accordingly, the combined inhibitory effects of CO + CN(-), NO + CN(-), and NO + CO on the activity of cytochrome c oxidase preparations are reported. Only in the case of CO + CN(-) do the effects of the two inhibitors seem to be additive as expected. NO appears to be antagonistic toward the effects of the other two inhibitors; that is, the effects of both CO an CN(-) on enzyme activity are ameliorated by NO when present. To further clarify these observations, the ligand substitutions of heme-bound CN(-) by NO in cytochrome c oxidase and hemoglobin have also been briefly investigated. These results suggest that displacement of CN(-) from the ferric hemoproteins by NO is rate-limited by heme reduction-and in the case of the enzyme, the presence of nonligand-binding electron-transfer centers facilitates the reaction. The findings are discussed in relation to the idea that NO does not behave as a classic reversible (by dissociation) inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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