1
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Cheng JC, Meng Q, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Chen J, Song T, Fang L, Sun YP. WNK1 mediates amphiregulin-induced MMP9 expression and cell invasion in human extravillous trophoblast cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 576:112038. [PMID: 37544354 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The invasion of human extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells is a critical event required for a successful pregnancy. Amphiregulin, a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has been shown to stimulate cell invasion in an immortalized human EVT cell line, HTR-8/SVneo. The with-no-lysine kinase 1 (WNK1) is involved in regulating cell invasion. It is known that WNK1 is expressed in the human placenta, but its role in human EVT cells remains unknown. In the present study, we show that AREG treatment phosphorylated WNK1 at Thr60 in both HTR-8/SVneo and primary human EVT cells. The stimulatory effect of AREG on WNK1 phosphorylation was mediated by the activation of PI3K/AKT, but not the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. AREG upregulated matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) but not MMP2. In addition, cell invasiveness was increased in response to the treatment of AREG. Using the siRNA-mediated knockdown approach, our results showed that the knockdown of WNK1 attenuated the AREG-induced upregulation of MMP9 expression and cell invasion. Moreover, the expression of WNK1 was downregulated in the placentas with preeclampsia, a disease resulting from insufficiency of EVT cell invasion during pregnancy. This study discovers the physiological function of WNK1 in human EVT cells and provides important insights into the regulation of MMP9 and cell invasion in human EVT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chien Cheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Qingxue Meng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tinglin Song
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lanlan Fang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying-Pu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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2
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Xu Z, Wu Y, Yang M, Wei H, Pu J. CBX2-mediated suppression of SIAH2 triggers WNK1 accumulations to promote glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2023; 426:113513. [PMID: 36780970 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have highlighted the poor prognosis of liver cancer, and treatment effects are overall limited. We aimed to confirm the biological roles of SIAH2 in liver cancer and provide potential therapeutic targets. Differential analysis was conducted based on public datasets and found that SIAH2 expressed lowly in HCC samples relative to normal tissues, which was demonstrated in tumor samples via immunohistochemistry (IHC). Besides, SIAH2 overexpression could significantly suppress HCC proliferation. SIAH2 deficiency induced cell proliferation, migration and self-renewal abilities in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SIAH2 could interact with WNK1, and trigger the ubiquitination and degradation of WNK1 proteins. In addition, low SIAH2 depended on elevated WNK1 proteins to drive HCC malignant features, including proliferation, migration and stemness. Meanwhile, we further found that CBX2 could regulate SIAH2 expressions. CBX2 cooperated with EZH2 to mediate the H3K27me3 enrichment on the promoter region of SIAH2 to suppress its transcriptional levels. High CBX2/EZH2 levels in HCC correlated with poor prognosis of patients. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) further implicated that WNK1 correlates tightly with glycolytic process in HCC samples. WNK1 overexpression was found to notably enhance glycolytic activity, whereas WNK1 deficiency could significantly suppress the HCC glycolysis activity. Lastly, the subcutaneous tumor model further demonstrated that targeting WNK1 was effective to inhibit the in vivo tumor growth of SIAH2low HCC. Collectively, down-regulated SIAH2 expressions induced by CBX2/EZH2 could drive progression and glycolysis via accumulating WNK1 proteins, indicating that CBX2/SIAH2/WNK1 axis is a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic vulnerability for human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoming Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, China
| | - Yinghong Wu
- Graduate College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Graduate College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, China
| | - Huamei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalitie, 533000, China
| | - Jian Pu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, China.
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3
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Jiang H, Cheng X, Liang Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Li Y. Aberrant expression of WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 is associated with poor prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma. Ir J Med Sci 2023; 192:57-64. [PMID: 35138567 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS WNK1 (WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1) is a kind of protein kinase and participates in angiogenesis, having a potent tumor promoting role. WNK1 is ubiquitously expressed, and its upregulated expression has been reported in several tumor types. AIMS Here, we aimed to investigate the correlation between WNK1 expression and colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) progression. METHODS In the current study, WNK1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemically in adjacent normal colonic mucosae and primary adenocarcinomas. The effect of WNK1 on overall survival (OS) and its associations with the clinicopathological parameters were analyzed in a retrospective cohort of COAD patients (n = 185). The tumor-related effects of WNK1 in COAD were further tested via cellular and mice experiments. RESULTS According to our cohort, higher WNK1 expression was significantly associated with unfavorable prognostic factors, such as high pT stage, pN stage, as well as shorter OS. Moreover, WNK1 exhibited tumor promoting role in COAD cancer cell lines as well as in nude mice. Silencing WNK1 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of COAD both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS In all, WNK1 acts as a tumor promoter and may be used as a COAD prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Jiang
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanjie Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Aetiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 29 Shuangtasi Street, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Yaoping Li
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 29 Shuangtasi Street, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
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4
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Xiu M, Li L, Li Y, Gao Y. An update regarding the role of WNK kinases in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:795. [PMID: 36123332 PMCID: PMC9485243 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian WNK kinases (WNKs) are serine/threonine kinases that contain four members, WNK1-4. They function to maintain ion homeostasis and regulate blood pressure in mammals. Recent studies have revealed that the dysregulation of WNKs contributes to tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis through complex mechanisms, especially through phosphorylating kinase substrates SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1). Here, we review and discuss the relationships between WNKs and several key factors/biological processes in cancer, including ion channels, cation chloride cotransporters, sodium bicarbonate cotransporters, signaling pathways, angiogenesis, autophagy, and non-coding RNAs. In addition, the potential drugs for targeting WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling have also been discussed. This review summarizes and discusses knowledge of the roles of WNKs in cancer, which provides a comprehensive reference for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Xiu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120 Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120 Shanghai, China
| | - Yandong Li
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120 Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Gao
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120 Shanghai, China
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5
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Hou CY, Ma CY, Yuh CH. WNK1 kinase signaling in metastasis and angiogenesis. Cell Signal 2022; 96:110371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Ho YJ, Chang J, Yeh KT, Gong Z, Lin YM, Lu JW. Prognostic and Clinical Implications of WNK Lysine Deficient Protein Kinase 1 Expression in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In Vivo 2021; 34:2631-2640. [PMID: 32871793 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a particularly malignant form of cancer prevalent throughout the world; however, there is a pressing need for HCC biomarkers to facilitate prognosis and risk assessment. PATIENTS AND METHODS This paper reports on the potential prognostic value of WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1) in cases of HCC. We analyzed the expression of WNK1 at the mRNA level using omics data from the UALCAN database. We then verified our findings through the immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of various human cancer tissue as well as 59 HCC samples paired with corresponding normal tissues. The prognostic value of mRNA or protein expression by WNK1 was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Initial screening results revealed significantly higher WNK1 expression levels in HCC tissue compared to normal tissue. Verification using the paired HCC samples confirmed that the expression of WNK1 was indeed significantly higher in HCC tissue samples than in adjacent normal tissues. High WNK1 expression levels were significantly correlated with clinicopathological variables, including gender and histologic grade. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that high WNK1 expression levels were associated with poor HCC prognosis. Finally, univariate and multivariate analysis identified WNK1 as a prognostic factor for TNM stage in cases of HCC. CONCLUSION In summary, WNK1 is overexpressed at the mRNA and protein levels, and correlated with poor prognosis. Thus, WNK1 expression could potentially be used as a biomarker in HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jung Ho
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jungshan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kun-Tu Yeh
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yueh-Min Lin
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jeng-Wei Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Gonçalves V, Henriques AFA, Matos P, Jordan P. Ibuprofen disrupts a WNK1/GSK3β/SRPK1 protein complex required for expression of tumor-related splicing variant RAC1B in colorectal cells. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4421-4437. [PMID: 33315986 PMCID: PMC7720772 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major risk factor promoting tumor development is chronic inflammation and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), including ibuprofen, can decrease the risk of developing various types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Although the molecular mechanism behind the antitumor properties of NSAIDs has been largely attributed to inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COXs), several studies have shown that the chemopreventive properties of ibuprofen also involve multiple COX-independent effects. One example is its ability to inhibit the alternative splicing event generating RAC1B, which is overexpressed in a specific subset of BRAF-mutated colorectal tumors and sustains cell survival. Here we describe the mechanism by which ibuprofen prevents RAC1B alternative splicing in a BRAF mutant CRC cell line: it leads to decreased translocation of SRPK1 and SRSF1 to the nucleus and is regulated by a WNK1/GSK3β/SRPK1 protein kinase complex. Surprisingly, we demonstrate that ibuprofen does not inhibit the activity of any of the involved kinases but rather promotes disassembly of this regulatory complex, exposing GSK3β serine 9 to inhibitory phosphorylation, namely by AKT, which results in nuclear exclusion of SRPK1 and SRSF1 hypophosphorylation. The data shed new light on the biochemical mechanisms behind ibuprofen’s action on alternative spliced RAC1B and may support its use in personalized approaches to CRC therapy or chemoprevention regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Gonçalves
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.,BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Andreia F A Henriques
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.,BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Paulo Matos
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.,BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.,BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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8
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Sie ZL, Li RY, Sampurna BP, Hsu PJ, Liu SC, Wang HD, Huang CL, Yuh CH. WNK1 Kinase Stimulates Angiogenesis to Promote Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030575. [PMID: 32131390 PMCID: PMC7139507 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With-no-lysine (K)-1 (WNK1) is the founding member of family of four protein kinases with atypical placement of catalytic lysine that play important roles in regulating epithelial ion transport. Gain-of-function mutations of WNK1 and WNK4 cause a mendelian hypertension and hyperkalemic disease. WNK1 is ubiquitously expressed and essential for embryonic angiogenesis in mice. Increasing evidence indicates the role of WNK kinases in tumorigenesis at least partly by stimulating tumor cell proliferation. Here, we show that human hepatoma cells xenotransplanted into zebrafish produced high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and WNK1, and induced expression of zebrafish wnk1. Knockdown of wnk1 in zebrafish decreased tumor-induced ectopic vessel formation and inhibited tumor proliferation. Inhibition of WNK1 or its downstream kinases OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive kinase 1)/SPAK (Ste20-related proline alanine rich kinase) using chemical inhibitors decreased ectopic vessel formation as well as proliferation of xenotransplanted hepatoma cells. The effect of WNK and OSR1 inhibitors is greater than that achieved by inhibitor of VEGF signaling cascade. These inhibitors also effectively inhibited tumorigenesis in two separate transgenic zebrafish models of intestinal and hepatocellular carcinomas. Endothelial-specific overexpression of wnk1 enhanced tumorigenesis in transgenic carcinogenic fish, supporting endothelial cell-autonomous effect of WNK1 in tumor promotion. Thus, WNK1 can promote tumorigenesis by multiple effects that include stimulating tumor angiogenesis. Inhibition of WNK1 may be a potent anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Lin Sie
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (Z.-L.S.); (R.-Y.L.); (B.P.S.); (P.-J.H.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Ruei-Yang Li
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (Z.-L.S.); (R.-Y.L.); (B.P.S.); (P.-J.H.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Bonifasius Putera Sampurna
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (Z.-L.S.); (R.-Y.L.); (B.P.S.); (P.-J.H.)
| | - Po-Jui Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (Z.-L.S.); (R.-Y.L.); (B.P.S.); (P.-J.H.)
| | - Shu-Chen Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli Dist., Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence: (C.-L.H.); (C.-H.Y.); Tel.: +1-319-356-3972 (C.-L.H.); +011-886-37-206166*35338 (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (Z.-L.S.); (R.-Y.L.); (B.P.S.); (P.-J.H.)
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-L.H.); (C.-H.Y.); Tel.: +1-319-356-3972 (C.-L.H.); +011-886-37-206166*35338 (C.-H.Y.)
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9
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Olea-Flores M, Zuñiga-Eulogio MD, Mendoza-Catalán MA, Rodríguez-Ruiz HA, Castañeda-Saucedo E, Ortuño-Pineda C, Padilla-Benavides T, Navarro-Tito N. Extracellular-Signal Regulated Kinase: A Central Molecule Driving Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2885. [PMID: 31200510 PMCID: PMC6627365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible cellular process, characterized by changes in gene expression and activation of proteins, favoring the trans-differentiation of the epithelial phenotype to a mesenchymal phenotype. This process increases cell migration and invasion of tumor cells, progression of the cell cycle, and resistance to apoptosis and chemotherapy, all of which support tumor progression. One of the signaling pathways involved in tumor progression is the MAPK pathway. Within this family, the ERK subfamily of proteins is known for its contributions to EMT. The ERK subfamily is divided into typical (ERK 1/2/5), and atypical (ERK 3/4/7/8) members. These kinases are overexpressed and hyperactive in various types of cancer. They regulate diverse cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy, and EMT. In this context, in vitro and in vivo assays, as well as studies in human patients, have shown that ERK favors the expression, function, and subcellular relocalization of various proteins that regulate EMT, thus promoting tumor progression. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic roles of the ERK subfamily members in EMT and tumor progression in diverse biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Miriam Daniela Zuñiga-Eulogio
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Angel Mendoza-Catalán
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Hugo Alberto Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Castañeda-Saucedo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Teresita Padilla-Benavides
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
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10
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Jonniya NA, Kar P. Investigating specificity of the anti-hypertensive inhibitor WNK463 against With-No-Lysine kinase family isoforms via multiscale simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1306-1321. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1602079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha A. Jonniya
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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11
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Adams NR, Vasquez YM, Mo Q, Gibbons W, Kovanci E, DeMayo FJ. WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 regulates human endometrial stromal cell decidualization, proliferation, and migration in part through mitogen-activated protein kinase 7. Biol Reprod 2018; 97:400-412. [PMID: 29025069 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells, termed decidualization, is an integral step in the establishment of pregnancy. The mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog, WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1), is activated downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor during decidualization. Primary human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) were subjected to small interfering RNA knockdown of WNK1 followed by in vitro decidualization. This abrogated expression of the decidual marker genes, insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) and prolactin (PRL), and prevented adoption of decidual cell morphology. Analysis of the WNK1-dependent transcriptome by RNA-Seq demonstrated that WNK1 regulates the expression of 1858 genes during decidualization. Gene ontology and upstream regulator pathway analysis showed that WNK1 regulates cell migration, differentiation, and proliferation. WNK1 was required for many of the gene expression changes that drive decidualization, including the induction of the inflammatory cytokines, C-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CCL8), interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), and interleukin 15 (IL15), and the repression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway genes, including early growth response 2 (EGR2), SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3), integrin subunit alpha 2 (ITGA2), integrin subunit alpha 4 (ITGA4), and integrin subunit beta 3 (ITGB3). In addition to abrogating decidualization, WNK1 knockdown decreased the migration and proliferation of HESCs. Furthermore, mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (MAPK7), a known downstream target of WNK1, was activated during decidualization in a WNK1-dependent manner. Small interfering RNA knockdown of MAPK7 demonstrated that MAPK7 regulates a subset of WNK1-regulated genes and controls the migration and proliferation of HESCs. These results indicate that WNK1 and MAPK7 promote migration and proliferation during decidualization and regulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and TGF-beta pathway genes in HESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyssa R Adams
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yasmin M Vasquez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - William Gibbons
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ertug Kovanci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Francesco J DeMayo
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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12
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The effects of Capn1 gene inactivation on the differential expression of genes in skeletal muscle. Gene 2018; 668:54-58. [PMID: 29775750 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein turnover is required for muscle growth and regeneration and several proteolytic enzymes, including the calpains, degrade myofibrillar proteins during this process. In a previous experiment, phenotypic differences were observed between μ-calpain knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice, including nutrient accretion and fiber type differences. These changes were particularly evident as the animals aged. Thus, we utilized 18 mice (9 KO and 9 WT) to compare transcript abundance to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 52 wk of age. A total of 55 genes were differentially expressed, including adiponectin, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, uncoupling protein 1, and lysine deficient protein kinase 2. These genes were analyzed for over- and underrepresented gene ontology (GO) terms. Several GO terms, including response to cytokine, response to interferon-beta, regulation of protein phosphorylation, and hydrolase activity, were identified as overrepresented. Pathways related to taurine biosynthesis, nitric oxide synthase signaling, amyloid processing, and L-cysteine degradation were also identified. Our results are consistent with previous experiments, in that identified DEGs may explain, at least in part, some of the phenotypic differences between μ-calpain KO and WT mice. Clearly muscle growth and maintenance are complex, multifaceted processes. Genes affected by the silencing of the μ-calpain gene have been identified, but the relationship between μ-calpain and these pathways requires further investigation.
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13
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Teng F, Guo M, Liu F, Wang C, Dong J, Zhang L, Zou Y, Chen R, Sun K, Fu H, Fu Z, Guo W, Ding G. Treatment with an SLC12A1 antagonist inhibits tumorigenesis in a subset of hepatocellular carcinomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53571-53582. [PMID: 27447551 PMCID: PMC5288206 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A central aim in cancer research is to identify genes with altered expression patterns in tumor specimens and their potential role in tumorigenesis. Most types of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), are heterogeneous in terms of genotype and phenotype. Thus, traditional analytical methods like the t-test fail to identify all oncogenes from expression profiles. In this study, we performed a meta-Cancer Outlier Profile Analysis (meta-COPA) across six microarray datasets for HCC from the GEO database. We found that gene SLC12A1 was overexpressed in the Hep3B cell line, compared with five other HCC cell lines and L02 cells. We also found that the upregulation of SLC12A1 was mediated by histone methylation within its promoter region, and that SLC12A1 is a positive regulator of the WNK1/ERK5 pathway. Consistent with in vitro results, treatment with the SLC12A1 antagonist Bumetanide delayed tumor formation and reduced Hep3B cell tumor size in mouse xenografts. In summary, our research reveals a novel subset of HCCs that are sensitive to SLC12A1 antagonist treatment, thereby offering a new strategy for precision HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ce Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jiayong Dong
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - You Zou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Keyan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Hong Fu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhiren Fu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wenyuan Guo
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Guoshan Ding
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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14
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Wilson CS, Mongin AA. The signaling role for chloride in the bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2018; 689:33-44. [PMID: 29329909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the electrical signaling in neuronal networks is modulated by chloride (Cl-) fluxes via the inhibitory GABAA and glycine receptors. Here, we discuss the putative contribution of Cl- fluxes and intracellular Cl- to other forms of information transfer in the CNS, namely the bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes. The manuscript (i) summarizes the generic functions of Cl- in cellular physiology, (ii) recaps molecular identities and properties of Cl- transporters and channels in neurons and astrocytes, and (iii) analyzes emerging studies implicating Cl- in the modulation of neuroglial communication. The existing literature suggests that neurons can alter astrocytic Cl- levels in a number of ways; via (a) the release of neurotransmitters and activation of glial transporters that have intrinsic Cl- conductance, (b) the metabotropic receptor-driven changes in activity of the electroneutral cation-Cl- cotransporter NKCC1, and (c) the transient, activity-dependent changes in glial cell volume which open the volume-regulated Cl-/anion channel VRAC. Reciprocally, astrocytes are thought to alter neuronal [Cl-]i through either (a) VRAC-mediated release of the inhibitory gliotransmitters, GABA and taurine, which open neuronal GABAA and glycine receptor/Cl- channels, or (b) the gliotransmitter-driven stimulation of NKCC1. The most important recent developments in this area are the identification of the molecular composition and functional heterogeneity of brain VRAC channels, and the discovery of a new cytosolic [Cl-] sensor - the Wnk family protein kinases. With new work in the field, our understanding of the role of Cl- in information processing within the CNS is expected to be significantly updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Biophysics and Functional Diagnostics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
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15
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Zhang X, Song H, Qiao S, Liu J, Xing T, Yan X, Li H, Wang N. MiR-17-5p and miR-20a promote chicken cell proliferation at least in part by upregulation of c-Myc via MAP3K2 targeting. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15852. [PMID: 29158522 PMCID: PMC5696470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The miR-17-92 cluster has been well studied in mammals but less extensively studied in birds. Here, we demonstrated that miR-17-92 cluster overexpression promoted the proliferation of DF1 cells and immortalized chicken preadipocytes (ICPA-1), and miR-17-5p and miR-20a, members of the miR-17-92 cluster, targeted MAP3K2. Further analysis showed that MAP3K2 overexpression reduced the proliferation of DF1 and ICPA-1 cells and attenuated the promotive effect of the miR-17-92 cluster on cell proliferation. Downstream gene expression analysis of the MAPK signalling pathway showed that MAP3K2 overexpression decreased c-Myc expression; in contrast, MAP3K2 knockdown using RNA interference and miR-17-92 cluster overexpression increased c-Myc expression. Furthermore, c-Myc overexpression promoted miR-17-92 cluster expression and DF1 cell proliferation. Taken together, these data indicated that miR-17-92 promotes chicken cell proliferation at least in part by the upregulation of c-Myc via targeting MAP3K2, and the miR-17-92 cluster, c-Myc and E2F1 form a complex regulatory network in chicken cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - He Song
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shupei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tianyu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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16
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Sasaki E, Susa K, Mori T, Isobe K, Araki Y, Inoue Y, Yoshizaki Y, Ando F, Mori Y, Mandai S, Zeniya M, Takahashi D, Nomura N, Rai T, Uchida S, Sohara E. KLHL3 Knockout Mice Reveal the Physiological Role of KLHL3 and the Pathophysiology of Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type II Caused by Mutant KLHL3. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:e00508-16. [PMID: 28052936 PMCID: PMC5359427 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00508-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the with-no-lysine kinase 1 (WNK1), WNK4, kelch-like 3 (KLHL3), and cullin3 (CUL3) genes are known to cause the hereditary disease pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII). It was recently demonstrated that this results from the defective degradation of WNK1 and WNK4 by the KLHL3/CUL3 ubiquitin ligase complex. However, the other physiological in vivo roles of KLHL3 remain unclear. Therefore, here we generated KLHL3-/- mice that expressed β-galactosidase (β-Gal) under the control of the endogenous KLHL3 promoter. Immunoblots of β-Gal and LacZ staining revealed that KLHL3 was expressed in some organs, such as brain. However, the expression levels of WNK kinases were not increased in any of these organs other than the kidney, where WNK1 and WNK4 increased in KLHL3-/- mice but not in KLHL3+/- mice. KLHL3-/- mice also showed PHAII-like phenotypes, whereas KLHL3+/- mice did not. This clearly demonstrates that the heterozygous deletion of KLHL3 was not sufficient to cause PHAII, indicating that autosomal dominant type PHAII is caused by the dominant negative effect of mutant KLHL3. We further demonstrated that the dimerization of KLHL3 can explain this dominant negative effect. These findings could help us to further understand the physiological roles of KLHL3 and the pathophysiology of PHAII caused by mutant KLHL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Sasaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Isobe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Araki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshizaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ando
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Mandai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moko Zeniya
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiei Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nomura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Namba Y, Togo S, Tulafu M, Kadoya K, Nagahama KY, Taka H, Kaga N, Orimo A, Liu X, Takahashi K. Combination of glycopyrronium and indacaterol inhibits carbachol-induced ERK5 signal in fibrotic processes. Respir Res 2017; 18:46. [PMID: 28284212 PMCID: PMC5346259 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Airway fibrosis is one of the pathological features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and recent studies revealed that acetylcholine plays an important role in the development of airway remodeling by stimulating proliferation and collagen synthesis of lung fibroblasts. This study was designed to examine the effects of a long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist (LAMA) glycopyrronium and a long-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonist (LABA) indacaterol on acetylcholine-mediated fibrotic responses in lung fibroblasts. Methods After carbachol (CCh) or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) exposure, the response to glycopyrronium and indacaterol was determined in vitro in fibroblasts isolated from mild-to-moderate COPD lung tissue. The ability of fibroblasts to mediate the contraction of collagen gels was assessed. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) were determined by immunoblot. TGF-β1 was quantified by ELISA and acetylcholine was quantified by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. Results CCh stimulated fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction and α-SMA expression and TGF-β1 release by fibroblasts. Blockade of autocrine TGF-β1 attenuated CCh-mediated fibrotic responses, while TGF-β1 did not stimulate acetylcholine release. Glycopyrronium plus indacaterol significantly attenuated CCh- and TGF-β1-mediated fibrotic responses through inhibition of ERK5 phosphorylation. Notably, the magnitudes of CCh- and TGF-β1-stimulated gel contraction, CCh-induced TGF-β1 release, and ERK5 phosphorylation were greater in fibroblasts isolated from COPD subjects than in those from non-smokers. Conclusions CCh induced TGF-β1 self-sustaining signaling loops by potentiating ERK5 signaling and promoted myofibroblast activity. This autocrine signaling mechanism may be an attractive therapeutic target to block the fibrotic response, which was modulated by the combination of glycopyrronium and indacaterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Namba
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine & Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Togo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine & Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan. .,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Miniwan Tulafu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine & Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kadoya
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine & Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kumi Yoneda Nagahama
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine & Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hikari Taka
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaga
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akira Orimo
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Xiangde Liu
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine & Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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18
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Abstract
The with-no-lysine (K) (WNK) kinases are an atypical family of protein kinases that regulate ion transport across cell membranes. Mutations that result in their overexpression cause hypertension-related disorders in humans. Of the four mammalian WNKs, only WNK1 is expressed throughout the body. We report that WNK1 inhibits autophagy, an intracellular degradation pathway implicated in several human diseases. Using small-interfering RNA-mediated WNK1 knockdown, we show autophagosome formation and autophagic flux are accelerated. In cells with reduced WNK1, basal and starvation-induced autophagy is increased. We also show that depletion of WNK1 stimulates focal class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex (PI3KC3) activity, which is required to induce autophagy. Depletion of WNK1 increases the expression of the PI3KC3 upstream regulator unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), its phosphorylation, and activation of the kinase upstream of ULK1, the AMP-activated protein kinase. In addition, we show that the N-terminal region of WNK1 binds to the UV radiation resistance-associated gene (UVRAG) in vitro and WNK1 partially colocalizes with UVRAG, a component of a PI3KC3 complex. This colocalization decreases upon starvation of cells. Depletion of the SPS/STE20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase, a WNK1-activated enzyme, also induces autophagy in nutrient-replete or -starved conditions, but depletion of the related kinase and WNK1 substrate, oxidative stress responsive 1, does not. These results indicate that WNK1 inhibits autophagy by multiple mechanisms.
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19
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Fulford L, Milewski D, Ustiyan V, Ravishankar N, Cai Y, Le T, Masineni S, Kasper S, Aronow B, Kalinichenko VV, Kalin TV. The transcription factor FOXF1 promotes prostate cancer by stimulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK5. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra48. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad5582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Tang BL. (WNK)ing at death: With-no-lysine (Wnk) kinases in neuropathies and neuronal survival. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:92-8. [PMID: 27131446 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of With-no-lysine (WNK) family of serine-threonine kinase are key regulators of chloride ion transport in diverse cell types, controlling the activity and the surface expression of cation-chloride (Na(+)/K(+)-Cl(-)) co-transporters. Mutations in WNK1 and WNK4 are linked to a hereditary form of hypertension, and WNKs have been extensively investigated pertaining to their roles in renal epithelial ion homeostasis. However, some members of the WNK family and their splice isoforms are also expressed in the mammalian brain, and have been implicated in aspects of hereditary neuropathy as well as neuronal and glial survival. WNK2, which is exclusively enriched in neurons, is well known as an anti-proliferative tumor suppressor. WNK3, on the other hand, appears to promote cell survival as its inhibition enhances neuronal apoptosis. However, loss of WNK3 has been recently shown to reduce ischemia-associated brain damage. In this review, I surveyed the potentially context-dependent roles of WNKs in neurological disorders and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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21
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Puthiyedth N, Riveros C, Berretta R, Moscato P. Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes through Integrated Study of Alzheimer's Disease Affected Brain Regions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152342. [PMID: 27050411 PMCID: PMC4822961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults that damages the brain and results in impaired memory, thinking and behaviour. The identification of differentially expressed genes and related pathways among affected brain regions can provide more information on the mechanisms of AD. In the past decade, several studies have reported many genes that are associated with AD. This wealth of information has become difficult to follow and interpret as most of the results are conflicting. In that case, it is worth doing an integrated study of multiple datasets that helps to increase the total number of samples and the statistical power in detecting biomarkers. In this study, we present an integrated analysis of five different brain region datasets and introduce new genes that warrant further investigation. Methods The aim of our study is to apply a novel combinatorial optimisation based meta-analysis approach to identify differentially expressed genes that are associated to AD across brain regions. In this study, microarray gene expression data from 161 samples (74 non-demented controls, 87 AD) from the Entorhinal Cortex (EC), Hippocampus (HIP), Middle temporal gyrus (MTG), Posterior cingulate cortex (PC), Superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and visual cortex (VCX) brain regions were integrated and analysed using our method. The results are then compared to two popular meta-analysis methods, RankProd and GeneMeta, and to what can be obtained by analysing the individual datasets. Results We find genes related with AD that are consistent with existing studies, and new candidate genes not previously related with AD. Our study confirms the up-regualtion of INFAR2 and PTMA along with the down regulation of GPHN, RAB2A, PSMD14 and FGF. Novel genes PSMB2, WNK1, RPL15, SEMA4C, RWDD2A and LARGE are found to be differentially expressed across all brain regions. Further investigation on these genes may provide new insights into the development of AD. In addition, we identified the presence of 23 non-coding features, including four miRNA precursors (miR-7, miR570, miR-1229 and miR-6821), dysregulated across the brain regions. Furthermore, we compared our results with two popular meta-analysis methods RankProd and GeneMeta to validate our findings and performed a sensitivity analysis by removing one dataset at a time to assess the robustness of our results. These new findings may provide new insights into the disease mechanisms and thus make a significant contribution in the near future towards understanding, prevention and cure of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Puthiyedth
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Carlos Riveros
- Clinical Research Design, Information Technology and Statistics Suport Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
| | - Regina Berretta
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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22
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Skolekova S, Matuskova M, Bohac M, Toro L, Durinikova E, Tyciakova S, Demkova L, Gursky J, Kucerova L. Cisplatin-induced mesenchymal stromal cells-mediated mechanism contributing to decreased antitumor effect in breast cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:4. [PMID: 26759169 PMCID: PMC4710002 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells of the tumor microenvironment are recognized as important determinants of the tumor biology. The adjacent non-malignant cells can regulate drug responses of the cancer cells by secreted paracrine factors and direct interactions with tumor cells. RESULTS Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) actively contribute to tumor microenvironment. Here we focused on their response to chemotherapy as during the treatment these cells become affected. We have shown that the secretory phenotype and behavior of mesenchymal stromal cells influenced by cisplatin differs from the naïve MSC. MSC were more resistant to the concentrations of cisplatin, which was cytotoxic for tumor cells. They did not undergo apoptosis, but a part of MSC population underwent senescence. However, MSC pretreatment with cisplatin led to changes in phosphorylation profiles of many kinases and also increased secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines. These changes in cytokine and phosphorylation profile of MSC led to increased chemoresistance and stemness of breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION Taken together here we suggest that the exposure of the chemoresistant cells in the tumor microenvironment leads to substantial alterations and might lead to promotion of acquired microenvironment-mediated chemoresistance and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Skolekova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, 833 91, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Miroslava Matuskova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, 833 91, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Bohac
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lenka Toro
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, 833 91, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | | | | | - Lucia Demkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, 833 91, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jan Gursky
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 5, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucia Kucerova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, 833 91, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Tourtellotte WG. Axon Transport and Neuropathy: Relevant Perspectives on the Etiopathogenesis of Familial Dysautonomia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:489-99. [PMID: 26724390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathies are highly prevalent and are most often associated with chronic disease, side effects from chemotherapy, or toxic-metabolic abnormalities. Neuropathies are less commonly caused by genetic mutations, but studies of the normal function of mutated proteins have identified particular vulnerabilities that often implicate mitochondrial dynamics and axon transport mechanisms. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies are a group of phenotypically related diseases caused by monogenic mutations that primarily affect sympathetic and sensory neurons. Here, I review evidence to indicate that many genetic neuropathies are caused by abnormalities in axon transport. Moreover, in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. There may be specific convergence on gene mutations that disrupt nerve growth factor signaling, upon which sympathetic and sensory neurons critically depend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Tourtellotte
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, and the Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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24
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25
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Wilhelmsen K, Xu F, Farrar K, Tran A, Khakpour S, Sundar S, Prakash A, Wang J, Gray NS, Hellman J. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 promotes acute cellular and systemic inflammation. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra86. [PMID: 26307013 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory critical illness is a syndrome that is characterized by acute inflammation and organ injury, and it is triggered by infections and noninfectious tissue injury, both of which activate innate immune receptors and pathways. Although reports suggest an anti-inflammatory role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), we previously found that ERK5 mediates proinflammatory responses in primary human cells in response to stimulation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). We inhibited the kinase activities and reduced the abundances of ERK5 and MEK5, a MAPK kinase directly upstream of ERK5, in primary human vascular endothelial cells and monocytes, and found that ERK5 promoted inflammation induced by a broad range of microbial TLR agonists and by the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Furthermore, we found that inhibitors of MEK5 or ERK5 reduced the plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in mice challenged with TLR ligands or heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus, as well as in mice that underwent sterile lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Finally, we found that inhibition of ERK5 protected endotoxemic mice from death. Together, our studies support a proinflammatory role for ERK5 in primary human endothelial cells and monocytes, and suggest that ERK5 is a potential therapeutic target in diverse disorders that cause inflammatory critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Wilhelmsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Fengyun Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine Farrar
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alphonso Tran
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Samira Khakpour
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shirin Sundar
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arun Prakash
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Division of Critical Care Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Holenya P, Can S, Rubbiani R, Alborzinia H, Jünger A, Cheng X, Ott I, Wölfl S. Detailed analysis of pro-apoptotic signaling and metabolic adaptation triggered by a N-heterocyclic carbene-gold(I) complex. Metallomics 2015; 6:1591-601. [PMID: 24777153 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00075g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to their broad spectrum of biological activity and antiproliferative effect on different human cancer cell lines, gold compounds have been in the focus of drug research for many years. Gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes are of particular interest, because of their stability, ease of derivatization and clear cytotoxicity in cancer cells. To obtain a more detailed view of the molecular mechanisms underlying their cellular activity, we used a novel gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complex, [triphenylphosphane-(1,3-diethyl-5-methoxy-benzylimidazol-2-ylidene)]gold(I) iodide and investigated changes in cellular signaling pathways using quantitative signal transduction protein microarray analysis. We also analyzed changes in cell metabolism in a time-dependent manner by on-line metabolic measurements and used isolated mitochondria to elucidate the direct effects on this cell organelle. We found strong cytotoxic effects in cancer cells, accompanied by an immediate and irreversible loss of mitochondrial respiration as well as by a crucial imbalance of the intracellular redox state, resulting in apoptotic cell death. ELISA microarray analysis of signal transduction pathways revealed a time-dependent up-regulation of pro-apoptotic signaling proteins, e.g. p38 and JNK, whereas pro-survival signals that are directly linked to the thioredoxin system were down-regulated, which pinpoints to thioredoxin reductase as a central target of the compound. Further results suggest that DNA is an indirect target of the compound. Based on our findings, we outline a signaling model for the molecular mechanism underlying the antiproliferative activity of the gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complex investigated, which provides a good general model for the known pattern of cell death induced by this class of substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Holenya
- Department of Biology, Institut für Pharmazie und molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Cao XQ, Lu HS, Zhang L, Chen LL, Gan MF. MEKK3 and survivin expression in cervical cancer: association with clinicopathological factors and prognosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:5271-6. [PMID: 25040987 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.13.5271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) is an important protein kinase and a member of the MAPK family, which regulates cellular responses to environmental stress and serves as key integration points along the signal transduction cascade that not only link diverse extracellular stimuli to subsequent signaling molecules but also amplify the initiating signals to ultimately activate effector molecules and induce cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. To explore the relationship between MEKK3 and cell apoptosis, clinicopathology and prognosis, we characterize the expression of MEKK3 and survivin in cervical cancer. MEKK3 and survivin expression was measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting of fresh surgical resections from 30 cases of cervical cancer and 25 cases of chronic cervicitis. Protein expression was detected by tissue microarray and immunochemistry (En Vision) in 107 cases of cervical cancer, 86 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and 35 cases of chronic cervicitis. Expression patterns were analyzed for their association with clinicopathological factors and prognosis in cervical cancer. Expression of MEKK3 and survivin mRNA was significantly higher in cervical cancer than in the controls (p<0.05). MEKK3 and survivin expression differed significantly between cervical carcinoma, CIN, and cervicitis (p<0.05) and correlated with clinical stage, infiltration depth, and lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). MEKK3 expression was positively correlated with survivin (p<0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that MEKK3 and survivin expression, lymph node metastasis, depth of invasion, and FIGO stage reduce cumulative survival. Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that MEKK3, survivin, and clinical staging are independent prognostic factors in cervical cancer (p<0.05). Expression of MEKK3 and survivin are significantly increased in cervical cancer, their overexpression participating in the occurrence and development of cervical cancer, with protein expression and clinical staging acting as independent prognostic factors for patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Quan Cao
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Central Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical Group, Taizhou, China E-mail :
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Chu UB, Duellman T, Weaver SJ, Tao Y, Yang J. Endothelial protective genes induced by statin are mimicked by ERK5 activation as triggered by a drug combination of FTI-277 and GGTI-298. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1415-25. [PMID: 25829196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis and are clinically beneficial in preventing cardiovascular diseases, however, the therapeutic utility of these drugs is limited by myotoxicity. Here, we explored the mechanism of statin-mediated activation of ERK5 in the human endothelium with the goal of identifying compounds that confer endothelial protection but are nontoxic to muscle. METHODS An ERK5-one hybrid luciferase reporter transfected into COS-7 cells with pharmacological and molecular manipulations dissected the signaling pathway leading to statin activation of ERK5. qRT-PCR of HUVEC cells documented the transcriptional activation of endothelial-protective genes. Lastly, morphological and cellular ATP analysis, and induction of atrogin-1 in C2C12 myotubes were used to assess statin-induced myopathy. RESULTS Statin activation of ERK5 is dependent on the cellular reduction of GGPPs. Furthermore, we found that the combination of FTI-277 (inhibitor of farnesyl transferase) and GGTI-298 (inhibitor of geranylgeranyl transferase I) mimicked the statin-mediated activation of ERK5. FTI-277 and GGTI-298 together recapitulated the beneficial effects of statins by transcriptionally upregulating anti-inflammatory mediators such as eNOS, THBD, and KLF2. Finally, C2C12 skeletal myotubes treated with both FTI-277 and GGTI-298 evoked less morphological and cellular changes recognized as biomarkers of statin-associated myopathy. CONCLUSIONS Statin-induced endothelial protection and myopathy are mediated by distinct metabolic intermediates and co-inhibition of farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase I confer endothelial protection without myopathy. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The combinatorial FTI-277 and GGTI-298 drug regimen provides a promising alternative avenue for endothelial protection without myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen B Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Tyler Duellman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Training Program in Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Sara J Weaver
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Yunting Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Jay Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Training Program in Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
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Rao S, Lang J, Zhu L, Chen J. Exome sequencing identifies a novel gene, WNK1, for susceptibility to pelvic organ prolapse (POP). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119482. [PMID: 25739019 PMCID: PMC4349638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common gynecological disorder; however, the genetic components remain largely unidentified. Exome sequencing has been widely used to identify pathogenic gene mutations of several diseases because of its high chromosomal coverage and accuracy. In this study, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES), for the first time, on 8 peripheral blood DNA samples from representative POP cases. After filtering the sequencing data from the dbSNP database (build 138) and the 1000 Genomes Project, 2 missense variants in WNK1, c.2668G > A (p.G890R) and c.6761C> T (p.P2254L), were identified and further validated via Sanger sequencing. In validation stage, the c.2668G > A (p.G890R) variant and 8 additional variants were detected in 11 out of 161 POP patients. All these variants were absent in 231 healthy controls. Functional experiments showed that fibroblasts from the utero-sacral ligaments of POP with WNK1 mutations exhibited loose and irregular alignment compared with fibroblasts from healthy controls. In sum, our study identified a novel gene, WNK1, for POP susceptibility, expanded the causal mutation spectrums of POP, and provided evidence for the genetic diagnosis and medical management of POP in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Rao
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100005, PR China
| | - Jinghe Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, PR China
| | - Lan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Cobret L, De Tauzia ML, Ferent J, Traiffort E, Hénaoui I, Godin F, Kellenberger E, Rognan D, Pantel J, Bénédetti H, Morisset-Lopez S. Targeting the cis-dimerization of LINGO-1 with low MW compounds affects its downstream signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:841-56. [PMID: 25257685 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The transmembrane protein LINGO-1 is a negative regulator in the nervous system mainly affecting axonal regeneration, neuronal survival, oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating its functions are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the formation and the role of LINGO-1 cis-dimers in the regulation of its biological activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH LINGO-1 homodimers were identified in both HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cells using co-immunoprecipitation experiments and BRET saturation analysis. We performed a hypothesis-driven screen for identification of small-molecule protein-protein interaction modulators of LINGO-1 using a BRET-based assay, adapted for screening. The compound identified was further assessed for effects on LINGO-1 downstream signalling pathways using Western blotting analysis and AlphaScreen technology. KEY RESULTS LINGO-1 was present as homodimers in primary neuronal cultures. LINGO-1 interacted homotypically in cis-orientation and LINGO-1 cis-dimers were formed early during LINGO-1 biosynthesis. A BRET-based assay allowed us to identify phenoxybenzamine as the first conformational modulator of LINGO-1 dimers. In HEK-293 cells, phenoxybenzamine was a positive modulator of LINGO-1 function, increasing the LINGO-1-mediated inhibition of EGF receptor signalling and Erk phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that LINGO-1 forms constitutive cis-dimers at the plasma membrane and that low MW compounds affecting the conformational state of these dimers can regulate LINGO-1 downstream signalling pathways. We propose that targeting the LINGO-1 dimerization interface opens a new pharmacological approach to the modulation of its function and provides a new strategy for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cobret
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Département biologie cellulaire et cibles thérapeutiques, CNRS, UPR 4301, University of Orléans and INSERM, Orléans, France
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Lu H, Cao X, Chen Q, Chen L, Chen L, Gan M. The expression and role of MEKK3 in renal clear cell carcinoma. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:727-34. [PMID: 25388155 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To explore the relationship between Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase 3(MEKK3) and cell apoptosis, clinicopathology, and prognosis, we characterize the expression of MEKK3, survivin and stat3 in renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC). The expressions were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot from 15 cases of RCCC and 15 cases of control group (CG). Protein expression was detected by tissue microarray and immunochemistry in 98 cases of RCCC, 28 cases of CG. Expression patterns were analyzed for their association with pathological factors, correlation and prognosis in RCCC. Expression of MEKK3, survivin and stat3 mRNA was significantly higher in RCCC than in CG (P < 0.01). MEKK3, survivin and stat3 expression differed significantly between pathological grade (P < 0.05) and clinical stage (P < 0.05). MEKK3 expression was positively correlated with survivin and stat3 (P < 0.01). Furthermore, we investigated the role of MEKK3 in RCCC using the technique of RNA silencing via small interfering (siRNA) in ACHN cells. The results indicated that the targeted depletion of MEKK3 caused a dramatic massive apoptotic cell death. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that MEKK3 and survivin expression, pathological grade, and clinical stage reduced cumulative survival. Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that MEKK3, survivin, and clinical staging were independent prognostic factors in renal cancer (P < 0.05). MEKK3 can be used as an important marker of prognostic evaluation in RCCC. The mechanism may be closely related to cell apoptosis. Targeted therapy of MEKK3 may provide a new strategy for treatment of chemotherapeutic-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Lu
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
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Mackesy DZ, Goalstone ML. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5: Novel mediator of insulin and tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in vascular cells. J Diabetes 2014; 6:595-602. [PMID: 24460840 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis may be stimulated by the increased presence of insulin and tumor necrosis-factor-α (TNFα) with subsequent expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). We hypothesized that extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5 (ERK5) plays an important role in insulin and TNFα-stimulated total and cell surface VCAM-1 expression. METHODS Rat aorta vascular endothelial cells were first transfected with either no inhibitory RNA, inactive (scrambled) inhibitory ERK5 RNA (scERK5) or active inhibitory ERK5 RNA (siERK5) and then treated with either (i) no analog; (ii) insulin (1 nM), or TNFα (1 ng/mL) alone, or (iii) insulin plus TNFα for 6 h. Thereafter either total VCAM-1 protein or surface VCAM-1 protein was determined. RESULTS Genetic inhibition of ERK5 decreased TNFα-stimulated total VCAM-1 expression by 57% and surface expression by 27%. In contrast, genetic inhibition of ERK5 did not significantly decrease insulin-stimulated total or surface VCAM-1 expression. Interestingly, genetic inhibition of ERK5 did not significantly decrease insulin plus TNFα-stimulated total VCAM-1 expression, but significantly (P < 0.05) decreased insulin plus TNFα-stimulated surface VCAM-1 expression 41%. CONCLUSIONS We report here that ERK5 plays a minor role in insulin-stimulation of VCAM-1, but plays a significant role in TNFα-stimulation of both total and cell surface VCAM-1 protein expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that not only does ERK5 have differential mediation of insulin and TNFα-stimulated VCAM-1 expression, but also has differential regulation of insulin plus TNFα-stimulated total and surface VCAM-1 expression, suggesting that other intermediates of the insulin and TNFα intracellular pathways are contributing to atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Z Mackesy
- Research Department, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Lai JG, Tsai SM, Tu HC, Chen WC, Kou FJ, Lu JW, Wang HD, Huang CL, Yuh CH. Zebrafish WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (wnk1) affects angiogenesis associated with VEGF signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106129. [PMID: 25171174 PMCID: PMC4149531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The WNK1 (WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1) protein is a serine/threonine protein kinase with emerging roles in cancer. WNK1 causes hypertension and hyperkalemia when overexpressed and cardiovascular defects when ablated in mice. In this study, the role of Wnk1 in angiogenesis was explored using the zebrafish model. There are two zebrafish wnk1 isoforms, wnk1a and wnk1b, and both contain all the functional domains found in the human WNK1 protein. Both isoforms are expressed in the embryo at the initiation of angiogenesis and in the posterior cardinal vein (PCV), similar to fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 (flt4). Using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides against wnk1a and wnk1b, we observed that wnk1 morphants have defects in angiogenesis in the head and trunk, similar to flk1/vegfr2 morphants. Furthermore, both wnk1a and wnk1b mRNA can partially rescue the defects in vascular formation caused by flk1/vegfr2 knockdown. Mutation of the kinase domain or the Akt/PI3K phosphorylation site within wnk1 destroys this rescue capability. The rescue experiments provide evidence that wnk1 is a downstream target for Vegfr2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2) and Akt/PI3K signaling and thereby affects angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (flk1/vegfr2) or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (flt4/vegfr3) results in a decrease in wnk1a expression, as assessed by insitu hybridization and q-RT-PCR analysis. Thus, the Vegf/Vegfr signaling pathway controls angiogenesis in zebrafish via Akt kinase-mediated phosphorylation and activation of Wnk1 as well as transcriptional regulation of wnk1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Geng Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-Mei Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Chen Tu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fong-Ji Kou
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jeng-Wei Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Departments of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CHY); (CLH)
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail: (CHY); (CLH)
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Liu Y, Song X, Shi Y, Shi Z, Niu W, Feng X, Gu D, Bao HF, Ma HP, Eaton DC, Zhuang J, Cai H. WNK1 activates large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels through modulation of ERK1/2 signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:844-54. [PMID: 25145935 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With no lysine (WNK) kinases are members of the serine/threonine kinase family. We previously showed that WNK4 inhibits renal large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channel activity by enhancing its degradation through a lysosomal pathway. In this study, we investigated the effect of WNK1 on BK channel activity. In HEK293 cells stably expressing the α subunit of BK (HEK-BKα cells), siRNA-mediated knockdown of WNK1 expression significantly inhibited both BKα channel activity and open probability. Knockdown of WNK1 expression also significantly inhibited BKα protein expression and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas overexpression of WNK1 significantly enhanced BKα expression and decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells. Knockdown of ERK1/2 prevented WNK1 siRNA-mediated inhibition of BKα expression. Similarly, pretreatment of HEK-BKα cells with the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A1 reversed the inhibitory effects of WNK1 siRNA on BKα expression in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of WNK1 expression also increased the ubiquitination of BKα channels. Notably, mice fed a high-K(+) diet for 10 days had significantly higher renal protein expression levels of BKα and WNK1 and lower levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation compared with mice fed a normal-K(+) diet. These data suggest that WNK1 enhances BK channel function by reducing ERK1/2 signaling-mediated lysosomal degradation of the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Liu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, and Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Xiang Song
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China; and
| | | | - Zhen Shi
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihui Niu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuyan Feng
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, and Renal Section, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Dingying Gu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui-Fang Bao
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - He-Ping Ma
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Douglas C Eaton
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jieqiu Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Hui Cai
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, and Renal Section, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Takeda AN, Oberoi-Khanuja TK, Glatz G, Schulenburg K, Scholz RP, Carpy A, Macek B, Remenyi A, Rajalingam K. Ubiquitin-dependent regulation of MEKK2/3-MEK5-ERK5 signaling module by XIAP and cIAP1. EMBO J 2014; 33:1784-801. [PMID: 24975362 PMCID: PMC4195761 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201487808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are highly conserved protein kinase modules, and they control fundamental cellular processes. While the activation of MAPKs has been well studied, little is known on the mechanisms driving their inactivation. Here we uncover a role for ubiquitination in the inactivation of a MAPK module. Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is a unique, conserved member of the MAPK family and is activated in response to various stimuli through a three-tier cascade constituting MEK5 and MEKK2/3. We reveal an unexpected role for Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) in the inactivation of ERK5 pathway in a bimodal manner involving direct interaction and ubiquitination. XIAP directly interacts with MEKK2/3 and competes with PB1 domain-mediated binding to MEK5. XIAP and cIAP1 conjugate predominantly K63-linked ubiquitin chains to MEKK2 and MEKK3 which directly impede MEK5-ERK5 interaction in a trimeric complex leading to ERK5 inactivation. Consistently, loss of XIAP or cIAP1 by various strategies leads to hyperactivation of ERK5 in normal and tumorigenic cells. Loss of XIAP promotes differentiation of human primary skeletal myoblasts to myocytes in a MEKK2/3-ERK5-dependent manner. Our results reveal a novel, obligatory role for IAPs and ubiquitination in the physical and functional disassembly of ERK5-MAPK module and human muscle cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle-Natsuo Takeda
- Cell Death Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tripat Kaur Oberoi-Khanuja
- Cell Death Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gabor Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katharina Schulenburg
- Cell Death Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rolf-Peter Scholz
- Cell Death Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alejandro Carpy
- Proteome Center Tuebingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tuebingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Attila Remenyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Cell Death Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
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36
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The epidermal growth factor receptor critically regulates endometrial function during early pregnancy. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004451. [PMID: 24945252 PMCID: PMC4063709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infertility and adverse gynecological outcomes such as preeclampsia and miscarriage represent significant female reproductive health concerns. The spatiotemporal expression of growth factors indicates that they play an important role in pregnancy. The goal of this study is to define the role of the ERBB family of growth factor receptors in endometrial function. Using conditional ablation in mice and siRNA in primary human endometrial stromal cells, we identified the epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) to be critical for endometrial function during early pregnancy. While ablation of Her2 or Erbb3 led to only a modest reduction in litter size, mice lacking Egfr expression are severely subfertile. Pregnancy demise occurred shortly after blastocyst implantation due to defects in decidualization including decreased proliferation, cell survival, differentiation and target gene expression. To place Egfr in a genetic regulatory hierarchy, transcriptome analyses was used to compare the gene signatures from mice with conditional ablation of Egfr, wingless-related MMTV integration site 4 (Wnt4) or boneless morphogenic protein 2 (Bmp2); revealing that not only are Bmp2 and Wnt4 key downstream effectors of Egfr, but they also regulate distinct physiological functions. In primary human endometrial stromal cells, marker gene expression, a novel high content image-based approach and phosphokinase array analysis were used to demonstrate that EGFR is a critical regulator of human decidualization. Furthermore, inhibition of EGFR signaling intermediaries WNK1 and AKT1S1, members identified in the kinase array and previously unreported to play a role in the endometrium, also attenuate decidualization. These results demonstrate that EGFR plays an integral role in establishing the cellular context necessary for successful pregnancy via the activation of intricate signaling and transcriptional networks, thereby providing valuable insight into potential therapeutic targets. Approximately 10% of reproductive aged women are considered infertile. While great strides have been made in assisted reproductive technologies, overall success rates, especially considering the cost, remain low. Studies indicate that due to its sequential nature, nearly 75% of pregnancy failures are due to defects that occur very early in gestation. Therefore, understanding the physiological changes that occur in the endometrium during this period and how those changes are regulated is of paramount importance if we are to improve our ability to address female reproductive health concerns. We investigated a family of growth factor receptors and identified one that critically regulates the growth and survival of the endometrium in response to the implanting embryo. Furthermore, we used unbiased approaches to identify which signaling pathways and genetic networks are activated downstream of this receptor to execute each of the processes necessary for a successful pregnancy. Understanding the mechanisms and genetic networks with which pregnancy is regulated is a prerequisite to the development of effective pharmaceutical therapeutics.
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Fan Y, Ge N, Wang X, Sun W, Mao R, Bu W, Creighton CJ, Zheng P, Vasudevan S, An L, Yang J, Zhao YJ, Zhang H, Li XN, Rao PH, Leung E, Lu YJ, Gray JW, Schiff R, Hilsenbeck SG, Osborne CK, Yang J, Zhang H. Amplification and over-expression of MAP3K3 gene in human breast cancer promotes formation and survival of breast cancer cells. J Pathol 2014; 232:75-86. [PMID: 24122835 DOI: 10.1002/path.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene amplifications in the 17q chromosomal region are observed frequently in breast cancers. An integrative bioinformatics analysis of this region nominated the MAP3K3 gene as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. This gene encodes mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MAP3K3/MEKK3), which has not yet been reported to be associated with cancer-causing genetic aberrations. We found that MAP3K3 was amplified in approximately 8-20% of breast cancers. Knockdown of MAP3K3 expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in MAP3K3-amplified breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-361 but not in MAP3K3 non-amplified breast cancer cells. Knockdown of MAP3K3 expression in MAP3K3-amplified breast cancer cells sensitized breast cancer cells to apoptotic induction by TNFα and TRAIL, as well as doxorubicin, VP-16 and fluorouracil, three commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs for treating breast cancer. In addition, ectopic expression of MAP3K3, in collaboration with Ras, induced colony formation in both primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts and immortalized human breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A). Combined, these results suggest that MAP3K3 contributes to breast carcinogenesis and may endow resistance of breast cancer cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Therefore, MAP3K3 may be a valuable therapeutic target in patients with MAP3K3-amplified breast cancers, and blocking MAP3K3 kinase activity with a small molecule inhibitor may sensitize MAP3K3-amplified breast cancer cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Fan
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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38
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Micheva-Viteva SN, Shou Y, Nowak-Lovato KL, Rector KD, Hong-Geller E. c-KIT signaling is targeted by pathogenic Yersinia to suppress the host immune response. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:249. [PMID: 24206648 PMCID: PMC3827001 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenic Yersinia species exhibit a primarily extracellular lifestyle through manipulation of host signaling pathways that regulate pro-inflammatory gene expression and cytokine release. To identify host genes that are targeted by Yersinia during the infection process, we performed an RNA interference (RNAi) screen based on recovery of host NF-κB-mediated gene activation in response to TNF-α stimulation upon Y. enterocolitica infection. Results We screened shRNAs against 782 genes in the human kinome and 26 heat shock genes, and identified 19 genes that exhibited ≥40% relative increase in NF-κB reporter gene activity. The identified genes function in multiple cellular processes including MAP and ERK signaling pathways, ion channel activity, and regulation of cell growth. Pre-treatment with small molecule inhibitors specific for the screen hits c-KIT and CKII recovered NF-κB gene activation and/or pro-inflammatory TNF-α cytokine release in multiple cell types, in response to either Y. enterocolitica or Y. pestis infection. Conclusions We demonstrate that pathogenic Yersinia exploits c-KIT signaling in a T3SS-dependent manner to downregulate expression of transcription factors EGR1 and RelA/p65, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study is the first major functional genomics RNAi screen to elucidate virulence mechanisms of a pathogen that is primarily dependent on extracellular-directed immunomodulation of host signaling pathways for suppression of host immunity.
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39
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Rippey C, Walsh T, Gulsuner S, Brodsky M, Nord AS, Gasperini M, Pierce S, Spurrell C, Coe BP, Krumm N, Lee MK, Sebat J, McClellan JM, King MC. Formation of chimeric genes by copy-number variation as a mutational mechanism in schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:697-710. [PMID: 24094746 PMCID: PMC3791253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric genes can be caused by structural genomic rearrangements that fuse together portions of two different genes to create a novel gene. We hypothesize that brain-expressed chimeras may contribute to schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia and control individuals were screened genome wide for copy-number variants (CNVs) that disrupted two genes on the same DNA strand. Candidate events were filtered for predicted brain expression and for frequency < 0.001 in an independent series of 20,000 controls. Four of 124 affected individuals and zero of 290 control individuals harbored such events (p = 0.002); a 47 kb duplication disrupted MATK and ZFR2, a 58 kb duplication disrupted PLEKHD1 and SLC39A9, a 121 kb duplication disrupted DNAJA2 and NETO2, and a 150 kb deletion disrupted MAP3K3 and DDX42. Each fusion produced a stable protein when exogenously expressed in cultured cells. We examined whether these chimeras differed from their parent genes in localization, regulation, or function. Subcellular localizations of DNAJA2-NETO2 and MAP3K3-DDX42 differed from their parent genes. On the basis of the expression profile of the MATK promoter, MATK-ZFR2 is likely to be far more highly expressed in the brain during development than the ZFR2 parent gene. MATK-ZFR2 includes a ZFR2-derived isoform that we demonstrate localizes preferentially to neuronal dendritic branch sites. These results suggest that the formation of chimeric genes is a mechanism by which CNVs contribute to schizophrenia and that, by interfering with parent gene function, chimeras may disrupt critical brain processes, including neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and dendritic arborization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Rippey
- Departments of Medicine and of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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40
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Dutruel C, Bergmann F, Rooman I, Zucknick M, Weichenhan D, Geiselhart L, Kaffenberger T, Rachakonda PS, Bauer A, Giese N, Hong C, Xie H, Costello JF, Hoheisel J, Kumar R, Rehli M, Schirmacher P, Werner J, Plass C, Popanda O, Schmezer P. Early epigenetic downregulation of WNK2 kinase during pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development. Oncogene 2013; 33:3401-10. [PMID: 23912455 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is usually incurable. Contrary to genetic mechanisms involved in PDAC pathogenesis, epigenetic alterations are ill defined. Here, we determine the contribution of epigenetically silenced genes to the development of PDAC. We analyzed enriched, highly methylated DNAs from PDACs, chronic pancreatitis (CP) and normal tissues using CpG island microarrays and identified WNK2 as a prominent candidate tumor suppressor gene being downregulated early in PDAC development. WNK2 was further investigated in tissue microarrays, methylation analysis of early pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), mouse models for PDAC and pancreatitis, re-expression studies after demethylation, and cell growth assays using WNK2 overexpression. Demethylation assays confirmed the link between methylation and expression. WNK2 hypermethylation was higher in tumor than in surrounding inflamed tissues and was observed in PanIN lesions as well as in a PDAC mouse model. WNK2 mRNA and protein expressions were lower in PDAC and CP compared with normal tissues both in patients and mouse models. Overexpression of WNK2 led to reduced cell growth, and WNK2 expression in tissues correlated negatively with pERK1/2 expression, a downstream target of WNK2 responsible for cell proliferation. Downregulation of WNK2 by promoter hypermethylation occurs early in PDAC pathogenesis and may support tumor cell growth via the ERK-MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dutruel
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I Rooman
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - M Zucknick
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Weichenhan
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Geiselhart
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Kaffenberger
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P S Rachakonda
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Bauer
- Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Giese
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Hong
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - H Xie
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J F Costello
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J Hoheisel
- Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Rehli
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Werner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - O Popanda
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Schmezer
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Wu K, Tian S, Zhou H, Wu Y. Statins protect human endothelial cells from TNF-induced inflammation via ERK5 activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1753-60. [PMID: 23608189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) exert pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system, in part through a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and reduction of vascular inflammation. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in these effects, we investigated the effect of statins on TNF-α-induced ROS production, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Exposure of HAECs to TNF-α caused production of ROS via Rac-1 membrane translocation and activation. The Rac-1 activation and ROS liberation mediated TNF-stimulated NF-κB activation and the subsequent VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) plays a central role in inhibiting endothelial inflammation. Immune complex kinase assay of protein extracts from HAECs treated with atorvastatin revealed increased ERK5 activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, pretreatment with atorvastatin inhibited TNF-α-induced ROS production and VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. Chemical or genetic inhibition of ERK5 ablated the statins inhibition of Rac-1 activation, ROS formation, NF-κB, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression induced by TNF-α. Taken together, statins, via ERK5 activation, suppress TNF-stimulated Rac-1 activation, ROS generation, NF-κB activation and VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in human ECs, which provides a novel explanation for the pleiotropic effects of statins that benefit the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- Center for Animal Experiment/ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University, Hubei 430071, China
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42
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Xie J, Yoon J, Yang SS, Lin SH, Huang CL. WNK1 protein kinase regulates embryonic cardiovascular development through the OSR1 signaling cascade. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8566-8574. [PMID: 23386621 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.451575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
WNK1 is a widely expressed serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates multiple cellular and organ functions via diverse mechanisms. We previously reported that endothelial-specific deletion of Wnk1 in mice results in embryonic lethality, with angiogenesis and cardiac defects beginning at embryonic day ∼10.5. Here, we further investigated the signaling mechanism by which WNK1 regulates embryonic cardiovascular development. We found that mice with a global deletion of Osr1, which encodes oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1, a protein kinase activated by WNK1, died in utero beginning at embryonic day ∼11. The defects in Osr1-null yolk sacs and embryos were virtually identical to those observed in Wnk1-knock-out mice: no mature large vessels in yolk sacs, defective angiogenesis in the brain and intersomitic vessels, and smaller chambers and reduced myocardial trabeculation in mutant hearts. Endothelial-specific deletion of Osr1 generated by crossing Osr1(flox/flox) mice with Tie2-Cre mice phenocopied defects caused by global Osr1 deletion. To investigate whether OSR1 acts downstream of WNK1 in embryonic angiogenesis, we generated a mouse line that carries a catalytically and constitutively active human OSR1 transgene in the ROSA26 locus under the control of a cassette of floxed transcription stop codons. We found that endothelial-specific expression of the constitutively active mutant OSR1, generated by Tie2-Cre-mediated excision of floxed stop codons in the mutated ROSA26 locus, rescued angiogenesis and cardiac defects in global Wnk1-null embryos. These results indicate that WNK1 activation of the OSR1 signaling cascade is an essential pathway that regulates angiogenesis and cardiac formation during mouse embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-8856
| | - Joonho Yoon
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-8856
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-8856.
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Koyama N, Hayashi T, Mizukoshi K, Matsumoto T, Gresik EW, Kashimata M. Extracellular regulated kinase5 is expressed in fetal mouse submandibular glands and is phosphorylated in response to epidermal growth factor and other ligands of the ErbB family of receptors. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:801-8. [PMID: 23078124 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors and their receptors regulate development of many organs through activation of multiple intracellular signaling cascades including a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Extracellular regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, classic MAPK family members, are expressed in fetal mouse submandibular glands (SMG), and stimulate branching morphogenesis. ERK5, also called big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, was recently found as a new member of MAPK super family, and its biological roles are still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of ERK5 in developing fetal mouse SMGs. Western blotting analysis showed that the expression pattern of ERK5 was different from the pattern of ERK1/2 in developing fetal SMGs. Both ERK1/2 and ERK5 were phosphorylated after exposure to ligands of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was strongly induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in SMG rudiments at embryonic day 14 (E14), E16 and E18. However, ERK5 phosphorylation induced by EGF was clearly observed at E14 and E16, but not at E18. Branching morphogenesis of cultured E13 SMG rudiments was strongly suppressed by administration of U0126, an inhibitor for ERK1/2 activation, whereas the phosphorylation of ERK5 was not inhibited by U0126. BIX02188, a specific inhibitor for ERK5 activation, also inhibited branching morphogenesis in cultured SMG rudiments. These results show that EGF-responsive ERK5 is expressed in developing fetal mouse SMG, and suggest that both ERK1/2 and ERK5 signaling cascades might play an important role in the regulation of branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Koyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan
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Sengupta S, Tu SW, Wedin K, Earnest S, Stippec S, Luby-Phelps K, Cobb MH. Interactions with WNK (with no lysine) family members regulate oxidative stress response 1 and ion co-transporter activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37868-79. [PMID: 22989884 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.398750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the four WNK (with no lysine (K)) protein kinases are associated with a heritable form of ion imbalance culminating in hypertension. WNK1 affects ion transport in part through activation of the closely related Ste20 family protein kinases oxidative stress-responsive 1 (OSR1) and STE20/SPS1-related proline-, alanine-rich kinase (SPAK). Once activated by WNK1, OSR1 and SPAK phosphorylate and stimulate the sodium, potassium, two chloride co-transporters, NKCC1 and NKCC2, and also affect other related ion co-transporters. We find that WNK1 and OSR1 co-localize on cytoplasmic puncta in HeLa and other cell types. We show that the C-terminal region of WNK1 including a coiled coil is sufficient to localize the fragment in a manner similar to the full-length protein, but some other fragments lacking this region are mislocalized. Photobleaching experiments indicate that both hypertonic and hypotonic conditions reduce the mobility of GFP-WNK1 in cells. The four WNK family members can phosphorylate the activation loop of OSR1 to increase its activity with similar kinetic constants. C-terminal fragments of WNK1 that contain three RFXV interaction motifs can bind OSR1, block activation of OSR1 by sorbitol, and prevent the OSR1-induced enhancement of ion co-transporter activity in cells, further supporting the conclusion that association with WNK1 is required for OSR1 activation and function at least in some contexts. C-terminal WNK1 fragments can be phosphorylated by OSR1, suggesting that OSR1 catalyzes feedback phosphorylation of WNK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarpita Sengupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, USA
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Vidal-Petiot E, Cheval L, Faugeroux J, Malard T, Doucet A, Jeunemaitre X, Hadchouel J. A new methodology for quantification of alternatively spliced exons reveals a highly tissue-specific expression pattern of WNK1 isoforms. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37751. [PMID: 22701532 PMCID: PMC3365125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the WNK1 gene, encoding a serine-threonine kinase of the WNK (With No lysine (K)) family, have been implicated in two rare human diseases, Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension (FHHt) and Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy type 2 (HSAN2). Alternative promoters give rise to a ubiquitous isoform, L-WNK1, and a kidney-specific isoform, KS-WNK1. Several other isoforms are generated through alternative splicing of exons 9, 11 and 12 but their precise tissue distribution is not known. Two additional exons, 8b and HSN2, involved in HSAN2, are thought to be specifically expressed in the nervous system. The purpose of this study was to establish an exhaustive description of all WNK1 isoforms and to quantify their relative level of expression in a panel of human and mouse tissues and in mouse nephron segments. For the latter purpose, we developed a new methodology allowing the determination of the proportions of the different isoforms generated by alternative splicing. Our results evidenced a striking tissue-specific distribution of the different isoforms and the unexpected presence of exon HSN2 in many tissues other than the nervous system. We also found exon 26 to be alternatively spliced in human and identified two new exons, 26a and 26b, within intron 26, specifically expressed in nervous tissues both in humans and mice. WNK1 should therefore no longer be designated as a 28- but as a 32-exon gene, with 8 of them - 8b, HSN2, 9, 11, 12, 26, 26a and 26b - alternatively spliced in a tissue-specific manner. These tissue-specific isoforms must be considered when studying the different roles of this ubiquitous kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Vidal-Petiot
- INSERM UMR970 - Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - Paris, France
- University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Cheval
- University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM UMRS 872 and CNRS ERL726 - Cordeliers Research Center - Paris, France
| | - Julie Faugeroux
- INSERM UMR970 - Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - Paris, France
- University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | | | - Alain Doucet
- University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM UMRS 872 and CNRS ERL726 - Cordeliers Research Center - Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- INSERM UMR970 - Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - Paris, France
- University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- INSERM UMR970 - Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - Paris, France
- University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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García-Hoz C, Sánchez-Fernández G, García-Escudero R, Fernández-Velasco M, Palacios-García J, Ruiz-Meana M, Díaz-Meco MT, Leitges M, Moscat J, García-Dorado D, Boscá L, Mayor F, Ribas C. Protein kinase C (PKC)ζ-mediated Gαq stimulation of ERK5 protein pathway in cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7792-802. [PMID: 22232556 PMCID: PMC3293562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.282210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gq-coupled G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate the actions of a variety of messengers that are key regulators of cardiovascular function. Enhanced Gα(q)-mediated signaling plays an important role in cardiac hypertrophy and in the transition to heart failure. We have recently described that Gα(q) acts as an adaptor protein that facilitates PKCζ-mediated activation of ERK5 in epithelial cells. Because the ERK5 cascade is known to be involved in cardiac hypertrophy, we have investigated the potential relevance of this pathway in cardiovascular Gq-dependent signaling using both cultured cardiac cell types and chronic administration of angiotensin II in mice. We find that PKCζ is required for the activation of the ERK5 pathway by Gq-coupled GPCR in neonatal and adult murine cardiomyocyte cultures and in cardiac fibroblasts. Stimulation of ERK5 by angiotensin II is blocked upon pharmacological inhibition or siRNA-mediated silencing of PKCζ in primary cultures of cardiac cells and in neonatal cardiomyocytes isolated from PKCζ-deficient mice. Moreover, upon chronic challenge with angiotensin II, these mice fail to promote the changes in the ERK5 pathway, in gene expression patterns, and in hypertrophic markers observed in wild-type animals. Taken together, our results show that PKCζ is essential for Gq-dependent ERK5 activation in cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts and indicate a key cardiac physiological role for the Gα(q)/PKCζ/ERK5 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota García-Hoz
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guzmán Sánchez-Fernández
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Escudero
- the Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julia Palacios-García
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- the Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Díaz-Meco
- the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michael Leitges
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway, and
| | - Jorge Moscat
- the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - David García-Dorado
- the Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- To whom correspondence may be addressed: Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: 34-91-1964626; Fax: 34-91-1964420; E-mail:
| | - Catalina Ribas
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- To whom correspondence may be addressed: Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: 34-91-1964640; Fax: 34-91-1964420; E-mail:
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Zhou B, Wang D, Feng X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhuang J, Zhang X, Chen G, Delpire E, Gu D, Cai H. WNK4 inhibits NCC protein expression through MAPK ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F533-9. [PMID: 22114204 PMCID: PMC3353643 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00032.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
WNK [with no lysine (K)] kinase is a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases. Mutations in two members of this family (WNK1 and WNK4) cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type II featuring hypertension, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis. WNK1 and WNK4 were shown to regulate sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) activity through phosphorylating SPAK and OSR1. Previous studies including ours have also shown that WNK4 inhibits NCC function and its protein expression. A recent study reported that a phorbol ester inhibits NCC function via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 kinase. In the current study, we investigated whether WNK4 affects NCC via the MAPK ERK1/2 signaling pathway. We found that WNK4 increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner in mouse distal convoluted tubule (mDCT) cells, whereas WNK4 mutants with the PHA II mutations (E562K and R1185C) lost the ability to increase the ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Hypertonicity significantly increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in mDCT cells. Knock-down of WNK4 expression by siRNA resulted in a decrease of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. We further showed that WNK4 knock-down significantly increases the cell surface and total NCC protein expressions and ERK1/2 knock-down also significantly increases cell surface and total NCC expression. These data suggest that WNK4 inhibits NCC through activating the MAPK ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Renal Div., Emory Univ. School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Lai L, Feng X, Liu D, Chen J, Zhang Y, Niu B, Gu Y, Cai H. Dietary salt modulates the sodium chloride cotransporter expression likely through an aldosterone-mediated WNK4-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Pflugers Arch 2011; 463:477-85. [PMID: 22200850 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-1062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
WNK is a serine/threonine kinase. Mutation in WNK1 or WNK4 kinase results in pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHA II) featuring hypertension, hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis. Sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) is known to be regulated by phosphorylation and trafficking. Dietary salt and hormonal stimulation, such as aldosterone, also affect the regulation of NCC. We have previously reported that WNK4 inhibits NCC protein expression. To determine whether dietary salt affects NCC abundance through WNK4-mediated mechanism, we investigated the effects of dietary salt change with or without aldosterone infusion (1 mg/kg/day) on NCC and WNK4 expression in rats. We found that high-salt (HS, 4% NaCl) diet significantly inhibits NCC mRNA expression and protein abundance while enhancing WNK4 mRNA and protein expression, whereas low-salt (LS, 0.07% NaCl) diet increases NCC mRNA expression and protein abundance while reducing WNK4 expression. We also found that aldosterone infusion in HS-fed rats increases NCC mRNA expression and protein abundance, but decreases WNK4 expression. Administration with spironolactone (0.1 g/kg/day) in LS-fed rats decreases NCC mRNA expression and protein abundance while increasing WNK4 expression. We further showed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased in HS-fed rats, but decreased in LS-fed rats. In HEK293 cells, over-expressed WNK4 increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas knockdown of WNK4 expression decreases ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Aldosterone treatment for 3 h decreases ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These data suggest that dietary salt change affects NCC protein abundance in an aldosterone-dependent mechanism likely via the WNK4-ERK1/2-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Lai
- Department of Nephrology, Hua Shan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
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An SW, Cha SK, Yoon J, Chang S, Ross EM, Huang CL. WNK1 promotes PIP₂ synthesis to coordinate growth factor and GPCR-Gq signaling. Curr Biol 2011; 21:1979-87. [PMID: 22119528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PLC-β signaling is generally thought to be mediated by allosteric activation by G proteins and Ca(2+). Although availability of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP(2)) substrate is limiting in some cases, its production has not been shown to be independently regulated as a signaling mechanism. WNK1 protein kinase is known to regulate ion homeostasis and cause hypertension when expression is increased by gene mutations. However, its signaling functions remain largely elusive. RESULTS Using diacylglycerol-stimulated TRPC6 and inositol trisphosphate-mediated Ca(2+) transients as cellular biosensors, we show that WNK1 stimulates PLC-β signaling in cells by promoting the synthesis of PIP(2) via stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIα. WNK1 kinase activity is not required. Stimulation of PLC-β by WNK1 and by Gα(q) are synergistic; WNK1 activity is essential for regulation of PLC-β signaling by G(q)-coupled receptors, and basal input from G(q) is necessary for WNK1 signaling via PLC-β. WNK1 further amplifies PLC-β signaling when it is phosphorylated by Akt kinase in response to insulin-like growth factor. CONCLUSIONS WNK1 is a novel regulator of PLC-β that acts by controlling substrate availability. WNK1 thereby coordinates signaling between G protein and Akt kinase pathways. Because PIP(2) is itself a signaling molecule, regulation of PIP(2) synthesis by WNK1 also allows the cell to initiate PLC signaling while independently controlling the effects of PIP(2) on other targets. These findings describe a new signaling pathway for Akt-activating growth factors, a mechanism for G protein-growth factor crosstalk, and a means to independently control PLC signaling and PIP(2) availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wan An
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Cruz-Rangel S, Melo Z, Vázquez N, Meade P, Bobadilla NA, Pasantes-Morales H, Gamba G, Mercado A. Similar effects of all WNK3 variants on SLC12 cotransporters. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C601-8. [PMID: 21613606 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00070.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With-no-lysine kinase 3 (WNK3) is a member of a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases that modulate the activity of the electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters. WNK3 activates NKCC1/2 and NCC and inhibits the KCCs. Four splice variants are generated from the WNK3 gene. Our previous studies focused on the WNK3-18a variant. However, it has been suggested that other variants could have different effects on the cotransporters. Thus, the present study was designed to define the effects of all WNK3 variants on members of the SLC12 family. By RT-PCR from a fetal brain library, exons 18b and 22 were separately amplified and subcloned into the original WNK3-18a or catalytically inactive WNK3-D294A to obtain all four potential combinations with and without catalytic activity (18a, 18a+22, 18b, and 18b+22). The basal activity of the cotransporters and the effects of WNK3 isoforms were assessed in Xenopus laevis oocytes coinjected with each of the WNK3 variant cRNAs. In isotonic conditions, the basal activity of NCC and NKCC1/2 were increased by coinjection with any of the WNK3. The positive effects occurred even in hypotonic conditions, in which the basal activity of NKCC1 is completely prevented. Consistent with these observations, when expressed in hypotonicity, all KCCs were active, but in the presence of any of the WNK3 variants, KCC activity was completely reduced. That is, NKCC1/2 and NCC were inhibited, even in hypertonicity, while KCCs were activated, even in isotonic conditions. We conclude that the effects of all WNK3 variants toward SLC12 proteins are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cruz-Rangel
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Neural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
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