1
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Song H, Sontz RA, Vance MJ, Morris JM, Sheriff S, Zhu S, Duan S, Zeng J, Koeppe E, Pandey R, Thorne CA, Stoffel EM, Merchant JL. High-fat diet plus HNF1A variant promotes polyps by activating β-catenin in early-onset colorectal cancer. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167163. [PMID: 37219942 PMCID: PMC10371337 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) is rising and is poorly understood. Lifestyle factors and altered genetic background possibly contribute. Here, we performed targeted exon sequencing of archived leukocyte DNA from 158 EO-CRC participants, which identified a missense mutation at p.A98V within the proximal DNA binding domain of Hepatic Nuclear Factor 1 α (HNF1AA98V, rs1800574). The HNF1AA98V exhibited reduced DNA binding. To test function, the HNF1A variant was introduced into the mouse genome by CRISPR/Cas9, and the mice were placed on either a high-fat diet (HFD) or high-sugar diet (HSD). Only 1% of the HNF1A mutant mice developed polyps on normal chow; however, 19% and 3% developed polyps on the HFD and HSD, respectively. RNA-Seq revealed an increase in metabolic, immune, lipid biogenesis genes, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling components in the HNF1A mutant relative to the WT mice. Mouse polyps and colon cancers from participants carrying the HNF1AA98V variant exhibited reduced CDX2 and elevated β-catenin proteins. We further demonstrated decreased occupancy of HNF1AA98V at the Cdx2 locus and reduced Cdx2 promoter activity compared with WT HNF1A. Collectively, our study shows that the HNF1AA98V variant plus a HFD promotes the formation of colonic polyps by activating β-catenin via decreasing Cdx2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Ricky A. Sontz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Matthew J. Vance
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Julia M. Morris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sulaiman Sheriff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Songli Zhu
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suzann Duan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Jiping Zeng
- Department of Urology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Ritu Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Curtis A. Thorne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Elena M. Stoffel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
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2
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Two circPPFIA1s negatively regulate liver metastasis of colon cancer via miR-155-5p/CDX1 and HuR/RAB36. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:197. [PMID: 36224588 PMCID: PMC9555114 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01667-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a critical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, including metastasis. However, the detailed molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Methods Differentially expressed circRNAs between primary KM12C and liver metastatic KM12L4 colon cancer cells were identified by microarray. The expression of circRNAs was measured by semi-quantitative (semi-qPCR) and real time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Metastatic potential including invasive and migratory abilities, and liver metastasis were examined by transwell assays and intrasplenic injection, respectively. CircPPFIA1-associated microRNA (miRNA) and RNA-binding protein (RBP) were screened by an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) pulldown experiment. The effects of circPPFIA1 on target gene expression were evaluated by RT-qPCR and western blot analyses. Results By analyzing circRNA microarray data, we identified two anti-metastatic circRNAs generated from PPFIA1 with different length, which named circPPFIA1-L (long) and -S (short). They were significantly downregulated in liver metastatic KM12L4 cells compared to primary KM12C cells. The knockdown of circPPFIA1s in KM12C enhanced metastatic potential and increased liver metastasis. Conversely, overexpression of circPPFIA1s weakened metastatic potential and inhibited liver metastasis. circPPFIA1s were found to function as sponges of oncogenic miR-155-5p and Hu antigen R (HuR) by an ASO pulldown experiment. circPPFIA1s upregulated tumor-suppressing CDX1 expression and conversely downregulated oncogenic RAB36 by decoying miR-155-5p and by sequestering HuR, respectively. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that circPPFIA1s inhibit the liver metastasis of CRC via the miR-155-5p/CDX1 and HuR/RAB36 pathways. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01667-w.
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3
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Barfield R, Qu C, Steinfelder RS, Zeng C, Harrison TA, Brezina S, Buchanan DD, Campbell PT, Casey G, Gallinger S, Giannakis M, Gruber SB, Gsur A, Hsu L, Huyghe JR, Moreno V, Newcomb PA, Ogino S, Phipps AI, Slattery ML, Thibodeau SN, Trinh QM, Toland AE, Hudson TJ, Sun W, Zaidi SH, Peters U. Association between germline variants and somatic mutations in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10207. [PMID: 35715570 PMCID: PMC9205954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease with evidence of distinct tumor types that develop through different somatically altered pathways. To better understand the impact of the host genome on somatically mutated genes and pathways, we assessed associations of germline variations with somatic events via two complementary approaches. We first analyzed the association between individual germline genetic variants and the presence of non-silent somatic mutations in genes in 1375 CRC cases with genome-wide SNPs data and a tumor sequencing panel targeting 205 genes. In the second analysis, we tested if germline variants located within previously identified regions of somatic allelic imbalance were associated with overall CRC risk using summary statistics from a recent large scale GWAS (n≃125 k CRC cases and controls). The first analysis revealed that a variant (rs78963230) located within a CNA region associated with TLR3 was also associated with a non-silent mutation within gene FBXW7. In the secondary analysis, the variant rs2302274 located in CDX1/PDGFRB frequently gained/lost in colorectal tumors was associated with overall CRC risk (OR = 0.96, p = 7.50e-7). In summary, we demonstrate that an integrative analysis of somatic and germline variation can lead to new insights about CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Barfield
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, 11028A Hock Plaza, 2424 Erwin Road Suite 1106, Durham, NC 27705 USA
| | - Conghui Qu
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Robert S. Steinfelder
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- grid.280128.10000 0001 2233 9230National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Tabitha A. Harrison
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Stefanie Brezina
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel D. Buchanan
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XColorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XUniversity of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia ,grid.416153.40000 0004 0624 1200Genomic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Peter T. Campbell
- grid.251993.50000000121791997Department of Epidemiology and Population Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Graham Casey
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XCenter for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Steven Gallinger
- grid.250674.20000 0004 0626 6184Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Marios Giannakis
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Stephen B. Gruber
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeuytic, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Andrea Gsur
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Li Hsu
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jeroen R. Huyghe
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Victor Moreno
- grid.418701.b0000 0001 2097 8389Oncology Data Analytics Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.466571.70000 0004 1756 6246CIBER Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257ONCOBEL Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Polly A. Newcomb
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XProgram in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,Cancer Immunology Program, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Amanda I. Phipps
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA ,Department of Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Mail Stop M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Martha L. Slattery
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Stephen N. Thibodeau
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Quang M. Trinh
- grid.419890.d0000 0004 0626 690XOntario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Amanda E. Toland
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Departments of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Thomas J. Hudson
- grid.419890.d0000 0004 0626 690XOntario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Wei Sun
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Syed H. Zaidi
- grid.419890.d0000 0004 0626 690XOntario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Ulrike Peters
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA ,Department of Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Mail Stop M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
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4
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Serum Periostin Level and Genetic Polymorphisms Are Associated with Vertebral Fracture in Chinese Postmenopausal Women. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030439. [PMID: 35327993 PMCID: PMC8949046 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purposes: In order to investigate the association between serum periostin levels and the variation of its encoding gene POSTN and the prevalence of vertebral fractures and bone mineral density (BMD) in Chinese postmenopausal women, an association study was performed. Materials and Methods: 385 postmenopausal women were recruited. For participants without a history of vertebral fracture, lateral X-rays of the spine covering the fourth thoracic spine to the fifth lumbar spine were performed to detect any asymptomatic vertebral fractures. Ten tag-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of POSTN were genotyped. Serum periostin levels, biochemical parameters, and BMD were measured individually. Results: rs9603226 was significantly associated with vertebral fractures. Compared to allele G, the minor allele A carriers of rs9603226 had a 1.722-fold higher prevalence of vertebral fracture (p = 0.037). rs3923854 was significantly associated with the serum periostin level. G/G genotype of rs3923854 had a higher serum periostin level than C/C and C/G (67.26 ± 19.90 ng/mL vs. 54.57 ± 21.44 ng/mL and 54.34 ± 18.23 ng/mL). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between the serum level of periostin and BMD at trochanter and total hip. Conclusion: Our study suggested that genetic variation of POSTN could be a predicting factor for the risk of vertebral fractures. The serum level of periostin could be a potential biochemical parameter for osteoporosis in Chinese postmenopausal women.
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5
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Huyghe JR, Harrison TA, Bien SA, Hampel H, Figueiredo JC, Schmit SL, Conti DV, Chen S, Qu C, Lin Y, Barfield R, Baron JA, Cross AJ, Diergaarde B, Duggan D, Harlid S, Imaz L, Kang HM, Levine DM, Perduca V, Perez-Cornago A, Sakoda LC, Schumacher FR, Slattery ML, Toland AE, van Duijnhoven FJB, Van Guelpen B, Agudo A, Albanes D, Alonso MH, Anderson K, Arnau-Collell C, Arndt V, Banbury BL, Bassik MC, Berndt SI, Bézieau S, Bishop DT, Boehm J, Boeing H, Boutron-Ruault MC, Brenner H, Brezina S, Buch S, Buchanan DD, Burnett-Hartman A, Caan BJ, Campbell PT, Carr PR, Castells A, Castellví-Bel S, Chan AT, Chang-Claude J, Chanock SJ, Curtis KR, de la Chapelle A, Easton DF, English DR, Feskens EJM, Gala M, Gallinger SJ, Gauderman WJ, Giles GG, Goodman PJ, Grady WM, Grove JS, Gsur A, Gunter MJ, Haile RW, Hampe J, Hoffmeister M, Hopper JL, Hsu WL, Huang WY, Hudson TJ, Jenab M, Jenkins MA, Joshi AD, Keku TO, Kooperberg C, Kühn T, Küry S, Le Marchand L, Lejbkowicz F, Li CI, Li L, Lieb W, Lindblom A, Lindor NM, Männistö S, Markowitz SD, Milne RL, Moreno L, Murphy N, Nassir R, Offit K, Ogino S, Panico S, Parfrey PS, Pearlman R, Pharoah PDP, Phipps AI, Platz EA, Potter JD, Prentice RL, Qi L, Raskin L, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Riboli E, Schafmayer C, Schoen RE, Seminara D, Song M, Su YR, Tangen CM, Thibodeau SN, Thomas DC, Trichopoulou A, Ulrich CM, Visvanathan K, Vodicka P, Vodickova L, Vymetalkova V, Weigl K, Weinstein SJ, White E, Wolk A, Woods MO, Wu AH, Abecasis GR, Nickerson DA, Scacheri PC, Kundaje A, Casey G, Gruber SB, Hsu L, Moreno V, Hayes RB, Newcomb PA, Peters U. Genetic architectures of proximal and distal colorectal cancer are partly distinct. Gut 2021; 70:1325-1334. [PMID: 33632709 PMCID: PMC8223655 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An understanding of the etiologic heterogeneity of colorectal cancer (CRC) is critical for improving precision prevention, including individualized screening recommendations and the discovery of novel drug targets and repurposable drug candidates for chemoprevention. Known differences in molecular characteristics and environmental risk factors among tumors arising in different locations of the colorectum suggest partly distinct mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The extent to which the contribution of inherited genetic risk factors for CRC differs by anatomical subsite of the primary tumor has not been examined. DESIGN To identify new anatomical subsite-specific risk loci, we performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analyses including data of 48 214 CRC cases and 64 159 controls of European ancestry. We characterised effect heterogeneity at CRC risk loci using multinomial modelling. RESULTS We identified 13 loci that reached genome-wide significance (p<5×10-8) and that were not reported by previous GWASs for overall CRC risk. Multiple lines of evidence support candidate genes at several of these loci. We detected substantial heterogeneity between anatomical subsites. Just over half (61) of 109 known and new risk variants showed no evidence for heterogeneity. In contrast, 22 variants showed association with distal CRC (including rectal cancer), but no evidence for association or an attenuated association with proximal CRC. For two loci, there was strong evidence for effects confined to proximal colon cancer. CONCLUSION Genetic architectures of proximal and distal CRC are partly distinct. Studies of risk factors and mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and precision prevention strategies should take into consideration the anatomical subsite of the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen R Huyghe
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tabitha A Harrison
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie A Bien
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heather Hampel
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jane C Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sai Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Conghui Qu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yi Lin
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard Barfield
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda J Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brenda Diergaarde
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute - An Affiliate of City of Hope, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sophia Harlid
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Liher Imaz
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Health Department of Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David M Levine
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vittorio Perduca
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées MAP5 (UMR CNRS 8145), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Institut pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurora Perez-Cornago
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lori C Sakoda
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Martha L Slattery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Amanda E Toland
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Bethany Van Guelpen
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Henar Alonso
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristin Anderson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Coral Arnau-Collell
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara L Banbury
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stéphane Bézieau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Juergen Boehm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Institut pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Brezina
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Buch
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Genomic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Bette J Caan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Peter T Campbell
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Prudence R Carr
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antoni Castells
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Castellví-Bel
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Cancer Centre Hamburg (UCCH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keith R Curtis
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dallas R English
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edith J M Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manish Gala
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven J Gallinger
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W James Gauderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William M Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John S Grove
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Andrea Gsur
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Robert W Haile
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wan-Ling Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas J Hudson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Temitope O Keku
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Küry
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Flavio Lejbkowicz
- The Clalit Health Services, Personalized Genomic Service, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Christopher I Li
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, PopGen Biobank, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanford D Markowitz
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Roger L Milne
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorena Moreno
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neil Murphy
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Rami Nassir
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura'a University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrick S Parfrey
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Rachel Pearlman
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda I Phipps
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Potter
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lihong Qi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Leon Raskin
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gad Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hedy S Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert E Schoen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniela Seminara
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Ru Su
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, MayoClinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Duncan C Thomas
- Department of Preventive Medicine and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Korbinian Weigl
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily White
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael O Woods
- Discipline of Genetics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter C Scacheri
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Li Hsu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Victor Moreno
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard B Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Chen XJ, An N. Long noncoding RNA ATB promotes ovarian cancer tumorigenesis by mediating histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation through binding to EZH2. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:37-46. [PMID: 33336896 PMCID: PMC7810921 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) remains one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies. The unfavourable prognosis is mainly due to the lack of early‐stage diagnosis, drug resistance and recurrence. Therefore, it needs to investigate the mechanism of OC tumorigenesis and identify effective biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis. It is reported that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles during the tumorigenesis of OC. Therefore, the present study aimed to study the role and clinical significance of LncRNAs ATB (lnc‐ATB) in the development and progression of OC. In our research, lnc‐ATB expression in OC tissues was elevated compared with adjacent normal tissues and high expression of lnc‐ATB was associated with poor outcomes of OC patients. The silencing of lnc‐ATB blocked cell proliferation, invasion and migration in SKOV3 and A2780 cells. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull‐down results showed that lnc‐ATB positively regulated the expression of EZH2 via directly interacting with EZH2. Besides, the overexpression of EZH2 partly rescued lnc‐ATB silencing‐inducing inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay results demonstrated that the silencing of lnc‐ATB reduced the occupancy of caudal‐related homeobox protein 1, Forkhead box C1, Large tumour suppressor kinase 2, cadherin‐1 and disabled homolog 2 interacting protein promoters on EZH2 and H3K27me3. These data revealed the oncogenic of lnc‐ATB and provided a novel biomarker for OC diagnosis. Furthermore, these findings indicated the mechanism of lnc‐ATB functioning in the progression of OC, which provided a new target for OC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Juan Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Na An
- Department of Gynecology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
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7
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Role of HOX Genes in Stem Cell Differentiation and Cancer. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:3569493. [PMID: 30154863 PMCID: PMC6081605 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3569493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HOX genes encode an evolutionarily conserved set of transcription factors that control how the phenotype of an organism becomes organized during development based on its genetic makeup. For example, in bilaterian-type animals, HOX genes are organized in gene clusters that encode anatomic segment identity, that is, whether the embryo will form with bilateral symmetry with a head (anterior), tail (posterior), back (dorsal), and belly (ventral). Although HOX genes are known to regulate stem cell (SC) differentiation and HOX genes are dysregulated in cancer, the mechanisms by which dysregulation of HOX genes in SCs causes cancer development is not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of this manuscript was (i) to review the role of HOX genes in SC differentiation, particularly in embryonic, adult tissue-specific, and induced pluripotent SC, and (ii) to investigate how dysregulated HOX genes in SCs are responsible for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We analyzed HOX gene expression in CRC and AML using information from The Cancer Genome Atlas study. Finally, we reviewed the literature on HOX genes and related therapeutics that might help us understand ways to develop SC-specific therapies that target aberrant HOX gene expression that contributes to cancer development.
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8
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RNA sequencing analyses reveal novel differentially expressed genes and pathways in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42537-42547. [PMID: 28418924 PMCID: PMC5522086 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression microarrays have identified many tumor markers and therapeutic targets for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, microarray profilings have limited sensitivity and are prone to cross-hybridization between homologous DNA fragments. Here, we perform a transcriptome analysis of paired tumor and adjacent benign pancreatic tissues from 10 patients who underwent resection for PDAC. We identify a total of 2736 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with false discovery rate less than 0.05, including 1554 upregulated, 1182 downregulated, and 6 microRNAs (miR-614, miR-217, miR-27b, miR-4451, miR-3609, and miR-612). Overexpression of five DEGs, i.e. KRT16, HOXA10, CDX1, SI, and SERPINB5 in tumors is confirmed by RT-PCR in 20 additional tissues. Overexpression of KRT16 in PDAC is also verified on protein level. In addition, top canonical pathways such as granulocyte adhesion and diapedesis pathway have been identified. Our study represents a comprehensive characterization of the PDAC transcriptome and provides insight to the mechanisms of pancreatic carcinogenesis and potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer.
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9
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CDX2 expression is concordant between primary colorectal cancer lesions and corresponding liver metastases independent of chemotherapy: a single-center retrospective study in Japan. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17056-17065. [PMID: 29682204 PMCID: PMC5908305 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Loss of caudal-type homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) expression in colorectal cancers (CRCs) has recently been proposed as a promising predictive biomarker for not only prognosis but also response to chemotherapy. However, the relationship between alterations in CDX2 expression during cancer progression and response to chemotherapy remains unclear. We herein aimed to determine the concordance of CDX2 expression between primary CRCs and corresponding liver metastases, in association with chemotherapy. Results Primary CRCs exhibited heterogeneous CDX2 expression. Seven of the 144 CRCs in the cohort (4.9%, 95% confidential interval, 2.0%–9.8%) were CDX2-negative. The concordance rate of the CDX2 expression status in patients who did not receive chemotherapy was 100% (P = 0.041), whereas the concordance rate among patients who received chemotherapy only after primary resection was 96.3% (P = 0.005). Moreover, the concordance rate in patients who received chemotherapy before both primary resection and liver metastasectomy was 100% (P < 0.001). Conclusion CDX2 expression status was highly concordant between primary CRCs and corresponding liver metastases, independent of chemotherapy, suggesting that the CDX2 expression status in CRCs was not affected by metastasis or chemotherapy. Methods A total of 144 consecutive patients with CRC who were treated at a single center in Japan between 2006 and 2014 were included. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded whole sections of surgically resected primary CRCs and corresponding liver metastases were assessed for CDX2 expression by immunohistochemistry.
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10
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Xu G, Li K, Zhang N, Zhu B, Feng G, Fan Q. Colon cancers carrying BRAF V600E and β-catenin T41A activating mutations are resistant to numerous common anticancer drugs. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541216 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy with a high prevalence and associated mortality rate. However, the preclinical tools currently used for drug development are insufficient. The aim of the present study was to establish and characterize a specific patient-derived colon cancer xenograft (PDCCX) mouse model for drug testing. Primary colon tumors were obtained from 10 patients by surgical resection, and tumor tissues were subsequently grafted into nude mice followed by consecutive passages. Primary tumors and xenograft tumors were collected and processed for DNA sequencing, histological evaluation and immunohistochemical staining. The responses of fifth-generation PDCCX mice to 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and cetuximab were assessed. Two PDCCX cell lines were successfully established. The histology and protein expression levels of SMAD family member 3, epidermal growth factor receptor, c-MET, caudal type homeobox 2, E-cadherin and β-catenin in the xenograft tumors were consistently maintained from the primary cancer tissues. BRAF V600E and β-catenin T41A double mutations were identified in one cell line, and were associated with a lack of response to 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and cetuximab treatment. This PDCCX cell line may provide a reliable tool for preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of novel therapies that may target the BRAF V600E and β-catenin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Nengwei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
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11
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Heo WI, Park KY, Jin T, Lee MK, Kim M, Choi EH, Kim HS, Bae JM, Moon NJ, Seo SJ. Identification of novel candidate variants including COL6A6 polymorphisms in early-onset atopic dermatitis using whole-exome sequencing. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:8. [PMID: 28125976 PMCID: PMC5270287 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The prevalence of atopic dermatitis has increased over the last 10 years. Atopic dermatitis tends to run in families and commonly begins to manifest in childhood. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis is as high as 20% in children. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis are important. Understanding its genetic basis is also needed to facilitate early detection. Methods To identify family-specific candidate genetic variants associated with early-onset atopic dermatitis in Koreans, we carried out whole-exome sequencing of three separate families with this condition. Additional validation was performed in 112 AD patients and 61 controls using Sanger sequencing. Results We focused on both common functional variants with a minor allele frequency higher than 1% and rare variants with a minor allele frequency less than 1%. The relevance of the respective variants was supported by a program that could predict whether the mutations resulted in damaged protein function. Fourteen overlapping genes were identified during exome sequencing. Three variants of the COL6A6 gene appeared in all three families and were in close proximity to atopic dermatitis-related loci on chromosome 3q21. The homozygous frequency for the rs16830494 minor allele (AA) and the rs59021909 (TT) allele and the rs200963433 heterozygous (CT) frequency were all higher in AD cases compared to controls in a population-based case-control study. Conclusion Identifying family-specific COL6A6 polymorphisms and genetic variants of other candidate genes associated with AD using WES is a novel approach. Our study suggests that COL6A6 variants may be risk factors for atopic dermatitis. This study provides a genetic basis for early-onset AD diagnosis in Korean patients and the development of new therapies. Trial registration Trial registration number: IRB NO. C2008030 (133); Name of registry: The collection research of clinical data and patient blood to identify genetic and protein biomarker of atopic dermatitis; Date of registration: 09-July-2008. Trial registration number: IRB NO. C2015258 (1716); Name of registry: The collection study of patient blood and clinical data for the development of the prognosis prediction and early diagnosis of atopic dermatitis; Date of registration: 15-jan-2016. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-017-0368-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Il Heo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Heukseok-Ro 102, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kui Young Park
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Heukseok-Ro 102, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taewon Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Heukseok-Ro 102, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - MinJeong Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Heukseok-Ro 102, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Hae-Suk Kim
- TheragenEtex Bio Institute Inc., Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Bae
- Department of Dermatology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Nam Ju Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Jun Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Heukseok-Ro 102, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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12
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Fattahi S, Pilehchian Langroudi M, Samadani AA, Nikbakhsh N, Asouri M, Akhavan-Niaki H. Application of unique sequence index (USI) barcode to gene expression profiling in gastric adenocarcinoma. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 11:97-104. [PMID: 28120184 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate expression profiling is imperative for understanding the biological roles of mRNAs. Real-time PCR have been at the forefront of biological innovation in detection and monitoring of gene expression, however, fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotides and double-stranded DNA binding dyes, the two most frequently used dyes in RNA detection, are not very cost effective and have poor specificity, respectively. We have developed a cost effective and specific approach for mRNA expression profiling via added unique sequence index (USI) to cDNAs before amplification. USI is a barcode which enable the detection of each target RNA. Using this method, caudal type homeobox 1 (CDX1) and FAT atypical cadherin 4 (FAT4) expressions were investigated in tumoral and non-tumoral tissues of gastric cancer patients and compared with commercial ABI kit. Both methods indicated that FAT4 and CDX1 expression were significantly reduced in gastric cancer tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. Moreover, we have shown that this assay is highly sensitive, linear and reproducible. USI barcode not only provides a powerful tool for mRNA detection due to its sensitivity, specificity and cost-effectiveness, but also allows comfortable design for real-time qPCR assays within the least time and empowers the analysis of many transcripts of virtually any organism. Furthermore, USI barcode is highly affordable for large numbers of different samples or small sample sizes without microarray and expensive commercial platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Fattahi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,North Research Center-Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | | | | | - Novin Nikbakhsh
- Department of Surgery, Rouhani hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asouri
- North Research Center-Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- North Research Center-Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran. .,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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13
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Joo MK, Park JJ, Chun HJ. Impact of homeobox genes in gastrointestinal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8247-8256. [PMID: 27729732 PMCID: PMC5055856 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i37.8247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes, including HOX and non-HOX genes, have been identified to be expressed aberrantly in solid tumors. In gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, most studies have focused on the function of non-HOX genes including caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 1 (CDX1) and CDX2. CDX2 is a crucial factor in the development of pre-cancerous lesions such as Barrett’s esophagus or intestinal metaplasia in the stomach, and its tumor suppressive role has been investigated in colorectal cancers. Recently, several HOX genes were reported to have specific roles in GI cancers; for example, HOXA13 in esophageal squamous cell cancer and HOXB7 in stomach and colorectal cancers. HOXD10 is upregulated in colorectal cancer while it is silenced epigenetically in gastric cancer. Thus, it is essential to examine the differential expression pattern of various homeobox genes in specific tumor types or cell lineages, and understand their underlying mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the available research on homeobox genes and present their potential value for the prediction of prognosis in GI cancers.
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Zheng H, Yang Y, Wang MC, Yuan SX, Tian T, Han J, Ni JS, Wang J, Xing H, Zhou WP. Low CDX1 expression predicts a poor prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after hepatectomy. Surg Oncol 2016; 25:171-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Wlochowitz D, Haubrock M, Arackal J, Bleckmann A, Wolff A, Beißbarth T, Wingender E, Gültas M. Computational Identification of Key Regulators in Two Different Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines. Front Genet 2016; 7:42. [PMID: 27092172 PMCID: PMC4820448 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are gene regulatory proteins that are essential for an effective regulation of the transcriptional machinery. Today, it is known that their expression plays an important role in several types of cancer. Computational identification of key players in specific cancer cell lines is still an open challenge in cancer research. In this study, we present a systematic approach which combines colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines, namely 1638N-T1 and CMT-93, and well-established computational methods in order to compare these cell lines on the level of transcriptional regulation as well as on a pathway level, i.e., the cancer cell-intrinsic pathway repertoire. For this purpose, we firstly applied the Trinity platform to detect signature genes, and then applied analyses of the geneXplain platform to these for detection of upstream transcriptional regulators and their regulatory networks. We created a CRC-specific position weight matrix (PWM) library based on the TRANSFAC database (release 2014.1) to minimize the rate of false predictions in the promoter analyses. Using our proposed workflow, we specifically focused on revealing the similarities and differences in transcriptional regulation between the two CRC cell lines, and report a number of well-known, cancer-associated TFs with significantly enriched binding sites in the promoter regions of the signature genes. We show that, although the signature genes of both cell lines show no overlap, they may still be regulated by common TFs in CRC. Based on our findings, we suggest that canonical Wnt signaling is activated in 1638N-T1, but inhibited in CMT-93 through cross-talks of Wnt signaling with the VDR signaling pathway and/or LXR-related pathways. Furthermore, our findings provide indication of several master regulators being present such as MLK3 and Mapk1 (ERK2) which might be important in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of 1638N-T1 and CMT-93, respectively. Taken together, we provide new insights into the invasive potential of these cell lines, which can be used for development of effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Wlochowitz
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Haubrock
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jetcy Arackal
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wolff
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Beißbarth
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edgar Wingender
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
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Hryniuk A, Grainger S, Savory JGA, Lohnes D. Cdx1 and Cdx2 function as tumor suppressors. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33343-54. [PMID: 25320087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.583823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, colorectal cancer is often initiated through APC loss of function, which leads to crypt hyperplasia and polyposis driven by unrestricted canonical Wnt signaling. Such polyps typically arise in the colorectal region and are at risk of transforming to invasive adenocarcinomas. Although colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, the processes impacting initiation, transformation, and invasion are incompletely understood. Murine APC(Min/+) mutants are often used to model colorectal cancers; however, they develop nonmetastatic tumors confined largely to the small intestine and are thus not entirely representative of the human disease. APC(Min/+) alleles can collaborate with mutations impacting other pathways to recapitulate some aspects of human colorectal cancer. To this end, we assessed APC(Min/+)-induced polyposis following somatic loss of the homeodomain transcription factor Cdx2, alone or with a Cdx1 null allele, in the adult gastrointestinal tract. APC(Min/+)-Cdx2 mutants recapitulated several aspects of human colorectal cancer, including an invasive phenotype. Notably, the concomitant loss of Cdx1 led to a significant increase in the incidence of tumors in the distal colon, relative to APC(Min/+)-Cdx2 offspring, demonstrating a previously unrecognized role for this transcription factor in colorectal tumorigenesis. These findings underscore previously unrecognized roles for Cdx members in intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Hryniuk
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Stephanie Grainger
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joanne G A Savory
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - David Lohnes
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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Hartman KG, Bortner JD, Falk GW, Ginsberg GG, Jhala N, Yu J, Martín MG, Rustgi AK, Lynch JP. Modeling human gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases using microphysiological culture systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1108-23. [PMID: 24781339 PMCID: PMC4156523 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214529388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal illnesses are a significant health burden for the US population, with 40 million office visits each year for gastrointestinal complaints and nearly 250,000 deaths. Acute and chronic inflammations are a common element of many gastrointestinal diseases. Inflammatory processes may be initiated by a chemical injury (acid reflux in the esophagus), an infectious agent (Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach), autoimmune processes (graft versus host disease after bone marrow transplantation), or idiopathic (as in the case of inflammatory bowel diseases). Inflammation in these settings can contribute to acute complaints (pain, bleeding, obstruction, and diarrhea) as well as chronic sequelae including strictures and cancer. Research into the pathophysiology of these conditions has been limited by the availability of primary human tissues or appropriate animal models that attempt to physiologically model the human disease. With the many recent advances in tissue engineering and primary human cell culture systems, it is conceivable that these approaches can be adapted to develop novel human ex vivo systems that incorporate many human cell types to recapitulate in vivo growth and differentiation in inflammatory microphysiological environments. Such an advance in technology would improve our understanding of human disease progression and enhance our ability to test for disease prevention strategies and novel therapeutics. We will review current models for the inflammatory and immunological aspects of Barrett's esophagus, acute graft versus host disease, and inflammatory bowel disease and explore recent advances in culture methodologies that make these novel microphysiological research systems possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira G Hartman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - James D Bortner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gregory G Ginsberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Nirag Jhala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Departments of Pathology and Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Martín G Martín
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - John P Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Olsen J, Espersen MLM, Jess P, Kirkeby LT, Troelsen JT. The clinical perspectives of CDX2 expression in colorectal cancer: a qualitative systematic review. Surg Oncol 2014; 23:167-76. [PMID: 25126956 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Homeobox genes are often deregulated in cancer. They can have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressing potential. The Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) is an intestine-specific transcription factor. It is implicated in differentiation, proliferation, cell-adhesion, and migration. CDX2 has been proposed as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer but its role is still controversial. This systematic review were undertaken in order to clarify CDX2s role in colorectal cancer. METHODS A literature search was performed in the MEDLINE database from 1966 to February 2014. Only studies in which all or a part of the experimental design were performed on human colorectal cancer tissue were included. Thus, studies solely performed in cell-lines or animal models were excluded. RESULTS Fifty-two articles of relevance were identified. CDX2 expression was rarely lost in colorectal cancers, however the expression pattern may often be heterogeneous within the tumor and can be selectively down regulated at the invasive front and in tumor buddings. Loss of CDX2 expression is probably correlated to tumor grade, stage, right-sided tumor location, MMR-deficiency, CIMP, and BRAF mutations. The CDX2 gene is rarely mutated but the locus harboring the gene is often amplified and may suggest CDX2 as a linage-survival oncogene. CDX2 might be implicated in cell proliferation and migration through cross-talk with the Wnt-signaling pathway, tumor-stroma proteins, and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION A clear role for CDX2 expression in colorectal cancer remains to be elucidated, and it might differ in relation to the underlying molecular pathways leading to the cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Olsen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Surgery, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde Sygehus, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - M L M Espersen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; The Molecular Unit, Department of Pathology, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - P Jess
- Department of Surgery, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde Sygehus, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - L T Kirkeby
- Department of Surgery, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde Sygehus, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - J T Troelsen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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The impact of sphingosine kinase-1 in head and neck cancer. Biomolecules 2013; 3:481-513. [PMID: 24970177 PMCID: PMC4030949 DOI: 10.3390/biom3030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a high reoccurrence rate and an extremely low survival rate. There is limited availability of effective therapies to reduce the rate of recurrence, resulting in high morbidity and mortality of advanced cases. Late presentation, delay in detection of lesions, and a high rate of metastasis make HNSCC a devastating disease. This review offers insight into the role of sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1), a key enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism, in HNSCC. Sphingolipids not only play a structural role in cellular membranes, but also modulate cell signal transduction pathways to influence biological outcomes such as senescence, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. SphK1 is a critical regulator of the delicate balance between proliferation and apoptosis. The highest expression of SphK1 is found in the advanced stage of disease, and there is a positive correlation between SphK1 expression and recurrent tumors. On the other hand, silencing SphK1 reduces HNSCC tumor growth and sensitizes tumors to radiation-induced death. Thus, SphK1 plays an important and influential role in determining HNSCC proliferation and metastasis. We discuss roles of SphK1 and other sphingolipids in HNSCC development and therapeutic strategies against HNSCC.
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Oxidative stress causes epigenetic alteration of CDX1 expression in colorectal cancer cells. Gene 2013; 524:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ectopic expression of Ptf1a induces spinal defects, urogenital defects, and anorectal malformations in Danforth's short tail mice. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003204. [PMID: 23436999 PMCID: PMC3578775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Danforth's short tail (Sd) is a semidominant mutation on mouse chromosome 2, characterized by spinal defects, urogenital defects, and anorectal malformations. However, the gene responsible for the Sd phenotype was unknown. In this study, we identified the molecular basis of the Sd mutation. By positional cloning, we identified the insertion of an early transposon in the Sd candidate locus approximately 12-kb upstream of Ptf1a. We found that insertion of the transposon caused overexpression of three neighboring genes, Gm13344, Gm13336, and Ptf1a, in Sd mutant embryos and that the Sd phenotype was not caused by disruption of an as-yet-unknown gene in the candidate locus. Using multiple knockout and knock-in mouse models, we demonstrated that misexpression of Ptf1a, but not of Gm13344 or Gm13336, in the notochord, hindgut, cloaca, and mesonephros was sufficient to replicate the Sd phenotype. The ectopic expression of Ptf1a in the caudal embryo resulted in attenuated expression of Cdx2 and its downstream target genes T, Wnt3a, and Cyp26a1; we conclude that this is the molecular basis of the Sd phenotype. Analysis of Sd mutant mice will provide insight into the development of the spinal column, anus, and kidney. Caudal regression syndrome (CRS) is a congenital heterogeneous constellation of caudal anomalies that includes varying degrees of agenesis of the spinal column, anorectal malformations, and genitourinary anomalies. Its pathogenesis is unclear. However, it could be the result of excessive physiologic regression of the embryonic caudal region based on analyses of the various mouse mutants carrying caudal agenesis. Among the mouse mutants, the Danforth's short tail (Sd) mouse is considered a best model for human CRS. Sd is a semidominant mutation, characterized by spinal defects, urogenital defects, and anorectal malformations, thus showing phenotypic similarity to human CRS. Although Sd is known to map to mouse chromosome 2, little is known about the molecular nature of the mutation. Here, we demonstrate an insertion of one type of retrotransposon near the Ptf1a gene. This resulted in ectopic expression of Ptf1a gene in the caudal region of the embryo and downregulation of Cdx2 and its downstream targets, leading to characteristic phenotypes in Sd mouse. Thus, Sd mutant mice will provide insight into the development of the spinal column, anus, and kidney.
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MicroRNA-296-5p increases proliferation in gastric cancer through repression of Caudal-related homeobox 1. Oncogene 2013; 33:783-93. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Liu X, Zhang X, Zhan Q, Brock MV, Herman JG, Guo M. CDX2 serves as a Wnt signaling inhibitor and is frequently methylated in lung cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1152-7. [PMID: 22892849 PMCID: PMC3469472 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant promoter region hypermethylation of upstream transcription factors may be responsible for silencing entire anti-neoplastic gene networks. In this study, we explored whether transcription factor coding gene, caudal-related homeobox 2 (CDX2), is silenced by promoter hypermethylation in lung cancer, and examined its potential tumor-suppressive functions. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that four of six lung cancer cell lines exhibited no or weak CDX2 expression. Expression of CDX2 was correlated to CDX2 promoter region methylation status, as determined by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and bisulfite sequencing. Restoration of CDX2 expression was induced by treatment with demethylating drug 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA) in lung cancer cell lines. Methylation of CDX2 was common in human primary lung cancer (61 of 110 tumors, 55.45%), but no methylation was found in normal lung tissues. Re-expression of CDX2 suppressed lung cancer cell proliferation and blocked cells in G1 phase. β-catenin/TCF activity and downstream genes expression were inhibited by re-expression of CDX2, and increased by depletion of CDX2. In conclusion, CDX2 is frequently methylated in lung cancer, and expression of CDX2 is regulated by promoter region hypermethylation. CDX2 may serve as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer and inhibits lung cancer cell proliferation by suppressing Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xiao SM, Gao Y, Cheung CL, Bow CH, Lau KS, Sham PC, Tan KCB, Kung AWC. Association of CDX1 binding site of periostin gene with bone mineral density and vertebral fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23:1877-87. [PMID: 22215184 PMCID: PMC3368110 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-011-1861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Periostin (POSTN) as a regulator of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation may affect susceptibility to osteoporosis. This study suggests POSTN as a candidate gene for bone mineral density (BMD) variation and vertebral fracture risk, which could better our understanding about the genetic pathogenesis of osteoporosis and will be useful in clinic in the future. INTRODUCTION The genetic determination of osteoporosis is complex and ill-defined. Periostin (POSTN), an extracellular matrix secreted by osteoblasts and a regulator of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, may affect susceptibility to osteoporosis. METHODS We adopted a tag-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based association method followed by imputation-based verification and identification of a causal variant. The association was investigated in 1,572 subjects with extreme-BMD and replicated in an independent population of 2,509 subjects. BMD was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Vertebral fractures were identified by assessing vertebral height from X-rays of the thoracolumbar spine. Association analyses were performed with PLINK toolset and imputation analyses with MACH software. The top imputation finding was subsequently validated by genotyping. Interactions between POSTN and another BMD-related candidate gene sclerostin (SOST) were analyzed using MDR program and validated by logistical regression analyses. The putative transcription factor binding with target sequence was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). RESULTS Several SNPs of POSTN were associated with BMD or vertebral fractures. The most significant polymorphism was rs9547970, located at the -2,327 bp upstream (P = 6.8 × 10(-4)) of POSTN. Carriers of the minor allele G per copy of rs9547970 had 1.33 higher risk of vertebral fracture (P = 0.007). An interactive effect between POSTN and SOST upon BMD variation was suggested (P < 0.01). A specific binding of CDX1 to the sequence of POSTN with the major allele A of rs9547970 but not the variant G allele was confirmed by EMSA. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest POSTN as a candidate gene for BMD variation and vertebral fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Hinkel I, Duluc I, Martin E, Guenot D, Freund JN, Gross I. Cdx2 controls expression of the protocadherin Mucdhl, an inhibitor of growth and β-catenin activity in colon cancer cells. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:875-885.e3. [PMID: 22202456 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestine-specific homeobox transcription factor Cdx2 is an important determinant of intestinal identity in the embryonic endoderm and regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation in the adult intestinal epithelium. Human colon tumors often lose Cdx2 expression, and heterozygous inactivation of Cdx2 in mice increases colon tumorigenesis. We sought to identify Cdx2 target genes to determine how it contributes to intestinal homeostasis. METHODS We used expression profiling analysis to identify genes that are regulated by Cdx2 in colon cancer cells lines. Regulation and function of a potential target gene were further investigated using various cell assays. RESULTS In colon cancer cell lines, Cdx2 directly regulated the transcription of the gene that encodes the protocadherin Mucdhl. Mucdhl localized to the apex of differentiated cells in the intestinal epithelium, and its expression was reduced in most human colon tumors. Overexpression of Mucdhl inhibited low-density proliferation of colon cancer cells and reduced tumor formation in nude mice. One isoform of Mucdhl interacted with β-catenin and inhibited its transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS The transcription factor Cdx2 activates expression of the protocadherin Mucdhl, which interacts with β-catenin and regulates activities of intestinal cells. Loss of Cdx2 expression in colon cancer cells might reduce expression of Mucdhl and thereby lead to tumor formation.
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Semaan SJ, Dhamija S, Kim J, Ku EC, Kauffman AS. Assessment of epigenetic contributions to sexually-dimorphic Kiss1 expression in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1875-86. [PMID: 22374971 PMCID: PMC3320252 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Kiss1 gene, which encodes kisspeptin and is critical for reproduction, is sexually differentiated in the hypothalamic anteroventral periventricular (AVPV)/rostral periventricular (PeN) nuclei. Specifically, female rodents have higher AVPV/PeN Kiss1 expression than males, but how this Kiss1 sex difference is induced in early development is poorly understood. Here, we explored the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to the establishment of the AVPV/PeN Kiss1 sex difference, focusing on histone deacetylation and DNA methylation. First, we utilized postnatal pharmacological blockade of histone deacetylation and analyzed Kiss1 expression in the AVPV/PeN. Postnatal disruption of histone deacetylase modestly increased AVPV Kiss1 cell number in both sexes but did not alter the Kiss1 sex difference. Next, we assessed whether the level of CpG methylation, which can influence transcription factor binding and gene expression, in the murine Kiss1 gene differs between males and females. We found significant sex differences in methylation at several CpG sites in the putative promoter and first intron of the Kiss1 gene in the AVPV/PeN, but not in the arcuate (which lacks adult Kiss1 sex differences), suggesting that differential methylation of the Kiss1 gene may influence sexually-dimorphic Kiss1 expression in the AVPV/PeN. Transgenic impairment of methyl CpG-binding protein-2 function did not eliminate the Kiss1 sex difference, indicating that other methylation factors are involved. Interestingly, CpG methylation in the AVPV/PeN was lower in males than females, suggesting that transcriptional repressors may contribute to the AVPV/PeN Kiss1 sex difference, a possibility supported by in silico identification of putative repressor binding sites near some of the sexually-dimorphic CpG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila J Semaan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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27
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Guan H, Liu L, Cai J, Liu J, Ye C, Li M, Li Y. Sphingosine kinase 1 is overexpressed and promotes proliferation in human thyroid cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1858-66. [PMID: 21940753 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), an oncogenic kinase, has been previously found to be elevated in various types of human cancer and play a role in tumor development and progression. Nevertheless, the biological and clinical significance of SphK1 in thyroid cancer is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of SphK1 is generally up-regulated in thyroid cancer and that its expression level is correlated with the degree of thyroid malignancy. Silencing SphK1 by specific RNA interference is able to suppress the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells, and SphK1 expression level is strongly associated with the expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen in thyroid cancer tissues. Of particular note is that depletion of SphK1 results in dephosphorylation of protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3β and subsequent inactivation of β-catenin-T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancing factor transcriptional activity. Hence, taken together, our study has identified SphK1 as a proproliferative oncogenic kinase, an Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-catenin activator, and probably a biomarker for thyroid cancer as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Yeung TM, Chia LA, Kosinski CM, Kuo CJ. Regulation of self-renewal and differentiation by the intestinal stem cell niche. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2513-23. [PMID: 21509540 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal epithelium is a highly organised tissue that is constantly being renewed. In order to maintain homeostasis, the balance between intestinal stem cell (ISC) self-renewal and differentiation must be carefully regulated. In this review, we describe how the intestinal stem cell niche provides a unique environment to regulate self-renewal and differentiation of ISCs. It has traditionally been believed that the mesenchymal myofibroblasts play an important role in the crosstalk between ISCs and the niche. However, recent evidence in Drosophila and in vertebrates suggests that epithelial cells also contribute to the niche. We discuss the multiple signalling pathways that are utilised to regulate stemness within the niche, including members of the Wnt, BMP and Hedgehog pathways, and how aberrations in these signals lead to disruption of the normal crypt-villus axis. Finally, we also discuss how CDX1 and inhibition of the Notch pathway are important in specifying enterocyte and goblet cell differentiation respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Yeung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research 1155, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Liao WT, Jiang D, Yuan J, Cui YM, Shi XW, Chen CM, Bian XW, Deng YJ, Ding YQ. HOXB7 as a prognostic factor and mediator of colorectal cancer progression. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3569-78. [PMID: 21474578 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was to investigate the clinicopathologic significance and potential role of HOXB7 in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The relationship between HOXB7 expression and clinical characteristics of CRC was analyzed in 224 paraffin-embedded archived CRC specimens by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The effects of HOXB7 on cell growth and proliferation, as well as on tumorigenesis, were examined both in vitro and in vivo, using MTT assay, colony formation assay, cell cycle analysis, soft agar assay, and tumorigenesis in nude mice. Western blotting and real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR were performed to examine the impact of HOXB7 on the PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. RESULTS HOXB7 protein level was significantly correlated with advanced Dukes stage (P < 0.001), T stage (P = 0.012), distant metastasis (P = 0.042), higher proliferation index (P = 0.007) and poor survival of patients (P = 0.005). Enforced expression of HOXB7 in CRC cell lines significantly enhanced cell growth, proliferation and tumorigenesis. Conversely, knockdown of HOXB7 caused an inhibition of cell growth, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. We also showed that HOXB7 accelerated G(0)-G(1) to S-phase transition concomitantly with upregulation of cyclin D1 and downregulation of p27Kip1. On the contrary, knockdown of HOXB7 caused G(1)-S-phase arrest, downregulation of cyclin D1 and upregulation of p27Kip1. Enforced expression of HOXB7 could enhance PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathway activity. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that HOXB7 protein, as a valuable marker of CRC prognosis, plays an important role in the development and progression of human CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Liao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kong J, Crissey MA, Funakoshi S, Kreindler JL, Lynch JP. Ectopic Cdx2 expression in murine esophagus models an intermediate stage in the emergence of Barrett's esophagus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18280. [PMID: 21494671 PMCID: PMC3071814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is an intestinal metaplasia that occurs in the setting of chronic acid and bile reflux and is associated with a risk for adenocarcinoma. Expression of intestine-specific transcription factors in the esophagus likely contributes to metaplasia development. Our objective was to explore the effects of an intestine-specific transcription factor when expressed in the mouse esophageal epithelium. Transgenic mice were derived in which the transcription factor Cdx2 is expressed in squamous epithelium using the murine Keratin-14 gene promoter. Effects of the transgene upon cell proliferation and differentiation, gene expression, and barrier integrity were explored. K14-Cdx2 mice express the Cdx2 transgene in esophageal squamous tissues. Cdx2 expression was associated with reduced basal epithelial cell proliferation and altered cell morphology. Ultrastructurally two changes were noted. Cdx2 expression was associated with dilated space between the basal cells and diminished cell-cell adhesion caused by reduced Desmocollin-3 mRNA and protein expression. This compromised epithelial barrier function, as the measured trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the K14-Cdx2 epithelium was significantly reduced compared to controls (1189 Ohm*cm(2) ±343.5 to 508 Ohm*cm(2)±92.48, p = 0.0532). Secondly, basal cells with features of a transitional cell type, intermediate between keratinocytes and columnar Barrett's epithelial cells, were observed. These cells had reduced keratin bundles and increased endoplasmic reticulum levels, suggesting the adoption of secretory-cell features. Moreover, at the ultrastructural level they resembled "Distinctive" cells associated with multilayered epithelium. Treatment of the K14-Cdx2 mice with 5'-Azacytidine elicited expression of BE-associated genes including Cdx1, Krt18, and Slc26a3/Dra, suggesting the phenotype could be advanced under certain conditions. We conclude that ectopic Cdx2 expression in keratinocytes alters cell proliferation, barrier function, and differentiation. These altered cells represent a transitional cell type between normal squamous and columnar BE cells. The K14-Cdx2 mice represent a useful model to study progression from squamous epithelium to BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Kong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Crissey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shinsuke Funakoshi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James L. Kreindler
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John P. Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Crissey MAS, Guo RJ, Funakoshi S, Kong J, Liu J, Lynch JP. Cdx2 levels modulate intestinal epithelium maturity and Paneth cell development. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:517-528.e8. [PMID: 21081128 PMCID: PMC3031739 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Caudal-related homeobox protein 2 (Cdx2) is an intestine-specific transcription factor that is important for intestinal development and intestine-specific gene expression. Cdx2 regulates intestinal cell-cell adhesion, proliferation, and the transcriptional activities of Wnt and β-catenin in cell culture systems. We generated transgenic mice that overexpress Cdx2 in the small intestinal and colonic epithelium to investigate the role of Cdx2 in differentiation and function of the intestinal epithelium. METHODS We established 4 different lines of villin-Cdx2 transgenic mice. Intestines were collected from infant, 3-month old, and wild-type mice. Genes of interest and cell lineage markers were examined by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Villin-Cdx2 transgenic mice had complex phenotypes that were associated with transgene expression levels. The 2 lines that had the greatest levels of transgene expression had significant, preweaning failure to grow and death; these were the result of early epithelial maturation and alterations in nutrient digestion and absorption. Fat malabsorption was a prominent feature. Other effects associated with the transgene expression included loss of Paneth cell markers, increases in goblet cells, and migration of proliferating, EphB2-expressing cells to the crypt base. Loss of Paneth cell markers was associated with reduced nuclear localization of β-catenin but not homeotic posteriorization of the epithelium by Cdx2. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of Cdx2 in the small intestine is associated with reduced post-natal growth, early epithelial maturation, alterations in crypt base organization, and changes in Paneth and goblet cell lineages. Cdx2 is a critical regulator not only of intestine-specific genes, but also processes that determine epithelial maturity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann S Crissey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Funakoshi S, Kong J, Crissey MA, Dang L, Dang D, Lynch JP. Intestine-specific transcription factor Cdx2 induces E-cadherin function by enhancing the trafficking of E-cadherin to the cell membrane. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1054-67. [PMID: 20671195 PMCID: PMC2993167 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00297.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cdx2 is an intestine-specific transcription factor required for normal intestinal epithelium development. Cdx2 regulates the expression of intestine-specific genes and induces cell adhesion and columnar morphogenesis. Cdx2 also has tumor-suppressor properties, including the reduction of colon cancer cell proliferation and cell invasion, the latter due to its effects on cell adhesion. E-cadherin is a cell adhesion protein required for adherens junction formation and the establishment of intestinal cell polarity. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which Cdx2 regulates E-cadherin function. Two colon cancer cell lines were identified in which Cdx2 expression was associated with increased cell-cell adhesion and diminished cell migration. In both cell lines, Cdx2 did not directly alter E-cadherin levels but increased its trafficking to the cell membrane compartment. Cdx2 enhanced this trafficking by altering receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity. Cdx2 expression diminished phosphorylated Abl and phosphorylated Rac levels, which are downstream effectors of RTKs. Specific chemical inhibition or short interfering RNA (shRNA) knockdown of c-Abl kinase phenocopied Cdx2's cell-cell adhesion effects. In Colo 205 cells, Cdx2 reduced PDGF receptor and IGF-I receptor activation. This was mediated by caveolin-1, which was induced by Cdx2. Targeted shRNA knockdown of caveolin-1 restored PDGF receptor and reversed E-cadherin membrane trafficking, despite Cdx2 expression. We conclude that Cdx2 regulates E-cadherin function indirectly by disrupting RTK activity and enhancing E-cadherin trafficking to the cell membrane compartment. This novel mechanism advances Cdx2's prodifferentiation and antitumor properties and suggests that Cdx2 may broadly regulate RTK activity in normal intestinal epithelium by modulating membrane trafficking of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Funakoshi
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
| | - Jianping Kong
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
| | - Mary Ann Crissey
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
| | - Long Dang
- 2Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Duyen Dang
- 3Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John P. Lynch
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
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Joo JH, Taxter TJ, Munguba GC, Kim YH, Dhaduvai K, Dunn NW, Degan WJ, Oh SP, Sugrue SP. Pinin modulates expression of an intestinal homeobox gene, Cdx2, and plays an essential role for small intestinal morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2010; 345:191-203. [PMID: 20637749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pinin (Pnn), a nuclear speckle-associated protein, has been shown to function in maintenance of epithelial integrity through altering expression of several key adhesion molecules. Here we demonstrate that Pnn plays a crucial role in small intestinal development by influencing expression of an intestinal homeobox gene, Cdx2. Conditional inactivation of Pnn within intestinal epithelia resulted in significant downregulation of a caudal type homeobox gene, Cdx2, leading to obvious villus dysmorphogenesis and severely disrupted epithelial differentiation. Additionally, in Pnn-deficient small intestine, we observed upregulated Tcf/Lef reporter activity, as well as misregulated expression/distribution of beta-catenin and Tcf4. Since regulation of Cdx gene expression has been closely linked to Wnt/beta-catenin signaling activity, we explored the possibility of Pnn's interaction with beta-catenin, a major effector of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Pnn, together with its interaction partner CtBP2, a transcriptional co-repressor, was in a complex with beta-catenin. Moreover, both of these proteins were found to be recruited to the proximal promoter area of Cdx2. Taken together, our results suggest that Pnn is essential for tight regulation of Wnt signaling and Cdx2 expression during small intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Abstract
Barrett's oesophagus is the replacement of normal squamous oesophageal epithelium with an intestinalized columnar epithelium. Although some insight has been gained as to what Barrett's oesophagus is, how this columnar epithelium emerges from within a stratified squamous epithelium remains an unanswered question. We have sought to determine whether oesophageal keratinocytes can be trans-differentiated into Barrett's oesophagus cells. Using an Affymetrix microarray, we found unexpectedly that gene-expression patterns in the Barrett's oesophagus were only slightly more similar to the normal small intestine than they were to the normal oesophagus. Thus gene-expression patterns suggest significant molecular similarities remain between Barrett's oesophagus cells and normal squamous oesophageal epithelium, despite their histological resemblance with intestine. We next determined whether directed expression of intestine-specific transcription factors could induce intestinalization of keratinocytes. Retroviral-mediated Cdx2 (Caudal-type homeobox 2) expression in immortalized human oesophageal keratinocytes engineered with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (EPC2-hTERT cells) could be established transiently, but not maintained, and was associated with a reduction in cell proliferation. Co-expression of cyclin D1 rescued proliferation in the Cdx2-expressing cells, but co-expression of dominant-negative p53 did not. Cdx2 expression in the EPC2-hTERT.D1 cells did not induce intestinalization. However, when combined with treatments that induce chromatin remodelling, there was a significant induction of Barrett's oesophagus-associated genes. Studies are ongoing to determine whether other intestinal transcription factors, either alone or in combination, can provoke greater intestinalization of oesophageal keratinocytes. We conclude that, on the basis of gene-expression patterns, Barrett's oesophagus epithelial cells may represent an intermediate between oesophageal keratinocytes and intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, our findings suggest that it may be possible to induce Barrett's oesophagus epithelial cells from oesophageal keratinocytes by altering the expression of certain critical genes.
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Stairs DB, Kong J, Lynch JP. Cdx genes, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of intestinal metaplasia. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 96:231-70. [PMID: 21075347 PMCID: PMC6005371 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381280-3.00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a biologically interesting and clinically relevant condition in which one differentiated type of epithelium is replaced by another that is morphologically similar to normal intestinal epithelium. Two classic examples of this are gastric IM and Barrett's esophagus (BE). In both, a chronic inflammatory microenvironment, provoked either by Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach or acid and bile reflux into the esophagus, precedes the metaplasia. The Caudal-related homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2 are critical regulators of the normal intestinal epithelial cell phenotype. Ectopic expression of Cdx1 and Cdx2 occurs in both gastric IM as well as in BE. This expression precedes the onset of the metaplasia and implies a causal role for these factors in this process. We review the observations regarding the role of chronic inflammation and the Cdx transcription factors in the pathogenesis of gastric IM and BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Stairs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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36
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Guo RJ, Funakoshi S, Lee HH, Kong J, Lynch JP. The intestine-specific transcription factor Cdx2 inhibits beta-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity by disrupting the beta-catenin-TCF protein complex. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:159-66. [PMID: 19734199 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdx2 is an intestine-specific transcription factor known to regulate proliferation and differentiation. We have reported previously that Cdx2 limits the proliferation of human colon cancer cells by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of the beta-catenin-T-cell factor (TCF) bipartite complex. Herein we further elucidate this mechanism. Studies with a classic Cdx2 target gene and a canonical Wnt/beta-catenin/TCF reporter suggest that Cdx2 regulates these promoters by distinctly different processes. Specifically, inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF activity by Cdx2 does not require Cdx2 transcriptional activity. Instead, Cdx2 binds beta-catenin and disrupts its interaction with the DNA-binding TCF factors, thereby silencing beta-catenin/TCF target gene expression. Using Cdx2 mutants, we map the Cdx2 domains required for the inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF activity. We identify a subdomain in the N-terminus that is highly conserved and when mutated significantly reduces Cdx2 inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity. Mutation of this subdomain also abrogates Cdx2's anti-proliferative effects in colon cancer cells. In summary, we conclude that Cdx2 binds beta-catenin and disrupts the beta-catenin-TCF complex. Considering the pivotal role of beta-catenin/TCF activity in driving proliferation of normal intestinal epithelial and colon cancer cells, our findings suggest a novel mechanism for Cdx2-mediated regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jun Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Chakravarti B, Dwivedi SKD, Mithal A, Chattopadhyay N. Calcium-sensing receptor in cancer: good cop or bad cop? Endocrine 2009; 35:271-84. [PMID: 19011996 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is a versatile 'sensor' for di- and polycationic molecules in the body. CaR plays a key role in the defense against hypercalcemia by "sensing" extracellular calcium levels in the parathyroid and kidney, the key organs maintaining systemic calcium homeostasis. Although mutation of CaR gene has so far not been associated with any malignancy, aberrant functions of CaR have implications in malignant progression. One situation is loss of CaR expression, resulting in loss of growth suppressing effects of elevated extracellular Ca(2+) by CaR, reported in parathyroid adenoma and in colon carcinoma. Another situation is activation of CaR, resulting in increased production of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), a primary causal factor in hypercalcemia of malignancy and a contributor to metastatic processes involving bone. CaR signaling and effects have been studied in several cancers including ovarian cancers, gastrinomas, and gliomas in addition to comparatively detailed studies in breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Studies on H-500 rat Leydig cells, a xenotransplantable model of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy has shed much light on the mechanisms of CaR-induced cancer cell growth and survival. Pharmacological agonists and antagonists of CaR hold therapeutic promise depending on whether activation of CaR is required such as in case of colon cancer or inactivating the receptor is required as in the case of breast- and prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Chakravarti
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil, Lucknow, India.
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Kong J, Nakagawa H, Isariyawongse BK, Funakoshi S, Silberg DG, Rustgi AK, Lynch JP. Induction of intestinalization in human esophageal keratinocytes is a multistep process. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:122-30. [PMID: 18845559 PMCID: PMC2722140 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the replacement of normal squamous esophageal mucosa with an intestinalized columnar epithelium. The molecular mechanisms underlying its development are not understood. Cdx2 is an intestine-specific transcription factor that is ectopically expressed in BE, but its role in this process is unclear. Herein, we describe a novel cell culture model for BE. Retroviral-mediated Cdx2 expression in immortalized human esophageal keratinocytes [EPC-human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)] could transiently be established but not maintained and was associated with a reduction in cell proliferation. Coexpression of cyclin D1, but not a dominant-negative p53, rescued proliferation in the Cdx2-expressing cells. Cdx2 expression in the EPC-hTERT.D1 cells decreased cell proliferation but did not induce intestinalization. We investigated for other treatments to enhance intestinalization and found that acidic culture conditions uniformly killed EPC-hTERT.D1.Cdx2 cells. However, treatment with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-AzaC) to demethylate epigenetically silenced genes did appear to be tolerated. Multiple Cdx2 target genes, markers of intestinal differentiation and markers of BE, were induced by this 5-AzaC treatment. More interestingly, the expression level of several of these genes was enhanced only in the EPC-hTERT.D1-Cdx2 cells treated with 5-AzaC. Two of these, SLC26a3/DRA (downregulated in adenoma) and Na+/H+ exchanger 2 (NHE2), were not previously known to be elevated in BE; however, we confirmed their elevation in BE tissue samples. 5-AzaC treatment also induced cell senescence, even at low doses. We conclude that ectopic proliferation signals, alterations in epigenetic gene regulation and the inhibition of tumor suppressor mechanisms are required for Cdx2-mediated intestinalization of human esophageal keratinocytes in BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Kong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brandon K. Isariyawongse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shinsuke Funakoshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Debra G. Silberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, DE 19850-5437, USA
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John P. Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Funakoshi S, Ezaki T, Kong J, Guo RJ, Lynch JP. Repression of the desmocollin 2 gene expression in human colon cancer cells is relieved by the homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:1478-90. [PMID: 18819935 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are intracellular junctions that provide strong cell-cell adhesion in epithelia and cardiac muscle. Their disruption causes several human diseases and contributes to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition observed in cancer. Desmocollin 2 (DSC2) is a cadherin superfamily member and a critical component of desmosomes found in intestinal epithelium. However, the mechanism regulating DSC2 gene expression in intestinal cells is not known. Cdx1 and Cdx2 are homeodomain transcription factors that regulate intestine-specific gene expression. Cdx expression in the past has been associated with the induction of desmosomes. We now show that the DSC2 gene is a transcriptional target for Cdx1 and Cdx2. Colon cancer cell lines retaining Cdx2 expression typically express DSC2. Restoration of Cdx expression in Colo 205 cells induced DSC2 mRNA and protein and the formation of desmosomes. The 5'-flanking region of the DSC2 promoter contains two consensus Cdx-binding sites. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays show that Cdx1 and Cdx2 bind these sites in vitro, and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed Cdx2 binding in vivo. DSC2 promoter truncations established that these regions are Cdx responsive. The truncations also identify a region of the promoter in which potent transcriptional repressors act. This repressor activity is relieved by Cdx binding. We conclude that the homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2 regulate DSC2 gene expression in intestinal epithelia by reversing the actions of a transcriptional repressor. The regulation of desmosomal junctions by Cdx contributes to normal intestinal epithelial columnar morphology and likely antagonizes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition necessary for the metastasis of colon cancer cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Funakoshi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Gutiérrez-González L, Wright NA. Biology of intestinal metaplasia in 2008: more than a simple phenotypic alteration. Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40:510-22. [PMID: 18400571 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review concentrates on one main aspect of cancerization in the oesophagus and stomach: principally, intestinal metaplasia. There are at least two other important pathways that lead to cancer and do not need such a morphological transformation. One is the gastric type of carcinoma on the Lauren classification, which arises directly from the stem cell zone and is the signet ring form of cancer, while the other is spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM)--spasmolytic polypeptide (TFF2) expressing metaplasia, where the gastric glands become filled with TFF2-expressing cells and may also lead to gastric dysplasia and cancer. The development of intestinal metaplasia is complex. Here, we examine intestinal metaplasia in molecular terms, noting the over-expression of Cdx1, Cdx2, Pdx1, Oct1, TFF3 and the downregulation of Hedgehog signalling; Runx3 is deactivated by epigenetic silencing, and pathways such as Wnt and MARK/ERK are involved. These changes start to explain the principles of the development of intestinal metaplasia and suggest that the regulation of these genes is of importance in the development of gastric cancer.
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The homeodomain transcription factor Cdx1 does not behave as an oncogene in normal mouse intestine. Neoplasia 2008; 10:8-19. [PMID: 18231635 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caudal-related homeobox genes Cdx1 and Cdx2 are intestine-specific transcription factors that regulate differentiation of intestinal cell types. Previously, we have shown Cdx1 to be antiproliferative and to promote cell differentiation. However, other studies have suggested that Cdx1 may be an oncogene. To test for oncogenic behavior, we used the murine villin promoter to ectopically express Cdx1 in the small intestinal villi and colonic surface epithelium. No changes in intestinal architecture, cell differentiation, or lineage selection were observed with expression of the transgene. Classic oncogenes enhance proliferation and induce tumors when ectopically expressed. However, the Cdx1 transgene neither altered intestinal proliferation nor induced spontaneous intestinal tumors. In a murine model for colitis-associated cancer, the Cdx1 transgene decreased, rather than increased, the number of adenomas that developed. In the polyps, the expression of the endogenous and the transgenic Cdx1 proteins was largely absent, whereas endogenous Villin expression was retained. This suggests that transgene silencing was specific and not due to a general Villin inactivation. In conclusion, neither the ectopic expression of Cdx1 was associated with changes in intestinal cell proliferation or differentiation nor was there increased intestinal cancer susceptibility. Our results therefore suggest that Cdx1 is not an oncogene in normal intestinal epithelium.
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MacLeod RJ, Hayes M, Pacheco I. Wnt5a secretion stimulated by the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor inhibits defective Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G403-11. [PMID: 17463182 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00119.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To understand the role of the colonic extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in calcium chemoprotection against colon cancer, we activated the CaSR with 5 mM Ca(2+) on HT-29 cells, an adenocarcinoma cell line. High Ca(2+) stimulated the upregulation (as assessed by RT-PCR) and the secretion of Wnt5a (assessed by Western blot), a noncanonical Wnt family member. Inhibiting CaSR activity with a short interfering RNA (siRNA) duplex against the CaSR reduced CaSR protein and prevented the secretion of Wnt5a. Dominant negative CaSR (R185Q) or siRNA blocked the high Ca(2+)-mediated inhibition of the beta-catenin reporter TOPflash. The CaSR/Wnt5a inhibition of beta-catenin reporter was prevented by dominant negative ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homolog 2 (Siah2). In low-calcium medium, overexpressing Wnt5a increased Siah2 amplicons and protein. Inducing the expression of full-length adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) prevented CaSRmediated increases of Siah2 and Wnt5a. Overexpressing the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) increased Wnt5a and CaSR-mediated inhibition of TOPflash. Conditioned medium from Wnt5a-transfected cells added to HT-29 cells in low-Ca(2+) medium inhibited the beta-catenin reporter. This inhibition was blocked dose responsively by Frizzled-8/Fc chimeric antibody. Overexpression of Ror2 in HT-29 cells in low-Ca(2+) medium increased the inhibition of beta-catenin reporter caused by recombinant Wnt5a protein compared with addition of Wnt5a protein alone. Our findings demonstrate that APC status plays a key role as a determinant of Wnt5a secretion and suggest that CaSR-mediated secretion of Wnt5a will inhibit defective Wnt signaling in APC-truncated cells in an autocrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- R John MacLeod
- Department of Physiology, Queen's University, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Ezaki T, Guo RJ, Li H, Reynolds AB, Lynch JP. The homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2 induce E-cadherin adhesion activity by reducing beta- and p120-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G54-65. [PMID: 17463179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00533.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2 are regulators of intestine-specific gene expression. They also regulate intestinal cell differentiation and proliferation; however, these effects are poorly understood. Previously, we have shown that expression of Cdx1 or Cdx2 in human Colo 205 cells induces a mature colonocyte morphology characterized by the induction of a polarized, columnar shape with apical microvilli and strong cell-cell adhesion. To elucidate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we investigated the adherens junction complex. Cdx1 or Cdx2 expression reduced Colo 205 cell migration and invasion in vitro, suggesting a physiologically significant change in cadherin function. However, Cdx expression did not significantly effect E-cadherin, alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin, or p120-catenin protein levels. Additionally, no alteration in their intracellular distribution was observed. Cdx expression did not alter the coprecipitation of beta-catenin with E-cadherin; however, it did reduce p120-catenin-E-cadherin coprecipitation. Tyrosine phosphorylation of beta- and p120-catenin is known to disrupt E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and is associated with robust p120-catenin/E-cadherin interactions. We specifically investigated beta- and p120-catenin for tyrosine phosphorylation and found that it was significantly diminished by Cdx1 or Cdx2 expression. We restored beta- and p120-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation in Cdx2-expressing cells by knocking down the expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and noted a significant decline in cell-cell adhesion. We conclude that Cdx expression in Colo 205 cells induces E-cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion by reducing beta- and p120-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation. Ascertaining the mechanism for this novel Cdx effect may improve our understanding of the regulation of cell-cell adhesion in the colonic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ezaki
- Division of Gastroenterology/650 CRB, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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44
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Saegusa M, Hashimura M, Kuwata T, Hamano M, Wani Y, Okayasu I. A functional role of Cdx2 in beta-catenin signaling during transdifferentiation in endometrial carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:1885-92. [PMID: 17468517 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear beta-catenin is required for changes in morphology from glandular to morular phenotypes of endometrial carcinoma (Em Ca) cells, with activation of p14(ARF)/p53/p21(Waf1) and alteration of p16(INK4A)/pRb pathways. Having demonstrated previously that the homeodomain transcription factor Cdx2 increases markedly during intestinal epithelial cell differentiation, we have examined its effects in beta-catenin signaling during transdifferentiation of Em Ca cells. In clinical cases, Cdx2 immunoreactivity, along with increased mRNA signals, was found to overlap with nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and p21(Waf1) in morules, demonstrating an inverse correlation with cell proliferation. In cell lines, over-expression of active form beta-catenin resulted in a significant increase in endogenous Cdx2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the Cdx2 promoter was activated by T-cell factor 4 (TCF4) -independent activated beta-catenin, as well as Cdx2 itself, through the region from -39 to +9 bp relative to transcription start site. Cells over-expressing exogenous Cdx2 showed high levels of p21(Waf1) expression due to stabilization of the mRNA status, resulting in significant decrease in the proliferation rate, in contrast to the lack of apparent changes in morphology. Moreover, transfected Cdx2 could inhibit beta-catenin/TCF4-mediated transcriptional activation of target genes, including p14(ARF) and cyclin D1, probably through indirect mechanisms. These data suggest that over-expression of Cdx2 mediated by nuclear beta-catenin and Cdx2 itself can cause an inhibition of Em Ca cell proliferation through up-regulation of p21(Waf1) expression, modulating beta-catenin/TCF4-mediated transcription. We therefore conclude that an association between Cdx2 and beta-catenin signaling may participate in induction of transdifferentiation of Em Ca cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Saegusa
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
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Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling plays important roles in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. For the latter, induced mutations in mice have greatly contributed to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cancer initiation and progression. Here, I will review recent reports on gastrointestinal cancer model mice, with an emphasis on the roles of the Wnt signal pathway. They include: mouse models for familial adenomatous polyposis; modifying factors that affect mouse intestinal polyposis, including the genes that help cancer progression; Wnt target genes that affect mouse intestinal polyposis; and a mouse model of gastric cancer that mimics Helicobacter pyroli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoé-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan.
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46
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Dang LH, Chen F, Knock SA, Huang EH, Feng J, Appelman HD, Dang DT. CDX2 does not suppress tumorigenicity in the human gastric cancer cell line MKN45. Oncogene 2006; 25:2048-59. [PMID: 16331267 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CDX2 is a Drosophila caudal-related homeobox transcription factor that is expressed specifically in the intestine. In mice, ectopic expression of CDX2 in the gastric mucosa gives rise to intestinal metaplasia and in one model, gastric carcinoma. In humans, increased CDX2 expression is associated with gastric intestinal metaplasia and tubular adenocarcinomas. These patterns of expression have shown that CDX2 is important for the initiation of intestinal metaplasia in the gastric mucosa, but the role of CDX2 in established gastric cancer remains unclear. We sought to determine whether CDX2 contributes to tumorigenic potential in established gastric cancer. The CDX2 gene in MKN45 gastric carcinoma cells was disrupted using targeted homologous recombination. The resulting CDX2-/- cells are essentially identical to their parental cells, with the exception of CDX2 ablation. We found no significant differences in the proliferation of CDX2-/- cells compared to CDX2+/+ cells, in vitro or in vivo. Molecular analyses show that loss of CDX2 predominantly altered the expression of genes involved in intestinal glandular differentiation and adhesion. However, there were no microscopic differences in tumor differentiation. We conclude that disruption of CDX2 in MKN45 cells does not significantly affect their tumorigenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Dang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0682, USA
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Singh AP, Chauhan SC, Andrianifahanana M, Moniaux N, Meza JL, Copin MC, van Seuningen I, Hollingsworth MA, Aubert JP, Batra SK. MUC4 expression is regulated by cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells via transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Oncogene 2006; 26:30-41. [PMID: 16799633 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
MUC4 mucin is a high molecular weight transmembrane glycoprotein that plays important roles in tumour biology. It is aberrantly expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, while not being detectable in the normal pancreas. Previous studies have demonstrated that the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel that is defective in CF, is implicated in multiple cellular functions, including gene regulation. In the present study, using a CFTR-defective pancreatic cancer cell line and its derived subline expressing functional CFTR, we report that MUC4 expression is negatively regulated by CFTR. Short-interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of CFTR also leads to an increased expression of MUC4. Additionally, our results suggest that CFTR-mediated regulation of MUC4 is cell density-dependent and is achieved by transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. Moreover, in a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines and normal pancreas, we observed that CFTR was downregulated in pancreatic cancer cells and negatively correlated with MUC4 in most cases. An aberrant expression of MUC4 was also detected in the CF pancreas. Downregulation of CFTR in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and its inverse association with the tumour-linked mucin, MUC4, indicate novel function(s) of CFTR in pancreatic tumour biology and suggest the implication of new signalling pathway(s) in MUC4 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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Fukamachi H. Runx3 controls growth and differentiation of gastric epithelial cells in mammals. Dev Growth Differ 2006; 48:1-13. [PMID: 16466388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2006.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Runx3 is a transcription factor expressed by gastric epithelial cells. In the Runx3(-/-) mouse, gastric epithelia exhibited hyperplasia, and epithelial apoptosis was suppressed. By analyzing growth of the epithelial cells in primary culture, we found that Runx3(-/-) gastric epithelial cells are less sensitive to the growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities of TGF-beta, suggesting that Runx3 is a major growth regulator of gastric epithelial cells by regulating their response to TGF-beta. We also found that Runx3 plays an important role in the control of gastric epithelial differentiation. When subcutaneously implanted into nude mice, Runx3(-/-) gastric epithelial cells formed tumors in which some cells differentiated into intestinal-type cells. Clonal analysis showed that gastric epithelial cells transdifferentiate into intestinal-type cells in the tumor. Considering that gastric epithelial differentiation is very stable, and that intestinal-type cells never differentiate in the mouse stomach, it is remarkable that gastric epithelial cells transdifferentiate into intestinal-type cells. We conclude that Runx3 is deeply involved in the control of both growth and differentiation of gastric epithelial cells. The role of Runx3 in the specification of gastric epithelial cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Dang LH, Chen F, Ying C, Chun SY, Knock SA, Appelman HD, Dang DT. CDX2 has tumorigenic potential in the human colon cancer cell lines LOVO and SW48. Oncogene 2006; 25:2264-72. [PMID: 16314840 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CDX2 is a Drosophila caudal-related homeobox transcription factor that is important for the establishment and maintenance of intestinal epithelial cells. CDX2 is a marker of colon cancer, with strong staining in up to 90% of colonic adenocarcinomas. CDX2 heterozygous-null mice develop colonic neoplasms, which have suggested that CDX2 is a tumor suppressor. However, CDX2 has not been reported to affect xenograft growth. Furthermore, CDX2 is rarely mutated in colon cancer, which has led to suggestions that it may play only a minor role as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer. To understand the functional contributions of CDX2 to colon cancer, we disrupted CDX2 in LOVO and SW48 human colon cancer cell lines by targeted homologous recombination. Consistent with the literature, disruption of CDX2 enhanced anchorage-dependent cell proliferation. However, homozygous loss of CDX2 led to significant inhibition of anchorage-independent growth in LOVO cells, and cell lethality in SW48 cells. Further analyses revealed that disruption of CDX2 led to anchorage-independent G1 to S growth arrest and anoikis. In vivo xenograft studies confirmed that disruption of CDX2 inhibited LOVO tumor growth. These data demonstrate that CDX2 mediates anchorage-independent growth and survival. Thus, CDX2 has tumorigenic potential in the human colon cancer cell lines LOVO and SW48.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Dang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0682, USA
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50
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Escaffit F, Paré F, Gauthier R, Rivard N, Boudreau F, Beaulieu JF. Cdx2 modulates proliferation in normal human intestinal epithelial crypt cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:66-72. [PMID: 16480684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The homeobox gene Cdx2 is involved in the regulation of the expression of intestine specific markers such as sucrase-isomaltase and lactase-phlorizin hydrolase. Previous studies performed with immortalized or transformed intestinal cell lines have provided evidence that Cdx2 can promote morphological and functional differentiation in these experimental models. However, no data exist concerning the implication of this factor in normal human intestinal cell physiology. In the present work, we have investigated the role of Cdx2 in normal human intestinal epithelial crypt (HIEC) cells that lack this transcription factor. The establishment of HIEC cells expressing Cdx2 in an inducible manner shows that forced expression of Cdx2 significantly alters the proliferation of intestinal crypt cells and stimulates dipeptidylpeptidase IV expression but is not sufficient to trigger intestinal terminal differentiation. These observations suggest that Cdx2 requires additional factors to activate the enterocyte differentiation program in normal undifferentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Escaffit
- CIHR Group on Functional Development and Physiopathology of the Digestive Tract, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada J1H 5N4
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