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Pantiora P, Furlan V, Matiadis D, Mavroidi B, Perperopoulou F, Papageorgiou AC, Sagnou M, Bren U, Pelecanou M, Labrou NE. Monocarbonyl Curcumin Analogues as Potent Inhibitors against Human Glutathione Transferase P1-1. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010063. [PMID: 36670925 PMCID: PMC9854774 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The isoenzyme of human glutathione transferase P1-1 (hGSTP1-1) is involved in multi-drug resistance (MDR) mechanisms in numerous cancer cell lines. In the present study, the inhibition potency of two curcuminoids and eleven monocarbonyl curcumin analogues against hGSTP1-1 was investigated. Demethoxycurcumin (Curcumin II) and three of the monocarbonyl curcumin analogues exhibited the highest inhibitory activity towards hGSTP1-1 with IC50 values ranging between 5.45 ± 1.08 and 37.72 ± 1.02 μM. Kinetic inhibition studies of the most potent inhibitors demonstrated that they function as non-competitive/mixed-type inhibitors. These compounds were also evaluated for their toxicity against the prostate cancer cells DU-145. Interestingly, the strongest hGSTP1-1 inhibitor, (DM96), exhibited the highest cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 8.60 ± 1.07 μΜ, while the IC50 values of the rest of the compounds ranged between 44.59-48.52 μΜ. Structural analysis employing molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and binding-free-energy calculations was performed to study the four most potent curcumin analogues as hGSTP1-1 inhibitors. According to the obtained computational results, DM96 exhibited the lowest binding free energy, which is in agreement with the experimental data. All studied curcumin analogues were found to form hydrophobic interactions with the residue Gln52, as well as hydrogen bonds with the nearby residues Gln65 and Asn67. Additional hydrophobic interactions with the residues Phe9 and Val36 as well as π-π stacking interaction with Phe9 contributed to the superior inhibitory activity of DM96. The van der Waals component through shape complementarity was found to play the most important role in DM96-inhibitory activity. Overall, our results revealed that the monocarbonyl curcumin derivative DM96 acts as a strong hGSTP1-1 inhibitor, exerts high prostate cancer cell cytotoxicity, and may, therefore, be exploited for the suppression and chemosensitization of cancer cells. This study provides new insights into the development of safe and effective GST-targeted cancer chemosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Pantiora
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Veronika Furlan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Dimitris Matiadis
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Barbara Mavroidi
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Fereniki Perperopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marina Sagnou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Urban Bren
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska Ulica 7, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maria Pelecanou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E. Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +30-2105294208
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Dissecting Regulators of Aging and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6009787. [PMID: 36439688 PMCID: PMC9683958 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6009787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in elderly populations, involves the loss of central vision due to progressive dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and subsequent loss of light-sensing photoreceptors. While age is a key risk factor, not every aged individual develops AMD. Thus, the critical question is what specific cellular changes tip the balance from healthy aging to disease. To distinguish between changes associated with aging and AMD, we compared the RPE proteome in human eye bank tissue from nondiseased donors during aging (n = 50, 29-91 years) and in donors with AMD (n = 36) compared to age-matched donors without disease (n = 28). Proteins from RPE cells were separated on two-dimensional gels, analyzed for content, and identified using mass spectrometry. A total of 58 proteins displayed significantly altered content with either aging or AMD. Proteins involved in metabolism, protein turnover, stress response, and cell death were altered with both aging and AMD. However, the direction of change was predominantly opposite. With aging, we detected an overall decrease in metabolism and reductions in stress-associated proteins, proteases, and chaperones. With AMD, we observed upregulation of metabolic proteins involved in glycolysis, TCA, and fatty acid metabolism, with a concurrent decline in oxidative phosphorylation, suggesting a reprogramming of energy utilization. Additionally, we detected upregulation of proteins involved in the stress response and protein turnover. Predicted upstream regulators also showed divergent results, with inhibition of inflammation and immune response with aging and activation of these processes with AMD. Our results support the idea that AMD is not simply advanced aging but rather the culmination of perturbed protein homeostasis, defective bioenergetics, and increased oxidative stress within the aging RPE, exacerbated by environmental factors and the genetic background of an individual.
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Kar B, Shanavas S, Nagendra AH, Das U, Roy N, Pete S, Sharma S A, De S, Kumar S K A, Vardhan S, Sahoo SK, Panda D, Shenoy S, Bose B, Paira P. Iridium(III)-Cp*-(imidazo[4,5- f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenol analogues as hypoxia active, GSH-resistant cancer cytoselective and mitochondria-targeting cancer stem cell therapeutic agents. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5494-5514. [PMID: 35293923 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00168c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have introduced a series of iridium(III)-Cp*-(imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenol complexes via a convenient synthetic methodology, which act as hypoxia active and glutathione-resistant anticancer metallotherapeutics. The [IrIII(Cp*)(L5)(Cl)](PF6) (IrL5) complex exhibited the best cytoselectivity, GSH resistance and hypoxia effectivity in HeLa and Caco-2 cells among the synthesized complexes. IrL5 also exhibited highly cytotoxic effects on the HCT-116 CSC cell line. This complex was localized in the mitochondria and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction was observed via MMP alteration and ROS generation on colorectal cancer stem cells. Cell cycle analysis also established the potential of this complex in mediating G2/M phase cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Kar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Shanooja Shanavas
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Apoorva H Nagendra
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Utpal Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Nilmadhab Roy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Sudhindra Pete
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Ajay Sharma S
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Sourav De
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar S K
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Seshu Vardhan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchanath, Surat, Gujrat-395007, India.
| | - Suban K Sahoo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchanath, Surat, Gujrat-395007, India.
| | - Debashis Panda
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, An Institution of National Importance, Jais, Amethi-229304, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sudheer Shenoy
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
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4
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Kar B, Das U, De S, Pete S, Sharma S A, Roy N, S K AK, Panda D, Paira P. GSH-resistant and highly cytoselective ruthenium(II)- p-cymene-(imidazo[4,5- f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenol complexes as potential anticancer agents. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10369-10373. [PMID: 34308466 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01604k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To avoid the side effects of the current popular platinum-based anticancer drugs, researchers have made tireless attempts to design appropriate GSH-resistant Ru(ii)-arene complexes. In this regard, luminescent ruthenium(ii)-p-cymene-imidazophenanthroline complexes were developed as promising highly cytoselective cancer theraputic agents for HeLa and Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Kar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Utpal Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Sourav De
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Sudhindra Pete
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Ajay Sharma S
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Nilmadhab Roy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar S K
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Debashis Panda
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, An Institution of National Importance, Jais, Amethi-229304, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
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5
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Mondal A, Paira P. Hypoxia efficient and glutathione-resistant cytoselective ruthenium(ii)-p-cymene-arylimidazophenanthroline complexes: biomolecular interaction and live cell imaging. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12865-12878. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of ruthenium(ii)–arene-2-arylimidazophenanthroline based DNA targeting, cytoselective, hypoxia efficient and glutathione-resistant luminescent anticancer drugs have been developed which are also represented as HeLa cell imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaparna Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- School of advanced sciences
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry
- School of advanced sciences
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
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6
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He N, Bai S, Huang Y, Xing Y, Chen L, Yu F, Lv C. Evaluation of Glutathione S-Transferase Inhibition Effects on Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Therapy with a Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe in Cell and Mice Models. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5424-5432. [PMID: 30869868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lung-limited and progressive fibrotic disease. The early diagnosis and therapies of IPF are still full of clinical challenges. Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) plays significant roles in promoting the formation of pulmonary fibrosis. Herein, we report a fluorescent probe (Cy-GST) for the detection of GSTs concentration fluctuations in cells and in mice models. The probe can selectively and sensitively respond to GSTs with an "off-on" type fluorescence switch. Our results demonstrated that the level of intracellular GSTs increase in the pulmonary fibrosis cells and mice models. And the IPF patients hold high levels of GSTs concentrations. Thus, GSTs are likely to play important roles in pulmonary fibrosis. The inhibitor of GSTs TLK117 can reduce the severity of pulmonary fibrosis. The synergistic treatment of TLK117 and pirfenidone have better therapeutic effects than only using pirfenidone in pulmonary fibrosis mice models. The level of GSTs in IPF may be a new potential marker for IPF diagnosis. And the inhibition of GSTs may be a new therapeutic strategy for IPF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine , Binzhou Medical University Hospital , Binzhou 256603 , China.,Medicine Research Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003 , China
| | - Song Bai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine , Binzhou Medical University Hospital , Binzhou 256603 , China.,Medicine Research Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003 , China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , China
| | - Yanlong Xing
- Institute of Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Clinical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, College of Emergency and Trauma , Hainan Medical University , Haikou 571199 , China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , China
| | - Fabiao Yu
- Institute of Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Clinical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, College of Emergency and Trauma , Hainan Medical University , Haikou 571199 , China
| | - Changjun Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine , Binzhou Medical University Hospital , Binzhou 256603 , China.,Medicine Research Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003 , China
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7
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Markus V, Teralı K, Dalmizrak O, Ozer N. Assessment of the inhibitory activity of the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin against human placental glutathione transferase P1-1: A combined kinetic and docking study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 61:18-23. [PMID: 29807309 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DEL), which is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, has been used successfully all over the world to treat mosquito nets for the control of malaria. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to a variety of xenobiotics and are normally recognized as detoxification enzymes. Here, we used a colorimetric assay based on the human placental GSTP1-1 (hpGSTP1-1)-catalyzed reaction between GSH and the model substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as well as molecular docking to investigate the mechanistic and structural aspects of hpGSTP1-1 inhibition by DEL. We show that DEL is a potent, noncompetitive inhibitor of hpGSTP1-1 with an IC50 value of 6.1 μM and Ki values of 5.61 ± 0.32 μM and 7.96 ± 0.97 μM at fixed [CDNB]-varied [GSH] and fixed [GSH]-varied [CDNB], respectively. DEL appears to be accommodated well in an eccentric cavity located at the interface of the hpGSTP1-1 homodimer, presumably causing conformational changes to the enzyme's substrate-binding sites such that the enzyme is no longer able to transform GSH and CDNB effectively. Correspondingly, considerable maternal exposure to and subsequent accumulation of DEL may interfere with the proper development of the vulnerable fetus, possibly increasing the risk of developing congenital defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Markus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC, 99138, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Kerem Teralı
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC, 99138, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Dalmizrak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC, 99138, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Nazmi Ozer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC, 99138, Mersin 10, Turkey.
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8
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Zhang J, Jin Z, Hu XX, Meng HM, Li J, Zhang XB, Liu HW, Deng T, Yao S, Feng L. Efficient Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe for Glutathione S-Transferase Detection and Imaging in Drug-Induced Liver Injury Sample. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8097-8103. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development
and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Hu
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hong-Min Meng
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jin Li
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hong-Wen Liu
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Tanggang Deng
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shan Yao
- The People’s
Hospital of Dangshan County, Dangshan 235300, China
| | - Lili Feng
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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9
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Wang HB, Jin XL, Zheng JF, Wang F, Dai F, Zhou B. Developing piperlongumine-directed glutathione S-transferase inhibitors by an electrophilicity-based strategy. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 126:517-525. [PMID: 27914365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of successful design of glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors via a natural product-inspired and electrophilicity-based strategy. Based on this strategy, a novel piperlongumine analog (PL-13) bearing a para-trifluoromethyl group and an α-chlorine on its aromatic and lactam rings, respectively, surfaced as a promising GST inhibitor, thereby overcoming cisplatin resistance in lung cancer A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jia-Fang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Fu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Fang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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10
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Zhou S, Sorokina EM, Harper S, Li H, Ralat L, Dodia C, Speicher DW, Feinstein SI, Fisher AB. Peroxiredoxin 6 homodimerization and heterodimerization with glutathione S-transferase pi are required for its peroxidase but not phospholipase A2 activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 94:145-56. [PMID: 26891882 PMCID: PMC4844822 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a unique 1-Cys member of the peroxiredoxin family with both GSH peroxidase and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities. It is highly expressed in the lung where it plays an important role in antioxidant defense and lung surfactant metabolism. Glutathionylation of Prdx6 mediated by its heterodimerization with GSH S-transferase π (πGST) is required for its peroxidatic catalytic cycle. Recombinant human Prdx6 crystallizes as a homodimer and sedimentation equilibrium analysis confirmed that this protein exists as a high affinity dimer in solution. Based on measurement of molecular mass, dimeric Prdx6 that was oxidized to the sulfenic acid formed a sulfenylamide during storage. After examination of the dimer interface in the crystal structure, we postulated that the hydrophobic amino acids L145 and L148 play an important role in homodimerization of Prdx6 as well as in its heterodimerization with πGST. Oxidation of Prdx6 also was required for its heterodimerization. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis and the Duolink proximity ligation assay following mutation of the L145 and L148 residues of Prdx6 to Glu indicated greatly decreased dimerization propensity reflecting the loss of hydrophobic interactions between the protein monomers. Peroxidase activity was markedly reduced by mutation at either of the Leu sites and was essentially abolished by the double mutation, while PLA2 activity was unaffected. Decreased peroxidase activity following mutation of the interfacial leucines presumably is mediated via impaired heterodimerization of Prdx6 with πGST that is required for reduction and re-activation of the oxidized enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suiping Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elena M Sorokina
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra Harper
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Haitao Li
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luis Ralat
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chandra Dodia
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David W Speicher
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sheldon I Feinstein
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aron B Fisher
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Dalmizrak O, Kulaksiz-Erkmen G, Ozer N. Fluoxetine-induced toxicity results in human placental glutathione S-transferase-π(GST-π) dysfunction. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 39:439-44. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2016.1141422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Turk S, Kulaksiz Erkmen G, Dalmizrak O, Ogus IH, Ozer N. Purification of Glutathione S-Transferase pi from Erythrocytes and Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effect of Hypericin. Protein J 2015; 34:434-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-015-9638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Purkait K, Karmakar S, Bhattacharyya S, Chatterjee S, Dey SK, Mukherjee A. A hypoxia efficient imidazole-based Ru(ii) arene anticancer agent resistant to deactivation by glutathione. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:5969-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[RuII(η6-p-cym)(L)Cl](PF6) is slow to hydrolyze and shows better anticancer activity in hypoxia with strong resistance to deactivation by l-glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallol Purkait
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Subhendu Karmakar
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Sudipta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Saptarshi Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Suman Kr Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
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Lin Y, Huang Y, Zheng W, Wang F, Habtemariam A, Luo Q, Li X, Wu K, Sadler PJ, Xiong S. Organometallic ruthenium anticancer complexes inhibit human glutathione-S-transferase π. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Functional analysis of genetic polymorphism in Wuchereria bancrofti glutathione S-transferase antioxidant gene: impact on protein structure and enzyme catalysis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 192:10-20. [PMID: 24188745 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Wuchereria bancrofti glutathione S-transferase (Wb-GST) is referred as a promising chemotherapeutic target for lymphatic filariasis. GST represents the major class of detoxifying enzymes of the tissue dwelling parasitic helminths. Though many inhibition studies were carried out for Wb-GST, understanding its genetic distribution in parasite population is necessary to develop ideal inhibitor. Our genetic polymorphic studies exposed the existence of three variant Wb-GST alleles in the four endemic regions of India. Moreover, it also revealed the variability in the distribution of Wb-GST alleles in the studied population. Therefore we cloned, expressed and purified the recombinant variant Wb-GST proteins to study the mutation impact on its structure and hence on its catalysis. Among the studied mutations, the I60F/G78S substitutions in the N-terminal domain and loop region connecting the two domains of Wb-GST lowered the affinity for glutathione and its analog, S-hexyl glutathione. Moreover, molecular modeling and docking studies revealed that the I60F/G78S mutations affected the proximity of Trp38 and Arg95 in glutathione binding site resulting in weaker interaction with S-hexyl glutathione. Besides, the variants also had lower affinity (Ki) and higher IC50 values for well-known GST inhibitors. Interestingly, the Wb-GST variant proteins showed enhanced catalytic efficiency for lipid peroxidation products which are produced due to oxidative stress. Thus, our study provides evidence for the functional impact of mutations on Wb-GST protein and also spotlights the mechanisms of parasite survival against the host oxidative stress environment.
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Kline CLB, El-Deiry WS. Personalizing colon cancer therapeutics: targeting old and new mechanisms of action. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:988-1038. [PMID: 24276379 PMCID: PMC3817731 DOI: 10.3390/ph6080988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pharmaceuticals for colon cancer treatment has been increasingly personalized, in part due to the development of new molecular tools. In this review, we discuss the old and new colon cancer chemotherapeutics, and the parameters that have been shown to be predictive of efficacy and safety of these chemotherapeutics. In addition, we discuss how alternate pharmaceuticals have been developed in light of a potential lack of response or resistance to a particular chemotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Leah B Kline
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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18
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Evaluation of the in vitro Inhibitory Impact of Hypericin on Placental Glutathione S-Transferase pi. Protein J 2012; 31:544-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Clipson AJ, Bhat VT, McNae I, Caniard AM, Campopiano DJ, Greaney MF. Bivalent enzyme inhibitors discovered using dynamic covalent chemistry. Chemistry 2012; 18:10562-70. [PMID: 22782854 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A bivalent dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) system has been designed to selectively target members of the homodimeric glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme family. The dynamic covalent libraries (DCLs) use aniline-catalysed acylhydrazone exchange between bivalent hydrazides and glutathione-conjugated aldehydes and the bis-hydrazides act as linkers to bridge between each glutathione binding site. The resultant DCLs were found to be compatible and highly responsive to templating with different GST isozymes, with the best results coming from the M and Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) class of GSTs, targets in cancer and tropical disease, respectively. The approach yielded compounds with selective, nanomolar affinity (K(i) =61 nM for mGSTM1-1) and demonstrates that DCC can be used to simultaneously interrogate binding sites on different subunits of a dimeric protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Clipson
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd., Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Quesada-Soriano I, Primavera A, Casas-Solvas JM, Téllez-Sanz R, Barón C, Vargas-Berenguel A, Lo Bello M, García-Fuentes L. Identifying and characterizing binding sites on the irreversible inhibition of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 by S-thiocarbamoylation. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1594-604. [PMID: 22740430 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (hGST P1-1) is involved in cell detoxification processes through the conjugation of its natural substrate, reduced glutathione (GSH), with xenobiotics. GSTs are known to be overexpressed in tumors, and naturally occurring isothiocyanates, such as benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), are effective cancer chemopreventive compounds. To identify and characterize the potential inhibitory mechanisms of GST P1-1 induced by isothiocyanate conjugates, we studied the binding of GST P1-1 and some cysteine mutants to the BITC-SG conjugate as well as to the synthetic S-(N-benzylcarbamoylmethyl)glutathione conjugate (BC-SG). We report here the inactivation of GST P1-1 through the covalent modification of two Cys47 residues per dimer and one Cys101. The evidence has been compiled by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). ITC experiments suggest that the BITC-SG conjugate generates adducts with Cys47 and Cys101 at physiological temperatures through a corresponding kinetic process, in which the BITC moiety is covalently bound to these enzyme cysteines through an S-thiocarbamoylation reaction. ESI-MS analysis of the BITC-SG incubated enzymes indicates that although the Cys47 in each subunit is covalently attached to the BITC ligand moiety, only one of the Cys101 residues in the dimer is so attached. A plausible mechanism is given for the emergence of inactivation through the kinetic processes with both cysteines. Likewise, our molecular docking simulations suggest that steric hindrance is the reason why only one Cys101 per dimer is covalently modified by BITC-SG. No covalent inactivation of GST P1-1 with the BC-SG inhibitor has been observed. The affinities and inhibitory potencies for both conjugates are high and very similar, but slightly lower for BC-SG. Thus, we conclude that the presence of the sulfur atom from the isothiocyanate moiety in BITC-SG is crucial for its irreversible inhibition of GST P1-1.
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Niu JZ, Dou W, Wang BJ, Zhang GN, Zhang R, Yin Y, Wang JJ. Purification and partial characterization of glutathione S-transferases from three field populations of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2012; 56:99-111. [PMID: 21979304 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-011-9498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play central roles in phase II detoxification of both xenobiotics (drugs, insecticides, and herbicides) and endogenous compounds in almost all living organisms. In this study, we successfully purified the GSTs from the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, by affinity chromatography on Glutathione Sepharose 4B and compared the biochemical characterizations of the purified GSTs from three field populations [beibei (BB), wanzhou (WZ), and zhongxian (ZX)]. SDS-PAGE revealed that the molecular weight of GSTs from three populations consisted of two subunits of 27.3 and 26.1 kDa. The specific activity of the purified GSTs from the WZ and ZX populations was increased 1.5- and 3.8-fold, respectively, compared with the BB population. Accordingly, the pyridaben susceptibility of WZ and ZX populations was less compared with BB population. Kinetic analyses showed that the WZ and ZX populations had higher substrate specificity compared with the BB population based on the values of k (cat) and k (cat) /K (m) to both reduced glutathione (GSH) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The in vitro inhibition studies of GSTs indicated that the I (50) values of pyridaben from WZ and ZX populations of P. citri expressed 1.6- and 4.4-fold decreases, respectively, compared to the I (50) value of pyridaben from the BB population. In conclusion, all evidence suggested that the purified GSTs may partially contribute to the susceptibility of acaricide pyridaben in field populations of P. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Kulaksiz-Erkmen G, Dalmizrak O, Dincsoy-Tuna G, Dogan A, Ogus IH, Ozer N. Amitriptyline may have a supportive role in cancer treatment by inhibiting glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-π) and alpha (GST-α). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 28:131-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.639017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozlem Dalmizrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University,
Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University,
Nicosia, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Gamze Dincsoy-Tuna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University,
Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Arın Dogan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University,
Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - I. Hamdi Ogus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University,
Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nazmi Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University,
Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University,
Nicosia, Mersin, Turkey
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Dalmizrak O, Kulaksiz-Erkmen G, Ozer N. Possible prenatal impact of sertraline on human placental glutathione S-transferase-π. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:457-64. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111429585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sertraline (SER), a tricyclic antidepressant, is considered to belong to the group of selective amine reuptake inhibitors. Its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and transplacental transport has been reported previously. It is widely distributed in the brain and is bound to human glutathione S-transferase-π (GST-π). If SER is taken during pregnancy, it gets accumulated in the embryo and fetus, and some studies have suggested it may cause congenital malformations, thus the study of the interaction of GST-π with antidepressants is crucial. In this study, the interaction of human placental GST-π with SER in the presence of the natural ligand, reduced glutathione (GSH) and a xenobiotic ligand, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was investigated. The Vm values obtained at variable [CDNB] and variable [GSH] were 61.3 ± 2.3 and 46.4 ± 1.7 U/mg protein, respectively. The kcat and kcat/ Km values for GSH and CDNB were 3.63 × 106 s−1, 2.59 × 1010 M−1 s−1 and 4.79 × 106 s−1, 1.29 × 1010 M−1 s−1, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentration value for SER was 4.60 mM. At constant [CDNB] and variable [GSH] the inhibition type was linear mixed-type, with Ks, α, and Ki values of 0.14 ± 0.02, 2.90 ± 1.64, and 2.18 ± 0.80 mM, respectively. On the other hand, at fixed [GSH] and at variable [CDNB], the inhibition type was competitive, with Ki value of 0.96 ± 0.10 mM. Thus, these findings weaken the importance of the protective role of GST against toxic electrophiles in vivo in adults, but due to its immature enterohepatic system SER may accumulate in the fetus and cause congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dalmizrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - G Kulaksiz-Erkmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey
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Dalmizrak O, Kulaksiz-Erkmen G, Ozer N. The inhibition characteristics of human placental glutathione S-transferase-π by tricyclic antidepressants: amitriptyline and clomipramine. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 355:223-31. [PMID: 21567209 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are the non-selective amine re-uptake inhibitors, well absorbed from small intestine, cross the blood-brain barrier, distributed in the brain, and are bound to glutathione S-transferase-π (GST-π). TCAs can pass through placenta, accumulate in utero baby, and cause congenital malformations. Thus, the study of the interaction of GST-π with antidepressants is crucial. In this study, the interaction of GST-π with amitriptyline and clomipramine was investigated. The K (m) values for glutathione (GSH) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) were found to be 0.16 ± 0.04 and 3.60 ± 1.67 mM, respectively. The V (m) values were varying according to the fixed substrate; [CDNB] fixed, 53 ± 3 and [GSH] fixed 182 ± 63 U/mg protein. At variable [GSH] and variable [CDNB], the k (cat) values of 7.0 × 10(6) and 1.42 × 10(7) s(-1) and the k (cat)/K (m) values of 4.38 × 10(10) and 3.94 × 10(9 )M(-1 )s(-1) were obtained, respectively. At fixed [CDNB] and variable [GSH], amitriptyline (K (s) = 0.16 ± 0.03 mM; α = 2.08; and K (i) = 1.75 ± 0.37 mM) and clomipramine (K (s) = 0.24 ± 0.05 mM; α = 1.57; and K (i) = 3.90 ± 2.26 mM) showed linear mixed-type inhibition whereas when the varied substrate is CDNB, amitriptyline (K (i) = 4.90 ± 0.68 mM) and clomipramine (K (i) = 3.37 ± 0.39 mM) inhibition were noncompetitive. The inhibition of GST-π by TCAs means the destruction of its protective role against toxic electrophiles. The effect of antidepressants on fetus will be much severe, thus, the antidepressant therapy of pregnant women should be done with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Dalmizrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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25
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Thévenin AF, Zony CL, Bahnson BJ, Colman RF. GST pi modulates JNK activity through a direct interaction with JNK substrate, ATF2. Protein Sci 2011; 20:834-48. [PMID: 21384452 DOI: 10.1002/pro.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human GSTpi, an important detoxification enzyme, has been shown to modulate the activity of JNKs by inhibiting apoptosis and by causing cell proliferation and tumor growth. In this work, we describe a detailed analysis of the interaction in vitro between GSTpi and JNK isoforms (both in their inactive and active, phosphorylated forms). The ability of active JNK1 or JNK2 to phosphorylate their substrate, ATF2, is inhibited by two naturally occurring GSTpi haplotypes (Ile105/Ala114, WT or haplotype A, and Val105/Val114, haplotype C). Haplotype C of GSTpi is a more potent inhibitor of JNK activity than haplotype A, yielding 75-80% and 25-45% inhibition, respectively. We show that GSTpi is not a substrate of JNK, as was earlier suggested by others. Through binding studies, we demonstrate that the interaction between GSTpi and phosphorylated, active JNKs is isoform specific, with JNK1 being the preferred isoform. In contrast, GSTpi does not interact with unphosphorylated, inactive JNKs unless a JNK substrate, ATF2, is present. We also demonstrate, for the first time, a direct interaction: between GSTpi and ATF2. GSTpi binds with similar affinity to active JNK + ATF2 and to ATF2 alone. Direct binding experiments between ATF2 and GSTpi, either alone or in the presence of glutathione analogs or phosphorylated ATF2, indicate that the xenobiotic portion of the GSTpi active site and the JNK binding domain of ATF2 are involved in this interaction. Competition between GSTpi and active JNK for the substrate ATF2 may be responsible for the inhibition of JNK catalysis by GSTpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia F Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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26
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Inhibition characteristics of hypericin on rat small intestine glutathione-S-transferases. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:59-65. [PMID: 20637187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferases constitute a family of enzymes involving in the detoxification of xenobiotics, signalling cascades and serving as ligandins or/and catalyzing the conjugation of various chemicals and drugs. The widely expressed cytosolic GST-pi is a marker protein in various cancers and its increased concentration is linked to drug resistance. GST-pi is autoregulated by S-glutathionylation and it catalyzes the S-glutathionylation of other proteins in response to oxidative or nitrosative stress. S-glutathionylation of GST-pi results in multimer formation and the breakage of ligand binding interactions with c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). Another widely expressed GST enzyme, GST-alpha is assumed as a marker in hepatocellular damage, is implicated in cancer, asthma, cardiovascular disease and response to chemotherapy. Although, it was shown that hypericin binds and inhibits GST-alpha and GST-pi, the inhibition characteristics have not been investigated in detail. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hypericin on major GSTs; GST-alpha and GST-pi purified from rat small intestine. When GSH used as varied substrate the inhibition pattern with hypericin was uncompetitive for GST-alpha (K(i)=0.16 + or - 0.02 microM) and noncompetitive for GST-pi (K(i) = 2.46 + or - 0.43 microM). While using CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) as the varied substrate, the inhibition patterns were noncompetitive for GST-alpha and competitive for GST-pi; K(i) values for GST-alpha and GST-pi were 1.91 + or - 0.21 and 0.55 + or - 0.07 microM, respectively. Since hypericin accumulated in cancer cells and important in photodynamic therapy (PDT), inhibition of GST-alpha and GST-pi by hypericin might increase the effectivity of the treatment. Considering that GST-pi is responsible for the drug resistance its inhibition might increase the benefit obtained from chemotherapy.
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Structural contributions of Delta class glutathione transferase active-site residues to catalysis. Biochem J 2010; 428:25-32. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20091939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GST (glutathione transferase) is a dimeric enzyme recognized for biotransformation of xenobiotics and endogenous toxic compounds. In the present study, residues forming the hydrophobic substrate-binding site (H-site) of a Delta class enzyme were investigated in detail for the first time by site-directed mutagenesis and crystallographic studies. Enzyme kinetics reveal that Tyr111 indirectly stabilizes GSH binding, Tyr119 modulates hydrophobic substrate binding and Phe123 indirectly modulates catalysis. Mutations at Tyr111 and Phe123 also showed evidence for positive co-operativity for GSH and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene respectively, strongly suggesting a role for these residues in manipulating subunit–subunit communication. In the present paper we report crystal structures of the wild-type enzyme, and two mutants, in complex with S-hexylglutathione. This study has identified an aromatic ‘zipper’ in the H-site contributing a network of aromatic π–π interactions. Several residues of the cluster directly interact with the hydrophobic substrate, whereas others indirectly maintain conformational stability of the dimeric structure through the C-terminal domain (domain II). The Y119E mutant structure shows major main-chain rearrangement of domain II. This reorganization is moderated through the ‘zipper’ that contributes to the H-site remodelling, thus illustrating a role in co-substrate binding modulation. The F123A structure shows molecular rearrangement of the H-site in one subunit, but not the other, explaining weakened hydrophobic substrate binding and kinetic co-operativity effects of Phe123 mutations. The three crystal structures provide comprehensive evidence of the aromatic ‘zipper’ residues having an impact upon protein stability, catalysis and specificity. Consequently, ‘zipper’ residues appear to modulate and co-ordinate substrate processing through permissive flexing.
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Axarli I, Georgiadou C, Dhavala P, Papageorgiou AC, Labrou NE. Investigation of the role of conserved residues Ser13, Asn48 and Pro49 in the catalytic mechanism of the tau class glutathione transferase from Glycine max. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1804:662-7. [PMID: 19879385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant glutathione transferases (GSTs) play a key role in the metabolism of various xenobiotics. In this report, the catalytic mechanism of the tau class GSTU4-4 isoenzyme from Glycine max (GmGSTU4-4) was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis and steady-state kinetic analysis. The catalytic properties of the wild-type enzyme and three mutants of strictly conserved residues (Ser13Ala, Asn48Ala and Pro49Ala) were studied in 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) conjugation reaction. The results showed that the mutations significantly affect substrate binding and specificity. The effect of Ser13Ala mutation on the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme could be explained by assuming the direct involvement of Ser13 to the reaction chemistry and the correct positioning of GSH and CDNB in the ternary catalytic complex. Asn48 and Pro49 were found to have a direct role on the structural integrity of the GSH-binding site (G-site). Moreover, mutation of Asn48 and Pro49 residues may bring about secondary effects altering the thermal stability and the catalytic activity (k(cat)) of the enzyme without affecting the nature of the rate-limiting step of the catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Axarli
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
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29
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Ouertatani-Sakouhi H, El-Turk F, Fauvet B, Roger T, Le Roy D, Karpinar DP, Leng L, Bucala R, Zweckstetter M, Calandra T, Lashuel HA. A new class of isothiocyanate-based irreversible inhibitors of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Biochemistry 2009; 48:9858-70. [PMID: 19737008 DOI: 10.1021/bi900957e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a homotrimeric multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Current therapeutic strategies for targeting MIF focus on developing inhibitors of its tautomerase activity or modulating its biological activities using anti-MIF neutralizing antibodies. Herein we report a new class of isothiocyanate (ITC)-based irreversible inhibitors of MIF. Modification by benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and related analogues occurred at the N-terminal catalytic proline residue without any effect on the oligomerization state of MIF. Different alkyl and arylalkyl ITCs modified MIF with nearly the same efficiency as BITC. To elucidate the mechanism of action, we performed detailed biochemical, biophysical, and structural studies to determine the effect of BITC and its analogues on the conformational state, quaternary structure, catalytic activity, receptor binding, and biological activity of MIF. Light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, and NMR studies on unmodified and ITC-modified MIF demonstrated that modification of Pro1 alters the tertiary, but not the secondary or quaternary, structure of the trimer without affecting its thermodynamic stability. BITC induced drastic effects on the tertiary structure of MIF, in particular residues that cluster around Pro1 and constitute the tautomerase active site. These changes in tertiary structure and the loss of catalytic activity translated into a reduction in MIF receptor binding activity, MIF-mediated glucocorticoid overriding, and MIF-induced Akt phosphorylation. Together, these findings highlight the role of tertiary structure in modulating the biochemical and biological activities of MIF and present new opportunities for modulating MIF biological activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Ouertatani-Sakouhi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Functional Neuroproteomics, Brain Mind Institute and Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Huang YC, Misquitta S, Blond SY, Adams E, Colman RF. Catalytically active monomer of glutathione S-transferase pi and key residues involved in the electrostatic interaction between subunits. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:32880-8. [PMID: 18796433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805484200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glutathione transferase pi (GST pi) has been crystallized as a homodimer, with a subunit molecular mass of approximately 23 kDa; however, in solution the average molecular mass depends on protein concentration, approaching that of monomer at <0.03 mg/ml, concentrations typically used to measure catalytic activity of the enzyme. Electrostatic interaction at the subunit interface greatly influences the dimer-monomer equilibrium of the enzyme and is an important force for holding subunits together. Arg-70, Arg-74, Asp-90, Asp-94, and Thr-67 were selected as target sites for mutagenesis, because they are at the subunit interface. R70Q, R74Q, D90N, D94N, and T67A mutant enzymes were constructed, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified. The construct of N-terminal His tag enzyme facilitates the purification of GST pi, resulting in a high yield of enzyme, but does not alter the kinetic parameters or secondary structure of the enzyme. Our results indicate that these mutant enzymes show no appreciable changes in K(m) for 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and have similar CD spectra to that of wild-type enzyme. However, elimination of the charges of either Arg-70, Arg-74, Asp-90, or Asp-94 shifts the dimer-monomer equilibrium toward monomer. In addition, replacement of Asp-94 or Arg-70 causes a large increase in the K(m)(GSH), whereas substitution for Asp-90 or Arg-74 primarily results in a marked decrease in V(max). The GST pi retains substantial catalytic activity as a monomer probably because the glutathione and electrophilic substrate sites (such as for 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) are predominantly located within each subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-chu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Kristiansen S, Ifversen P, Danscher G. Ultrastructural localization and chemical binding of silver ions in human organotypic skin cultures. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:177-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ralat LA, Misquitta SA, Manevich Y, Fisher AB, Colman RF. Characterization of the complex of glutathione S-transferase pi and 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 474:109-18. [PMID: 18358825 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase pi has been shown to reactivate 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin (1-Cys Prx) by formation of a complex [L.A. Ralat, Y. Manevich, A.B. Fisher, R.F. Colman, Biochemistry 45 (2006) 360-372]. A model of the complex was proposed based on the crystal structures of the two enzymes. We have now characterized the complex of GST pi/1-Cys Prx by determining the M(w) of the complex, by measuring the catalytic activity of the GST pi monomer, and by identifying the interaction sites between GST pi and 1-Cys Prx. The M(w) of the purified GST pi/1-Cys Prx complex is 50,200 at pH 8.0 in the presence of 2.5mM glutathione, as measured by light scattering, providing direct evidence that the active complex is a heterodimer composed of equimolar amounts of the two proteins. In the presence of 4M KBr, GST pi is dissociated to monomer and retains catalytic activity, but the K(m) value for GSH is increased substantially. To identify the peptides of GST pi that interact with 1-Cys Prx, GST pi was digested with V8 protease and the peptides were purified. The binding by 1-Cys Prx of each of four pure GST pi peptides (residues 41-85, 115-124, 131-163, and 164-197) was investigated by protein fluorescence titration. An apparent stoichiometry of 1mol/subunit 1-Cys Prx was measured for each peptide and the formation of the heterodimer is decreased when these peptides are included in the incubation mixture. These results support our proposed model of the heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Ralat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brown Laboratory, University of Delaware, Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Kitteringham NR, Palmer L, Owen A, Lian LY, Jenkins R, Dowdall S, Gilmore I, Park BK, Goldring CE. Detection and biochemical characterisation of a novel polymorphism in the human GSTP1 gene. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1240-7. [PMID: 17560037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione transferases (GSTs) mediate the detoxification of a broad spectrum of electrophilic chemicals. We report here the identification and characterisation of a novel naturally occurring transition that changes codon 169 from GGC (Gly) to GAC (Asp) in the human Pi class GST, GSTP1. Expression of the variant in human HepG2 cells led to a small increase in 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) conjugation compared to the wild-type protein. Asp(169) GSTP1-1 expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli displayed a small but significant increase in specific activity towards CDNB compared to Gly(169) GSTP1-1. The catalytic efficiency with CDNB was higher for Asp(169) GSTP1-1 compared to the wild-type enzyme, although the kinetic constants of the mutant and the wild-type enzyme towards glutathione were not different. Modelling indicated that the mutation does not appear to change protein conformation. The distribution of the genotypes in a normal healthy population (217 individuals) was 94.3% for the Gly/Gly genotype and 5.7% for the Gly/Asp genotype; no Asp/Asp genotypes were detected in this population. The frequency of the Asp(169) allele in the only oxidative stress-linked pathology that we have studied to date, i.e. alcoholic liver disease, was not significantly different from healthy controls. In conclusion, we have detected and characterised a novel SNP in GSTP1 that may play a role in modulating the activity of GSTP1-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Kitteringham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, Merseyside, UK
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Hu Y, Urig S, Koncarevic S, Wu X, Fischer M, Rahlfs S, Mersch-Sundermann V, Becker K. Glutathione- and thioredoxin-related enzymes are modulated by sulfur-containing chemopreventive agents. Biol Chem 2007; 388:1069-81. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ralat LA, Colman RF. Identification of Tyrosine 79 in the Tocopherol Binding Site of Glutathione S-Transferase Pi. Biochemistry 2006; 45:12491-9. [PMID: 17029404 DOI: 10.1021/bi061330k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol, the most abundant form of vitamin E present in humans, is a noncompetitive inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase pi (GST pi), but its binding site had not been located. Tocopherol iodoacetate (TIA), a reactive analogue, produces a time-dependent inactivation of GST pi to a limit of 25% residual activity. The rate constant for inactivation, k(obs), exhibits a nonlinear dependence on reagent concentration, with K(I) = 19 microM and k(max) = 0.158 min(-)(1). Complete protection against inactivation is provided by tocopherol and tocopherol acetate, whereas glutathione derivatives, electrophilic substrate analogues, buffers, or nonsubstrate hydrophobic ligands have little effect on k(obs). These results indicate that TIA reacts as an affinity label of a distinguishable tocopherol binding site. Loss of activity occurs concomitant with incorporation of about 1 mol of reagent/mol of enzyme subunit when the enzyme is maximally inactivated. Isolation of the labeled peptide from the tryptic digest shows that Tyr(79) is the only enzymic amino acid modified. The Y79F, Y79S, and Y79A mutant enzymes were generated, expressed, and purified. Changing Tyr(79) to Ser or Ala, but not Phe, renders the enzyme insensitive to inhibition by either tocopherol or tocopherol acetate as demonstrated by increases of at least 49-fold in K(I) values as compared to the wild-type enzyme. These results and examination of the crystal structure of GST pi suggest that tocopherols bind at a novel site, where an aromatic residue at position 79 is essential for binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Ralat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Hearne JL, Colman RF. Contribution of the mu loop to the structure and function of rat glutathione transferase M1-1. Protein Sci 2006; 15:1277-89. [PMID: 16672236 PMCID: PMC2242538 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062129506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The "mu loop," an 11-residue loop spanning amino acid residues 33-43, is a characteristic structural feature of the mu class of glutathione transferases. To assess the contribution of the mu loop to the structure and function of rat GST M1-1, amino acid residues 35-44 (35GDAPDYDRSQ44) were excised by deletion mutagenesis, resulting in the "Deletion Enzyme." Kinetic studies reveal that the Km values of the Deletion Enzyme are markedly increased compared with those of the wild-type enzyme: 32-fold for 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 99-fold for glutathione, and 880-fold for monobromobimane, while the Vmax value for each substrate is increased only modestly. Results from experiments probing the structure of the Deletion Enzyme, in comparison with that of the wild-type enzyme, suggest that the secondary and quaternary structures have not been appreciably perturbed. Thermostability studies indicate that the Deletion Enzyme is as stable as the wild-type enzyme at 4 degrees C and 10 degrees C, but it rapidly loses activity at 25 degrees C, unlike the wild-type enzyme. In the temperature range of 4 degrees C through 25 degrees C, the loss of activity of the Deletion Enzyme is not the result of a change in its structure, as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. Collectively, these results indicate that the mu loop is not essential for GST M1-1 to maintain its structure nor is it required for the enzyme to retain some catalytic activity. However, it is an important determinant of the enzyme's affinity for its substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hearne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Ralat LA, Manevich Y, Fisher AB, Colman RF. Direct evidence for the formation of a complex between 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin and glutathione S-transferase pi with activity changes in both enzymes. Biochemistry 2006; 45:360-72. [PMID: 16401067 DOI: 10.1021/bi0520737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase pi (GST pi) has been shown to reactivate oxidized 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin (1-Cys Prx, Prx VI, Prdx6, and AOP2). We now demonstrate that a heterodimer complex is formed between 1-Cys Prx with a C-terminal His6 tag and GST pi upon incubation of the two proteins at pH 8.0 in buffer containing 20% 1,6-hexanediol to dissociate the homodimers, followed by dialysis against buffer containing 2.5 mM glutathione (GSH) but lacking 1,6-hexanediol. The heterodimer can be purified by chromatography on nickel-nitriloacetic acid agarose in the presence of GSH. N-Terminal sequencing showed that equimolar amounts of the two proteins are present in the isolated complex. In the heterodimer, 1-Cys Prx is fully active toward either H2O2 or phospholipid hydroperoxide, while the GST pi activity is approximately 25% of that of the GST pi homodimer. In contrast, the 1-Cys Prx homodimer lacks peroxidase activity even in the presence of free GSH. The heterodimer is also formed in the presence of S-methylglutathione, but no 1-Cys Prx activity is found under these conditions. The yield of heterodimer is decreased in the absence of 1,6-hexanediol or GSH. Rapid glutathionylation of 1-Cys Prx in the heterodimer is detected by immunoblotting. Subsequently, a disulfide-linked dimer is observed on SDS-PAGE, and the free cysteine content is decreased by 2 per heterodimer. The involvement of particular binding sites in heterodimer formation was tested by site-directed mutagenesis of the two proteins. For 1-Cys Prx, neither Cys47 nor Ser32 is required for heterodimer formation but Cys47 is essential for 1-Cys Prx activation. For GST pi, Cys47 and Tyr7 (at or near the GSH-binding site) are needed for heterodimer formation but three other cysteines are not. We conclude that reactivation of oxidized 1-Cys Prx by GST pi occurs by heterodimerization of 1-Cys Prx and GST pi harboring bound GSH, followed by glutathionylation of 1-Cys Prx and then formation of an intersubunit disulfide. Finally, the GSH-mediated reduction of the disulfide regenerates the reduced active-site sulfhydryl of 1-Cys Prx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Ralat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Zhou W, Shultz JW, Murphy N, Hawkins EM, Bernad L, Good T, Moothart L, Frackman S, Klaubert DH, Bulleit RF, Wood KV. Electrophilic aromatic substituted luciferins as bioluminescent probes for glutathione S-transferase assays. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:4620-2. [PMID: 17082862 DOI: 10.1039/b610682j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New highly sensitive latent bioluminescent luciferin substrates were designed and synthesized for monitoring mammalian glutathione S-transferase (GST) and Schistosoma japonicum enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhou
- Promega Biosciences Inc, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA.
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Hearne JL, Colman RF. Delineation of xenobiotic substrate sites in rat glutathione S-transferase M1-1. Protein Sci 2005; 14:2526-36. [PMID: 16195544 PMCID: PMC2253307 DOI: 10.1110/ps.051651905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases catalyze the conjugation of glutathione with endogenous and exogenous xenobiotics. Hu and Colman (1995) proposed that there are two distinct substrate sites in rat GST M1-1, a 1-chloro-2,4-dintrobenzene (CDNB) substrate site located in the vicinity of tyrosine-115, and a monobromobimane (mBBr) substrate site. To determine whether the mBBr substrate site is distinguishable from the CDNB substrate site, we tested S-(hydroxyethyl)bimane, a nonreactive derivative of mBBr, for its ability to compete kinetically with the substrates. We find that S-(hydroxyethyl)bimane is a competitive inhibitor (K(I) = 0.36 microM) when mBBr is used as substrate, but not when CDNB is used as substrate, demonstrating that these two sites are distinct. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have localized the mBBr substrate site to an area midway through alpha-helix 4 (residues 90-114) and have identified residues that are important in the enzymatic reaction. Substitution of alanine at positions along alpha-helix 4 reveals that mutations at positions 103, 104, and 109 exhibit a greater perturbation of the enzymatic reaction with mBBr than with CDNB as substrate. Various other substitutions at positions 103 and 104 reveal that a hydrophobic residue is necessary at each of these positions to maintain optimal affinity of the enzyme for mBBr and preserve the secondary structure of the enzyme. Substitutions at position 109 indicate that this residue is important in the enzyme's affinity for mBBr but has a minimal effect on Vmax. These results demonstrate that the promiscuity of rat GST M1-1 is in part due to at least two distinct substrate sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hearne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Dirr HW, Little T, Kuhnert DC, Sayed Y. A conserved N-capping motif contributes significantly to the stabilization and dynamics of the C-terminal region of class Alpha glutathione S-transferases. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:19480-7. [PMID: 15757902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413608200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Helix 9, the major structural element in the C-terminal region of class Alpha glutathione transferases, forms part of the active site of these enzymes where its dynamic properties modulate both catalytic and ligandin functions. A conserved aspartic acid N-capping motif for helix 9 was identified by sequence alignments of the C-terminal regions of class Alpha glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and an analysis by the helix-coil algorithm AGADIR. The contribution of the N-capping motif to the stability and dynamics of the region was investigated by replacing the N-cap residue Asp-209 with a glycine in human glutathione S-transferase A1-1 (hGST A1-1) and in a peptide corresponding to its C-terminal region. Far-UV circular dichroism and AGADIR analyses indicate that, in the absence of tertiary interactions, the wild-type peptide displays a low intrinsic tendency to form a helix and that this tendency is reduced significantly by the Asp-to-Gly mutation. Disruption of the N-capping motif of helix 9 in hGST A1-1 alters the conformational dynamics of the C-terminal region and, consequently, the features of the H-site to which hydrophobic substrates (e.g. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB)) and nonsubstrates (e.g. 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS)) bind. Isothermal calorimetric and fluorescence data for complex formation between ANS and protein suggest that the D209G-induced perturbation in the C-terminal region prevents normal ligand-induced localization of the region at the active site, resulting in a less hydrophobic and more solvent-exposed H-site. Therefore, the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme with CDNB is diminished due to a lowered affinity for the electrophilic substrate and a lower stabilization of the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini W Dirr
- Protein Structure-Function Research Programme, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Perbandt M, Höppner J, Betzel C, Walter RD, Liebau E. Structure of the major cytosolic glutathione S-transferase from the parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:12630-6. [PMID: 15640152 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413551200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Onchocerciasis is a debilitating parasitic disease caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus. Similar to other helminth parasites, O. volvulus is capable of evading the host's immune responses by a variety of defense mechanisms, including the detoxification activities of the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Additionally, in response to drug treatment, helminth GSTs are highly up-regulated, making them tempting targets both for chemotherapy and for vaccine development. We analyzed the three-dimensional x-ray structure of the major cytosolic GST from O. volvulus (Ov-GST2) in complex with its natural substrate glutathione and its competitive inhibitor S-hexylglutathione at 1.5 and 1.8 angstrom resolution, respectively. From the perspective of the biochemical classification, the Ov-GST2 seems to be related to pi-class GSTs. However, in comparison to other pi-class GSTs, in particular to the host's counterpart, the Ov-GST2 reveals significant and unusual differences in the sequence and overall structure. Major differences can be found in helix alpha-2, an important region for substrate recognition. Moreover, the binding site for the electrophilic co-substrate is spatially increased and more solvent-accessible. These structural alterations are responsible for different substrate specificities and will form the basis of parasite-specific structure-based drug design investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Perbandt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Foodchemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecularbiology, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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