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Lima JC, Brito RMDM, Pereira LC, Pereira NDS, Nascimento MSL, de Melo AL, Guedes PMM. Innate immune receptors are differentially expressed in mice during experimental Schistosoma mansoni early infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e240013. [PMID: 38896633 PMCID: PMC11182339 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of Schistosoma mansoni infection over the immune response and the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis are not yet completely understood. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the expression of innate immune receptors in three distinct mouse lineages (BALB/c, C57BL/6 and Swiss) during experimental S. mansoni infection with LE strain. METHODS The parasite burden, intestinal tissue oogram and presence of hepatic granulomas were evaluated at 7- and 12-weeks post infection (wpi). The mRNA expression for innate Toll-like receptors, Nod-like receptors, their adaptor molecules, and cytokines were determined at 2, 7 and 12 wpi in the hepatic tissue by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). FINDINGS Swiss mice showed 100% of survival, had lower parasite burden and intestinal eggs, while infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 presented 80% and 90% of survival, respectively, higher parasite burden and intestinal eggs. The three mouse lineages displayed distinct patterns in the expression of innate immune receptors, their adaptor molecules and cytokines, at 2 and 7 wpi. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the pathogenesis of S. mansoni infection is related to a dynamic early activation of innate immunity receptors and cytokines important for the control of developing worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janete Cunha Lima
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Luanderson Cardoso Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Nathalie de Sena Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Alan Lane de Melo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Paulo Marcos Matta Guedes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Natal, RN, Brasil
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2
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Xie H, Chen D, Feng Y, Mo F, Liu L, Xing J, Xiao W, Gong Y, Tang S, Tan Z, Liang G, Zhao S, Yin W, Huang J. Evaluation of the TLR3 involvement during Schistosoma japonicum-induced pathology. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:2. [PMID: 38172683 PMCID: PMC10765740 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the functions of TLRs in the parasitic infections have been extensively reported, few studies have addressed the role of TLR3 in the immune response to Schistosoma japonicum infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of TLR3 in the liver of C57BL/6 mice infected by S. japonicum. METHODS The production of TLR3+ cells in CD4+T cells (CD4+CD3+), CD8+T cells (CD8+CD3+), γδT cells (γδTCR+CD3+), NKT cells (NK1.1+CD3+), B cells (CD19+CD3-), NK (NK1.1-CD3+) cells, MDSC (CD11b+Gr1+), macrophages (CD11b+F4/80+), DCs (CD11c+CD11b+) and neutrophils (CD11b+ Ly6g+) were assessed by flow cytometry. Sections of the liver were examined by haematoxylin and eosin staining in order to measure the area of granulomas. Hematological parameters including white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), platelet (PLT) and hemoglobin (HGB) were analyzed. The levels of ALT and AST in the serum were measured using biochemical kits. The relative titers of anti-SEA IgG and anti-SEA IgM in the serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CD25, CD69, CD314 and CD94 molecules were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS Flow cytometry results showed that the expression of TLR3 increased significantly after S. japonicum infection (P < 0.05). Hepatic myeloid and lymphoid cells could express TLR3, and the percentages of TLR3-expressing MDSC, macrophages and neutrophils were increased after infection. Knocking out TLR3 ameliorated the damage and decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells in infected C57BL/6 mouse livers.,The number of WBC was significantly reduced in TLR3 KO-infected mice compared to WT-infected mice (P < 0.01), but the levels of RBC, platelet and HGB were significantly increased in KO infected mice. Moreover, the relative titers of anti-SEA IgG and anti-SEA IgM in the serum of infected KO mice were statistically decreased compared with the infected WT mice. We also compared the activation-associated molecules expression between S.japonicum-infected WT and TLR3 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data indicated that TLR3 played potential roles in the context of S. japonicum infection and it may accelerate the progression of S. japonicum-associated liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Dianhui Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Feng Mo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Lin Liu
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Junmin Xing
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yumei Gong
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Shanni Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Zhengrong Tan
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Guikuan Liang
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Weiguo Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.
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Dibo N, Liu X, Chang Y, Huang S, Wu X. Pattern recognition receptor signaling and innate immune responses to schistosome infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1040270. [PMID: 36339337 PMCID: PMC9633954 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains to be a significant public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. Despite remarkable progress that has been made in the control of the disease over the past decades, its elimination remains a daunting challenge in many countries. This disease is an inflammatory response-driven, and the positive outcome after infection depends on the regulation of immune responses that efficiently clear worms and allow protective immunity to develop. The innate immune responses play a critical role in host defense against schistosome infection and pathogenesis. Initial pro-inflammatory responses are essential for clearing invading parasites by promoting appropriate cell-mediated and humoral immunity. However, elevated and prolonged inflammatory responses against the eggs trapped in the host tissues contribute to disease progression. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of innate immune responses is important for developing effective therapies and vaccines. Here, we update the recent advances in the definitive host innate immune response to schistosome infection, especially highlighting the critical roles of pattern recognition receptors and cytokines. The considerations for further research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouhoum Dibo
- Department of medical parasitology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianshu Liu
- Department of medical parasitology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunfeng Chang
- Department of Forensic Medicine Science, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Yueyang, China
| | - Shuaiqin Huang
- Department of medical parasitology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Immunology and Transmission Control on Schistosomiasis, Hunan Provincial Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of medical parasitology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Immunology and Transmission Control on Schistosomiasis, Hunan Provincial Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, China
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Winkelmann F, Rabes A, Reinholdt C, Koslowski N, Koczan D, Reisinger EC, Sombetzki M. Sex-Specific Modulation of the Host Transcriptome in the Spleen of Schistosoma mansoni-Infected Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:893632. [PMID: 35865813 PMCID: PMC9294737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.893632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a severe parasitic disease that is primarily driven by the host’s immune response to schistosome eggs trapped in tissue and by the granulomatous inflammatory and fibrotic reaction they cause. Despite significant progress in understanding the complex immunological processes involved in the relationship between schistosomes and their host, neither an effective vaccine against the infection nor anti-fibrotic drugs currently exists, making the search for new targets for schistosome drugs and vaccine candidates even more important. In order to identify new molecular targets for defense against or elimination of the parasite, we investigate herein the interplay between the host and male or female schistosomes, clearly separating this from the action of the parasite eggs. Methods For this purpose, we infected 6–8-week-old female NMRI mice with 100 male (M), female (F), or both (MF) S. mansoni cercariae and performed a comparative transcriptomic and flow cytometric analysis of their spleens. Results Principal component analysis of a total of 22,207 transcripts showed a clear clustering of the experimental groups. We identified a total of 1,293 genes in group M, 512 genes in group F, and 4,062 genes in group MF that were differentially expressed compared to naive controls. The highest percentage of regulated genes (2,972; 65.9%) was found in group MF alone, but there was a large overlap between groups M and MF (798; 17.7%) and a small overlap between groups F and MF (91; 2.0%). Only 4.5% of genes (201) were revealed to be regulated in all experimental groups (M/F/MF). In addition, we were able to show that both worm sexes trigger immune responses in an egg-independent manner (non-polarized Th1 and Th2 response), with female worms exerting less regulatory influence than males. Conclusion Our data show that adult schistosomes trigger sex-specific, egg-independent immune responses. The lists of genes regulated by adult female or male worms presented here may be useful in deciphering host–parasite interactions to identify targets for schistosome elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Winkelmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Rabes
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Cindy Reinholdt
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicole Koslowski
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil C. Reisinger
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martina Sombetzki
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- *Correspondence: Martina Sombetzki,
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5
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Saad AE, Ashour DS, Osman EM. Different panel of toll-like receptors expression during chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection in experimental animals. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108317. [PMID: 35777451 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have reported the immunomodulatory effect of helminths to avoid the lethal immunopathology. During schistosomiasis, the immune response is orchestrated by toll-like receptors (TLRs). Modulating TLRs can alter the function of antigen presentation cells with the shift of the host's Th1 response to a dominant regulatory Th2 response. The objective of our study was to clarify which TLRs are related to the immune response of chronic Schistosoma infection. METHODS The study animals were divided into two groups; group I: uninfected mice; control group and group II: Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. mRNA expression of TLR2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 in different organs (liver, large intestine, and spleen) were assessed on day 90 post-infection. RESULTS TLR gene expression has changed depending on the tissue studied as the mRNA level of TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9 were significantly upregulated in all examined organs while TLR3 expression showed only significant upregulation in the liver of infected mice. On the other hand, TLR4 expression was significantly upregulated in the liver while significantly downregulated in the large intestine. CONCLUSION This study provides a better understanding of TLRs profile in different organs against S. mansoni parasites during the chronic phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer E Saad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt; Medical Parasitology Sub-unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dalia S Ashour
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Eman M Osman
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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6
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Moghoofei M, Mostafaei S, Kondori N, Armstrong ME, Babaei F. Bacterial and viral coinfection in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: the prevalence and possible role in disease progression. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:60. [PMID: 35148733 PMCID: PMC8832419 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-01853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial pneumonia of unknown aetiology with a mean survival rate of less than 3 years. No previous studies have been performed on the role of co-infection (viral and bacterial infection) in the pathogenesis and progression of IPF. In this study, we investigated the role of viral/bacterial infection and coinfection and their possible association with pathogenesis and progression of IPF. Methods We investigated the prevalence and impact of bacterial and viral coinfection in IPF patients (n = 67) in the context of pulmonary function (FVC, FEV1 and DLCO), disease status and mortality risk. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we also investigated the relationship between distribution of bacterial and viral co-infection in the IPF cohort. Results Of the 67 samples, 17.9% samples were positive for viral infection, 10.4% samples were positive for bacterial infection and 59.7% samples were positive coinfection. We demonstrated that IPF patients who were co-infected had a significantly increased risk of mortality compared (p = 0.031) with IPF patients who were non-infected [Hazard ratio: 8.12; 95% CI 1.3–26.9]. Conclusion In this study, we report for the first time that IPF patients who were coinfected with bacterial and viral infection have significantly decreased FVC and DLCO (% predicted). Besides, the results demonstrated the increased AE-IPF, increased incidence of death and risk of mortality in infected/coinfected patients compared to non-infected IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Moghoofei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shayan Mostafaei
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nasim Kondori
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Michelle E Armstrong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Farhad Babaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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7
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McElroy AN, Invernizzi R, Laskowska JW, O'Neill A, Doroudian M, Moghoofei M, Mostafaei S, Li F, Przybylski AA, O'Dwyer DN, Bowie AG, Fallon PG, Maher TM, Hogaboam CM, Molyneaux PL, Hirani N, Armstrong ME, Donnelly SC. Candidate Role for Toll-like Receptor 3 L412F Polymorphism and Infection in Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 205:550-562. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3880oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachele Invernizzi
- Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Joanna W. Laskowska
- Trinity College Dublin School of Medicine, 155276, Clinical Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew O'Neill
- University of Dublin Trinity College, 8809, Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 48464, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Shayan Mostafaei
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 48464, Department of Biostatistics, Kermanshah, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Feng Li
- University of Edinburgh MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, 47954, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander A. Przybylski
- University of Edinburgh MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, 47954, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David N O'Dwyer
- University of Michigan Hospital, 166144, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Andrew G. Bowie
- University of Dublin Trinity College, 8809, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Toby M. Maher
- Imperial College London - Royal Brompton Campus, 152930, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Philip L Molyneaux
- Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Nik Hirani
- The University of Edinburgh, 3124, Center for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- NHS Lothian, 3129, Respiratory Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Shi W, Xu N, Wang X, Vallée I, Liu M, Liu X. Helminth Therapy for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Current and Future Perspectives. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:475-491. [PMID: 35087284 PMCID: PMC8789313 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s348079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Isabelle Vallée
- UMR BIPAR, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaolei Liu; Mingyuan Liu, Tel +86-15943092280; +86-13019125996, Email ;
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9
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Luo Y, Li J, Huang C, Wang X, Long D, Cao Y. Graphene oxide links alterations of anti-viral signaling pathways with lipid metabolism via suppressing TLR3 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Omics 2022; 18:779-790. [DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the main cells constructing blood vessels, are important in the regulation of the pathophysiology of vascular systems; however, relatively few studies have investigated the influence of nanomaterials (NMs) on VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Luo
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Chaobo Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Dingxin Long
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
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Abstract
Schistosomes are long lived, intravascular parasitic platyhelminths that infect >200 million people globally. The molecular mechanisms used by these blood flukes to dampen host immune responses are described in this review. Adult worms express a collection of host-interactive tegumental ectoenzymes that can cleave host signaling molecules such as the "alarmin" ATP (cleaved by SmATPDase1), the platelet activator ADP (SmATPDase1, SmNPP5), and can convert AMP into the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine (SmAP). SmAP can additionally cleave the lipid immunomodulator sphingosine-1-phosphate and the proinflammatory anionic polymer, polyP. In addition, the worms release a barrage of proteins (e.g., SmCB1, SjHSP70, cyclophilin A) that can impinge on immune cell function. Parasite eggs also release their own immunoregulatory proteins (e.g., IPSE/α1, omega1, SmCKBP) as do invasive cercariae (e.g., Sm16, Sj16). Some schistosome glycans (e.g., LNFPIII, LNnT) and lipids (e.g., Lyso-PS, LPC), produced by several life stages, likewise affect immune cell responses. The parasites not only produce eicosanoids (e.g., PGE2, PGD2-that can be anti-inflammatory) but can also induce host cells to release these metabolites. Finally, the worms release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNAs, and these too have been shown to skew host cell metabolism. Thus, schistosomes employ an array of biomolecules-protein, lipid, glycan, nucleic acid, and more, to bend host biochemistry to their liking. Many of the listed molecules have been individually shown capable of inducing aspects of the polarized Th2 response seen following infection (with the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) and anti-inflammatory, alternatively activated (M2) macrophages). Precisely how host cells integrate the impact of these myriad parasite products following natural infection is not known. Several of the schistosome immunomodulators described here are in development as novel therapeutics against autoimmune, inflammatory, and other, nonparasitic, diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreemoyee Acharya
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akram A. Da’dara
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Skelly
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Fox LE, Locke MC, Lenschow DJ. Context Is Key: Delineating the Unique Functions of IFNα and IFNβ in Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606874. [PMID: 33408718 PMCID: PMC7779635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical effector cytokines of the immune system and were originally known for their important role in protecting against viral infections; however, they have more recently been shown to play protective or detrimental roles in many disease states. Type I IFNs consist of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNϵ, IFNκ, IFNω, and a few others, and they all signal through a shared receptor to exert a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects. Though the individual type I IFN subtypes possess overlapping functions, there is growing appreciation that they also have unique properties. In this review, we summarize some of the mechanisms underlying differential expression of and signaling by type I IFNs, and we discuss examples of differential functions of IFNα and IFNβ in models of infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marissa C Locke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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12
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Ma Y, Su XZ, Lu F. The Roles of Type I Interferon in Co-infections With Parasites and Viruses, Bacteria, or Other Parasites. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1805. [PMID: 33193291 PMCID: PMC7649121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites, bacteria, and viruses pose serious threats to public health. Many parasite infections, including infections of protozoa and helminths, can inhibit inflammatory responses and impact disease outcomes caused by viral, bacterial, or other parasitic infections. Type I interferon (IFN-I) has been recognized as an essential immune effector in the host defense against various pathogens. In addition, IFN-I responses induced by co-infections with different pathogens may vary according to the host genetic background, immune status, and pathogen burden. However, there is only limited information on the roles of IFN-I in co-infections with parasites and viruses, bacteria, or other parasites. This review summarizes some recent findings on the roles of IFN-I in co-infections with parasites, including Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Eimeria maxima, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Brugia malayi, or Schistosoma mansoni, and viruses or bacteria and co-infections with different parasites (such as co-infection with Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, and co-infection with Plasmodium spp. and H. polygyrus). The potential mechanisms of host responses associated with co-infections, which may provide targets for immune intervention and therapies of the co-infections, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Ma
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Possible Role for Toll-Like Receptors in Interaction of Fasciola hepatica Excretory-Secretory Products with Human Monocyte Cell Line. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32399928 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0475-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
This chapter presents a proteomic approach to purify and identify native excretory-secretory products (ESPs) in the range of >10-30 kDa proteins capable of interacting with toll-like receptors (TLRs). Here we present a protocol to fractionate the total ESPs using an ultrafiltration system to recover ESP proteins >10-30 kDa. The fraction of the proteins >10-30 kDa is purified by ion exchange chromatography (IEC) using a mono Q-column in a fast protein liquid chromatography system (FPLC) to separate its components based on charge. Finally, a screening system is presented using THP1-Blue CD14 cells to investigate whether TLRs could also be targeted by Fasciola hepatica ESPs and the interaction with TLR4 using HEK293 Blue-TLR4 cells.
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14
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Castillo MG, Humphries JE, Mourão MM, Marquez J, Gonzalez A, Montelongo CE. Biomphalaria glabrata immunity: Post-genome advances. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:103557. [PMID: 31759924 PMCID: PMC8995041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is an important intermediate host in the life cycle for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of schistosomiasis. Current treatment and prevention strategies have not led to a significant decrease in disease transmission. However, the genome of B. glabrata was recently sequenced to provide additional resources to further our understanding of snail biology. This review presents an overview of recently published, post-genome studies related to the topic of snail immunity. Many of these reports expand on findings originated from the genome characterization. These novel studies include a complementary gene linkage map, analysis of the genome of the B. glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line, as well as transcriptomic and proteomic studies looking at snail-parasite interactions and innate immune memory responses towards schistosomes. Also included are biochemical investigations on snail pheromones, neuropeptides, and attractants, as well as studies investigating the frontiers of molluscan epigenetics and cell signaling were also included. Findings support the current hypotheses on snail-parasite strain compatibility, and that snail host resistance to schistosome infection is dependent not only on genetics and expression, but on the ability to form multimeric molecular complexes in a timely and tissue-specific manner. The relevance of cell immunity is reinforced, while the importance of humoral factors, especially for secondary infections, is supported. Overall, these studies reflect an improved understanding on the diversity, specificity, and complexity of molluscan immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Castillo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | | | - Marina M Mourão
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Minas, Brazil
| | - Joshua Marquez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Adrian Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Cesar E Montelongo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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15
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Chen D, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Jin C, Yang Q, Qiu H, Xie H, Xie S, Zhou Y, Huang J. Expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 on pulmonary lymphocytes of Schistosoma japonicum-infected C57BL/6 mice. Innate Immun 2020; 25:224-234. [PMID: 31018808 PMCID: PMC6830883 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919840424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the paramount role of TLRs in the induction of innate immune and
inflammatory responses, there is a paucity of studies on the role of TLRs in
Schistosoma japonicum infection. Here, we observed obvious
infiltration of inflammatory cells in S. japonicum-infected
C57BL/6 mouse lungs. Expression and release of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 were
significantly higher in pulmonary lymphocytes from infected mice compared with
control mice in response to anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAbs. Higher percentages of
TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 were expressed on such lymphocytes, and the TLR
agonists PGN, Poly I:C, LPS, and R848 induced a higher level of IFN-γ. However,
a higher level of IL-4 was found in the supernatant of pulmonary lymphocytes
from infected mice stimulated by these TLR agonists plus CD3 Ab. Only R848 plus
anti-CD3 mAb could induce a higher level of IFN-γ in such lymphocytes. TLR
expressions were then compared on different pulmonary lymphocytes after
infection, including T cells, B cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and γδT cells. The
expression levels of TLR3 on T cells, B cells, NK cells, and γδT cells were
increased in the lungs after infection. NK cells also expressed higher levels of
TLR4 after infection of control mice. Collectively, these findings highlight the
potential role of TLR expression in the context of S. japonicum
infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Chen
- 1 The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Quan Yang
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Sihao Xie
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- 3 College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Jun Huang
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
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16
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Yegorov S, Joag V, Galiwango RM, Good SV, Okech B, Kaul R. Impact of Endemic Infections on HIV Susceptibility in Sub-Saharan Africa. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2019; 5:22. [PMID: 31798936 PMCID: PMC6884859 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-019-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a leading cause of global morbidity with the highest burden in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). For reasons that are incompletely understood, the likelihood of HIV transmission is several fold higher in SSA than in higher income countries, and most of these infections are acquired by young women. Residents of SSA are also exposed to a variety of endemic infections, such as malaria and various helminthiases that could influence mucosal and systemic immunology. Since these immune parameters are important determinants of HIV acquisition and progression, this review explores the possible effects of endemic infections on HIV susceptibility and summarizes current knowledge of the epidemiology and underlying immunological mechanisms by which endemic infections could impact HIV acquisition. A better understanding of the interaction between endemic infections and HIV may enhance HIV prevention programs in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yegorov
- 1Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,2Department of Pedagogical Mathematics and Natural Science, Faculty of Education and Humanities, Suleyman Demirel University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Vineet Joag
- 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Ronald M Galiwango
- 1Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara V Good
- 4Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON Canada.,5Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | | | - Rupert Kaul
- 1Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,7Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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17
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Farhadihosseinabadi B, Salimi M, Kazemi B, Samadikuchaksaraei A, Ghanbarian H, Mozafari M, Niknejad H. Inducing type 2 immune response, induction of angiogenesis, and anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties make Lacto-n-Neotetraose (LNnT) a therapeutic choice to accelerate the wound healing process. Med Hypotheses 2019; 134:109389. [PMID: 31627122 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The healing process of non-healing and full-thickness wounds is currently facing some serious challenges. In such ulcers, losing a large part of skin causes a chronic infection due to the entrance of various pathogens in the wound bed. Moreover, poor vascularization, uncontrolled inflammation, and delayed re-epithelialization increase the healing time in patients suffering from such wounds. In this light, tissue engineering provides a wide range of strategies using a variety of biomaterials, biofactors and stem cells to decrease the healing time and restore the function of the damaged site. A suitable wound healing agent should possess some critical parameters such as inducing re-epithelialization, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties, and angiogenic capability. The Lacto-n-Neotetraose (LNnT) with chemical formula C26H45NO21 is an oligosaccharide present in human milk and soluble antigens extracted from Schistosoma mansoni eggs. It is reported that LNnT induces type 2 immune response (Th2 immunity). Th2 immunity promotes re-epithelialization, angiogenesis and wound contraction by recruiting the cells which produce Th2-related cytokines. Moreover, LNnT shows some special characteristics such as angiogenic capability, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial effects which can address the mentioned challenges in the treatment of non-healing and full-thickness wounds. Here, we hypothesize that utilizing LNnT is an appropriate biofactor which would improve the healing process in full-thickness and non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Farhadihosseinabadi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Salimi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Samadikuchaksaraei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbarian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), PO Box 14155-4777, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Yegorov S, Joag V, Galiwango RM, Good SV, Mpendo J, Tannich E, Boggild AK, Kiwanuka N, Bagaya BS, Kaul R. Schistosoma mansoni treatment reduces HIV entry into cervical CD4+ T cells and induces IFN-I pathways. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2296. [PMID: 31127086 PMCID: PMC6534541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni (Sm) infection has been linked with an increased risk of HIV acquisition in women. Therefore, defining the mechanism(s) by which Sm alters HIV susceptibility might lead to new HIV prevention strategies. Here, we analyze the impact of standard Sm therapy in HIV-uninfected Sm+ Ugandan adult women on genital HIV susceptibility and mucosal and systemic immunology. Schistosomiasis treatment induces a profound reduction of HIV entry into cervical and blood CD4+ T cells that is sustained for up to two months, despite transient systemic and mucosal immune activation and elevated genital IL-1α levels. Genital IFN-α2a levels are also elevated post-treatment, and IFN-α2a blocks HIV entry into primary CD4+ T cells ex vivo. Transcriptomic analysis of blood mononuclear cells post-Sm treatment shows IFN-I pathway up-regulation and partial reversal of Sm-dysregulated interferon signaling. These findings indicate that Sm therapy may reduce HIV susceptibility for women with Sm infection, potentially through de-repression of IFN-I pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yegorov
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education and Humanities, Suleyman Demirel University, 1/1 Abylai Khan Street, Kaskelen, Almaty, 040900, Kazakhstan.
| | - Vineet Joag
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ronald M Galiwango
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sara V Good
- Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay St., Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Juliet Mpendo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute -International AIDS Vaccine Initiative HIV Vaccine Program, 51/59 Nakiwogo Rd, P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, National Reference Centre for Tropical Pathogens, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea K Boggild
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.,Public Health Ontario Laboratories, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Noah Kiwanuka
- Uganda Virus Research Institute -International AIDS Vaccine Initiative HIV Vaccine Program, 51/59 Nakiwogo Rd, P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard S Bagaya
- Uganda Virus Research Institute -International AIDS Vaccine Initiative HIV Vaccine Program, 51/59 Nakiwogo Rd, P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
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19
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Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that control the transcription of genetic information from DNA to mRNA by binding to specific DNA sequences either on their own or with other proteins as a complex. TFs thus support or suppress the recruitment of the corresponding RNA polymerase. In general, TFs are classified by structure or function. The TF, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), is expressed in all cell types and tissues. NF-κB signaling and crosstalk are involved in several steps of carcinogenesis including in sequences involving pathogenic stimulus, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, establishment of its remodeling to the precancerous niche (PCN) and transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell. Triggered by various inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB is activated along with other TFs with subsequent stimulation of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. The involvement of NF-κB in carcinogenesis provides an opportunity to develop anti-NF-κB therapies. The complexity of these interactions requires that we elucidate those aspects of NF-κB interactions that play a role in carcinogenesis, the sequence of events leading to cancer.
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20
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The central adaptor molecule TRIF influences L. sigmodontis worm development. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:539-549. [PMID: 30643971 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide approximately 68 million people are infected with lymphatic filariasis (Lf), provoked by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. This disease can lead to massive swelling of the limbs (elephantiasis) and disfigurement of the male genitalia (hydrocele). Filarial induced immune regulation is characterised by dominant type 2 helper T cell and regulatory immune responses. In vitro studies have provided evidence that signalling via Toll-like receptor-mediated pathways is triggered by filarial associated factors. Nevertheless, until now, less is known about the role of the adapter molecule TRIF during in vivo infections. Here, we used the rodent-specific nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis to investigate the role of TLR signalling and the corresponding downstream adapter and regulatory molecules TRIF, MyD88, IRF1 and IRF3 during an ongoing infection in semi-susceptible C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, lack of the central adapter molecule TRIF led to higher worm burden and reduced overall absolute cell numbers in the thoracic cavity (the site of infection) 30 days post-infection. In addition, frequencies of macrophages and lymphocytes in the TC were increased in infected TRIF-/- C57BL/6 mice, whereas frequencies of eosinophils, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were reduced. Nevertheless, cytokine levels and regulatory T cell populations remained comparable between TRIF-deficient and wildtype C57BL/6 mice upon 30 days of L. sigmodontis infection. In summary, this study revealed a crucial role of the adapter molecule TRIF on worm recovery and immune cell recruitment into the site of infection 30 days upon L. sigmodontis infection in C57BL/6 mice.
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21
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Mourglia-Ettlin G, Miles S, Velasco-De-Andrés M, Armiger-Borràs N, Cucher M, Dematteis S, Lozano F. The ectodomains of the lymphocyte scavenger receptors CD5 and CD6 interact with tegumental antigens from Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and protect mice against secondary cystic echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006891. [PMID: 30500820 PMCID: PMC6267981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scavenger Receptors (SRs) from the host’s innate immune system are known to bind multiple ligands to promote the removal of non-self or altered-self targets. CD5 and CD6 are two highly homologous class I SRs mainly expressed on all T cells and the B1a cell subset, and involved in the fine tuning of activation and differentiation signals delivered by the antigen-specific receptors (TCR and BCR, respectively), to which they physically associate. Additionally, CD5 and CD6 have been shown to interact with and sense the presence of conserved pathogen-associated structures from bacteria, fungi and/or viruses. Methodology/Principal findings We report herein the interaction of CD5 and CD6 lymphocyte surface receptors with Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). Binding studies show that both soluble and membrane-bound forms of CD5 and CD6 bind to intact viable protoscoleces from E. granulosus s.l. through recognition of metaperiodate-resistant tegumental components. Proteomic analyses allowed identification of thioredoxin peroxidase for CD5, and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (cyclophilin) and endophilin B1 (antigen P-29) for CD6, as their potential interactors. Further in vitro assays demonstrate that membrane-bound or soluble CD5 and CD6 forms differentially modulate the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine release induced following peritoneal cells exposure to E. granulosus s.l. tegumental components. Importantly, prophylactic infusion of soluble CD5 or CD6 significantly ameliorated the infection outcome in the mouse model of secondary cystic echinococcosis. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, the results expand the pathogen binding properties of CD5 and CD6 and provide novel evidence for their therapeutic potential in human cystic echinococcosis. Scavenger Receptors (SRs) are constituents of host’s innate immune system able to sense and remove altered-self and/or pathogen components. Data on their interaction with helminth parasites is scarce. In this work, we describe that CD5 and CD6 -two lymphoid SRs previously reported to interact with conserved structures from bacteria, fungi and viruses- recognize tegumental components in the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). Moreover, both receptors differentially modulate the cytokine release by host cells exposed to E. granulosus s.l. tegumental components. Importantly, the infusion of soluble forms of CD5 or CD6 improve infection outcomes in a murine model of secondary cystic echinococcosis. In summary, our results expand the pathogen binding properties of CD5 and CD6 and suggest their therapeutic potential against helminth infections.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD5 Antigens/genetics
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- Echinococcosis/genetics
- Echinococcosis/metabolism
- Echinococcosis/parasitology
- Echinococcus granulosus/genetics
- Echinococcus granulosus/metabolism
- Female
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Binding
- Proteomics
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (GM-E); (FL)
| | - Sebastián Miles
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Velasco-De-Andrés
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Armiger-Borràs
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcela Cucher
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sylvia Dematteis
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d’Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (GM-E); (FL)
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22
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Zakeri A, Hansen EP, Andersen SD, Williams AR, Nejsum P. Immunomodulation by Helminths: Intracellular Pathways and Extracellular Vesicles. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2349. [PMID: 30369927 PMCID: PMC6194161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites are masters at manipulating host immune responses, using an array of sophisticated mechanisms. One of the major mechanisms enabling helminths to establish chronic infections is the targeting of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and the inflammasome. Given the critical role of these receptors and their intracellular pathways in regulating innate inflammatory responses, and also directing adaptive immunity toward Th1 and Th2 responses, recognition of the pathways triggered and/or modulated by helminths and their products will provide detailed insights about how helminths are able to establish an immunoregulatory environment. However, helminths also target PRRs-independent mechanisms (and most likely other yet unknown mechanisms and pathways) underpinning the battery of different molecules helminths produce. Herein, the current knowledge on intracellular pathways in antigen presenting cells activated by helminth-derived biomolecules is reviewed. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of helminth-derived vesicles as a less-appreciated components released during infection, their role in activating these host intracellular pathways, and their implication in the development of new therapeutic approaches for inflammatory diseases and the possibility of designing a new generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eline P. Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sidsel D. Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Kapczuk P, Kosik-Bogacka D, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Gutowska I, Kupnicka P, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Selected Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Parasite⁻Host System Hymenolepis diminuta⁻Rattus norvegicus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082435. [PMID: 30126154 PMCID: PMC6121280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a parasite of the small intestine of rodents (mainly mice and rats), and accidentally humans. It is classified as a non-invasive tapeworm due to the lack of hooks on the tapeworm’s scolex, which could cause mechanical damage to host tissues. However, many studies have shown that metabolites secreted by H. diminuta interfere with the functioning of the host’s gastrointestinal tract, causing an increase in salivary secretion, suppression of gastric acid secretion, and an increase in the trypsin activity in the duodenum chyme. Our work presents the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of a parasite-host interaction, including the influence on ion transport and host intestinal microflora, morphology and biochemical parameters of blood, secretion of antioxidant enzymes, expression of Toll-like receptors, mechanisms of immune response, as well as the expression and activity of cyclooxygenases. We emphasize the interrelations between the parasite and the host at the cellular level resulting from the direct impact of the parasite as well as host defense reactions that lead to changes in the host’s tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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24
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Cooke G, Kamal I, Strengert M, Hams E, Mawhinney L, Tynan A, O’Reilly C, O’Dwyer DN, Kunkel SL, Knaus UG, Shields DC, Moller DR, Bowie AG, Fallon PG, Hogaboam CM, Armstrong ME, Donnelly SC. Toll-like receptor 3 L412F polymorphism promotes a persistent clinical phenotype in pulmonary sarcoidosis. QJM 2018; 111:217-224. [PMID: 29237089 PMCID: PMC6256937 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcx243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION Sarcoidosis is a multi-systemic disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in target organs. In 90% of cases, there is thoracic involvement. Fifty to seventy percent of pulmonary sarcoidosis patients will experience acute, self-limiting disease. For the subgroup of patients who develop persistent disease, no targeted therapy is currently available. AIM To investigate the potential of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), Toll-like receptor 3 Leu412Phe (TLR3 L412F; rs3775291), as a causative factor in the development of and in disease persistence in pulmonary sarcoidosis. To investigate the functionality of TLR3 L412F in vitro in primary human lung fibroblasts from pulmonary sarcoidosis patients. DESIGN SNP-genotyping and cellular assays, respectively, were used to investigate the role of TLR3 L412F in the development of persistent pulmonary sarcoidosis. METHODS Cohorts of Irish sarcoidosis patients (n = 228), healthy Irish controls (n = 263) and a secondary cohort of American sarcoidosis patients (n = 123) were genotyped for TLR3 L412F. Additionally, the effect of TLR3 L412F in primary lung fibroblasts from pulmonary sarcoidosis patients was quantitated following TLR3 activation in the context of cytokine and type I interferon production, TLR3 expression and apoptotic- and fibroproliferative-responses. RESULTS We report a significant association between TLR3 L412F and persistent clinical disease in two cohorts of Irish and American Caucasians with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Furthermore, activation of TLR3 in primary lung fibroblasts from 412 F-homozygous pulmonary sarcoidosis patients resulted in reduced IFN-β and TLR3 expression, reduced apoptosis- and dysregulated fibroproliferative-responses compared with TLR3 wild-type patients. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION This study identifies defective TLR3 function as a previously unidentified factor in persistent clinical disease in pulmonary sarcoidosis and reveals TLR3 L412F as a candidate biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cooke
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute of Technology Tallaght,
Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - I Kamal
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, College of Life Sciences, UCD
Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- National Pulmonary Fibrosis Referral Centre at St. Vincent’s University
Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Strengert
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, College of Life Sciences, UCD
Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - E Hams
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital
Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - L Mawhinney
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - A Tynan
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C O’Reilly
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - D N O’Dwyer
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, College of Life Sciences, UCD
Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- National Pulmonary Fibrosis Referral Centre at St. Vincent’s University
Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - U G Knaus
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, College of Life Sciences, UCD
Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D C Shields
- UCD Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D R Moller
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of
Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - A G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences
Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - P G Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital
Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - C M Hogaboam
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - M E Armstrong
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - S C Donnelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences,
Tallaght Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
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25
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Peron G, de Lima Thomaz L, Camargo da Rosa L, Thomé R, Cardoso Verinaud LM. Modulation of dendritic cell by pathogen antigens: Where do we stand? Immunol Lett 2018; 196:91-102. [PMID: 29427742 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential players in the activation of T cells and in the development of adaptive immune response towards invading pathogens. Upon antigen (Ag) recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) by their receptors (PRRs), DCs are activated and acquire an inflammatory profile. DCs have the ability to direct the profile of helper T (Th) cells towards Th1, Th2, Th17, Th9 and regulatory (Treg) cells. Each subset of Th cells presents a unique gene expression signature and is endowed with the ability to conduct or suppress effector cells in inflammation. Pathogens target DCs during infection. Many studies demonstrated that antigens and molecules derived from pathogens have the ability to dampen DC maturation and activation, leading these cells to a permissive state or tolerogenic profile (tolDCs). Although tolDCs may represent a hindrance in infection control, they could be positively used to modulate inflammatory disorders, such as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we focus on discussing findings that use pathogen-antigen modulated DCs and tolDCs in prophylactics and therapeutics approaches for vaccination against infectious diseases or inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Peron
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Livia de Lima Thomaz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Camargo da Rosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Thomé
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Liana Maria Cardoso Verinaud
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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26
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Fu Y, Browne JA, Killick K, Mulcahy G. Network Analysis of the Systemic Response to Fasciola hepatica Infection in Sheep Reveals Changes in Fibrosis, Apoptosis, Toll-Like Receptors 3/4, and B Cell Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:485. [PMID: 28487699 PMCID: PMC5403899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trematode Fasciola hepatica is an important cause of disease in livestock and in man. Modulation of immunity is a critical strategy used by this parasite to facilitate its long-term survival in the host. Understanding the underlying mechanisms at a system level is important for the development of novel control strategies, such as vaccination, as well as for increasing general understanding of helminth-mediated immunoregulation and its consequences. Our previous RNA sequencing work identified a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEG) from ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at acute and chronic stages of F. hepatica infection, and yielded important information on host–parasite interaction, with particular reference to the immune response. To extend our understanding of the immunoregulatory effects of this parasite, we employed InnateDB to further analyze the DEG dataset and identified 2,458 and 224 molecular interactions in the context of innate immunity from the acute and chronic stages of infection, respectively. Notably, 458 interactions at the acute stage of infection were manually curated from studies involving PBMC-related cell-types, which guaranteed confident hypothesis generation. NetworkAnalyst was subsequently used to construct and visualize molecular networks. Two complementary strategies (function-first and connection-first) were conducted to interpret the networks. The function-first approach highlighted subnetworks implicated in regulation of Toll-like receptor 3/4 signaling in both acute and chronic infections. The connection-first approach highlighted regulation of intrinsic apoptosis and B-cell receptor-signaling during acute and chronic infections, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first system level analysis of the regulation of host innate immunity during F. hepatica infection. It provides insights into the profound changes induced by F. hepatica infection that not only favors parasite survival into chronic infection but also impedes the host’s immune response to other pathogens, and render vaccination against fasciolosis a difficult challenge. The information provided will be useful in the design of specific vaccine protocols to overcome parasite-mediated immunoregulation and in furthering general understanding of the interplay between helminth infection and host immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fu
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John A Browne
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate Killick
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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27
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McFarlane AJ, McSorley HJ, Davidson DJ, Fitch PM, Errington C, Mackenzie KJ, Gollwitzer ES, Johnston CJC, MacDonald AS, Edwards MR, Harris NL, Marsland BJ, Maizels RM, Schwarze J. Enteric helminth-induced type I interferon signaling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1068-1078.e6. [PMID: 28196762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth parasites have been reported to have beneficial immunomodulatory effects in patients with allergic and autoimmune conditions and detrimental consequences in patients with tuberculosis and some viral infections. Their role in coinfection with respiratory viruses is not clear. OBJECTIVE Here we investigated the effects of strictly enteric helminth infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a mouse model. METHODS A murine helminth/RSV coinfection model was developed. Mice were infected by means of oral gavage with 200 stage 3 H polygyrus larvae. Ten days later, mice were infected intranasally with either RSV or UV-inactivated RSV. RESULTS H polygyrus-infected mice showed significantly less disease and pulmonary inflammation after RSV infection associated with reduced viral load. Adaptive immune responses, including TH2 responses, were not essential because protection against RSV was maintained in Rag1-/- and Il4rα-/- mice. Importantly, H polygyrus infection upregulated expression of type I interferons and interferon-stimulated genes in both the duodenum and lung, and its protective effects were lost in both Ifnar1-/- and germ-free mice, revealing essential roles for type I interferon signaling and microbiota in H polygyrus-induced protection against RSV. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that a strictly enteric helminth infection can have remote protective antiviral effects in the lung through induction of a microbiota-dependent type I interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J McFarlane
- MRC-Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J McSorley
- MRC-Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Donald J Davidson
- MRC-Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Fitch
- MRC-Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Errington
- National Health Service Lothian, Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Mackenzie
- MRC-Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eva S Gollwitzer
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chris J C Johnston
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Airway Disease Infection Section, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique, Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- MRC-Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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28
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Motran CC, Ambrosio LF, Volpini X, Celias DP, Cervi L. Dendritic cells and parasites: from recognition and activation to immune response instruction. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:199-213. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Méndez-Samperio P. Molecular events by which dendritic cells promote Th2 immune protection in helmith infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:715-20. [PMID: 27348757 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1194529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites are a major cause of global infectious diseases, affecting nearly one quarter of the world's population. The common feature of helminth infections is to skew the immune system towards a T-helper 2 (Th2) response that helps to control disease. Dendritic cells (DCs), which are professional antigen-presenting cells, play a critical role for Th2 skewing against helminth parasites. However, the molecular mechanisms by which helminth antigens activate DCs for Th2 polarization have not yet been clearly defined. This review provides a focused update on the major role of DCs for inducing and/or enhancing Th2 immune responses in helminthic infection and will discuss the main signalling-dependent and independent mechanisms by which helminth antigens activate DCs for Th2 skewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Méndez-Samperio
- a Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, IPN , Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala , CDMéxico , México
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30
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Coakley G, Buck AH, Maizels RM. Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system: Parasite communication and cell-cell interactions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 208:33-40. [PMID: 27297184 PMCID: PMC5008435 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites release a spectrum of mediators to dampen host immunity. Secreted proteins can act on host receptors and intracellular signalling. Parasites also produce exosome-like extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs. Exosomes can enter host cells and modulate host gene expression. Extracellular vesicles may be a more general mode of host-parasite interaction.
Helminths are metazoan organisms many of which have evolved parasitic life styles dependent on sophisticated manipulation of the host environment. Most notably, they down-regulate host immune responses to ensure their own survival, by exporting a range of immuno-modulatory mediators that interact with host cells and tissues. While a number of secreted immunoregulatory parasite proteins have been defined, new work also points to the release of extracellular vesicles, or exosomes, that interact with and manipulate host gene expression. These recent results are discussed in the overall context of how helminths communicate effectively with the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Coakley
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy H Buck
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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31
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Zakeri A, Borji H, Haghparast A. Interaction Between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 35:219-48. [PMID: 27120222 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1096936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system. They play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, especially asthma. Since TLRs significantly orchestrate innate and adaptive immune response, their manipulation has widely been considered as a potential approach to control asthma symptoms. It is well established that helminths have immunoregulatory effects on host immune responses, especially innate immunity. They release bioactive molecules such as excretory-secretory (ES) products manipulating TLRs expression and signaling. Thus, given the promising results derived from preclinical studies, harnessing helminth-derived molecules affecting TLRs can be considered as a potential biological therapy for allergic diseases. Prospectively, the data that are available at present suggest that, in the near future, it is possible that helminth antigens will offer new therapeutic strategies and druggable targets for fighting allergic diseases. This review describes the interactions between helminths and TLRs and discusses the potential possibilities for asthma therapy. In this opinion paper, the authors aimed to review the updated literatures on the interplay between helminths, TLRs, and asthma with a view to proposing helminth-based asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Hassan Borji
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,c Biotechnology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
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32
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Notch Signaling in Inflammation-Induced Preterm Labor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15221. [PMID: 26472156 PMCID: PMC4607997 DOI: 10.1038/srep15221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling plays an important role in regulation of innate immune responses and trophoblast function during pregnancy. To identify the role of Notch signaling in preterm labor, Notch receptors (Notch1-4), its ligands (DLL (Delta-like protein)-1/3/4), Jagged 1/2) and Notch-induced transcription factor Hes1 were assessed during preterm labor. Preterm labor was initiated on gestation day 14.5 by intrauterine (IU) injection of peptidoglycan (PGN) and polyinosinic:cytidylic acid (poly(I:C). Notch1, Notch2, Notch4, DLL-1 and nuclear localization of Hes1 were significantly elevated in uterus and placenta during PGN+poly(I:C)-induced preterm labor. Ex vivo, Gamma secretase inhibitor (GSI) (inhibitor of Notch receptor processing) significantly diminished the PGN+poly(I:C)-induced secretion of M1- and M2-associated cytokines in decidual macrophages, and of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6) and chemokines (MIP-1β) in decidual and placental cells. Conversely, angiogenesis factors including Notch ligands Jagged 1/2 and DLL-4 and VEGF were significantly reduced in uterus and placenta during PGN+poly(I:C)-induced preterm labor. In vivo GSI treatment prevents PGN+poly(I:C)-induced preterm delivery by 55.5% and increased the number of live fetuses in-utero significantly compared to respective controls 48 hrs after injections. In summary, Notch signaling is activated during PGN+poly(I:C)-induced preterm labor, resulting in upregulation of pro-inflammatory responses, and its inhibition improves in-utero survival of live fetuses.
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Hussaarts L, Yazdanbakhsh M, Guigas B. Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders. Front Immunol 2014; 5:499. [PMID: 25368615 PMCID: PMC4202775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly one quarter of the world's population is infected with helminth parasites. A common feature of helminth infections is the manifestation of a type 2 immune response, characterized by T helper 2 (Th2) cells that mediate anti-helminth immunity. In addition, recent literature describes a close association between type 2 immune responses and wound repair, suggesting that a Th2 response may concurrently mediate repair of parasite-induced damage. The molecular mechanisms that govern Th2 responses are poorly understood, although it is clear that dendritic cells (DCs), which are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells in the immune system, play a central role. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which DCs polarize Th2 cells, examining both helminth antigens and helminth-mediated tissue damage as Th2-inducing triggers. Finally, we discuss the implication of these findings in the context of metabolic disorders, as recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Hussaarts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands ; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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34
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Greenberg RM. Schistosome ABC multidrug transporters: From pharmacology to physiology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2014; 4:301-9. [PMID: 25516841 PMCID: PMC4266782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The genuine and hypothesized roles of schistosome ABC transporters are reviewed. Evidence suggesting a role for transporters in schistosome drug susceptibility is discussed. Potential roles of ABC transporters in normal schistosome biology are outlined.
Praziquantel (PZQ) is essentially the only drug currently available for treatment and control of schistosomiasis, a disease affecting hundreds of millions worldwide. Though highly effective overall, PZQ has limitations, most notably its significant lack of activity against immature schistosomes. Furthermore, the availability of only a single drug for a disease of this magnitude makes reports of PZQ-resistant isolates particularly troubling. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) multidrug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp; ABCB1) are efflux transporters that underlie multidrug resistance (MDR); changes in their expression or structure are also associated with drug resistance in parasites, including helminths. This review will discuss the role these transporters might play in modulating schistosome susceptibility to PZQ, and the implications for developing new or repurposed treatments that enhance the efficacy of PZQ. However, in addition to influencing drug susceptibility, ABC transporters play important roles in several critical physiological functions such as excretion and maintenance of permeability barriers. They also transport signaling molecules with high affinity, and several lines of evidence implicate mammalian transporters in a diverse array of physiological functions, including regulation of immune responses. Like their mammalian counterparts, schistosome ABC transporters appear to be involved in functions critical to the parasite, including excretory activity and reproduction, and we hypothesize that they underlie at least some aspects of parasite–host interactions. Thus, in addition to their potential as targets for enhancers of PZQ susceptibility, these transporters might also serve as candidate targets for agents that disrupt the parasite life cycle and act as antischistosomals on their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Greenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, PA 19104, USA
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Straubinger K, Prazeres da Costa C. Maternal helminth infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 828:27-48. [PMID: 25253026 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Straubinger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 30, 81675, Munich, Germany,
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Beiting DP. Protozoan parasites and type I interferons: a cold case reopened. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:491-8. [PMID: 25153940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, trypanosomes, and Leishmania, are a major cause of disease in both humans and other animals, highlighting the need to understand the full spectrum of strategies used by the host immune system to sense and respond to parasite infection. Although type II interferon (IFN-γ) has long been recognized as an essential antiparasite immune effector, much less is known about the role of type I interferons (IFN-α and -β) in host defense, particularly in vivo. Recent studies are reviewed which collectively highlight that type I IFN can be induced in response to parasite infection and influence the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Reynolds LA, Harcus Y, Smith KA, Webb LM, Hewitson JP, Ross EA, Brown S, Uematsu S, Akira S, Gray D, Gray M, MacDonald AS, Cunningham AF, Maizels RM. MyD88 signaling inhibits protective immunity to the gastrointestinal helminth parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2984-93. [PMID: 25114104 PMCID: PMC4157852 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites remain one of the most common causes of infections worldwide, yet little is still known about the immune signaling pathways that control their expulsion. C57BL/6 mice are chronically susceptible to infection with the gastrointestinal helminth parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. In this article, we report that C57BL/6 mice lacking the adapter protein MyD88, which mediates signaling by TLRs and IL-1 family members, showed enhanced immunity to H. polygyrus infection. Alongside increased parasite expulsion, MyD88-deficient mice showed heightened IL-4 and IL-17A production from mesenteric lymph node CD4+ cells. In addition, MyD88−/− mice developed substantial numbers of intestinal granulomas around the site of infection, which were not seen in MyD88-sufficient C57BL/6 mice, nor when signaling through the adapter protein TRIF (TIR domain–containing adapter–inducing IFN-β adapter protein) was also ablated. Mice deficient solely in TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, or TLR9 did not show enhanced parasite expulsion, suggesting that these TLRs signal redundantly to maintain H. polygyrus susceptibility in wild-type mice. To further investigate signaling pathways that are MyD88 dependent, we infected IL-1R1−/− mice with H. polygyrus. This genotype displayed heightened granuloma numbers compared with wild-type mice, but without increased parasite expulsion. Thus, the IL-1R–MyD88 pathway is implicated in inhibiting granuloma formation; however, protective immunity in MyD88-deficient mice appears to be granuloma independent. Like IL-1R1−/− and MyD88−/− mice, animals lacking signaling through the type 1 IFN receptor (i.e., IFNAR1−/−) also developed intestinal granulomas. Hence, IL-1R1, MyD88, and type 1 IFN receptor signaling may provide pathways to impede granuloma formation in vivo, but additional MyD88-mediated signals are associated with inhibition of protective immunity in susceptible C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Reynolds
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Harcus
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A Smith
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M Webb
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - James P Hewitson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan A Ross
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Brown
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - David Gray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohini Gray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom;
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Kosik-Bogacka DI, Wojtkowiak-Giera A, Kolasa A, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Lanocha N, Wandurska-Nowak E, Izabela G, Salamatin R, Jagodzinski PP. Hymenolepis diminuta: analysis of the expression of Toll-like receptor genes and protein (TLR3 and TLR9) in the small and large intestines of rats. Exp Parasitol 2014; 145:61-7. [PMID: 25092440 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in the rapid activation of innate immune responses to a variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In a previous study we observed an increase in the level of expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in the jejunum and colon during experimental hymenolepidosis in rats. In this study, we performed a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining of TLR3 and TLR9 receptors during experimental hymenolepidosis in rats. The levels of mRNA and protein expression of TLR3 and TLR9 in the jejunum had increased at 16 days post Hymenolepis diminuta infection (dpi) in the case of TLR3 and at 16 and 25 dpi in the case of TLR9. In the colon the expression of TLR3 and TLR9 had increased at 16, 25 and 40 dpi. The results of the immunohistochemical reactions showed that H. diminuta infected rats (16, 25, 40 and 60 dpi) exhibited changes in TLR3 and TLR9 localization and intensity in the epithelial cells of the jejunum and colon. The changes in the level of TLR3 and TLR9 expression may confirm involvement of the innate immune system in the pathomechanism of hymenolepidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta I Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia Lanocha
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Wandurska-Nowak
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Gutowska Izabela
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ruslan Salamatin
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł P Jagodzinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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Future directions of clinical laboratory evaluation of pregnancy. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:582-8. [PMID: 25042633 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of how the immune system interacts with the developing fetus and placenta has greatly expanded. There are many laboratories that provide tests for diagnosis of pregnancy outcome in women who have recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) or pre-eclampsia. These tests are based on the premise that immune response to the fetus is equivalent to the adaptive immune response to a transplant. New understanding leads to the concept that the activated innate response is vital for pregnancy and this can result in more effective testing and treatment to prevent an abnormal pregnancy in the future. We describe here only three such areas for future testing: one area involves sperm and semen and factors necessary for successful fertilization; another area would determine conditions for production of growth factors necessary for implantation in the uterus; finally, the last area would be to determine conditions necessary for the vascularization of the placenta and growing fetus by activated natural killer (NK) cells (combinations of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family genes with HLA-C haplotypes) that lead to capability of secreting angiogenic growth factors. These areas are novel but understanding their role in pregnancy can lead to insight into how to maintain and treat pregnancies with complicating factors.
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Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens enhance Listeria monocytogenes vector HIV-1 vaccine induction of cytotoxic T cells. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1232-9. [PMID: 24990901 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00138-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are an important public health measure for prevention and treatment of diseases. In addition to the vaccine immunogen, many vaccines incorporate adjuvants to stimulate the recipient's immune system and enhance vaccine-specific responses. While vaccine development has advanced from attenuated organism to recombinant protein or use of plasmid DNA, the development of new adjuvants that safely increase immune responses has not kept pace. Previous studies have shown that the complex mixture of molecules that comprise saline soluble egg antigens (SEA) from Schistosoma mansoni eggs functions to promote CD4(+) T helper 2 (Th2) responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that coadministration of SEA with a Listeria vector HIV-1 Gag (Lm-Gag) vaccine would suppress host cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and T helper 1 (Th1) responses to HIV-1 Gag epitopes. Surprisingly, instead of driving HIV-1 Gag-specific responses toward Th2 type, we found that coadministration of SEA with Lm-Gag vaccine significantly increased the frequency of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing Gag-specific Th1 and CTL responses over that seen in mice administered Lm-Gag only. Analysis of the functionality and durability of vaccine responses suggested that SEA not only enlarged different memory T cell compartments but induced functional and long-lasting vaccine-specific responses as well. These results suggest there are components in SEA that can synergize with potent inducers of strong and durable Th1-type responses such as those to Listeria. We hypothesize that SEA contains moieties that, if defined, can be used to expand type 1 proinflammatory responses for use in vaccines.
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Redpath SA, Fonseca NM, Perona-Wright G. Protection and pathology during parasite infection: IL-10 strikes the balance. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:233-52. [PMID: 24666543 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The host response to infection requires an immune response to be strong enough to control the pathogen but also restrained, to minimize immune-mediated pathology. The conflicting pressures of immune activation and immune suppression are particularly apparent in parasite infections, where co-evolution of host and pathogen has selected many different compromises between protection and pathology. Cytokine signals are critical determinants of both protective immunity and immunopathology, and, in this review, we focus on the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and its role in protozoan and helminth infections. We discuss the sources and targets of IL-10 during parasite infection, the signals that initiate and reinforce its action, and its impact on the invading parasite, on the host tissue, and on coincident immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Redpath
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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CD14 influences host immune responses and alternative activation of macrophages during Schistosoma mansoni infection. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3240-51. [PMID: 24866794 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01780-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cell (APC) plasticity is critical for controlling inflammation in metabolic diseases and infections. The roles that pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play in regulating APC phenotypes are just now being defined. We evaluated the expression of PRRs on APCs in mice infected with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni and observed an upregulation of CD14 expression on macrophages. Schistosome-infected Cd14(-/-) mice showed significantly increased alternative activation of (M2) macrophages in the livers compared to infected wild-type (wt) mice. In addition, splenocytes from infected Cd14(-/-) mice exhibited increased production of CD4(+)-specific interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13 and CD4(+)Foxp3(+)IL-10(+) regulatory T cells compared to cells from infected wt mice. S. mansoni-infected Cd14(-/-) mice also presented with smaller liver egg granulomas associated with increased collagen deposition compared to granulomas in infected wt mice. The highest expression of CD14 was found on liver macrophages in infected mice. To determine if the Cd14(-/-) phenotype was in part due to increased M2 macrophages, we adoptively transferred wt macrophages into Cd14(-/-) mice and normalized the M2 and CD4(+) Th cell balance close to that observed in infected wt mice. Finally, we demonstrated that CD14 regulates STAT6 activation, as Cd14(-/-) mice had increased STAT6 activation in vivo, suggesting that lack of CD14 impacts the IL-4Rα-STAT6 pathway, altering macrophage polarization during parasite infection. Collectively, these data identify a previously unrecognized role for CD14 in regulating macrophage plasticity and CD4(+) T cell biasing during helminth infection.
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Favoretto BC, Silva SR, Jacysyn JF, Câmara NO, Faquim-Mauro EL. TLR2- and 4-independent immunomodulatory effect of high molecular weight components from Ascaris suum. Mol Immunol 2014; 58:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jaiswal MK, Agrawal V, Mallers T, Gilman-Sachs A, Hirsch E, Beaman KD. Regulation of apoptosis and innate immune stimuli in inflammation-induced preterm labor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5702-13. [PMID: 24163412 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An innate immune response is required for successful implantation and placentation. This is regulated, in part, by the a2 isoform of V-ATPase (a2V) and the concurrent infiltration of M1 (inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages to the uterus and placenta. The objective of the present study was to identify the role of a2V during inflammation-induced preterm labor in mice and its relationship to the regulation of apoptosis and innate immune responses. Using a mouse model of infection-induced preterm delivery, gestational tissues were collected 8 h after intrauterine inoculation on day 14.5 of pregnancy with either saline or peptidoglycan (PGN; a TLR 2 agonist) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C); a TLR3 agonist], modeling Gram-positive bacterial and viral infections, respectively. Expression of a2V decreased significantly in the placenta, uterus, and fetal membranes during PGN+poly(I:C)-induced preterm labor. Expression of inducible NO synthase was significantly upregulated in PGN+poly(I:C)-treated placenta and uterus. PGN+poly(I:C) treatment disturbed adherens junction proteins and increased apoptotic cell death via an extrinsic pathway of apoptosis among uterine decidual cells and spongiotrophoblasts. F4/80(+) macrophages were increased and polarization was skewed in PGN+poly(I:C)-treated uterus toward double-positive CD11c(+) (M1) and CD206(+) (M2) cells, which are critical for the clearance of dying cells and rapid resolution of inflammation. Expression of Nlrp3 and activation of caspase-1 were increased in PGN+poly(I:C)-treated uterus, which could induce pyroptosis. These results suggest that the double hit of PGN+poly(I:C) induces preterm labor via reduction of a2V expression and simultaneous activation of apoptosis and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Jaiswal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
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A study of immunomodulatory genes responses to macrophages of Schistosoma japonicum infection during different stages by microarray analysis. Acta Trop 2013; 127:251-60. [PMID: 23732117 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages initiate, modulate, and also serve as final effector cells in immune responses during the course of schistosomal infections. In this study, we investigated the gene expression profile and functional changes of macrophages in immune responses against the Schistosoma japonicum by microarray analysis. Hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated that a significant switch in gene transformation associated with a type-1 response and linked with a type-2 cytokine phenotype occurs between 4.5 and 8 weeks post-infection. Moreover, the gene profiles at 3 later time-points following egg challenge were similar in complexity and magnitude. The data also showed that there were mostly inhibition of gene expression related TLR, IFN, MHC and TNFrsf at the switch between 4.5 and 8 weeks post-infection, It is suggested that these immunomodulatory genes may be down-regulated in defense against S. japonicum eggs and granuloma pathology. The induction of alternatively activated macrophage (AAMϕ) was important for dampening the inflammation in hepatic granulomas and contributing to a decrease in cytotoxicity. The gene expressions involved in repair/remodeling during liver fibrosis were also observed after egg production. Understanding the immune mechanisms associated with parasitic resistance, pathology of parasite infection, and parasite growth will provide useful insight on host-schistosome interactions and for the control of schistosomiasis.
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46
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Frosch AEP, John CC. Immunomodulation in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: experiments in nature and their conflicting implications for potential therapeutic agents. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 10:1343-56. [PMID: 23241191 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Effective Plasmodium falciparum immunity requires a precisely timed and balanced response of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune regulators. These responses begin with innate immune effectors and are modulated over the course of an infection and between episodes to limit inflammation. To date, there are no effective immunomodulatory therapies for severe malaria. Some of the most potent immunomodulators are naturally occurring infections, including helminthic and chronic viral infections. This review examines malaria coinfection with these organisms, and their impact on malaria morbidity and immune responses. Overall, there is compelling evidence to suggest that chronic coinfections can modulate deleterious malaria-specific immune responses, suggesting that therapeutic agents may be effective if utilized early in infection. Examination of the mechanisms of these effects may serve as a platform to identify more targeted and effective malaria immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E P Frosch
- University of Minnesota, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research and Division of Global Pediatrics, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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He X, Jia H, Jing Z, Liu D. Recognition of pathogen-associated nucleic acids by endosomal nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:241-58. [PMID: 23369718 PMCID: PMC7109797 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foreign nucleic acids, the essential signature molecules of invading pathogens that act as danger signals for host cells, are detected by endosomal nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, 8, 9, and 13. These TLRs have evolved to recognize ‘non-self’ nucleic acids within endosomal compartments and rapidly initiate innate immune responses to ensure host protection through induction of type I interferons, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and co-stimulatory molecules and maturation of immune cells. In this review, we highlight our understanding of the recognition of pathogen-associated nucleic acids and activation of corresponding signaling pathways through endosomal nucleic acid-sensing TLRs 3, 7, 8, 9, and 13 for an enormous diversity of pathogens, with particular emphasis on their compartmentalization, intracellular trafficking, proteolytic cleavage, autophagy, and regulatory programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Correspondence address. Tel: +86-931-8341979; Fax: +86-931-8340977; E-mail: (Z.J.)/ (D.L.)
| | - Dingxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
- Correspondence address. Tel: +86-931-8341979; Fax: +86-931-8340977; E-mail: (Z.J.)/ (D.L.)
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Nausch N, Louis D, Lantz O, Peguillet I, Trottein F, Chen IYD, Appleby LJ, Bourke CD, Midzi N, Mduluza T, Mutapi F. Age-related patterns in human myeloid dendritic cell populations in people exposed to Schistosoma haematobium infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1824. [PMID: 23029585 PMCID: PMC3459871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urogenital schistosomiasis is caused by the helminth parasite Schistosoma haematobium. In high transmission areas, children acquire schistosome infection early in life with infection levels peaking in early childhood and subsequently declining in late childhood. This age-related infection profile is thought to result from the gradual development of protective acquired immunity. Age-related differences in schistosome-specific humoral and cellular responses have been reported from several field studies. However there has not yet been a systematic study of the age-related changes in human dendritic cells, the drivers of T cell polarisation. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from a cohort of 61 Zimbabwean aged 5-45 years with a S. haematobium prevalence of 47.5%. Two subsets of dendritic cells, myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (mDCs and pDCs), were analyzed by flow cytometry. FINDINGS In this population, schistosome infection levels peaked in the youngest age group (5-9 years), and declined in late childhood and adulthood (10+ years). The proportions of both mDCs and pDCs varied with age. However, for mDCs the age profile depended on host infection status. In the youngest age group infected people had enhanced proportions of mDCs as well as lower levels of HLA-DR on mDCs than un-infected people. In the older age groups (10-13 and 14-45 years) infected people had lower proportions of mDCs compared to un-infected individuals, but no infection status-related differences were observed in their levels of HLA-DR. Moreover mDC proportions correlated with levels of schistosome-specific IgG, which can be associated with protective immunity. In contrast proportions of pDCs varied with host age, but not with infection status. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that dendritic cell proportions and activation in a human population living in schistosome-endemic areas vary with host age reflecting differences in cumulative history of exposure to schistosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Nausch
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Correale J, Farez MF. Does helminth activation of toll-like receptors modulate immune response in multiple sclerosis patients? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:112. [PMID: 22937527 PMCID: PMC3426839 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS), in which Th1 and Th17 cells appear to recognize and react against certain myelin sheath components. Epidemiological evidence has accumulated indicating steady increase in autoimmune disease incidence in developed countries. Reduced infectious disease prevalence in particular has been proposed as the cause. In agreement with this hypothesis, we recently demonstrated significantly better clinical and radiological outcome in helminth-infected MS patients, compared to uninfected ones. Parasite-driven protection was associated with regulatory T cell induction and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion, including increased TGF-β and IL-10 levels. Interestingly, surface expression of TLR2, on both B cells and dendritic cells (DC) was significantly higher in infected MS patients. Moreover, stimulation of myelin-specific T cell lines with a TLR2 agonist induced inhibition of T cell proliferation, suppression of IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-17 secretion, as well as increase in IL-10 production, suggesting the functional responses observed correlate with TLR2 expression patterns. Furthermore, parasite antigens were able to induce TLR2 expression on both B cells and DCs. All functional effects mediated by TLR2 were abrogated when MyD88 gene expression was silenced; indicating helminth-mediated signaling induced changes in cytokine secretion in a MyD88-dependent manner. In addition, helminth antigens significantly enhanced co-stimulatory molecule expression, effects not mediated by MyD88. Parasite antigens acting on MyD88 induced significant ERK kinase phosphorylation in DC. Addition of the ERK inhibitor U0126 was associated with dose-dependent IL-10 inhibition and reciprocal enhancement in IL-12, both correlating with ERK inhibition. Finally, cytokine effects and changes observed in co-stimulatory DC molecules after helminth antigen exposure were lost when TLR2 was silenced. Overall, the data described indicate that helminth molecules exert potent regulatory effects on both DCs and B cells from MS patients through TLR2 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI Buenos Aires, Argentina. ;
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Hovden AO, Karlsen M, Jonsson R, Appel S. The bacterial preparation OK432 induces IL-12p70 secretion in human dendritic cells in a TLR3 dependent manner. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31217. [PMID: 22363584 PMCID: PMC3283639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) used in therapeutic cancer immunotherapy have to be able to stimulate T cells resulting in an immune response that can efficiently target the cancer cells. One of the critical hurdles has been the lack of IL-12p70 production when maturating the DC, which is rectified by using the bacterial preparation OK432 (trade name Picibanil) to mature the cells. In order to identify the mechanism behind OK432 stimulation of DC, we investigated the contribution of different TLR to examine their involvement in IL-12p70 production. By combining different inhibitors of TLR signaling, we demonstrate here that TLR3 is responsible for the IL-12p70 production of DC induced by OK432. Moreover, our data suggest that the ligand triggering IL-12p70 secretion upon TLR3 stimulation is sensitive to proteinase and partly also RNAse treatment. The fact that a bacterial compound like OK432 can activate the TLR3 pathway in human DC is a novel finding. OK432 demonstrates a critical ability to induce IL-12p70 production, which is of great relevance in DC based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnt-Ove Hovden
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marie Karlsen
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Roland Jonsson
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silke Appel
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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