1
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Sao K, Risbud MV. Sdc4 deletion perturbs intervertebral disc matrix homeostasis and promotes early osteopenia in the aging mouse spine. Matrix Biol 2024; 131:46-61. [PMID: 38806135 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Syndecan 4 (SDC4), a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is known to regulate matrix catabolism by nucleus pulposus cells in an inflammatory milieu. However, the role of SDC4 in the aging spine has never been explored. Here we analyzed the spinal phenotype of Sdc4 global knockout (KO) mice as a function of age. Micro-computed tomography showed that Sdc4 deletion severely reduced vertebral trabecular and cortical bone mass, and biomechanical properties of vertebrae were significantly altered in Sdc4 KO mice. These changes in vertebral bone were likely due to elevated osteoclastic activity. The histological assessment showed subtle phenotypic changes in the intervertebral disc. Imaging-Fourier transform-infrared analyses showed a reduced relative ratio of mature collagen crosslinks in young adult nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) of KO compared to wildtype discs. Additionally, relative chondroitin sulfate levels increased in the NP compartment of the KO mice. Transcriptomic analysis of NP tissue using CompBio, an AI-based tool showed biological themes associated with prominent dysregulation of heparan sulfate GAG degradation, mitochondria metabolism, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated misfolded protein processes and ER to Golgi protein processing. Overall, this study highlights the important role of SDC4 in fine-tuning vertebral bone homeostasis and extracellular matrix homeostasis in the mouse intervertebral disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimheak Sao
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Suite 501 College Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Suite 501 College Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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2
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Qayum A, Rashid A, Liang Q, Wu Y, Cheng Y, Kang L, Liu Y, Zhou C, Hussain M, Ren X, Ashokkumar M, Ma H. Ultrasonic and homogenization: An overview of the preparation of an edible protein-polysaccharide complex emulsion. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4242-4281. [PMID: 37732485 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion systems are extensively utilized in the food industry, including dairy products, such as ice cream and salad dressing, as well as meat products, beverages, sauces, and mayonnaise. Meanwhile, diverse advanced technologies have been developed for emulsion preparation. Compared with other techniques, high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) and high-pressure homogenization (HPH) are two emerging emulsification methods that are cost-effective, green, and environmentally friendly and have gained significant attention. HIUS-induced acoustic cavitation helps in efficiently disrupting the oil droplets, which effectively produces a stable emulsion. HPH-induced shear stress, turbulence, and cavitation lead to droplet disruption, altering protein structure and functional aspects of food. The key distinctions among emulsification devices are covered in this review, as are the mechanisms of the HIUS and HPH emulsification processes. Furthermore, the preparation of emulsions including natural polymers (e.g., proteins-polysaccharides, and their complexes), has also been discussed in this review. Moreover, the review put forward to the future HIUS and HPH emulsification trends and challenges. HIUS and HPH can prepare much emulsifier-stable food emulsions, (e.g., proteins, polysaccharides, and protein-polysaccharide complexes). Appropriate HIUS and HPH treatment can improve emulsions' rheological and emulsifying properties and reduce the emulsions droplets' size. HIUS and HPH are suitable methods for developing protein-polysaccharide forming stable emulsions. Despite the numerous studies conducted on ultrasonic and homogenization-induced emulsifying properties available in recent literature, this review specifically focuses on summarizing the significant progress made in utilizing biopolymer-based protein-polysaccharide complex particles, which can provide valuable insights for designing new, sustainable, clean-label, and improved eco-friendly colloidal systems for food emulsion. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Utilizing complex particle-stabilized emulsions is a promising approach towards developing safer, healthier, and more sustainable food products that meet legal requirements and industrial standards. Moreover, the is an increasing need of concentrated emulsions stabilized by biopolymer complex particles, which have been increasingly recognized for their potential health benefits in protecting against lifestyle-related diseases by the scientific community, industries, and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qayum
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Arif Rashid
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Qiufang Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Yue Wu
- Sonochemistry Group, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Lixin Kang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Chengwei Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Muhammad Hussain
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | | | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
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3
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Wight TN, Day AJ, Kang I, Harten IA, Kaber G, Briggs DC, Braun KR, Lemire JM, Kinsella MG, Hinek A, Merrilees MJ. V3: an enigmatic isoform of the proteoglycan versican. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C519-C537. [PMID: 37399500 PMCID: PMC10511178 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00059.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
V3 is an isoform of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycan (PG) versican generated through alternative splicing of the versican gene such that the two major exons coding for sequences in the protein core that support chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain attachment are excluded. Thus, versican V3 isoform carries no GAGs. A survey of PubMed reveals only 50 publications specifically on V3 versican, so it is a very understudied member of the versican family, partly because to date there are no antibodies that can distinguish V3 from the CS-carrying isoforms of versican, that is, to facilitate functional and mechanistic studies. However, a number of in vitro and in vivo studies have identified the expression of the V3 transcript during different phases of development and in disease, and selective overexpression of V3 has shown dramatic phenotypic effects in "gain and loss of function" studies in experimental models. Thus, we thought it would be useful and instructive to discuss the discovery, characterization, and the putative biological importance of the enigmatic V3 isoform of versican.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Inkyung Kang
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ingrid A Harten
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - David C Briggs
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen R Braun
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Joan M Lemire
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael G Kinsella
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Aleksander Hinek
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mervyn J Merrilees
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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Mueller-Buehl C, Wegrzyn D, Bauch J, Faissner A. Regulation of the E/I-balance by the neural matrisome. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1102334. [PMID: 37143468 PMCID: PMC10151766 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian cortex a proper excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance is fundamental for cognitive functions. Especially γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-releasing interneurons regulate the activity of excitatory projection neurons which form the second main class of neurons in the cortex. During development, the maturation of fast-spiking parvalbumin-expressing interneurons goes along with the formation of net-like structures covering their soma and proximal dendrites. These so-called perineuronal nets (PNNs) represent a specialized form of the extracellular matrix (ECM, also designated as matrisome) that stabilize structural synapses but prevent the formation of new connections. Consequently, PNNs are highly involved in the regulation of the synaptic balance. Previous studies revealed that the formation of perineuronal nets is accompanied by an establishment of mature neuronal circuits and by a closure of critical windows of synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, it has been shown that PNNs differentially impinge the integrity of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. In various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders alterations of PNNs were described and aroused more attention in the last years. The following review gives an update about the role of PNNs for the maturation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons and summarizes recent findings about the impact of PNNs in different neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia or epilepsy. A targeted manipulation of PNNs might provide an interesting new possibility to indirectly modulate the synaptic balance and the E/I ratio in pathological conditions.
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5
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Sin YJA, MacLeod R, Tanguay AP, Wang A, Braender-Carr O, Vitelli TM, Jay GD, Schmidt TA, Cowman MK. Noncovalent hyaluronan crosslinking by TSG-6: Modulation by heparin, heparan sulfate, and PRG4. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:990861. [PMID: 36275631 PMCID: PMC9579337 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.990861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The size, conformation, and organization of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) affect its interactions with soluble and cell surface-bound proteins. HA that is induced to form stable networks has unique biological properties relative to unmodified soluble HA. AlphaLISA assay technology offers a facile and general experimental approach to assay protein-mediated networking of HA in solution. Connections formed between two end-biotinylated 50 kDa HA (bHA) chains can be detected by signal arising from streptavidin-coated donor and acceptor beads being brought into close proximity when the bHA chains are bridged by proteins. We observed that incubation of bHA with the protein TSG-6 (tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulated gene/protein 6, TNFAIP/TSG-6) leads to dimerization or higher order multimerization of HA chains in solution. We compared two different heparin (HP) samples and two heparan sulfate (HS) samples for the ability to disrupt HA crosslinking by TSG-6. Both HP samples had approximately three sulfates per disaccharide, and both were effective in inhibiting HA crosslinking by TSG-6. HS with a relatively high degree of sulfation (1.75 per disaccharide) also inhibited TSG-6 mediated HA networking, while HS with a lower degree of sulfation (0.75 per disaccharide) was less effective. We further identified Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4, lubricin) as a TSG-6 ligand, and found it to inhibit TSG-6-mediated HA crosslinking. The effects of HP, HS, and PRG4 on HA crosslinking by TSG-6 were shown to be due to HP/HS/PRG4 inhibition of HA binding to the Link domain of TSG-6. Using the AlphaLISA platform, we also tested other HA-binding proteins for ability to create HA networks. The G1 domain of versican (VG1) effectively networked bHA in solution but required a higher concentration than TSG-6. Cartilage link protein (HAPLN1) and the HA binding protein segment of aggrecan (HABP, G1-IGD-G2) showed only low and variable magnitude HA networking effects. This study unambiguously demonstrates HA crosslinking in solution by TSG-6 and VG1 proteins, and establishes PRG4, HP and highly sulfated HS as modulators of TSG-6 mediated HA crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jin Ashley Sin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca MacLeod
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam P. Tanguay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Andrew Wang
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Olivia Braender-Carr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Teraesa M. Vitelli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School and School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Tannin A. Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Mary K. Cowman, ; Tannin A. Schmidt,
| | - Mary K. Cowman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Mary K. Cowman, ; Tannin A. Schmidt,
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6
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Tang F, Brune JE, Chang MY, Reeves SR, Altemeier WA, Frevert CW. Defining the Versican Interactome in Lung Health and Disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C249-C276. [PMID: 35649251 PMCID: PMC9291419 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00162.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) imparts critical mechanical and biochemical information to cells in the lungs. Proteoglycans are essential constituents of the ECM and play a crucial role in controlling numerous biological processes, including regulating cellular phenotype and function. Versican, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan required for embryonic development, is almost absent from mature, healthy lungs and is re-expressed and accumulates in acute and chronic lung disease. Studies using genetically engineered mice show that the versican-enriched matrix can be pro- or anti-inflammatory depending on the cellular source or disease process studied. The mechanisms whereby versican develops a contextual ECM remain largely unknown. The primary goal of this review is to provide an overview of the interaction of versican with its many binding partners, the "versican interactome," and how through these interactions, versican is an integrator of complex extracellular information. Hopefully, the information provided in this review will be used to develop future studies to determine how versican and its binding partners can develop contextual ECMs that control select biological processes. While this review focuses on versican and the lungs, what is described can be extended to other proteoglycans, tissues, and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Tang
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jourdan E Brune
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mary Y Chang
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen R Reeves
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William A Altemeier
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, United States.,ivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,ivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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7
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Zhu M, Zhong W, Cao W, Zhang Q, Wu G. Chondroinductive/chondroconductive peptides and their-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering. Bioact Mater 2022; 9:221-238. [PMID: 34820567 PMCID: PMC8585793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage defects is still challenging in the fields of orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery due to the avascular structure of articular cartilage and the limited regenerative capacity of mature chondrocytes. To provide viable treatment options, tremendous efforts have been made to develop various chondrogenically-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering. Peptides that are derived from and mimic the functions of chondroconductive cartilage extracellular matrix and chondroinductive growth factors, represent a unique group of bioactive agents for chondrogenic functionalization. Since they can be chemically synthesized, peptides bear better reproducibility, more stable efficacy, higher modifiability and yielding efficiency in comparison with naturally derived biomaterials and recombinant growth factors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in the designs of the chondroinductive/chondroconductive peptides, the underlying molecular mechanisms and their-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering. We also systematically compare their in-vitro and in-vivo efficacies in inducing chondrogenesis. Our vision is to stimulate the development of novel peptides and their-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Zhu
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wenchao Zhong
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qingbin Zhang
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Šínová R, Pavlík V, Ondrej M, Velebný V, Nešporová K. Hyaluronan: A key player or just a bystander in skin photoaging? Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:442-458. [PMID: 34726319 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoaged skin exhibits signs of inflammation, DNA damage and changes in morphology that are visible at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Photoaging also affects the extracellular matrix (ECM) including hyaluronan (HA), the main polysaccharide component thereof. HA is a structurally simple but biologically complex molecule that serves as a water-retaining component and provides both a scaffold for a number of the proteins of the ECM and the ligand for cellular receptors. The study provides an overview of the literature concerning the changes in HA amount, size and metabolism, and the potential role of HA in photoaging. We also suggest novel HA contributions to photoaging based on our knowledge of the role of HA in other pathological processes, including the senescence and inflammation-triggered ECM reorganization. Moreover, we discuss potential direct or indirect intervention to mitigate photoaging that targets the hyaluronan metabolism, as well as supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Šínová
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Pavlík
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ondrej
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic.,Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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9
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Isolation and Purification of Versican and Analysis of Versican Proteolysis. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34626407 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Versican is a widely distributed chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that forms large complexes with the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA). As a consequence of HA binding to its receptor CD44 and interactions of the versican C-terminal globular (G3) domain with a variety of extracellular matrix proteins, versican is a key component of well-defined networks in pericellular matrix and extracellular matrix. Versican is crucial for several developmental processes in the embryo ranging from cardiac development to digit separation, and there is an increasing interest in its roles in cancer and inflammation. Versican proteolysis by ADAMTS proteases is highly regulated, occurs at specific peptide bonds, and is relevant to several physiological and disease mechanisms. In this chapter, methods are described for the isolation and detection of intact and cleaved versican in tissues using morphologic and biochemical techniques. These, together with the methodologies for purification and analysis of recombinant versican and an N-terminal versican fragment named versikine that are provided here, are likely to facilitate further progress on the biology of versican and its proteolysis.
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10
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Essential hyaluronan structure for binding with hyaluronan-binding protein (HABP) determined by glycotechnological approach. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:116989. [PMID: 33142561 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan specifically binds to aggrecan globular domain 1, which is often referred to as just hyaluronan binding protein (HABP), however, the hyaluronan carbohydrate structure recognized by HABP had not been studied in detail. The aim of the present study was to investigate the important structure of hyaluronan for binding to HABP. We prepared hybrid oligosaccharides from hyaluronan and chondroitin, with or without modification of the reducing or non-reducing terminus, as tools to determine the preferred structure of hyaluronan for binding to the HABP by a competitive ELISA-like method. The non-reducing terminal structure was critical, especially, the glucuronic acid (GlcUA) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of the hyaluronan-unit are essential for complete HABP binding activity, and for any HABP binding activity, respectively. It is possible to replace GlcUAβ-1-3GlcNAc of the internal disaccharide units with GlcUAβ-1-3N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), if the chain length is decasaccharide or larger.
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11
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Harten IA, Kaber G, Agarwal KJ, Kang I, Ibarrientos SR, Workman G, Chan CK, Nivison MP, Nagy N, Braun KR, Kinsella MG, Merrilees MJ, Wight TN. The synthesis and secretion of versican isoform V3 by mammalian cells: A role for N-linked glycosylation. Matrix Biol 2020; 89:27-42. [PMID: 32001344 PMCID: PMC7282976 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Versican is a large extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan found in most soft tissues, which is encoded by the VCAN gene. At least four major isoforms (V0, V1, V2, and V3) are generated via alternative splicing. The isoforms of versican are expressed and accumulate in various tissues during development and disease, where they contribute to ECM structure, cell growth and migration, and immune regulation, among their many functions. While several studies have identified the mRNA transcript for the V3 isoform in a number of tissues, little is known about the synthesis, secretion, and targeting of the V3 protein. In this study, we used lentiviral generation of doxycycline-inducible rat V3 with a C-terminal tag in stable NIH 3T3 cell lines and demonstrated that V3 is processed through the classical secretory pathway. We further show that N-linked glycosylation is required for efficient secretion and solubility of the protein. By site-directed mutagenesis, we identified amino acids 57 and 330 as the active N-linked glycosylation sites on V3 when expressed in this cell type. Furthermore, exon deletion constructs of V3 revealed that exons 11-13, which code for portions of the carboxy region of the protein (G3 domain), are essential for V3 processing and secretion. Once secreted, the V3 protein associates with hyaluronan along the cell surface and within the surrounding ECM. These results establish critical parameters for the processing, solubility, and targeting of the V3 isoform by mammalian cells and establishes a role for V3 in the organization of hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A. Harten
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kiran J. Agarwal
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Inkyung Kang
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Gail Workman
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina K. Chan
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary P. Nivison
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen R. Braun
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mervyn J. Merrilees
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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13
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Krishnaswamy VR, Benbenishty A, Blinder P, Sagi I. Demystifying the extracellular matrix and its proteolytic remodeling in the brain: structural and functional insights. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3229-3248. [PMID: 31197404 PMCID: PMC11105229 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays diverse roles in several physiological and pathological conditions. In the brain, the ECM is unique both in its composition and in functions. Furthermore, almost all the cells in the central nervous system contribute to different aspects of this intricate structure. Brain ECM, enriched with proteoglycans and other small proteins, aggregate into distinct structures around neurons and oligodendrocytes. These special structures have cardinal functions in the normal functioning of the brain, such as learning, memory, and synapse regulation. In this review, we have compiled the current knowledge about the structure and function of important ECM molecules in the brain and their proteolytic remodeling by matrix metalloproteinases and other enzymes, highlighting the special structures they form. In particular, the proteoglycans in brain ECM, which are essential for several vital functions, are emphasized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Benbenishty
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pablo Blinder
- Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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14
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Hyaluronan as tunable drug delivery system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:83-96. [PMID: 31421148 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hyaluronan (HA) polymer is an important macromolecule of extracellular matrix with remarkable structure and functions: it is a linear and unbranched polymer without sulphate or phosphate groups and has key role in several biological processes in mammals. It is ubiquitous in mammalian tissues with several and specific functions, influencing cell proliferation and migration as well as angiogenesis and inflammation. To exert these important functions in tissues HA modifies the concentration and size. Considering this HA content in tissues is carefully controlled by different mechanisms including covalent modification of the synthetic enzymes and epigenetic control of their gene expression. The function of HA is also critical in several pathologies including cancer, diabetes and chronic inflammation. Among these biological roles, the structural properties of HA allow to use this polymer in regenerative medicine including cosmetics and drug delivery. HA takes advantage from its capacity to form gels even at concentration of 1% producing scaffolds with very intriguing mechanical properties. These hydrogels are useful in regenerative medicine as biocompatible material for advanced therapeutic uses. In this review we highlight the biological aspects of HA addressing the mechanisms controlling the HA content in tissues and its role as drug delivery system.
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15
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Wei Q, Zhang X, Zhou C, Ren Q, Zhang Y. Roles of large aggregating proteoglycans in human intervertebral disc degeneration. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:209-218. [PMID: 29992840 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1499731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral discs, a natural progression of the aging process, is strongly implicated as a cause of low back pain. Aggrecan is the major structural proteoglycan in the extracellular matrix of the intervertebral disc. It is large, possessing numerous glycosaminoglycan chains and the ability to form aggregates in association with hyaluronan. The negatively charged glycosaminoglycan side chains in aggrecan in the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs can bind electrostatically to polar water molecules, which are crucial for maintaining the well-hydrated state that enables the discs to undergo reversible deformation under compressive loading. A more in-depth understanding of the molecular basis of disc degeneration is essential to the design of therapeutic solutions to treat degenerative discs. Within this scope, we discuss the current knowledge concerning the structure and function of aggrecan in intervertebral disc degeneration. These data suggest that aggrecan plays a central role in the function and degeneration of the intervertebral disc, which may suggest potential aggrecan-based therapies for disc regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshen Wei
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Rizhao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital , Rizhao , China
| | - Xiangwei Zhang
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Rizhao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital , Rizhao , China
| | - Caiju Zhou
- b School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jining Medical University , Rizhao , China
| | - Qiang Ren
- b School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jining Medical University , Rizhao , China
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- b School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jining Medical University , Rizhao , China
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16
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Haudenschild AK, Sherlock BE, Zhou X, Hu JC, Leach JK, Marcu L, Athanasiou KA. Non-destructive detection of matrix stabilization correlates with enhanced mechanical properties of self-assembled articular cartilage. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:637-648. [PMID: 30770656 DOI: 10.1002/term.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineers rely on expensive, time-consuming, and destructive techniques to monitor the composition, microstructure, and function of engineered tissue equivalents. A non-destructive solution to monitor tissue quality and maturation would greatly reduce costs and accelerate the development of tissue-engineered products. The objectives of this study were to (a) determine whether matrix stabilization with exogenous lysyl oxidase-like protein-2 (LOXL2) with recombinant hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein-1 (LINK) would result in increased compressive and tensile properties in self-assembled articular cartilage constructs, (b) evaluate whether label-free, non-destructive fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) could be used to infer changes in both biochemical composition and biomechanical properties, (c) form quantitative relationships between destructive and non-destructive measurements to determine whether the strength of these correlations is sufficient to replace destructive testing methods, and (d) determine whether support vector machine (SVM) learning can predict LOXL2-induced collagen crosslinking. The combination of exogenous LOXL2 and LINK proteins created a synergistic 4.9-fold increase in collagen crosslinking density and an 8.3-fold increase in tensile strength as compared with control (CTL). Compressive relaxation modulus was increased 5.9-fold with addition of LOXL2 and 3.4-fold with combined treatments over CTL. FLIm parameters had strong and significant correlations with tensile properties (R2 = 0.82; p < 0.001) and compressive properties (R2 = 0.59; p < 0.001). SVM learning based on FLIm-derived parameters was capable of automating tissue maturation assessment with a discriminant ability of 98.4%. These results showed marked improvements in mechanical properties with matrix stabilization and suggest that FLIm-based tools have great potential for the non-destructive assessment of tissue-engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Haudenschild
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Sherlock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xiangnan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Laura Marcu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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17
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Zaydman AM, Strokova EL, O Stepanova A, Laktionov PP, Shevchenko AI, Subbotin VM. A New Look at Causal Factors of Idiopathic Scoliosis: Altered Expression of Genes Controlling Chondroitin Sulfate Sulfation and Corresponding Changes in Protein Synthesis in Vertebral Body Growth Plates. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:221-230. [PMID: 30745802 PMCID: PMC6367535 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.29312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In a previous report, we demonstrated the presence of cells with a neural/glial phenotype on the concave side of the vertebral body growth plate in Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS) and proposed this phenotype alteration as the main etiological factor of IS. In the present study, we utilized the same specimens of vertebral body growth plates removed during surgery for Grade III-IV IS to analyse gene expression. We suggested that phenotype changes observed on the concave side of the vertebral body growth plate can be associated with altered expression of particular genes, which in turn compromise mechanical properties of the concave side. Methods: We used a Real-Time SYBR Green PCR assay to investigate gene expression in vertebral body growth plates removed during surgery for Grade III-IV IS; cartilage tissues from human fetal spine were used as a surrogate control. Special attention was given to genes responsible for growth regulation, chondrocyte differentiation, matrix synthesis, sulfation and transmembrane transport of sulfates. We performed morphological, histochemical, biochemical, and ultrastructural analysis of vertebral body growth plates. Results: Expression of genes that control chondroitin sulfate sulfation and corresponding protein synthesis was significantly lower in scoliotic specimens compared to controls. Biochemical analysis showed 1) a decrease in diffused proteoglycans in the total pool of proteoglycans; 2) a reduced level of their sulfation; 3) a reduction in the amount of chondroitin sulfate coinciding with raising the amount of keratan sulfate; and 4) reduced levels of sulfation on the concave side of the scoliotic deformity. Conclusion: The results suggested that altered expression of genes that control chondroitin sulfate sulfation and corresponding changes in protein synthesis on the concave side of vertebral body growth plates could be causal agents of the scoliotic deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla M Zaydman
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics n.a. Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena L Strokova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics n.a. Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alena O Stepanova
- Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel P Laktionov
- Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir M Subbotin
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.,Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Madison WI, USA
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18
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Hyaluronan: Structure, Metabolism, and Biological Properties. BIOLOGICALLY-INSPIRED SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12919-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Bekku Y, Oohashi T. Under the ECM Dome: The Physiological Role of the Perinodal Extracellular Matrix as an Ion Diffusion Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:107-122. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Huang X, Schmidt TA, Shortt C, Arora S, Asari A, Kirsch T, Cowman MK. A competitive alphascreen assay for detection of hyaluronan. Glycobiology 2018; 28:137-147. [PMID: 29300896 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for specific quantification of hyaluronan (HA) concentration using AlphaScreen® (Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay) technology is described. Two types of hydrogel-coated and chromophore-loaded latex nanobeads are employed. The proximity of the beads in solution is detected by excitation of the donor bead leading to the production of singlet oxygen, and chemiluminescence from the acceptor bead upon exposure to singlet oxygen. In the HA assay, the donor bead is modified with streptavidin, and binds biotin-labeled HA. The acceptor bead is modified with Ni(II), and is used to bind a specific recombinant HA-binding protein (such as HABP; aggrecan G1-IGD-G2) with a His-tag. Competitive inhibition of the HA-HABP interaction by free unlabeled HA in solution is used for quantification. The assay is specific for HA, and not dependent on HA molecular mass above the decasaccharide. HA can be quantified over a concentration range of approximately 30-1600 ng/mL using 2.5 μL of sample, for a detectable mass range of approximately 0.08-4 ng HA. This sensitivity of the AlphaScreen assay is greater than existing ELISA-like methods, due to the small volume requirements. HA can be detected in biological fluids using the AlphaScreen assay, after removal of bound proteins from HA and dilution or removal of other interfering proteins and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayun Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Claire Shortt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Shivani Arora
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Akira Asari
- Hyaluronan Research Institute, Inc. 2-5-8-1001, Nihonbashimuromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0022,Japan
| | - Thorsten Kirsch
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Mary K Cowman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
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21
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Bano F, Tammi MI, Kang DW, Harris EN, Richter RP. Single-Molecule Unbinding Forces between the Polysaccharide Hyaluronan and Its Binding Proteins. Biophys J 2018; 114:2910-2922. [PMID: 29925027 PMCID: PMC6026378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) is ubiquitous in all vertebrate tissues, where its various functions are encoded in the supramolecular complexes and matrices that it forms with HA-binding proteins (hyaladherins). In tissues, these supramolecular architectures are frequently subjected to mechanical stress, yet how this affects the intermolecular bonding is largely unknown. Here, we used a recently developed single-molecule force spectroscopy platform to analyze and compare the mechanical strength of bonds between HA and a panel of hyaladherins from the Link module superfamily, namely the complex of the proteoglycan aggrecan and cartilage link protein, the proteoglycan versican, the inflammation-associated protein TSG-6, the HA receptor for endocytosis (stabilin-2/HARE), and the HA receptor CD44. We find that the resistance to tensile stress for these hyaladherins correlates with the size of the HA-binding domain. The lowest mean rupture forces are observed for members of the type A subgroup (i.e., with the shortest HA-binding domains; TSG-6 and HARE). In contrast, the mechanical stability of the bond formed by aggrecan in complex with cartilage link protein (two members of the type C subgroup, i.e., with the longest HA-binding domains) and HA is equal or even superior to the high affinity streptavidin⋅biotin bond. Implications for the molecular mechanism of unbinding of HA⋅hyaladherin bonds under force are discussed, which underpin the mechanical properties of HA⋅hyaladherin complexes and HA-rich extracellular matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Bano
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; CIC biomaGUNE, Biosurfaces Laboratory, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Markku I Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David W Kang
- Halozyme Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Ralf P Richter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; CIC biomaGUNE, Biosurfaces Laboratory, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
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22
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Abstract
Hyaluronan (or hyaluronic acid, HA) is a ubiquitous molecule that plays critical roles in numerous physiological functions in vivo, including tissue hydration, inflammation, and joint lubrication. Both the abundance and size distribution of HA in biological fluids are recognized as robust indicators of various pathologies and disease progressions. However, such analyses remain challenging because conventional methods are not sufficiently sensitive, have limited dynamic range, and/or are only semi-quantitative. Here we demonstrate label-free detection and molecular weight discrimination of HA with a solid-state nanopore sensor. We first employ synthetic HA polymers to validate the measurement approach and then use the platform to determine the size distribution of as little as 10 ng of HA extracted directly from synovial fluid in an equine model of osteoarthritis. Our results establish a quantitative method for assessment of a significant molecular biomarker that bridges a gap in the current state of the art.
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23
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Huynh M, Pak C, Markovina S, Callander NS, Chng KS, Wuerzberger-Davis SM, Bakshi DD, Kink JA, Hematti P, Hope C, Asimakopoulos F, Rui L, Miyamoto S. Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1) activates bortezomib-resistant NF-κB activity and increases drug resistance in multiple myeloma. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:2452-2465. [PMID: 29279332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a family of transcription factors that play a key role in cell survival and proliferation in many hematological malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor used in the management of MM, can inhibit both canonical and noncanonical activation of NF-κB in MM cells. However, we previously reported that a significant fraction of freshly isolated MM cells harbor bortezomib-resistant NF-κB activity. Here, we report that hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1) is produced in bone marrow stromal cells from MM patients, is detected in patients' bone marrow plasma, and can activate an atypical bortezomib-resistant NF-κB pathway in MM cells. We found that this pathway involves bortezomib-resistant degradation of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα), despite efficient bortezomib-mediated inhibition of proteasome activity. Moreover, HAPLN1 can also confer bortezomib-resistant survival of MM cells. We propose that HAPLN1 is a novel pathogenic factor in MM that induces an atypical NF-κB activation and thereby promotes bortezomib resistance in MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chorom Pak
- the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program
| | - Stephanie Markovina
- the Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program.,the Medical Sciences Training Program
| | - Natalie S Callander
- the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center.,the Department of Medicine
| | - Kenneth S Chng
- the McArdle Laboratory of Cancer Research, and.,the Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Shelly M Wuerzberger-Davis
- the McArdle Laboratory of Cancer Research, and.,the Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | | | - John A Kink
- the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
| | - Peiman Hematti
- the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center.,the Department of Medicine
| | - Chelsea Hope
- the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center.,the Department of Medicine
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center.,the Department of Medicine
| | - Lixin Rui
- the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center.,the Department of Medicine
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- the Department of Medicine, .,the McArdle Laboratory of Cancer Research, and.,the Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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24
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Richter RP, Baranova NS, Day AJ, Kwok JC. Glycosaminoglycans in extracellular matrix organisation: are concepts from soft matter physics key to understanding the formation of perineuronal nets? Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 50:65-74. [PMID: 29275227 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Conventional wisdom has it that proteins fold and assemble into definite structures, and that this defines their function. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are different. In most cases the structures they form have a low degree of order, even when interacting with proteins. Here, we discuss how physical features common to all GAGs-hydrophilicity, charge, linearity and semi-flexibility-underpin the overall properties of GAG-rich matrices. By integrating soft matter physics concepts (e.g. polymer brushes and phase separation) with our molecular understanding of GAG-protein interactions, we can better comprehend how GAG-rich matrices assemble, what their properties are, and how they function. Taking perineuronal nets (PNNs)-a GAG-rich matrix enveloping neurons-as a relevant example, we propose that microphase separation determines the holey PNN anatomy that is pivotal to PNN functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Richter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Strucural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Biosurfaces Lab, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Natalia S Baranova
- Biosurfaces Lab, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Cf Kwok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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25
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Bohaumilitzky L, Huber AK, Stork EM, Wengert S, Woelfl F, Boehm H. A Trickster in Disguise: Hyaluronan's Ambivalent Roles in the Matrix. Front Oncol 2017; 7:242. [PMID: 29062810 PMCID: PMC5640889 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a simple but diverse glycosaminoglycan. It plays a major role in aging, cellular senescence, cancer, and tissue homeostasis. In which way HA affects the surrounding tissues greatly depends on the molecular weight of HA. Whereas high molecular weight HA is associated with homeostasis and protective effects, HA fragments tend to be linked to the pathologic state. Furthermore, the interaction of HA with its binding partners, the hyaladherins, such as CD44, is essential for sustaining tissue integrity and is likewise related to cancer. The naked mole rat, a rodent species, possesses a special form of very high molecular weight (vHMW) HA, which is associated with the extraordinary cancer resistance and longevity of those animals. This review addresses HA and its diverse facets: from HA synthesis to degradation, from oligomeric HA to vHMW-HA and from its beneficial properties to the involvement in pathologies. We further discuss the functions of HA in the naked mole rat and compare them to human conditions. Though intensively researched, this simple polymer bears some secrets that may hold the key for a better understanding of cellular processes and the development of diseases, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Bohaumilitzky
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Huber
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Stork
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Wengert
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Woelfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Boehm
- CSF Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Köwitsch A, Zhou G, Groth T. Medical application of glycosaminoglycans: a review. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e23-e41. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Köwitsch
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
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27
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Kim H, Jeong H, Han S, Beack S, Hwang BW, Shin M, Oh SS, Hahn SK. Hyaluronate and its derivatives for customized biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2017; 123:155-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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28
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Baggenstoss BA, Harris EN, Washburn JL, Medina AP, Nguyen L, Weigel PH. Hyaluronan synthase control of synthesis rate and hyaluronan product size are independent functions differentially affected by mutations in a conserved tandem B-X7-B motif. Glycobiology 2016; 27:154-164. [PMID: 27558839 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan synthases (HAS) normally make large (>MDa) hyaluronan (HA) products. Smaller HA fragments (e.g. 100-400 kDa) produced in vivo are associated with inflammation and cell signaling by HA receptors that bind small, but not large, HA. Although HA fragments can arise from breakdown by hyaluronidases, HAS might also be regulated directly to synthesize small HA. Here we examined the Streptococcus equisimilis HAS (SeHAS) C-terminus, which contains a tandem B-X7-B motif (K398-X7-R406-X7-K414), by testing the effects of 27 site-specific scanning mutations and 7 C-terminal truncations on HA synthesis activity and weight-average mass. Although HAS enzymes cannot be HA-binding proteins, these motifs are highly conserved within the Class I HAS family. Fifteen Arg406 mutants made large MDa HA (86-110% wildtype size), with specific activities from 70% to 177% of wildtype. In contrast, 10 of 12 Lys398 mutants made HA that was 8-14% of wildtype size (≤250-480 kDa), with specific activities from 14% to 64% of wildtype. Four nearly inactive (2% wildtype activity) C-terminal truncation mutants made MDa HA (56-71% wildtype). The results confirm earlier findings with Cys-mutants [Weigel PH, Baggenstoss BA. 2012. Hyaluronan synthase polymerizing activity and control of product size are discrete enzyme functions that can be uncoupled by mutagenesis of conserved cysteines. Glycobiology 22:1302-1310] that HAS uses two independent activities to control HA size and HA synthesis rate; these are two separate functions. We conclude that HAS regulatory modifications that alter tandem B-X7-B motif conformation could mimic these mutagenesis-induced effects, allowing HAS in vivo to make small HA directly. The results also support a model in which the tandem-motif region is part of the intra-HAS pore and interacts directly with HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Baggenstoss
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jennifer L Washburn
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Andria P Medina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Long Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Paul H Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Merrilees MJ, Zuo N, Evanko SP, Day AJ, Wight TN. G1 Domain of Versican Regulates Hyaluronan Organization and the Phenotype of Cultured Human Dermal Fibroblasts. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:353-63. [PMID: 27126822 PMCID: PMC4888412 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416643913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of versican have wide-ranging effects on cell and tissue phenotype, impacting proliferation, adhesion, pericellular matrix composition, and elastogenesis. The G1 domain of versican, which contains two Link modules that bind to hyaluronan (HA), may be central to these effects. Recombinant human G1 (rhG1) with an N-terminal 8 amino acid histidine (His) tag, produced in Nicotiana benthamiana, was applied to cultures of dermal fibroblasts, and effects on proliferation and pericellular HA organization determined. rhG1 located to individual strands of cell surface HA which aggregated into structures resembling HA cables. On both individual and aggregated strands, the spacing of attached rhG1 was similar (~120 nm), suggesting interaction between rhG1 molecules. Endogenous V0/V1, present on HA between attached rhG1, did not prevent cable formation, while treatment with V0/V1 alone, which also bound to HA, did not induce cables. A single treatment with rhG1 suppressed cell proliferation for an extended period. Treating cells for 4 weeks with rhG1 resulted in condensed layers of elongated, differentiated α actin-positive fibroblasts, with rhG1 localized to cell surfaces, and a compact extracellular matrix including both collagen and elastin. These results demonstrate that the G1 domain of versican can regulate the organization of pericellular HA and affect phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn J Merrilees
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (MJM,NZ)
| | - Ning Zuo
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (MJM,NZ)
| | - Stephen P Evanko
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (SPE,TNW)
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (AJD)
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (SPE,TNW)
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Host and pathogen hyaluronan signal through human siglec-9 to suppress neutrophil activation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 94:219-33. [PMID: 26411873 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inhibitory CD33-related Siglec receptors regulate immune cell activation upon engaging ubiquitous sialic acids (Sias) on host cell surface glycans. Through molecular mimicry, Sia-expressing pathogen group B Streptococcus binds inhibitory human Siglec-9 (hSiglec-9) to blunt neutrophil activation and promote bacterial survival. We unexpectedly discovered that hSiglec-9 also specifically binds high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA), another ubiquitous host glycan, through a region of its terminal Ig-like V-set domain distinct from the Sia-binding site. HMW-HA recognition by hSiglec-9 limited neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, oxidative burst, and apoptosis, defining HMW-HA as a regulator of neutrophil activation. However, the pathogen group A Streptococcus (GAS) expresses a HMW-HA capsule that engages hSiglec-9, blocking NET formation and oxidative burst, thereby promoting bacterial survival. Thus, a single inhibitory lectin receptor detects two distinct glycan "self-associated molecular patterns" to maintain neutrophil homeostasis, and two leading human bacterial pathogens have independently evolved molecular mimicry to exploit this immunoregulatory mechanism. KEY MESSAGE HMW-HA is the first example of a non-sialic acid containing glycan to be recognized by CD33-related Siglecs. HMW-HA engagement of hSiglec-9 attenuates neutrophil activation. Group A Streptococcus exploits hSiglec-9 recognition via its polysaccharide HMW-HA capsule to subvert neutrophil killing.
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Oohashi T, Edamatsu M, Bekku Y, Carulli D. The hyaluronan and proteoglycan link proteins: Organizers of the brain extracellular matrix and key molecules for neuronal function and plasticity. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:134-44. [PMID: 26387938 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hyaluronan and proteoglycanbinding link protein (Hapln) is a key molecule in the formation and control of hyaluronan-based condensed perineuronal matrix in the adult brain. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the role of Haplns in the formation and control of two distinct types of perineuronal matrices, one for "classical" PNN and the other for the specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) at the node of Ranvier in the central nervous system (CNS). We introduce the structural components of each ECM organization including the basic concept of supramolecular structure named "HLT model". We furthermore summarize the developmental and physiological role of perineuronal ECMs from the studies of Haplns and related molecules. Finally, we also discuss the potential mechanism modulating PNNs in the adult CNS. This layer of organized matrices may exert a direct effect via core protein or sugar moiety from the structure or by acting as a binding site for biologically active molecules, which are important for neuronal plasticity and saltatory conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Oohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Midori Edamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoko Bekku
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniela Carulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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32
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Biology and biotechnology of hyaluronan. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:93-103. [PMID: 25971701 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The hyaluronan (HA) polymer is a critical component of extracellular matrix with a remarkable structure: is a linear and unbranched polymer without sulphate or phosphate groups. It is ubiquitous in mammals showing several biological functions, ranging from cell proliferation and migration to angiogenesis and inflammation. For its critical biological functions the amount of HA in tissues is carefully controlled by different mechanisms including covalent modification of the synthetic enzymes and epigenetic control of their gene expression. The concentration of HA is also critical in several pathologies including cancer, diabetes and inflammation. Beside these biological roles, the structural properties of HA allow it to take advantage of its capacity to form gels even at concentration of 1 % producing scaffolds with very promising applications in regenerative medicine as biocompatible material for advanced therapeutic uses. In this review we highlight the biological aspects of HA addressing the mechanisms controlling the HA content in tissues as well as its role in important human pathologies. In the second part of the review we highlight the different use of HA polymers in the modern biotechnology.
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Abstract
Versican is a widely distributed chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that forms large complexes with the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA). As a consequence of HA binding to its receptor CD44 and interactions of the versican C-terminal globular (G3) domain with a variety of extracellular matrix proteins, versican is a key component of well-defined networks in pericellular matrix and extracellular matrix. It is crucial for several developmental processes in the embryo and there is increasing interest in its roles in cancer and inflammation. Versican proteolysis by ADAMTS proteases is highly regulated, occurs at specific peptide bonds, and is relevant to several physiological and disease mechanisms. In this chapter, methods are described for the isolation and detection of intact and cleaved versican in tissues using morphologic and biochemical techniques. These, together with the methodologies for purification and analysis of recombinant versican and a versican fragment provided here, are likely to facilitate further progress on the biology of versican and its proteolysis.
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Bonafè F, Govoni M, Giordano E, Caldarera CM, Guarnieri C, Muscari C. Hyaluronan and cardiac regeneration. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:100. [PMID: 25358954 PMCID: PMC4226915 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-014-0100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is abundantly expressed in several human tissues and a variety of roles for HA has been highlighted. Particularly relevant for tissue repair, HA is actively produced during tissue injury, as widely evidenced in wound healing investigations. In the heart HA is involved in physiological functions, such as cardiac development during embryogenesis, and in pathological conditions including atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Moreover, owing to its relevant biological properties, HA has been widely used as a biomaterial for heart regeneration after a myocardial infarction. Indeed, HA and its derivatives are biodegradable and biocompatible, promote faster healing of injured tissues, and support cells in relevant processes including survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Injectable HA-based therapies for cardiovascular disease are gaining growing attention because of the benefits obtained in preclinical models of myocardial infarction. HA-based hydrogels, especially as a vehicle for stem cells, have been demonstrated to improve the process of cardiac repair by stimulating angiogenesis, reducing inflammation, and supporting local and grafted cells in their reparative functions. Solid-state HA-based scaffolds have been also investigated to produce constructs hosting mesenchymal stem cells or endothelial progenitor cells to be transplanted onto the infarcted surface of the heart. Finally, applying an ex-vivo mechanical stretching, stem cells grown in HA-based 3D scaffolds can further increase extracellular matrix production and proneness to differentiate into muscle phenotypes, thus suggesting a potential strategy to create a suitable engineered myocardial tissue for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonafè
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy. .,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Govoni
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy. .,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti", DEI, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy. .,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudio Marcello Caldarera
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy. .,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carlo Guarnieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy. .,BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy. .,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudio Muscari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy. .,BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy. .,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
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35
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Versican isoform V1 regulates proliferation and migration in high-grade gliomas. J Neurooncol 2014; 120:73-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: structure-function relationship with implication in neural development and brain disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:642798. [PMID: 24955366 PMCID: PMC4052930 DOI: 10.1155/2014/642798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are extracellular matrix components that contain two structural parts with distinct functions: a protein core and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains. CSPGs are known to be involved in important cell processes like cell adhesion and growth, receptor binding, or cell migration. It is recognized that the presence of CSPGs is critical in neuronal growth mechanisms including axon guidance following injury of nervous system components such as spinal cord and brain. CSPGs are upregulated in the central nervous system after injury and participate in the inhibition of axon regeneration mainly through their GAG side chains. Recently, it was shown that some CSPGs members like aggrecan, versican, and neurocan were strongly involved in brain disorders like bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia, and ADHD. In this paper, we present the chemical structure-biological functions relationship of CSPGs, both in health state and in genetic disorders, addressing methods represented by genome-wide and crystallographic data as well as molecular modeling and quantitative structure-activity relationship.
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Higman VA, Briggs DC, Mahoney DJ, Blundell CD, Sattelle BM, Dyer DP, Green DE, DeAngelis PL, Almond A, Milner CM, Day AJ. A refined model for the TSG-6 link module in complex with hyaluronan: use of defined oligosaccharides to probe structure and function. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:5619-34. [PMID: 24403066 PMCID: PMC3937638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.542357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is an inflammation-associated hyaluronan (HA)-binding protein that contributes to remodeling of HA-rich extracellular matrices during inflammatory processes and ovulation. The HA-binding domain of TSG-6 consists solely of a Link module, making it a prototypical member of the superfamily of proteins that interacts with this high molecular weight polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharides of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc). Previously we modeled a complex of the TSG-6 Link module in association with an HA octasaccharide based on the structure of the domain in its HA-bound conformation. Here we have generated a refined model for a HA/Link module complex using novel restraints identified from NMR spectroscopy of the protein in the presence of 10 distinct HA oligosaccharides (from 4- to 8-mers); the model was then tested using unique sugar reagents, i.e. chondroitin/HA hybrid oligomers and an octasaccharide in which a single sugar ring was (13)C-labeled. The HA chain was found to make more extensive contacts with the TSG-6 surface than thought previously, such that a D-glucuronic acid ring makes stacking and ionic interactions with a histidine and lysine, respectively. Importantly, this causes the HA to bend around two faces of the Link module (resembling the way that HA binds to CD44), potentially providing a mechanism for how TSG-6 can reorganize HA during inflammation. However, the HA-binding site defined here may not play a role in TSG-6-mediated transfer of heavy chains from inter-α-inhibitor onto HA, a process known to be essential for ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Higman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Briggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - David J. Mahoney
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Charles D. Blundell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Benedict M. Sattelle
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Douglas P. Dyer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Dixy E. Green
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Paul L. DeAngelis
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Andrew Almond
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Caroline M. Milner
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Anthony J. Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
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Hyaluronan synthase 1 (HAS1) produces a cytokine-and glucose-inducible, CD44-dependent cell surface coat. Exp Cell Res 2014; 320:153-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Wang Z, Weitzmann MN, Sangadala S, Hutton WC, Yoon ST. Link protein N-terminal peptide binds to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor and drives matrix protein expression in rabbit intervertebral disc cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28243-53. [PMID: 23940040 PMCID: PMC3784733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.451948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and associated spinal disorders are leading sources of morbidity, and they can be responsible for chronic low back pain. Treatments for degenerative disc diseases continue to be a challenge. Intensive research is now focusing on promoting regeneration of degenerated discs by stimulating production of the disc matrix. Link protein N-terminal peptide (LPP) is a proteolytic fragment of link protein, an important cross-linker and stabilizer of the major structural components of cartilage, aggrecan and hyaluronan. In this study we investigated LPP action in rabbit primary intervertebral disc cells cultured ex vivo in a three-dimensional alginate matrix. Our data reveal that LPP promotes disc matrix production, which was evidenced by increased expression of the chondrocyte-specific transcription factor SOX9 and the extracellular matrix macromolecules aggrecan and collagen II. Using colocalization and pulldown studies we further document a noggin-insensitive direct peptide-protein association between LPP and BMP-RII. This association mediated Smad signaling that converges on BMP genes leading to expression of BMP-4 and BMP-7. Furthermore, through a cell-autonomous loop BMP-4 and BMP-7 intensified Smad1/5 signaling though a feedforward circuit involving BMP-RI, ultimately promoting expression of SOX9 and downstream aggrecan and collagen II genes. Our data define a complex regulatory signaling cascade initiated by LPP and suggest that LPP may be a useful therapeutic substitute for direct BMP administration to treat IVD degeneration and to ameliorate IVD-associated chronic low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Wang
- From the Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033
- the Emory Spine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - M. Neale Weitzmann
- From the Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033
- the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sreedhara Sangadala
- From the Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033
- the Emory Spine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - William C. Hutton
- From the Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033
- the Emory Spine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - S. Tim Yoon
- From the Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033
- the Emory Spine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
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40
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Murasawa Y, Watanabe K, Yoneda M, Zako M, Kimata K, Sakai LY, Isogai Z. Homotypic versican G1 domain interactions enhance hyaluronan incorporation into fibrillin microfibrils. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29170-81. [PMID: 23963449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.456947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Versican G1 domain-containing fragments (VG1Fs) have been identified in extracts from the dermis in which hyaluronan (HA)-versican-fibrillin complexes are found. However, the molecular assembly of VG1Fs in the HA-versican-microfibril macrocomplex has not yet been elucidated. Here, we clarify the role of VG1Fs in the extracellular macrocomplex, specifically in mediating the recruitment of HA to microfibrils. Sequential extraction studies suggested that the VG1Fs were not associated with dermal elements through HA binding properties alone. Overlay analyses of dermal tissue sections using the recombinant versican G1 domain, rVN, showed that rVN deposited onto the elastic fiber network. In solid-phase binding assays, rVN bound to isolated nondegraded microfibrils. rVN specifically bound to authentic versican core protein produced by dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, rVN bound to VG1Fs extracted from the dermis and to nondenatured versican but not to fibrillin-1. Homotypic binding of rVN was also seen. Consistent with these binding properties, macroaggregates containing VG1Fs were detected in high molecular weight fractions of sieved dermal extracts and visualized by electron microscopy, which revealed localization to microfibrils at the microscopic level. Importantly, exogenous rVN enhanced HA recruitment both to isolated microfibrils and to microfibrils in tissue sections in a dose-dependent manner. From these data, we propose that cleaved VG1Fs can be recaptured by microfibrils through VG1F homotypical interactions to enhance HA recruitment to microfibrils.
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41
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Yuan H, Tank M, Alsofyani A, Shah N, Talati N, LoBello JC, Kim JR, Oonuki Y, de la Motte CA, Cowman MK. Molecular mass dependence of hyaluronan detection by sandwich ELISA-like assay and membrane blotting using biotinylated hyaluronan binding protein. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1270-80. [PMID: 23964097 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is widely detected in biological samples and its concentration is most commonly determined by the use of a labeled specific HA binding protein (aggrecan G1-IGD-G2, HABP), employing membrane blotting and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-like methods. However, the detected signal intensity or the quantified value obtained by using these surface-based methods is related to the molecular mass (M) of HA, especially for HA in the low M range below ~150 kDa. At the same mass or mass concentration, higher M HA gives a higher signal than lower M HA. We have experimentally determined the quantitative relationship between the M of HA (in the range 20-150 kDa) and the relative signal intensity in comparison with a standard HA, in a sandwich ELISA-like assay. An M-dependent signal correction factor (SCF) was calculated and used to correct the signal intensity, so that the corrected concentration value would more accurately reflect the true HA concentration in solution. The SCF for polydisperse low M HA was also calculated and compared with experimental results. When the molecular mass distribution of an HA sample is determined by a method such as gel electrophoresis, then its appropriately averaged SCF can be calculated and used to correct the signal in sandwich ELISA to obtain a more accurate concentration estimation. The correction method works for HA with M between ~150 and 20 kDa, but lower M HA is too poorly detected for useful analysis. The physical basis of the M-dependent detection is proposed to be the increase in detector-accessible fraction of each surface-bound molecule as M increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An in vitro study using human intervertebral disc cells. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of link protein peptide (LPP) on the expression of disc extracellular matrix macromolecules sulfated glycosaminoglycan, aggrecan, and collagen II. To determine the effect of LPP on catabolic regulators and to compare LPP with both BMP2 and BMP7 in terms of osteoinductivity. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous studies have shown that N-terminal link-protein peptide (LPP) can induce synthesis of proteoglycans and collagen II in cartilaginous cell types. However, the effect of LPP on human disc cells remains to be investigated. Moreover, the effects of LPP on the catabolic regulators and the osteoinductive potential of LPP are unknown. METHODS Human intervertebral disc cells were cultured in alginate beads and treated with LPP, truncated LPPs, and the reverse sequence of LPP (LPR). The levels of aggrecan and collagen II mRNAs were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan content was assayed using the dimethylmethylene blue method. The protein levels of collagen II and catabolic regulators were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and Western blots. The relative osteoinductive potential of LPP was evaluated by comparing the effect of LPP, BMP2, and BMP7 on in vitro markers of osteoinductivity. RESULTS LPP upregulates expression of aggrecan and collagen II at both mRNA and protein levels. The full length of LPP is required for this upregulation. Neither the reverse sequences of LPP nor the truncated LPPs were as effective as the full-length LPP. LPP selectively inhibits expression of the catabolic regulators interleukin (IL)-1β and MMP1 and has no effect on expression of the other catabolic regulators tumor necrosis factor α, ADAMTS1, ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5, MMP3, and MMP9. LPP has relatively little osteoinductive effect compared with BMP2 and BMP7. CONCLUSION LPP could have value in stimulating the growth and regeneration of degenerated discs with less concern of creating unwanted bone. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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43
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Lord MS, Whitelock JM. Recombinant production of proteoglycans and their bioactive domains. FEBS J 2013; 280:2490-510. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan S. Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | - John M. Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; Australia
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44
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Weyers A, Linhardt RJ. Neoproteoglycans in tissue engineering. FEBS J 2013; 280:2511-22. [PMID: 23399318 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans, comprised of a core protein to which glycosaminoglycan chains are covalently linked, are an important structural and functional family of macromolecules found in the extracellular matrix. Advances in our understanding of biological interactions have lead to a greater appreciation for the need to design tissue engineering scaffolds that incorporate mimetics of key extracellular matrix components. A variety of synthetic and semisynthetic molecules and polymers have been examined by tissue engineers that serve as structural, chemical and biological replacements for proteoglycans. These proteoglycan mimetics have been referred to as neoproteoglycans and serve as functional and therapeutic replacements for natural proteoglycans that are often unavailable for tissue engineering studies. Although neoproteoglycans have important limitations, such as limited signaling ability and biocompatibility, they have shown promise in replacing the natural activity of proteoglycans through cell and protein binding interactions. This review focuses on the recent in vivo and in vitro tissue engineering applications of three basic types of neoproteoglycan structures, protein-glycosaminoglycan conjugates, nano-glycosaminoglycan composites and polymer-glycosaminoglycan complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Weyers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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45
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Lockhart MM, Wirrig EE, Phelps AL, Ghatnekar AV, Barth JL, Norris RA, Wessels A. Mef2c regulates transcription of the extracellular matrix protein cartilage link protein 1 in the developing murine heart. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57073. [PMID: 23468913 PMCID: PMC3582617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage Link Protein 1 (Crtl1) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that stabilizes the interaction between hyaluronan and versican and is expressed in endocardial and endocardially-derived cells in the developing heart, including cells in the atrioventricular (AV) and outflow tract (OFT) cushions. Previous investigations into the transcriptional regulation of the Crtl1 gene have shown that Sox9 regulates Crtl1 expression in both cartilage and the AV valves. The cardiac transcription factor Mef2c is involved in the regulation of gene expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle cell lineages. In this study we have investigated the potential role of Mef2c in the regulation of ECM production in the endocardial and mesenchymal cell lineages of the developing heart. We demonstrate that the Crtl1 5′ flanking region contains two highly conserved Mef2 binding sites and that Mef2c is able to bind to these sites in vivo during cardiovascular development. Additionally, we show that Crtl1 transcription is dependent on Mef2c expression in fetal mitral valve interstitial cells (VICs). Combined, these findings highlight a new role for Mef2c in cardiac development and the regulation of cardiac extracellular matrix protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie M. Lockhart
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elaine E. Wirrig
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aimee L. Phelps
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Angela V. Ghatnekar
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeremy L. Barth
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andy Wessels
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu J, Li Q, Kuehn MR, Litingtung Y, Vokes SA, Chiang C. Sonic hedgehog signaling directly targets Hyaluronic Acid Synthase 2, an essential regulator of phalangeal joint patterning. Dev Biol 2013; 375:160-71. [PMID: 23313125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal, mediated by the Gli family of transcription factors, plays an essential role in the growth and patterning of the limb. Through analysis of the early limb bud transcriptome, we identified a posteriorly-enriched gene, Hyaluronic Acid Synthase 2 (Has2), which encodes a key enzyme for the synthesis of hyaluronan (HA), as a direct target of Gli transcriptional regulation during early mouse limb development. Has2 expression in the limb bud is lost in Shh null and expanded anteriorly in Gli3 mutants. We identified an ∼3kb Has2 promoter fragment that contains two strong Gli-binding consensus sequences, and mutation of either site abrogated the ability of Gli1 to activate Has2 promoter in a cell-based assay. Additionally, this promoter fragment is sufficient to direct expression of a reporter gene in the posterior limb mesenchyme. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of DNA-Gli3 protein complexes from limb buds indicated that Gli3 strongly binds to the Has2 promoter region, suggesting that Has2 is a direct transcriptional target of the Shh signaling pathway. We also showed that Has2 conditional mutant (Has2cko) hindlimbs display digit-specific patterning defects with longitudinally shifted phalangeal joints and impaired chondrogenesis. Has2cko limbs show less capacity for mesenchymal condensation with mislocalized distributions of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), aggrecan and link protein. Has2cko limb phenotype displays striking resemblance to mutants with defective chondroitin sulfation suggesting tight developmental control of HA on CSPG function. Together, our study identifies Has2 as a novel downstream target of Shh signaling required for joint patterning and chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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47
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Seror J, Merkher Y, Kampf N, Collinson L, Day AJ, Maroudas A, Klein J. Normal and shear interactions between hyaluronan-aggrecan complexes mimicking possible boundary lubricants in articular cartilage in synovial joints. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3823-32. [PMID: 23074968 PMCID: PMC3497856 DOI: 10.1021/bm301283f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Using a surface force balance, normal and shear interactions
have
been measured between two atomically smooth surfaces coated with hyaluronan
(HA), and with HA/aggrecan (Agg) complexes stabilized by cartilage
link protein (LP). Such HA/Agg/LP complexes are the most abundant
mobile macromolecular species permeating articular cartilage in synovial
joints and have been conjectured to be present as boundary lubricants
at its surface. The aim of the present study is to gain insight into
the extremely efficient lubrication when two cartilage surfaces slide
past each other in healthy joints, and in particular to elucidate
the possible role in this of the HA/Agg/LP complexes. Within the range
of our parameters, our results reveal that the HA/Agg/LP macromolecular
surface complexes are much better boundary lubricants than HA alone,
likely because of the higher level of hydration, due to the higher
charge density, of the HA/Agg/LP layers with respect to the HA alone.
However, the friction coefficients (μ) associated with the mutual
interactions and sliding of opposing HA/Agg/LP layers (μ ≈
0.01 up to pressure P of ca. 12 atm, increasing sharply
at higher P) suggest that such complexes by themselves
cannot account for the remarkable boundary lubrication observed in
mammalian joints (up to P > 50 atm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Seror
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Scienc, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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48
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Abstract
The aggregating proteoglycans of the lectican family are important components of extracellular matrices. Aggrecan is the most well studied of these and is central to cartilage biomechanical properties and skeletal development. Key to its biological function is the fixed charge of the many glycosaminoglycan chains, that provide the basis for the viscoelastic properties necessary for load distribution over the articular surface. This review is focused on the globular domains of aggrecan and their role in anchoring the proteoglycans to other extracellular matrix components. The N-terminal G1 domain is vital in that it binds the proteoglycan to hyaluronan in ternary complex with link protein, retaining the proteoglycan in the tissue. The importance of the C-terminal G3 domain interactions has recently been emphasized by two different human hereditary disorders: autosomal recessive aggrecan-type spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia and autosomal dominant familial osteochondritis dissecans. In these two conditions, different missense mutations in the aggrecan C-type lectin repeat have been described. The resulting amino acid replacements affect the ligand interactions of the G3 domain, albeit with widely different phenotypic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aspberg
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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49
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Seror J, Merkher Y, Kampf N, Collinson L, Day AJ, Maroudas A, Klein J. Articular Cartilage Proteoglycans As Boundary Lubricants: Structure and Frictional Interaction of Surface-Attached Hyaluronan and Hyaluronan–Aggrecan Complexes. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3432-43. [DOI: 10.1021/bm2004912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Seror
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yulia Merkher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Nir Kampf
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Lisa Collinson
- Wellcome Trust Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Day
- Wellcome Trust Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Maroudas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Jacob Klein
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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50
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Clark SJ, Keenan TDL, Fielder HL, Collinson LJ, Holley RJ, Merry CLR, van Kuppevelt TH, Day AJ, Bishop PN. Mapping the differential distribution of glycosaminoglycans in the adult human retina, choroid, and sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:6511-21. [PMID: 21746802 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE. To map the distribution of different classes of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the healthy human retina, choroid, and sclera. METHODS. Frozen tissue sections were made from adult human donor eyes. The GAG chains of proteoglycans (PGs) were detected with antibodies directed against various GAG structures (either directly or after pretreatment with GAG-degrading enzymes); hyaluronan (HA) was detected using biotinylated recombinant G1-domain of human versican. The primary detection reagents were identified with FITC-labeled probes and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS. Heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and HA were present throughout the retina and choroid, but keratan sulfate (KS) was detected only in the sclera. HS labeling was particularly strong in basement membrane-containing structures, the nerve fiber layer (NFL), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-for example, intense staining was seen with an antibody that binds strongly to sequences containing 3-O-sulfation in the internal limiting membrane (ILM) and in the basement membrane of blood vessels. Unsulfated CS was seen throughout the retina, particularly in the ILM and interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) with 6-O-sulfated CS also prominent in the IPM. There was labeling for DS throughout the retina and choroid, especially in the NFL, ganglion cell layer, and blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS. The detection of GAG chains with specific probes and fluorescence microscopy provides for the first time a detailed analysis of their compartmentalization in the human retina, by both GAG chain type and sulfation pattern. This reference map provides a basis for understanding the functional regulation of GAG-binding proteins in health and disease processes.
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