1
|
Khalil H, Nada AH, Mahrous H, Hassan A, Rijo P, Ibrahim IA, Mohamed DD, AL-Salmi FA, Mohamed DD, Elmaksoud AIA. Amelioration effect of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid on methylation inhibitors in hepatocarcinogenesis -induced by diethylnitrosamine. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1206990. [PMID: 38322013 PMCID: PMC10844948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim suppression of methylation inhibitors (epigenetic genes) in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine using glycyrrhetinic acid. Method In the current work, we investigated the effect of sole GA combined with different agents such as doxorubicin (DOX) or probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus rhamanosus) against hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine to improve efficiency. The genomic DNA was isolated from rats' liver tissues to evaluate either methylation-sensitive or methylation-dependent resection enzymes. The methylation activity of the targeting genes DLC-1, TET-1, NF-kB, and STAT-3 was examined using specific primers and cleaved DNA products. Furthermore, flow cytometry was used to determine the protein expression profiles of DLC-1 and TET-1 in treated rats' liver tissue. Results Our results demonstrated the activity of GA to reduce the methylation activity in TET-1 and DLC-1 by 33.6% and 78%, respectively. As compared with the positive control. Furthermore, the association of GA with DOX avoided the methylation activity by 88% and 91% for TET-1 and DLC-1, respectively, as compared with the positive control. Similarly, the combined use of GA with probiotics suppressed the methylation activity in the TET-1 and DLC-1 genes by 75% and 81% for TET-1 and DLC-1, respectively. Also, GA and its combination with bacteria attenuated the adverse effect in hepatocarcinogenesis rats by altering potential methylomic genes such as NF-kb and STAT3 genes by 76% and 83%, respectively. Conclusion GA has an ameliorative effect against methylation inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by decreasing the methylation activity genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany Khalil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI) University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Alaa H. Nada
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI) University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Hoda Mahrous
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI) University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Amr Hassan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI) University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Patricia Rijo
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ibrahim A. Ibrahim
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI) University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Dalia D. Mohamed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI) University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Fawziah A. AL-Salmi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa D. Mohamed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI) University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I. Abd Elmaksoud
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI) University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arumugam MK, Gopal T, Kalari Kandy RR, Boopathy LK, Perumal SK, Ganesan M, Rasineni K, Donohue TM, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK. Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Associated Mechanisms in the Development of Chronic Liver Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1311. [PMID: 37887021 PMCID: PMC10604291 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a major metabolic organ that performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. Any disruption in normal liver function can lead to the development of more severe liver disorders. Overall, about 3 million Americans have some type of liver disease and 5.5 million people have progressive liver disease or cirrhosis, in which scar tissue replaces the healthy liver tissue. An estimated 20% to 30% of adults have excess fat in their livers, a condition called steatosis. The most common etiologies for steatosis development are (1) high caloric intake that causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and (2) excessive alcohol consumption, which results in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). NAFLD is now termed "metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease" (MASLD), which reflects its association with the metabolic syndrome and conditions including diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and obesity. ALD represents a spectrum of liver injury that ranges from hepatic steatosis to more advanced liver pathologies, including alcoholic hepatitis (AH), alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC) and acute AH, presenting as acute-on-chronic liver failure. The predominant liver cells, hepatocytes, comprise more than 70% of the total liver mass in human adults and are the basic metabolic cells. Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that are the principal sources of energy in hepatocytes and play a major role in oxidative metabolism and sustaining liver cell energy needs. In addition to regulating cellular energy homeostasis, mitochondria perform other key physiologic and metabolic activities, including ion homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, redox signaling and participation in cell injury/death. Here, we discuss the main mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic liver disease and some treatment strategies available for targeting mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madan Kumar Arumugam
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Cancer Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thiyagarajan Gopal
- Centre for Laboratory Animal Technology and Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India; (T.G.); (L.K.B.)
| | | | - Lokesh Kumar Boopathy
- Centre for Laboratory Animal Technology and Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India; (T.G.); (L.K.B.)
| | - Sathish Kumar Perumal
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Terrence M. Donohue
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kawada K, Ishida T, Jobu K, Morisawa S, Nishida M, Tamura N, Yoshioka S, Miyamura M. Glycyrrhizae Radix suppresses lipopolysaccharide- and diazepam-induced nerve inflammation in the hippocampus, and contracts the duration of pentobarbital- induced loss of righting reflex in a mouse model. J Nat Med 2023; 77:561-571. [PMID: 37115471 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Nerve inflammation is linked to the development of various neurological disorders. This study aimed to examine whether Glycyrrhizae Radix effectively influences the duration of the pentobarbital-induced loss of righting reflex, which may increase in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nerve inflammation and diazepam-induced γ-aminobutyric acid receptor hypersensitivity. Furthermore, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix extract on LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells, in vitro. Treatment with Glycyrrhizae Radix significantly decreased the duration of pentobarbital-induced loss of righting reflex in the mouse model. Furthermore, treatment with Glycyrrhizae Radix significantly attenuated the LPS-induced increases in interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha at the mRNA level, and it significantly reduced the number of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus 24 h after LPS treatment. Treatment with Glycyrrhizae Radix also suppressed the release of nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor protein in culture supernatants of LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. In addition, glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin, active ingredients of Glycyrrhizae Radix extract, reduced the duration of pentobarbital-induced loss of righting reflex. These findings suggest that Glycyrrhizae Radix, as well as its active ingredients, glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin, may be effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of nerve inflammation-induced neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawada
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Ishida
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kohei Jobu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Shumpei Morisawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Motoki Nishida
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Naohisa Tamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Saburo Yoshioka
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Miyamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, 185-1 Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li H, Wang J, Fu Y, Zhu K, Dong Z, Shan J, Di L, Jiang S, Yuan T. The Bioavailability of Glycyrrhizinic Acid Was Enhanced by Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 Supplementation in Liver Fibrosis Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245278. [PMID: 36558437 PMCID: PMC9782010 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizinic acid (GL) is clinically applied to treat liver injury, and the bioavailability of orally administered GL is closely related to the gut microbiota. Therefore, the dysbiosis of gut flora in liver injury could significantly influence GL bioavailability. Still, less is known about the impact of probiotic supplementation on the bio-absorption process of oral medication, especially under a pathological state. Herein, probiotic L. rhamnosus R0011 (R0011) with a high viability in the harsh gastrointestinal environment was selected, and the effect of R0011 on the GL bioavailability in rats was investigated. Four groups of rats (n = 6 per group) were included: the normal group (N group), the normal group supplemented with R0011 (NLGG group), CCl4-induced chronic liver injury model (M group), and the model group supplemented with R0011 (MLGG group). Our results showed that liver injury was successfully induced in the M and MLGG groups via an intraperitoneal injection of 50% (v/v) CCl4 solution. Healthy rats supplemented with R0011 could increase the bioavailability of GL by 1.4-fold compared with the normal group by plasma pharmacokinetic analysis. Moreover, the GL bioavailability of MLGG group was significantly increased by 4.5-fold compared with the model group. R0011 directly improved gut microbial glucuronidase and downregulated the host intestinal drug transporter gene expression of multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2). More critically, R0011 restored the gut microbiota composition and regulated the metabolic function, significantly enhancing the microbial tryptophan metabolic pathway compared with the pathological state, which may indirectly promote the bioavailability of GL. Overall, these data may provide possible strategies by which to address the low bioavailability of traditional medicine through probiotic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yifan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhiling Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liuqing Di
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tianjie Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ni Q, Gao Y, Yang X, Zhang Q, Guo B, Han J, Chen S. Analysis of the network pharmacology and the structure-activity relationship of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1001018. [PMID: 36313350 PMCID: PMC9606671 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice, a herbal product derived from the root of Glycyrrhiza species, has been used as a sweetening agent and traditional herbal medicine for hundreds of years. Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) are the most important active ingredients in licorice. Both GL and GA have pharmacological effects against tumors, inflammation, viral infection, liver diseases, neurological diseases, and metabolic diseases. However, they also exhibit differences. KEGG analysis indicated that licorice is involved in neuroactive ligand‒receptor interactions, while 18β-GA is mostly involved in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. In this article, we comprehensively review the therapeutic potential of GL and GA by focusing on their pharmacological effects and working mechanisms. We systemically examine the structure-activity relationship of GL, GA and their isomers. Based on the various pharmacological activities of GL, GA and their isomers, we propose further development of structural derivatives of GA after chemical structure modification, with less cytotoxicity but higher targeting specificity. More research is needed on the clinical applications of licorice and its active ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiang Ni
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affifiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxuan Gao
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuzhen Yang
- Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingmeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baojian Guo
- Institute of New Drug Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Biomedical Sciences College and Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Jinxiang Han, ; Shaoru Chen,
| | - Shaoru Chen
- Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Jinxiang Han, ; Shaoru Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li M, Zhou IW, Trevillyan J, Hearps AC, Zhang AL, Jaworowski A. Effects and safety of Chinese herbal medicine on inflammatory biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:922497. [PMID: 36051278 PMCID: PMC9425052 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.922497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation drives cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with underlying chronic inflammatory diseases, including People with HIV (PWH), independently of dyslipidemia. Adjunctive treatments that lower inflammation may be useful to lower CVD risk in such populations. There is very little data on the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in reducing inflammation in PWH to address its potential in reducing this CVD risk factor, therefore we evaluated its impact on inflammatory biomarkers relevant to CVD risk in the general population. Six English and Chinese databases were searched for studies investigating CHM’s effects on inflammatory biomarkers relevant to CVD from respective inceptions to February 2022. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted and the most-frequently prescribed herbs were identified. Thirty-eight RCTs involving 4,047 participants were included. Greater than or equal to 50% of included studies had a low risk of bias in five domains (random sequence generation, detection, attrition, reporting and other bias) and 97% had a high risk of performance bias. CHM provided significant additive effects on attenuating relevant inflammatory indices including hs-CRP (SMD −2.05, 95% CI −2.55 to −1.54), IL-6 (SMD −1.14, 95% CI −1.63 to −0.66) and TNF-α levels (SMD −0.88, 95% CI −1.35 to −0.41), but no significant effects on hs-CRP were found between CHM and placebo when co-treating with Western drugs (MD 0.04, 95% CI −1.66 to 1.74). No severe adverse events were reported in CHM groups. The two most prevalent herbs present in formulae demonstrating reduction of at least one inflammatory biomarker were Dan shen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) and Huang qi (Astragali Radix). CHM, in combination with standard anti-inflammatory medications, may depress inflammation and reduce the risk of inflammatory conditions such as CVD. Rigorously-conducted trials and adequate reporting are needed to provide more robust evidence supporting the use of CHM to reduce CVD risk in people with underlying chronic inflammation such as PWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingdi Li
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Iris Wenyu Zhou
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Janine Trevillyan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna C. Hearps
- Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Lin Zhang
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Anthony Jaworowski,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nagar PS, Rane S, Dwivedi M. LC-MS/MS standardization and validation of glycyrrhizin from the roots of Taverniera cuneifolia: A potential alternative source of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10234. [PMID: 36061022 PMCID: PMC9429499 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin is a triterpene glycoside derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra and related species which is a renowned phytochemical used to cure a variety of ailments such as inflammation, sore throat, hepatitis etc. It is in huge demand owing to its various valuable properties. With the ever-increasing demand of glycyrrhizin, the search for alternative sources for glycyrrhizin is on rise. One such species with a scientific basis and good concentration of glycyrrhizin is Taverniera cuneifolia. A thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method was established to determine the presence of glycyrrhizin in T. cuneifolia. Further, standardisation and validation, a High performance liquid chromatography (model NEXERA-X2) with LCMS system (Model LCMS-8040) from Shimadzu were used. The analysis was performed by using shim-pack XR-ODS, C18 (75 mm × 3.0 mm) 2.2 μm. In this analysis, the mobile phase used was a combination of acetonitrile and a 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer that was subjected to gradient time programming and monitored by Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) in positive ion mode. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, detection, and quantitation limit. The technique was confirmed to be linear within the concentration range of 5 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL with R2 > 0.991. The LOD and the LOQ were 2 ng/mL and 5 ng/mL respectively. The suggested approach satisfied the acceptance criteria for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, LOD, LOQ, and system adaptability.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohammed EAH, Peng Y, Wang Z, Qiang X, Zhao Q. Synthesis, Antiviral, and Antibacterial Activity of the Glycyrrhizic Acid and Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 48:906-918. [PMID: 35919388 PMCID: PMC9333650 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022050132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid and its primary metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid, are the main active ingredients in the licorice roots (glycyrrhiza species), which are widely used in several countries of the world, especially in east asian countries (China, Japan). These ingredients and their derivatives play an important role in treating many diseases, especially infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and hepatic infections. This review aims to summarize the different ways of synthesising the amide derivatives of glycyrrhizic acid and the main ways to synthesize the glycyrrhitinic acid derivatives. Also, to determine the main biological and pharmacological activity for these compounds from the previous studies to provide essential data to researchers for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. A. H. Mohammed
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Y. Peng
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Z. Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - X. Qiang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Q. Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pham DT, Nguyen LP, Pham QTH, Pham CK, Pham DTN, Viet NT, Nguyen HVT, Tran TQ, Nguyen DT. A low-cost, flexible extruder for liposomes synthesis and application for Murrayafoline A delivery for cancer treatment. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:872-880. [PMID: 35786069 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221112491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liposomal encapsulation is a drug delivery strategy with many advantages, such as improved bioavailability, ability to carry large drug loads, as well as controllability and specificity towards various targeted diseased tissues. Currently, most preparation techniques require an additional extrusion or filtering step to obtain monodisperse liposomes with the size of less than 100 nm. In this study, a compact liposome extruder was designed at a cost of $4.00 and used to synthesize liposome suspensions with defined particle size and high homogeneity for Murrayafoline A (Mu-A) loading and release. The synthesized MuA-loaded liposomes displayed a biphasic drug release and remained stable under the storage condition of 4°C. They also significantly reduced the viability of HepG2 cells in the cancer spheroids by 25%. The low-cost, flexible liposome extruder would allow the researchers to study liposomes and their applications in a cost-effective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan The Pham
- 61797Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | | | - Chi Khanh Pham
- 61797Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, 384731Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Viet
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, 384731Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Toan Quoc Tran
- 61797Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pan PH, Wang YY, Lin SY, Liao SL, Chen YF, Huang WC, Chen CJ, Chen WY. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Protects against Cholestatic Liver Injury in Bile Duct-Ligated Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050961. [PMID: 35624826 PMCID: PMC9138139 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is a nutraceutical agent with promising hepatoprotective effects. Its protective mechanisms against cholestatic liver injury were further investigated in a rodent model of extrahepatic cholestasis caused by Bile Duct Ligation (BDL) in rats. The daily oral administration of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid improved liver histology, serum biochemicals, ductular reaction, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, impaired autophagy, and fibrosis. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviated the BDL-induced hepatic and systemic retention of bile acids, matrix-producing cell activation, hepatic collagen deposition, Transforming Growth Factor beta-1/Smad activation, malondialdehyde elevation, glutathione reduction, High Mobility Group Box-1/Toll-Like Receptor-4 activation, NF-κB activation, inflammatory cell infiltration/accumulation, Interleukin-1β expression, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-1 activation, Endoplasmic Reticulum stress, impairment autophagy, and caspase 3 activation. Conversely, the protein expression of Sirt1, Farnesoid X Receptor, nuclear NF-E2-Related Factor-2, Transcription Factor EB, bile acid efflux transporters, and LC3-II, as well as the protein phosphorylation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase, was promoted in 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid-treated BDL rats. The hepatoprotective effects of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid in the present investigation correlated well with co-activation and possible interactions among Sirt, FXR, and Nrf2. The concurrent or concomitant activation of Sirt1, FXR, and Nrf2 not only restored the homeostatic regulation of bile acid metabolism, but also alleviated oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, impaired autophagy, and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Ho Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (P.-H.P.); (W.-C.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung City 435, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Fang Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 840, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Chi Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (P.-H.P.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.C.); (W.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-4-23592525 (ext. 4022) (C.-J.C.); +886-4-2284-0368 (W.-Y.C.)
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (P.-H.P.); (W.-C.H.)
- Correspondence: (C.-J.C.); (W.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-4-23592525 (ext. 4022) (C.-J.C.); +886-4-2284-0368 (W.-Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Recent Progress in Traditional Chinese Medicines and Their Mechanism in the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:3594210. [PMID: 35444784 PMCID: PMC9015857 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3594210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective To conduct a systematic review on the mechanism of action and use of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) in allergic rhinitis treatment. Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a type I allergic disease of the immune system induced by immunoglobulin E mediated inflammation and is characterized by sneezing, nasal itching, paroxysmal nasal obstruction, mucosal edema, cough, and rhinorrhea. More than 500 million people have been affected by rhinitis worldwide in the past 20 years, leading to negative effects on health, quality of life, and social relationships. Currently, the trending medicines used in the case of AR include intranasal corticosteroids and oral H1 antihistamines, which are given as combinatorial medicines supplemented with immune therapy. These medications have been found to be very effective in either the short term or long term; however, they have been found to possess some serious side effects. Search Methodology. The information in this article on classical and traditional Chinese medications used to treat AR was derived from original papers and reviews published in Chinese and English language journals. Two Chinese databases (Wanfang and CNKI) and three English databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase) were utilized for data gathering. Results Traditional Chinese remedies have been identified to influence the production of cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-6, which are key mediators of eosinophilic inflammation, TNF-α, which stimulates TH2 cells at the site of inflammation, and NF-кB, which is required for cytokine and IgE antibody production. TCM has also been shown to be successful in lowering histamine levels, preserving histological changes by decreasing the thickness of the lamina propria, and downregulating the expression of Orai1, STIM1, and TRYC1, showing low expression of Ca+2 channel proteins. Conclusion In this review, we discussed a series of classical, traditional Chinese medications, including Centipeda minima, Scutellaria baicalensis, licorice root (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), and others, as potential antiallergic agents and investigate their in vivo effect upon the production of cytokines and release of histamines for allergic rhinitis treatment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wahab S, Annadurai S, Abullais SS, Das G, Ahmad W, Ahmad MF, Kandasamy G, Vasudevan R, Ali MS, Amir M. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Clinical Evidence and Toxicology. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122751. [PMID: 34961221 PMCID: PMC8703329 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There are more than 30 species of Glycyrrhiza genus extensively spread worldwide. It was the most prescribed herb in Ancient Egyptian, Roman, Greek, East China, and the West from the Former Han era. There are various beneficial effects of licorice root extracts, such as treating throat infections, tuberculosis, respiratory, liver diseases, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunodeficiency. On the other hand, traditional medicines are getting the attraction to treat many diseases. Therefore, it is vital to screen the medicinal plants to find the potential of new compounds to treat chronic diseases such as respiratory, cardiovascular, anticancer, hepatoprotective, etc. This work comprehensively reviews ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical evidence, and the toxicology of licorice, which will serve as a resource for future clinical and fundamental studies. An attempt has been made to establish the pharmacological effect of licorice in different diseases. In addition, the focus of this review article is on the molecular mechanism of licorice extracts and their four flavonoids (isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, lichalocone, and glabridin) pharmacologic activities. Licorice could be a natural alternative for current therapy to exterminate new emerging disorders with mild side effects. This review will provide systematic insights into this ancient drug for further development and clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sivakumar Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shahabe Saquib Abullais
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gotam Das
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Safaa, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Geetha Kandasamy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rajalakshimi Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md Sajid Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohd Amir
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicines, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abraham J, Florentine S. Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra) Extracts-Suitable Pharmacological Interventions for COVID-19? A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2600. [PMID: 34961070 PMCID: PMC8708549 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Even though vaccination has started against COVID-19, people should continue maintaining personal and social caution as it takes months or years to get everyone vaccinated, and we are not sure how long the vaccine remains efficacious. In order to contribute to the mitigation of COVID-19 symptoms, the pharmaceutical industry aims to develop antiviral drugs to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication and produce anti-inflammatory medications that will inhibit the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is the primary cause of mortality among the COVID-19 patients. In reference to these tasks, this article considers the properties of a medicinal plant named licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), whose phytochemicals have shown both antiviral and anti-inflammatory tendencies through previous studies. All the literature was selected through extensive search in various databases such as google scholar, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed. In addition to the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, one of the licorice components has an autophagy-enhancing mechanism that studies have suggested to be necessary for COVID-19 treatment. Based on reviewing relevant professional and historical literature regarding the medicinal properties of licorice, it is suggested that it may be worthwhile to conduct in vitro and in vivo studies, including clinical trials with glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetinic acids together with other flavonoids found in licorice, as there is the potentiality to provide natural interventions against COVID-19 symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joji Abraham
- School of Engineering, Information Technology, and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia
| | - Singarayer Florentine
- Centre for Environmental Management, School of Science, Psychology, and Sport, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alanazi IS, Emam M, Elsabagh M, Alkahtani S, Abdel-Daim MM. The protective effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid against acrylamide-induced cellular damage in diabetic rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:58322-58330. [PMID: 34117542 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at elucidating the protective effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18βGA) against acrylamide (Acr)-induced cellular damage in diabetic rats. Rats were randomly assigned into eight groups (n = 8) following 12 h of fasting: control group, a single dose of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally (diabetic group), 50 mg/kg 18βGA orally after 2 weeks from STZ injection (18βGA group), 20 mg/kg Acr after 1month from STZ injection (Acr group), STZ plus Acr (STZ-Acr group), STZ plus 18βGA (STZ-18βGA group), Acr plus 18βGA (Acr-18βGA group), or STZ plus Acr plus 18βGA (STZ-Acr-18βGA group). Administration of 18βGA alone increased GSH, GSH-PX, SOD, and CAT in both liver and kidneys. While STZ injection was associated with diabetic and oxidative stress changes as indicated by the higher serum glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and antioxidant enzyme activities, together with increased lipid peroxides and decreased antioxidant biomarkers in the liver and kidneys. Similarly, the co-administration of STZ and Acr was associated with similar, more augmented effects, compared to STZ alone. The administration of 18βGA normalized STZ and Acr-induced elevations in oxidative defense variables in the liver and kidney tissues and blood biomarkers. Thus, our study demonstrated that the damaging effects of Acr were more exaggerated in diabetic rats. Furthermore, it showed the ability of 18βGA to inhibit reactive oxygen species generation and restore the antioxidant defenses in diabetic rats with Acr-induced liver and kidney cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibtesam S Alanazi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Emam
- Department of Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El Beheira, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mabrouk Elsabagh
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Khan SN, Shaheen F, Aleem U, Sheikh S, Tamfu AN, Ashraf S, Ul-Haq Z, Ullah S, Wahab AT, Choudhary MI, Jahan H. Peptide conjugates of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid as potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase and AGEs-induced oxidation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106045. [PMID: 34666184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) is known for several biological activities, and has been the focus of extensive research for the development of therapeutic agents. In the current study, 18β-GA-peptide conjugates 2-11 were evaluated for their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory and antiglycation activities. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) established and molecular interactions of active bioconjugates with the enzyme's binding sites were predicted through molecular modeling approach. In tripeptide moiety of conjugates 2-11, peptide residue at position 1 was found to have a significant role on α-glucosidase inhibition. The most active 18β-GA-peptide conjugates 5 (18β-GA-Cys1-Tyr2-Gly3), and 8 (18β-GA-Pro1-Tyr2-Gly3) exhibited several-fold potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 values 20-28 μM), as compared to standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 875.8 ± 2.10 µM). Kinetic studies of potent compounds, 4-8 revealed that conjugate 5 exhibits competitive-type of inhibition, while conjugates 6-8 showed a non-competitive type of inhibition. The simulation studies also supported the kinetic results that conjugate 5 (18β-GA-Cys1-Tyr2-Gly3) inhibits the α-glucosidase enzyme by blocking its substrate binding site. AGEs-induced NO• inhibitors play an important role in controlling the inflammation associated with diabetes mellitus. The peptide conjugates 2-11 were also evaluated in vitro for AGEs-induced NO• inhibition using RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Our data revealed that conjugates 7-10 were the more potent AGEs-induced NO• inhibitors, comparable to standards rutin, and PDTC. The peptide conjugate 5 (a competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase) also exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against AGEs-induced NO• production. Furthermore, peptide conjugates 2-11 were found non-cytotoxic to mouse fibroblast NIH-3T3, and murine macrophages RAW 264.7 cell lines. In conclusion, our data demonstrates that besides possessing strong α-glucosidase inhibition, the newly synthesized peptide conjugates also alleviated the AGEs-induced NO• production in RAW macrophages. Dual inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme, and AGEs-induced NO• production by 18β-GA-peptide conjugates qualify them for further research in anti-diabetic drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadiq Noor Khan
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Shaheen
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Umair Aleem
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sumbla Sheikh
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-str. 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Ngenge Tamfu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries, University of Ngaoundere, 454 Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Sajda Ashraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ullah
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atia-Tul- Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21412, Saudi Arabia
| | - Humera Jahan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen B, Zhu D, Xie C, Shi Y, Ni L, Zhang H, Li S, Lu J, Xiao J, Xia W, Huang C, Wang X. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory response in mouse chondrocytes and prevents osteoarthritic progression by activating Nrf2. Food Funct 2021; 12:8399-8410. [PMID: 34369548 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01379c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is presently the most prevalent form of chronic degenerative joint disease, which is characterized by erosion of articular cartilage, subchondral bone sclerosis and synovitis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA), a major bioactive component derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra, exerts anti-inflammatory effects on several diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of 18β-GA on OA remain undetermined. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of 18β-GA on chondrocytes and the therapeutic effects on destabilization of the medial meniscus destabilization (DMM) mouse models of OA. For the in vivo study, we randomly divided the mice into three groups: vehicle control (n = 15), sham (n = 15) and 18β-GA (n = 15) groups, and treated them with similar doses (50 mg kg-1 day-1) of 18β-GA or saline. Cartilage tissues were harvested from the mice for histological analyses eight weeks after operation. For the in vitro studies, mouse chondrocytes were administered with 10 ng mL-1 interleukin-1β (IL-1β) after being treated with 18β-GA at various concentrations. In vitro assays revealed that treatment with 18β-GA considerably suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which were induced by IL-1β. Furthermore, 18β-GA decreased the expression of matrix-degrading proteases, including matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS-5), in a concentration-dependent manner, which mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. 18β-GA reversed aggrecan and type II collagen degradation. Furthermore, we observed that 18β-GA significantly suppressed IL-1β-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation by activating the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway in vitro and in vivo. Experiments demonstrated that 18β-GA might alleviate the progression of OA in the DMM mouse model in vivo. The findings demonstrate that 18β-GA reduces inflammation induced by IL-1β in chondrocytes. Therefore, 18β-GA could be a potential therapeutic agent for OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boda Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dingchao Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenglong Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Libin Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sunlong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chongan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yan T, Yan N, Wang H, Yagai T, Luo Y, Takahashi S, Zhao M, Krausz KW, Wang G, Hao H, Gonzalez FJ. FXR-Deoxycholic Acid-TNF-α Axis Modulates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2021; 181:273-284. [PMID: 33662127 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The idiosyncratic characteristics and severity of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose-induced hepatotoxicity render identifying the predisposing factors and mechanisms of APAP-induced liver toxicity necessary and urgent. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) controls bile acid homeostasis and modulates the progression of various liver diseases. Although global FXR deficiency in mice enhances APAP intoxication, the mechanism remains elusive. In this study, an increased sensitivity to APAP-induced toxicity was found in global Fxr-null (Fxr-/-) mice, but was not observed in hepatocyte-specific or macrophage-specific Fxr-null mice, suggesting that global FXR deficiency enhances APAP hepatotoxicity via disruption of systematic bile acid homeostasis. Indeed, more bile acid accumulation was found in global Fxr-/- mice, while 2% cholestyramine diet feeding decreased serum bile acids and alleviated APAP hepatotoxicity in global Fxr-/- mice, suggesting that bile acid accumulation contributes to APAP toxicity. Bile acids were suspected to induce macrophage to release tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which is known to enhance the APAP hepatotoxicity. In vitro, deoxycholic acid (DCA), a secondary bile acid metabolite, significantly induced Tnfa mRNA and dose-dependently enhanced TNF-α release from macrophage, while the same dose of DCA did not directly potentiate APAP toxicity in cultured primary hepatocytes. In vivo, DCA enhanced TNF-α release and potentiated APAP toxicity, both of which were abolished by the specific TNF-α antagonist infliximab. These results reveal an FXR-DCA-TNF-α axis that potentiates APAP hepatotoxicity, which could guide the clinical safe use of APAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China
| | - Nana Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Tomoki Yagai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China.,Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuhong Luo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Glycyrrhizin Attenuates Portal Hypertension and Collateral Shunting via Inhibition of Extrahepatic Angiogenesis in Cirrhotic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147662. [PMID: 34299285 PMCID: PMC8304322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension develops along with liver cirrhosis then induces the formation of portal-systemic collaterals and lethal complications. Extrahepatic angiogenesis plays an important role. Glycyrrhizin has been found to exhibit anti-angiogenic features, which leads to its extensive use. However, the relevant effects of glycyrrhizin on liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension have not been evaluated. This study thus aimed to investigate the impact of glycyrrhizin on portal hypertension-related derangements in cirrhotic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received bile duct ligation (BDL) to induce cirrhosis or sham operation as control. The rats were subdivided to receive glycyrrhizin (150 mg/kg/day, oral gavage) or vehicle beginning on the 15th day post operation, when BDL-induced liver fibrosis developed. The effects of glycyrrhizin were determined on the 28th day, the typical timing of BDL-induced cirrhosis. Glycyrrhizin significantly reduced portal pressure (p = 0.004). The splanchnic inflow as measured by superior mesenteric arterial flow decreased by 22% (p = 0.029). The portal-systemic collateral shunting degree reduced by 30% (p = 0.024). The mesenteric angiogenesis and phospho-VEGFR2 protein expression were also downregulated (p = 0.038 and 0.031, respectively). Glycyrrhizin did not significantly influence the liver biochemistry data. Although glycyrrhizin tended to reverse liver fibrosis, statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.069). Consistently, hepatic inflow from portal side, hepatic vascular resistance, and liver fibrosis-related protein expressions were not affected. Glycyrrhizin treatment at the stage of hepatic fibrosis still effectively attenuated portal hypertension and portosystemic collateral shunting. These beneficial effects were attributed to, at least in part, the suppression of mesenteric angiogenesis by VEGF signaling pathway downregulation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Emara NA, Mahmoud MF, El Fayoumi HM, Mahmoud AAA. The renoprotective effect of glycyrrhizic acid in insulin-resistant rats exposed to aluminum involves the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 394:863-872. [PMID: 33165681 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-02012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum is well recognized as a nephrotoxic agent. Its hazardous effects arise from the high risk of daily exposure. The consumption of fructose also represents a critical health issue that might negatively impact different organs, including the kidneys. To pursue our previous work, this study aimed to investigate the potential renoprotective effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GLYA) on aluminum-induced nephrotoxicity in insulin-resistant rats. Insulin resistance (IR) was induced by adding fructose (10%) in drinking water for 18 weeks. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control (CTRL), aluminum chloride (ALM, 34 mg/kg/day), fructose (FRCT), aluminum plus fructose (AL/FR), and GLYA (rats received AL/FR and treated with 40 mg/kg GLYA daily). AL/FR resulted in abnormal renal function tests and renal tissue injury. This was associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the renal tissue. Moreover, the expressions of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its adaptor proteins were increased in AL/FR group. The administration of GLYA mollified AL/FR-induced renal injury, oxidative stress, activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, and inflammation. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the promising renoprotective effect of GLYA against AL/FR-induced kidney damage in rats. The renoprotection is attributed to the suppression of oxidative stress and inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the kidneys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noha A Emara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Hassan M El Fayoumi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Amr A A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy Program, Oman College of Health Sciences, 114, Muscat, Oman.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Glycyrrhetinic Acid-Induced MiR-663a Alleviates Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation by Attenuating the TGF- β/Smad Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3156267. [PMID: 32454854 PMCID: PMC7240796 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3156267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a hydrolysate of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice root extract, has been used to treat liver fibrotic diseases. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the antifibrotic effects of GA remains unclear. The involvement of miR-663a and its roles in TGF-β-1-induced hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the roles of miR-663a in the activation of HSCs and the antifibrosis mechanism of GA. MiR-663a expression was downregulated in TGF-β-treated HSCs. The overexpression of miR-663a inhibited HSC proliferation. TGF-β-1was confirmed as a direct target gene of miR-663a. MiR-663a alleviated HSC activation, concomitant with decreased expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), human α2 (I) collagen (COL1A2), TGF-β1, TGF-βRI, Smad4, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3. GA upregulated miR-663a expression and inhibited the TGF-β/Smad pathway in HSCs. Further studies showed that miR-663a inhibitor treatment reversed GA-mediated downregulation of TGF-β1, TGF-βRI, Smad4, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, α-SMA, and CoL1A2 in TGF-β1-treated HSCs. These results show that miR-663a suppresses HSC proliferation and activation and the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, highlighting that miR-663a can be utilized as a therapeutic target for hepatic fibrosis. GA inhibits, at least in part, HSC proliferation and activation via targeting the miR-663a/TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang M, Zhang M, Liu Q, Xu T, Huang T, Yao D, Wong CW, Liu J, Guan M. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid acts through hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha to modulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104840. [PMID: 32353589 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) regulates the expression of essential genes involved in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) homeostasis and gluconeogenesis. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is an active ingredient of Glycyrrhiza uralensis an herbal medicine used for treating liver aliments. In this study, we established that GA functions as a partial antagonist of HNF4α through HNF4α-driven reporter luciferase assay and co-immunoprecipitation experiments with co-activator PGC1α. By virtual docking and site-directed mutagenesis analysis, we confirmed that serine 190 and arginine 235 of HNF4α are both essential for GA to exert its antagonistic action on HNF4α. Importantly, GA suppressed the expression of HNF4α target genes such as apolipoprotein B (ApoB), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and phospholipase A2 G12B (PLA2G12B) modulating hepatic VLDL secretion in mice fed on a high fat diet. In addition, GA also suppressed gluconeogenesis and ameliorated glucose intolerance via down-regulating the expression of HNF4α target genes glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pc) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pepck). Furthermore, GA significantly lowered blood glucose and improved insulin resistance in db/db mice. In all, we established that GA acts as a partial HNF4α antagonist modulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minyi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingli Liu
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Tongling Huang
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongsheng Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi-Wai Wong
- NeuMed Pharmaceuticals Limited, Yuen Long, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Min Guan
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang Q, Mohammed EAH, Wang Y, Bai Z, Zhao Q, He D, Wang Z. Synthesis and anti-hepaticfibrosis of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives with inhibiting COX-2. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103804. [PMID: 32272365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many tests have shown cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was closely related to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which further promoting the onset and development of hepatic fibrosis. According to these research findings, a series of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized. Meanwhile, their anti-hepaticfibrotic activities were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, in the tests of the cell models, all the compounds displayed anti-proliferative effect on the HSC-T6 activated by (transforming growth factor beta) TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL). Among them, compounds 2 and 16 exhibited a stronger activity than the others, and their IC50 values were 17.6 µM and 30.3 µM, respectively; both of them were low toxicity to normal HSC-T6 cells and WI38 cells, and they inhibited the activated HSC-T6 cells proliferation by promoting apoptosis and resting them at the G0/G1 phase. Secondly, compounds 2 and 16 displayed strong inhibitory effect on activation of HSCs; they not only inhibited the expression of α-SMA and Col1 in the activated HSC-T6 cells, but also decreased the levels of COX-2, TGF-β1 and (reactive oxygen species) ROS in a concentration-dependent manner; they down-regulated the levels of three biomarkers in the process of test, but this decrease did not change linearly with the action time of compound. Thirdly, for the rats which induced with (carbontetrachloride) CCl4, the symptoms of liver fibrosis in rats were significantly alleviated after successive administration the tested compound for 14d; the α-SMA level in liver tissue decreased in a concentration dependent manner; and the liver cell necrosis and the fat collagen fiber decreased significantly compared with the positive control group; furthermore, inflammatory infiltration was significantly lower than that of the control. This suggests the compounds possibly are candidates for hepatic fibrosis with promising application in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | | | - Yanni Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongjie Bai
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Dian He
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ma X, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Wang J, Wang R, Wang L, Wei S, Wen J, Li H, Zhao Y. Natural products for the prevention and treatment of cholestasis: A review. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1291-1309. [PMID: 32026542 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a common manifestation of decreased bile flow in various liver diseases. It results in fibrosis and even cirrhosis without proper treatment. It is believed that a wide range of factors, including transporter dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, and immune disruption, can cause cholestasis. In recent years, natural products have drawn much attention for specific multiple-target activities in diseases. Many attempts have been made to investigate the anticholestatic effects of natural products with advanced technology. This review summarizes recent studies on the biological activities and mechanisms of recognized compounds for cholestasis treatment. Natural products, including various flavonoids, phenols, acids, quinones, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, and so on, function as comprehensive regulators via ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, restoring bile acid balance with hepatic transporters, and adjusting immune disruption. Moreover, in this progress, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, reactive oxygen species production, heme oxygenase-1, NF-κB, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, and farnesoid X receptors are thought as main targets for the activity of natural products. Therefore, this review presents the detailed mechanisms that include multiple targets and diverse signalling pathways. Natural products are the valuable when seeking novel therapeutic agents to treat cholestatic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiabo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lifu Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxia Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zakaria S, Hasan RA, Mahmoud MF, El Fayoumi HM, Mahmoud AAA. The concurrent exposure to aluminium and fructose induces liver injury in rats: Protection by monoammonium glycyrrhizinate. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:809-820. [PMID: 31944346 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium is a ubiquitous element that occurs naturally in the soil making human exposure to it unavoidable. It is implicated in the aetiology of different neurodegenerative diseases and can induce liver injury. In addition, insulin resistance (IR) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis and the progression of liver disorders. The increased consumption of fructose contained in soft drinks and western pattern diet results in IR that along with the wide distribution of aluminium make the concurrent exposure conceivable and increase the risk of liver injury. Therefore, the present study explores the hepatotoxic effects of aluminium and fructose administered concurrently and evaluates the possible protection by monoammonium glycyrrhizinate (MAG). Liver injury was induced by the administration of aluminium chloride (34 mg/kg/d) plus 10% (w/v) fructose in drinking water. Male rats were treated with either MAG (40 mg/kg/d) or silymarin (SIL, 100 mg/kg/d). The concurrent administration of aluminium and fructose (FRUAL) induced liver injury manifested as a significant elevation of serum liver enzymes activities, bilirubin level, and prothrombin time, as well as reduction of albumin level. On the other hand, the administration of MAG improved the FRUAL-induced aberrations of liver function tests and hepatic cytoarchitecture. We assume that the MAG-induced suppression of oxidative stress, toll-like receptor 4 pathway activation, inflammation, and apoptosis might play a crucial role in the hepatoprotective effect of MAG in this model. Intriguingly, the hepatoprotective effect MAG against FRUAL-induced liver injury surpasses that of the gold standard SIL, suggesting MAG as a better alternative to SIL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zakaria
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Hasan
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hassan M El Fayoumi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amr A A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Licorice Extracts Attenuate Nephrotoxicity Induced by Brucine Through Suppression of Mitochondria Apoptotic Pathway and STAT3 Activation. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:890-898. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
26
|
Ameliorative effect of Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate on hepatic encephalopathy by Epirubicin. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105774. [PMID: 31351363 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate (MI) on Epirubicin (EPI)-induced hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and explore its underlying mechanism. METHODS Mice were divided randomly into groups for treatments as follows: control group, EPI group (Model group), EPI + MI (25, 50 mg/kg) group. Morris water maze test were conducted to evaluate the spatial learning and memory ability. The serum and hippocampus levels of oxidative stress or inflammation were uncovered with the detection of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). RESULTS As a result, treatment with MI effectively ameliorated the EPI-induced decline in the ability of spatial learning and memory. MI also significantly relieved the severity of oxidative stress or inflammation in serum and hippocampus, which was accompanied with regulating liver functional parameters. Western blot data demonstrated that administration of MI could regulate the redox-related expressions of Txnip, Trx, Nrf2, HO-1, p-IκB-α, p-NF-κB, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax and Bcl-2 in EPI-stimulated hepatic encephalopathy (HE). And the potency of MI treatments on Nrf2, NF-κB expression was also confirmed with immunohistochemical analysis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the protective effect of Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate on EPI-induced hepatic encephalopathy might be mediated via the Txnip/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
27
|
Natural products in licorice for the therapy of liver diseases: Progress and future opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:210-226. [PMID: 31022523 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases related complications represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a substantial economic burden. Oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and dysregulated energy metabolism significantly contributed to liver diseases. Therefore, discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases are urgently required. Licorice is one of the most commonly used herbal drugs in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of liver diseases and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Various bioactive components have been isolated and identified from the licorice, including glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin, Isoliquiritigenin, licochalcone A, and glycycoumarin. Emerging evidence suggested that these natural products relieved liver diseases and prevented DILI through multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms, including anti-steatosis, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, anti-fibrosis, anti-cancer, and drug-drug interactions. In the current review, we summarized the recent progress in the research of hepatoprotective and toxic effects of different licorice-derived bioactive ingredients and also highlighted the potency of these compounds as promising therapeutic options for the treatment of liver diseases and DILI. We also outlined the networks of underlying molecular signaling pathways. Further pharmacology and toxicology research will contribute to the development of natural products in licorice and their derivatives as medicines with alluring prospect in the clinical application.
Collapse
|
28
|
Fouladi S, Masjedi M, Ghasemi R, G Hakemi M, Eskandari N. The In Vitro Impact of Glycyrrhizic Acid on CD4+ T Lymphocytes through OX40 Receptor in the Patients with Allergic Rhinitis. Inflammation 2019; 41:1690-1701. [PMID: 30003405 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), the major bioactive component of glycyrrhiza, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and immunomodulatory activities. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-allergic effect of GA through the OX40 receptor in patients with allergic rhinitis. Purified naive CD4+ T cells of patients with allergic rhinitis (n = 12) were activated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 with and without anti-OX40 agonist mAbs and then treated with 50, 100, and 200 μM GA and 0.1 μM dexamethasone. Cells were incubated (72 h) to measure cell proliferation. Expression of OX40 in anti-OX40 mAb stimulated CD4+ T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. mRNA expression of the OX40 receptor and T-bet, GATA-3, and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) transcriptional factors were measured by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were also measured. GA inhibited significantly the augmented T cell proliferation induced with anti-OX40 mAb. Protein and gene expression of OX40 was also decreased significantly. Dexamethasone and GA inhibited T-bet and GATA-3 genes expression, but this inhibition was only significant for GATA-3. In contrast, enhanced gene expression of FoxP3 was seen using 200 μM GA and dexamethasone. The levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ decreased after treatment with both dexamethasone and GA, but the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 (Th1/Th2 balance) increased significantly due to 200 μM GA treatment. This study suggests that GA may have a therapeutic effect on allergic rhinitis, partly by modulation of the Th1/Th2 balance through suppression of OX40 and increasing the activity of regulatory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saloomeh Fouladi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Masjedi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ramin Ghasemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mazdak G Hakemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. .,Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid protects against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestasis through activation of the Sirt1/FXR signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1865-1873. [PMID: 30061734 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a common feature of liver injury, which manifests as bile acid excretion and/or enterohepatic circulation disorders. However, very few effective therapies exist for cholestasis. Recently, 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18b-GA), a major metabolic component of glycyrrhizin, which is the main ingredient of licorice, was reported to protect against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis. However, its protective mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that 18b-GA may stimulate the signaling pathway of bile acid (BA) transportation in hepatocytes, resulting its hepatoprotective effect. According to the results, 18b-GA markedly attenuated ANIT-induced liver injury as indicated the hepatic plasma chemistry index and histopathology examination. In addition, the expression levels of nuclear factors, including Sirt1, FXR and Nrf2, and their target efflux transporters in the liver, which mainly mediate bile acid homeostasis in hepatocytes, significantly increased. Furthermore, we first revealed that 18b-GA treatment significantly activated FXR, and which can be significantly reduced by EX-527 (a potent and selective Sirt1 inhibitor), indicating that 18b-GA activates FXR through Sirt1. Taken together, 18b-GA confers hepatoprotection against ANIT-induced cholestasis by activating FXR through Sirt1, which promotes gene expression of the efflux transporter, and consequently attenuates dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis in hepatocyte compartments.
Collapse
|
30
|
The Effects of the Honey-Roasting Process on the Pharmacokinetics of the Six Active Compounds of Licorice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5731276. [PMID: 30034498 PMCID: PMC6033295 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5731276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A convenient UPLC-MS/MS method was established to determine the contents of six bioactive compounds, namely, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, and glycyrrhetinic acid, in rat plasma and their pharmacokinetics. By comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters of these compounds in rats by orally administering raw and honey-roasting licorice, the Cmax of isoliquiritin showed a significant decrease, while the AUC0-24h showed no significant differences. The Cmax and AUC0-24h of isoliquiritigenin were increased by 49.3% and 42.7% over those of the raw licorice group, respectively. These results indicate that the absorption of isoliquiritin in rats was reduced while the absorption of isoliquiritigenin was promoted in the honey-roasting process. These results may provide one explanation as to why licorice is more able to relieve cough, while honey-roasting licorice is better at invigorating qi and restoring pulse. Furthermore, the Cmax of glycyrrhetinic acid was increased, suggesting that it may enhance the tonic effect of licorice. Additionally, the amount of honey added in the honey-roasting process influenced the pharmacokinetic parameters of the six compounds whose absorption decreased when the 50% honey-roasting licorice water decoction was administered. These results provide an experimental basis for studying the influence of licorice processing on bioactive compound pharmacokinetics.
Collapse
|
31
|
Yan T, Wang H, Cao L, Wang Q, Takahashi S, Yagai T, Li G, Krausz KW, Wang G, Gonzalez FJ, Hao H. Glycyrrhizin Alleviates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis via Modulating Bile Acids and Meta-Inflammation. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1310-1319. [PMID: 29959134 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the progressive stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease that may ultimately lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer, and there are few therapeutic options for its treatment. Glycyrrhizin (GL), extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine liquorice, has potent hepatoprotective effects in both preclinical animal models and in humans. However, little is currently known about its effects and mechanisms in treating NASH. To explore the effects of GL on NASH, GL or its active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) was administered to mice treated with a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH model, and histologic and biochemical analyses were used to measure the degree of lipid disruption, liver inflammation, and fibrosis. GL significantly improved MCD diet-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis and inhibited activation of the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. GL significantly attenuated serum bile acid accumulation in MCD diet-fed mice partially by restoring inflammation-mediated hepatic farnesoid X receptor inhibition. In Raw 264.7 macrophage cells, both GL and GA inhibited deoxycholic acid-induced NLRP3 inflammasome-associated inflammation. Notably, both intraperitoneal injection of GL's active metabolite GA and oral administration of GL prevented NASH in mice, indicating that GL may attenuate NASH via its active metabolite GA. These results reveal that GL, via restoration of bile acid homeostasis and inhibition of inflammatory injury, can be a therapeutic option for treatment of NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Ti. Y., H.W., L.C., G.W., H.H.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti. Y., Q.W., S.T., To.Y., G.L., K.W.K., F.J.G.)
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Ti. Y., H.W., L.C., G.W., H.H.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti. Y., Q.W., S.T., To.Y., G.L., K.W.K., F.J.G.)
| | - Lijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Ti. Y., H.W., L.C., G.W., H.H.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti. Y., Q.W., S.T., To.Y., G.L., K.W.K., F.J.G.)
| | - Qiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Ti. Y., H.W., L.C., G.W., H.H.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti. Y., Q.W., S.T., To.Y., G.L., K.W.K., F.J.G.)
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Ti. Y., H.W., L.C., G.W., H.H.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti. Y., Q.W., S.T., To.Y., G.L., K.W.K., F.J.G.)
| | - Tomoki Yagai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Ti. Y., H.W., L.C., G.W., H.H.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti. Y., Q.W., S.T., To.Y., G.L., K.W.K., F.J.G.)
| | - Guolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Ti. Y., H.W., L.C., G.W., H.H.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti. Y., Q.W., S.T., To.Y., G.L., K.W.K., F.J.G.)
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Ti. Y., H.W., L.C., G.W., H.H.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti. Y., Q.W., S.T., To.Y., G.L., K.W.K., F.J.G.)
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Ti. Y., H.W., L.C., G.W., H.H.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti. Y., Q.W., S.T., To.Y., G.L., K.W.K., F.J.G.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Ti. Y., H.W., L.C., G.W., H.H.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti. Y., Q.W., S.T., To.Y., G.L., K.W.K., F.J.G.)
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Ti. Y., H.W., L.C., G.W., H.H.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti. Y., Q.W., S.T., To.Y., G.L., K.W.K., F.J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Inhibitory Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Its Major Constituent Glycyrrhizin on Inflammation-Associated Corneal Neovascularization. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8438101. [PMID: 29849730 PMCID: PMC5937553 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8438101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Leguminosae) is widely used in folk medicines. Glycyrrhizin, an active compound of G. glabra, possesses anti-inflammatory activity. This study investigates the G. glabra methanol extract and glycyrrhizin for the treatment of corneal neovascularization (CNV). G. glabra was extracted in 70% aqueous methanol. Phytochemical tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for the analysis of chemical composition. The topical solution of G. glabra methanol extract (2% w/v) and glycyrrhizin (1% w/v) was prepared in normal saline. After corneal burn (1 N NaOH), animals were left untreated for a week so that neovascularization appears in all groups. Treatments started on day 7 and continued for next 21 consecutive days. The animals were treated with 3 drops of various topical solutions thrice a day. Digital photograph analysis and histological studies were used for the evaluation of CNV. Phytochemical analysis of the G. glabra methanol extract showed the presence of saponins, phenols, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and proteins. TLC and HPLC confirmed the presence of glycyrrhizin. Photograph analysis of the extract and glycyrrhizin treated group showed a considerable decrease in CNV. Histological study of G. glabra and glycyrrhizin treated groups showed no blood vessels with properly arranged collagen fibers. This study showed that G. glabra and glycyrrhizin can be used for the treatment of CNV. Bioassay guided isolation can lead to preparation of ophthalmic solutions for the treatment of CNV.
Collapse
|
33
|
Hwang ES, Ok JS, Song S. Chemical and Physical Approaches to Extend the Replicative and Differentiation Potential of Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:315-26. [PMID: 27085715 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are increasing in regenerative medicine, with applications to a growing number of aging-associated dysfunctions and degenerations. For successful therapies, a certain mass of cells is needed, requiring extensive ex vivo expansion of the cells. However, the proliferation of both MSCs and EPCs is limited as a result of telomere shortening-induced senescence. As cells approach senescence, their proliferation slows down and differentiation potential decreases. Therefore, ways to delay senescence and extend the replicative lifespan these cells are needed. Certain proteins and pathways play key roles in determining the replicative lifespan by regulating ROS generation, damage accumulation, or telomere shortening. And, their agonists and gene activators exert positive effects on lifespan. In many of the treatments, importantly, the lifespan is extended with the retention of differentiation potential. Furthermore, certain culture conditions, including the use of specific atmospheric conditions and culture substrates, exert positive effects on not only the proliferation rate, but also the extent of proliferation and differentiation potential as well as lineage determination. These strategies and known underlying mechanisms are introduced in this review, with an evaluation of their pros and cons in order to facilitate safe and effective MSC expansion ex vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Soo Ok
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonBeom Song
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Han S, Sun L, He F, Che H. Anti-allergic activity of glycyrrhizic acid on IgE-mediated allergic reaction by regulation of allergy-related immune cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7222. [PMID: 28775294 PMCID: PMC5543155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), the major bioactive triterpene glycoside of glycyrrhiza, has been shown to possess a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. However, few studies have examined the anti-allergic activity and exact mechanism of action of GA. In the present work, the anti-allergic activity and possible mechanisms of action of GA on an immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated allergic reaction has been studied using three models of allergic reaction in vivo and in vitro. Active systemic allergic reaction in Balb/c mice showed that GA can suppress the increased level of IL-4 to restore the immune balance of TH1/TH2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, GA attenuated significantly the B cells producing allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 partly because of the low levels of TH2 cytokines. Both passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in vivo and an RBL-2H3 cell-based immunological assay in vitro indicated that GA acted as a "mast cell stabilizer", as it inhibited mast cell degranulation and decreased vascular permeability by inhibiting the expression of Orai1, STIM1 and TRPC1, which blocked extracellular Ca2+ influxes. The current study suggests that GA may serve as an effective anti-allergic agent derived from food for the prevention and treatment of IgE-mediated allergic reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Lu Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Feng He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Huilian Che
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The selective effect of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid on topoisomerase IIα and apoptosis in combination with etoposide on triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 809:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
36
|
Yang G, Zhang L, Ma L, Jiang R, Kuang G, Li K, Tie H, Wang B, Chen X, Xie T, Gong X, Wan J. Glycyrrhetinic acid prevents acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury via the inhibition of CYP2E1 expression and HMGB1-TLR4 signal activation in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:186-193. [PMID: 28668488 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic drug, which is safe and effective at the therapeutic dose. Unfortunately, excessive dosage of APAP could cause severe liver injury due to lack of effective therapy. Successful therapeutic strategies are urgently requested in clinic. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), derived from a traditional medicine licorice, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. In this study, the effect and the underlying mechanism of GA on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity were explored. Our results showed that pretreatment with GA significantly reduced serum ALT and AST activities, alleviated hepatic pathological damages with hepatocellular apoptosis, down-regulated expression of CYP2E1 mRNA and protein, increased GSH levels, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) productions in the liver of APAP-exposed mice. Furthermore, GA obviously inhibited APAP-induced HMGB1-TLR4 signal activation, as evaluated by reduced hepatic HMGB1 release, p-IRAK1, p-MAPK and p-IκB expression as well as the productions of TNF-α and IL-1β. In addition, GA attenuated hepatic neutrophils recruitment and macrophages infiltration caused by APAP. These findings reflected that GA could alleviate APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, the possible mechanism is associated with down-regulation of CYP2E1 expression and deactivation of HMGB1-TLR4 signal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genling Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Ge Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Hongtao Tie
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Tianjun Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Xia Gong
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jingyuan Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kim SH, Hong JH, Lee JE, Lee YC. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid, the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhizae Radix, attenuates airway inflammation by modulating Th2 cytokines, GATA-3, STAT6, and Foxp3 transcription factors in an asthmatic mouse model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:99-113. [PMID: 28410469 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18Gly), the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhizae Radix, possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory, and other pharmacological properties. Although 18Gly is associated with immunoregulatory functions of allergic diseases, the pathophysiological mechanisms of 18Gly action in allergic inflammatory lung disease have not been examined. Moreover, there are no in vivo studies on the anti-asthmatic effects of 18Gly in allergic asthma. We investigated its effect and mechanism of action in airway inflammation in a BALB/c mouse model of allergic asthma. Interestingly, 18Gly strongly suppressed airway hyperresponsiveness, accumulation of inflammatory cells, and levels of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines (interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). It also attenuated lung IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4 expression, but it upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) mRNA expression in lungs. Moreover, it exerted immunomodulatory effects by suppressing Th2 cytokines (IL-5, IL-13) production through upregulation of forkhead box p3 (Foxp3), and downregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT6), GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA-3), and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ t (RORγt) expression. These results suggest that the anti-asthmatic activity of 18Gly may occur by the suppression of IL-5, IL-13, and OVA-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) production through inhibition of the RORγt, STAT6, GATA-3 pathways and upregulation of the Foxp3 transcription pathway. Also, 18Gly treatment was protective against the oxidative stress by inducing significant decrease of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in MH-S alveolar macrophage cells. Our results suggest that 18Gly can improve allergic asthma and can be a novel therapeutic component for the treatment of allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyung Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine & Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Hong
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Institute of Traditional Medicine & Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Cheol Lee
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Protective Effect of 18 β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid against Triptolide-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3470320. [PMID: 28572827 PMCID: PMC5440796 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3470320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the major active component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF) and possesses multiple pharmacological effects. However, hepatotoxicity of TP which is one of the toxic properties slows its progression in clinical application. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is the main bioactive ingredient of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), a herbal medicine famous for its detoxification. This study aims to investigate whether GA possesses protective effect against TP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. TP interference markedly elevated serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP, caused evident liver histopathological changes, and elevated hepatic TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ as well as nuclear translocation of NF-κB. TP also significantly elevated liver MDA and declined hepatic activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px. Assay of TUNEL and apoptosis proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and active caspase-3) showed that TP induced severe hepatocellular apoptosis. In contrast, low-dose GA (50 mg/kg) significantly reversed TP-induced changes above. However, high-dose GA (100 mg/kg) had no such effect. Overall, these findings indicated that low-dose GA but not high-dose GA exhibited a protective effect against TP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats by anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and antiapoptosis, which suggests that the doses of GA/Licorice should be carefully considered when used together with TWHF or TWHF preparations.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cao L, Ding W, Jia R, Du J, Wang T, Zhang C, Gu Z, Yin G. Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on CCl 4-induced damage in precision-cut liver slices from Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. jian) through inhibition of the nf-kƁ pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:234-242. [PMID: 28288912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced damage in precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) from Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio. Jian), an acute liver damage model was established in this study. The viability of PCLS, levels of anti-oxidases in liver homogenates, expression of inflammation-related genes including nuclear factor-κB (nf-κB)/c-rel, inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), interleukin-1β (il-1β), interleukin-6 (il-6) and interleukin-8 (il-8), and protein levels of (nf-κB)/c-rel in liver tissues were measured. The results showed that pretreatment of PCLS with GA at 5 and 10 μg/mL for 6 h significantly inhibited the cytotoxicity of CCl4. GA attenuated CCl4-induced oxidative stress in PCLS through promoting the recovery of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels, and inhibiting malondialdehyde (MDA) synthesis. In inflammatory response, GA at both 5 and 10 μg/mL significantly inhibited the increase in mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines including nf-kƁ/c-rel, inos, il-1β, il-6 and il-8, and the protein level of Nf-kƁ/C-rel induced by CCl4. Furthermore, treatment with pyrrolyl dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 4 μg/mL), an inhibitor of nuclear transcription factor nf-kB, significantly inhibited nf-kB levels, and transcription of downstream cytokines inos, il-1β, il-6 and il-8, also the viability of PCLS was significantly increased. These results indicated that GA suppressed inflammation and reduced cytotoxicity by inhibiting the nf-kƁ signaling pathway, and plays a role in liver protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Cao
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Weidong Ding
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Rui Jia
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jingliang Du
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Tao Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Zhengyan Gu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Guojun Yin
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yin X, Gong X, Zhang L, Jiang R, Kuang G, Wang B, Chen X, Wan J. Glycyrrhetinic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in d -galactosamine-sensitized mice by up-regulating expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-M. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 320:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
41
|
Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemical Constituents. LIQUORICE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7120246 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74240-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra is one of the most popular medicinal plants and it has been used in traditional herbal remedy since ancient times (Blumenthal et al. in Herbal medicine: expanded commission E monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications, Newton, 2000; Parvaiz et al. in Global J Pharmocol 8(1):8–13, 2014; Altay et al. in J Plant Res 129(6):1021–1032, 2016). Many experimental, pharmacological and clinical studies show that liquorice has antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antihepatotoxic, antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-hemorrhoid antihyperglycemic, antidiuretic, antinephritic, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anticytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and blood stopper activity.
Collapse
|
42
|
Ma T, Huang C, Meng X, Li X, Zhang Y, Ji S, Li J, Ye M, Liang H. A potential adjuvant chemotherapeutics, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, inhibits renal tubular epithelial cells apoptosis via enhancing BMP-7 epigenetically through targeting HDAC2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25396. [PMID: 27145860 PMCID: PMC4857087 DOI: 10.1038/srep25396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin, a highly effective and widely used chemotherapeutic agent, has a major limitation for its nephrotoxicity. We recently identified a novel strategy for attenuating its nephrotoxicity in chemotherapy by an effective adjuvant via epigenetic modification through targeting HDAC2. Molecular docking and SPR assay firstly reported that 18βGA, major metabolite of GA, could directly bind to HDAC2 and inhibit the activity of HDAC2. The effects and mechanisms of GA and 18βGA were assessed in CP-induced AKI in C57BL/6 mice, and in CP-treated HK-2 and mTEC cells lines. TUNEL and FCM results confirmed that GA and 18βGA could inhibit apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells induced by CP in vivo and in vitro. Western blot and immunofluorescence results demonstrated that the expression of BMP-7 was clearly induced by 18βGA in AKI models while siRNA BMP-7 could reduce the inhibitory effect of 18βGA on apoptosis. Results of current study indicated that 18βGA inhibited apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells via enhancing the level of BMP-7 epigenetically through targeting HDAC2, therefore protecting against CP-induced AKI. These available evidence, which led to an improved understanding of molecular recognition, suggested that 18βGA could serve as a potential clinical adjuvant in chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.,School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoming Meng
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shuai Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yan T, Wang H, Zhao M, Yagai T, Chai Y, Krausz KW, Xie C, Cheng X, Zhang J, Che Y, Li F, Wu Y, Brocker CN, Gonzalez FJ, Wang G, Hao H. Glycyrrhizin Protects against Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury via Alleviating Tumor Necrosis Factor α-Mediated Apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:720-31. [PMID: 26965985 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.069419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced acute liver failure in Western countries. Glycyrrhizin (GL), a potent hepatoprotective constituent extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine liquorice, has potential clinical use in treating APAP-induced liver failure. The present study determined the hepatoprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of action of GL and its active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). Various administration routes and pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics analyses were used to differentiate the effects of GL and GA on APAP toxicity in mice. Mice deficient in cytochrome P450 2E1 enzyme (CYP2E1) or receptor interacting protein 3 (RIPK3) and their relative wild-type littermates were subjected to histologic and biochemical analyses to determine the potential mechanisms. Hepatocyte death mediated by tumor necrosis factorα(TNFα)/caspase was analyzed by use of human liver-derived LO2 cells. The pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics analysis using various administration routes revealed that GL but not GA potently attenuated APAP-induced liver injury. The protective effect of GL was found only with intraperitoneal and intravenous administration and not with gastric administration. CYP2E1-mediated metabolic activation and RIPK3-mediated necroptosis were unrelated to GL's protective effect. However, GL inhibited hepatocyte apoptosis via interference with TNFα-induced apoptotic hepatocyte death. These results demonstrate that GL rapidly attenuates APAP-induced liver injury by directly inhibiting TNFα-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. The protective effect against APAP-induced liver toxicity by GL in mice suggests the therapeutic potential of GL for the treatment of APAP overdose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Tomoki Yagai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Yingying Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Xuefang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Yuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Feiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Yuzheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Chad N Brocker
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (Ti.Y., H.W., M.Z., Yi.C., X.C., J.Z., Yu.C., F.L., Y.W., G.W., H.H.); Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Ti.Y., To.Y., K.W.K., C.X., C.N.B., F.J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cai Y, Xu Y, Chan HF, Fang X, He C, Chen M. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Mediated Drug Delivery Carriers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:699-709. [PMID: 26808002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the main hydrolysate of glycyrrhizic acid extracted from the root of licorice, has been used in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. Particularly, GA as a ligand in HCC therapy has been widely explored in different drug delivery systems, including liposomes, micelles, and nanoparticles. There is considerable interest worldwide with respect to the development of GA-modified drug delivery systems due to the extensive presence of GA receptors on the surface of hepatocyte. Up until now, much work has been focused on developing GA-modified drug delivery systems which bear good liver- or hepatocyte-targeted efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Owing to its contribution in overcoming the limitations of low lipophilicity and poor bioavailability as well as its ability to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis, GA-modified drug delivery systems play an important role in enhancing liver-targeting efficacy and thus are focused on the treatment of HCC. Moreover, since GA-modified delivery systems present more favorable pharmacokinetic properties and hepatocyte-targeting effects, they may be a promising formulation for GA in the treatment of HCC. In this review, we will give an overview of GA-modified novel drug delivery systems, paying attention to their efficacy in treating HCC and discussing their mechanism and the treatment effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuee Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Yingqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York 10027, United States
| | - Xiaobin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Liquorice foliage
Collapse
|
46
|
Watanabe S, Fujita K, Tsuneyama K, Nose M. Changes in liver lipidomics associated with sodium cholate-induced liver injury and its prevention by boiogito, a Japanese herbal medicine, in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/tkm2.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Watanabe
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry; Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama; Toyama Japan
| | - Kyosuke Fujita
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry; Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama; Toyama Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Tokushima University Graduate School; Tokushima Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Nose
- Department of Pharmacognosy; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; Nagoya Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Domitrović R, Potočnjak I. A comprehensive overview of hepatoprotective natural compounds: mechanism of action and clinical perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:39-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
48
|
Shang YX, Zhao Y, Qiu HY, Chang JJ, Chen YZ, Zhang HY. Effects of a Food Ingredient Group on Oxidative Stress in Lead-Poisoned Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1159/000433469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
49
|
Anti-Inflammatory activities of licorice extract and its active compounds, glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin and liquiritigenin, in BV2 cells and mice liver. Molecules 2015. [PMID: 26205049 PMCID: PMC6332102 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200713041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides the scientific basis for the anti-inflammatory effects of licorice extract in a t-BHP (tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide)-induced liver damage model and the effects of its ingredients, glycyrrhizic acid (GA), liquiritin (LQ) and liquiritigenin (LG), in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cell model. The GA, LQ and LG inhibited the LPS-stimulated elevation of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta and interleukin (IL)-6 in BV2 (mouse brain microglia) cells. Furthermore, licorice extract inhibited the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in the livers of t-BHP-treated mice models. This result suggested that mechanistic-based evidence substantiating the traditional claims of licorice extract and its three bioactive components can be applied for the treatment of inflammation-related disorders, such as oxidative liver damage and inflammation diseases.
Collapse
|
50
|
Sun PP, Yuan F, Xu J, Sai K, Chen J, Guan S. Cryptotanshinone Ameliorates Hepatic Normothermic Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Anti-mitochondrial Apoptosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 37:1758-65. [PMID: 25366482 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptotanshinone (CT), isolated from the dried roots of Salvia militorrhiza, has been reported to have protective effects on myocardial and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury both in vitro and in vivo. However, its effects and underlying mechanism on hepatic I/R injury remain unclear. To investigate its effects on hepatic I/R injury, thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 3 groups: a sham group, a vehicle-treated hepatic I/R group and a CT-treated (50 mg/kg) group. The hepatic I/R and CT-treated groups were subjected to 60 min of normothermic ischemia of the left lateral lobe of the liver, followed by 4 h of reperfusion. The animals were then sacrificed to collect the serum and the left liver lobe for assay. Hepatic function was protected, as evidenced by significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the CT-treated group as compared with I/R group. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) demonstrated significantly decreased apoptosis in the CT-administration animals. Western blotting demonstrated upregulation of the proapoptotic protein Bcl-2, as well as decreased levels of the activated form of caspase-3 and the cleaved form of its substrate, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the CT-treated group compared with those of the I/R group. In addition, the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was inhibited by CT. Our data suggest that CT attenuates hepatic I/R injury by inhibiting the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, mediated partly through the inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK phosporylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|