1
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McGee MY, Enten GA, Boshra SN, Ogunsina O, Gaponenko V, Gao X, Majetschak M. Ethanol promotes protease activated receptor 1: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 heteromerization and enhances thrombin-induced impairment of human lung endothelial cell barrier function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167335. [PMID: 38969148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y McGee
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Garett A Enten
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sadia N Boshra
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ololade Ogunsina
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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2
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Paul S, Mukherjee T, Das K. Coagulation Protease-Driven Cancer Immune Evasion: Potential Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1568. [PMID: 38672649 PMCID: PMC11048528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation and cancer are intrinsically connected, hypercoagulation-associated thrombotic complications are commonly observed in certain types of cancer, often leading to decreased survival in cancer patients. Apart from the common role in coagulation, coagulation proteases often trigger intracellular signaling in various cancers via the activation of a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily protease: protease-activated receptors (PARs). Although the role of PARs is well-established in the development and progression of certain types of cancer, their impact on cancer immune response is only just emerging. The present review highlights how coagulation protease-driven PAR signaling plays a key role in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. This is followed by a detailed discussion on the contribution of coagulation protease-induced signaling in cancer immune evasion, thereby supporting the growth and development of certain tumors. A special section of the review demonstrates the role of coagulation proteases, thrombin, factor VIIa, and factor Xa in cancer immune evasion. Targeting coagulation protease-induced signaling might be a potential therapeutic strategy to boost the immune surveillance mechanism of a host fighting against cancer, thereby augmenting the clinical consequences of targeted immunotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
| | - Kaushik Das
- Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani 741251, West Bengal, India
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3
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Biswas I, Giri H, Panicker SR, Rezaie AR. Thrombomodulin Switches Signaling and Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Cleavage Specificity of Thrombin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:603-616. [PMID: 38174561 PMCID: PMC10922642 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleavage of the extracellular domain of PAR1 (protease-activated receptor 1) by thrombin at Arg41 and by APC (activated protein C) at Arg46 initiates paradoxical cytopathic and cytoprotective signaling in endothelial cells. In the latter case, the ligand-dependent coreceptor signaling by EPCR (endothelial protein C receptor) is required for the protective PAR1 signaling by APC. Here, we investigated the role of thrombomodulin in determining the specificity of PAR1 signaling by thrombin. METHODS We prepared a PAR1 knockout (PAR1-/-) EA.hy926 endothelial cell line by CRISPR/Cas9 and transduced PAR1-/- cells with lentivirus vectors expressing PAR1 mutants in which either Arg41 or Arg46 was replaced with an Ala. Furthermore, human embryonic kidney 293 cells were transfected with wild-type or mutant PAR1 cleavage reporter constructs carrying N-terminal Nluc (NanoLuc luciferase) and C-terminal enhanced yellow fluorescent protein tags. RESULTS Characterization of transfected cells in signaling and receptor cleavage assays revealed that, upon interaction with thrombomodulin, thrombin cleaves Arg46 to elicit cytoprotective effects by a β-arrestin-2 biased signaling mechanism. Analysis of functional data and cleavage rates indicated that thrombin-thrombomodulin cleaves Arg46>10-fold faster than APC. Upon interaction with thrombin, the cytoplasmic domain of thrombomodulin recruited both β-arrestin-1 and -2 to the plasma membrane. Thus, the thrombin cleavage of Arg41 was also cytoprotective in thrombomodulin-expressing cells by β-arrestin-1-biased signaling. APC in the absence of EPCR cleaved Arg41 to initiate disruptive signaling responses like thrombin. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that coreceptor signaling by thrombomodulin and EPCR determines the PAR1 cleavage and signaling specificity of thrombin and APC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Biswas
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Hemant Giri
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Sumith R. Panicker
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Alireza R. Rezaie
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
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4
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Chen Y, Deng J, Zhang R, Shao H, Xu D, Liu L. Rapid and Nondestructive Evaluation of Platelet Function in Whole Blood by Microfluidic Deterministic Cytometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:145-153. [PMID: 38146268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Platelet size is a determinant of platelet function. Here, a new microfluidic deterministic cytometry packed with S-shaped micropillars (S-MDC) was developed to rapidly and sensitively determine the apparent size (Dapp) of platelets, which was used to evaluate platelet function. The platelet Dapp in the diluted whole blood was rapidly and label-freely measured by S-MDC within 2 min under shear rates (0.4 mm/s) that mimicked physiological conditions. The level of CD62p on platelets scarcely changed before and after platelets went through the whole S-MDC, indicating that the platelet function was nondestructive. Notably, the human platelet Dapp determined before and after thrombin addition by S-MDC was highly coincident with the levels of CD62p on the platelet surface by flow cytometry (r = 0.819), revealing that the human platelet Dapp was available to assess the platelet activation state. In addition, the results of the rat platelet Dapp were consistent with myocardial injury of rats with myocardial ischemia before and after treatment with antiplatelet agents, suggesting that rat platelet Dapp can be used to reflect myocardial injury in vivo outcomes. These findings reveal that S-MDC is a promising technique for screening tests for a bleeding disorder, in addition to monitoring antiplatelet drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jieqi Deng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Runhui Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huaze Shao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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5
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Zhao L, Hu J, Zheng P, Mi B, Chen Z, Zhao X, Wu J, Wang Y. PAR1 regulates sepsis-induced vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction by mediating ERM phosphorylation via the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110992. [PMID: 37806106 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis begins with vascular endothelial barrier breakdown and causes widespread organ failure. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is an important target for modulating vascular endothelial permeability; however, little research has been undertaken in sepsis, and its putative molecular mechanism remains unknown. The vascular endothelial permeability was examined by detecting FITC-dextran flux. F-actin was examined by immunofluorescence (IF). PAR1, ERM phosphorylation, and RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) line were examined by IF and Western blot. To develop the sepsis model, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) were conducted. The PAR1 inhibitor SCH79797 was utilized to inhibit PAR1 expression in vivo. Vascular permeability in main organs weres measured by Evans blue dye extravasation. The pathological changes in main organs were examined by HE staining. The expression of PAR1, ERM phosphorylation, and the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway was examined using IF, immunohistochemical and WB in CLP mice. In vitro, in response to LPS stimulation of HUVECs, PAR1 mediated the phosphorylation of ERM, promoted F-actin rearrangement, and increased endothelial hyperpermeability, all of which were prevented by inhibiting PAR1 or RhoA. Additionally, inhibiting PAR1 expression reduced RhoA and ROCK expression. In vivo, we showed that inhibiting PAR1 expression will reduce ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) phosphorylation to relieve vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and thereby ameliorate multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in CLP-induced septic mice. This study revealed that PAR1-mediated phosphorylation of ERM induced endothelial barrier dysfunction, which in turn led to MODS in sepsis, and that the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway underlay these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medical, 261 Huansha Rd, Hangzhou City 310006, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Rd, Hangzhou City 310052, China
| | - Pingping Zheng
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medical, 261 Huansha Rd, Hangzhou City 310006, China
| | - Ben Mi
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medical, 261 Huansha Rd, Hangzhou City 310006, China
| | - Zixi Chen
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medical, 261 Huansha Rd, Hangzhou City 310006, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medical, 261 Huansha Rd, Hangzhou City 310006, China
| | - Jinhong Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medical, 261 Huansha Rd, Hangzhou City 310006, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Emergency, Hangzhou Tranditional Chinese Medicine Hospitial Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 453 Stadium Rd, Hangzhou City 310007, China.
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6
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Nieman MT, Neeves KB. Flipping the script: defining the reversibility of platelet activation. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:1102-1103. [PMID: 37121617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. https://twitter.com/marvnieman
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Departments of Bioengineering and Pediatrics, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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7
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Chandrabalan A, Firth A, Litchfield RB, Appleton CT, Getgood A, Ramachandran R. Human osteoarthritis knee joint synovial fluids cleave and activate Proteinase-Activated Receptor (PAR) mediated signaling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1124. [PMID: 36670151 PMCID: PMC9859807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disorder with increasing worldwide incidence. Mechanistic insights into OA pathophysiology are evolving and there are currently no disease-modifying OA drugs. An increase in protease activity is linked to progressive degradation of the cartilage in OA. Proteases also trigger inflammation through a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called the Proteinase-Activated Receptors (PARs). PAR signaling can trigger pro-inflammatory responses and targeting PARs is proposed as a therapeutic approach in OA. Several enzymes can cleave the PAR N-terminus, but the endogenous protease activators of PARs in OA remain unclear. Here we characterized PAR activating enzymes in knee joint synovial fluids from OA patients and healthy donors using genetically encoded PAR biosensor expressing cells. Calcium signaling assays were performed to examine receptor activation. The class and type of enzymes cleaving the PARs was further characterized using protease inhibitors and fluorogenic substrates. We find that PAR1, PAR2 and PAR4 activating enzymes are present in knee joint synovial fluids from healthy controls and OA patients. Compared to healthy controls, PAR1 activating enzymes are elevated in OA synovial fluids while PAR4 activating enzyme levels are decreased. Using enzyme class and type selective inhibitors and fluorogenic substrates we find that multiple PAR activating enzymes are present in OA joint fluids and identify serine proteinases (thrombin and trypsin-like) and matrix metalloproteinases as the major classes of PAR activating enzymes in the OA synovial fluids. Synovial fluid driven increase in calcium signaling was significantly reduced in cells treated with PAR1 and PAR2 antagonists, but not in PAR4 antagonist treated cells. OA associated elevation of PAR1 cleavage suggests that targeting this receptor may be beneficial in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bone and Joint Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Andrew Firth
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Bone and Joint Institute, Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert B Litchfield
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Bone and Joint Institute, Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - C Thomas Appleton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bone and Joint Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Bone and Joint Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Dr. Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alan Getgood
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Bone and Joint Institute, Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bone and Joint Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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8
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Peach CJ, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Bunnett NW, Schmidt BL. Protease-activated receptors in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:717-785. [PMID: 35901239 PMCID: PMC9662810 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors. These transmembrane receptors control most physiological and pathological processes and are the target of a large proportion of therapeutic drugs. Signaling proteases include enzymes from the circulation; from immune, inflammatory epithelial, and cancer cells; as well as from commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of PARs provide insights into how diverse proteases activate these receptors to regulate physiological and pathological processes in most tissues and organ systems. The realization that proteases and PARs are key mediators of disease, coupled with advances in understanding the atomic level structure of PARs and their mechanisms of signaling in subcellular microdomains, has spurred the development of antagonists, some of which have advanced to the clinic. Herein we review the discovery, structure, and function of this receptor system, highlight the contribution of PARs to homeostatic control, and discuss the potential of PAR antagonists for the treatment of major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Peach
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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9
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, López-Colomé AM. Diversification of PAR signaling through receptor crosstalk. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:77. [PMID: 36088291 PMCID: PMC9463773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are among the first receptors shown to transactivate other receptors: noticeably, these interactions are not limited to members of the same family, but involve receptors as diverse as receptor kinases, prostanoid receptors, purinergic receptors and ionic channels among others. In this review, we will focus on the evidence for PAR interactions with members of their own family, as well as with other types of receptors. We will discuss recent evidence as well as what we consider as emerging areas to explore; from the signalling pathways triggered, to the physiological and pathological relevance of these interactions, since this additional level of molecular cross-talk between receptors and signaling pathways is only beginning to be explored and represents a novel mechanism providing diversity to receptor function and play important roles in physiology and disease.
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10
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Hanson J. [G proteins: privileged transducers of 7-transmembrane spanning receptors]. Biol Aujourdhui 2022; 215:95-106. [PMID: 35275054 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2021011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors or GPCR are the most abundant membrane receptors in our genome with around 800 members. They play an essential role in most physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. In addition, they constitute 30% of the targets of currently marketed drugs and remain an important reservoir for new innovative therapies. Their main effectors are heterotrimeric G proteins. These are composed of 3 subunits, α, β and γ, which, upon coupling with a GPCR, dissociate into Gα and Gβγ to activate numerous signaling pathways. This article describes some of the recent advances in understanding the function and role of heterotrimeric G proteins. After a short introduction to GPCRs, the history of the discovery of G proteins is briefly described. Then, the fundamental mechanisms of activation, signaling and regulation of G proteins are reviewed. New paradigms concerning intracellular signaling, specific recognition of G proteins by GPCRs as well as biased signaling are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Hanson
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Moléculaire, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, Université de Liège, CHU, B34, Tour GIGA (+4), Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgique
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11
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The pleiotropic effects of antithrombotic drugs in the metabolic-cardiovascular-neurodegenerative disease continuum: impact beyond reduced clotting. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1015-1051. [PMID: 33881143 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombotic drugs are widely used for primary and secondary prevention, as well as treatment of many cardiovascular disorders. Over the past few decades, major advances in the pharmacology of these agents have been made with the introduction of new drug classes as novel therapeutic options. Accumulating evidence indicates that the beneficial outcomes of some of these antithrombotic agents are not solely related to their ability to reduce thrombosis. Here, we review the evidence supporting established and potential pleiotropic effects of four novel classes of antithrombotic drugs, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P2Y12-receptor antagonists, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor Inhibitors, and Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs), which include Direct Factor Xa (FXa) and Direct Thrombin Inhibitors. Specifically, we discuss the molecular evidence supporting such pleiotropic effects in the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD) including endothelial dysfunction (ED), atherosclerosis, cardiac injury, stroke, and arrhythmia. Importantly, we highlight the role of DOACs in mitigating metabolic dysfunction-associated cardiovascular derangements. We also postulate that DOACs modulate perivascular adipose tissue inflammation and thus, may reverse cardiovascular dysfunction early in the course of the metabolic syndrome. In this regard, we argue that some antithrombotic agents can reverse the neurovascular damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's brain and following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Overall, we attempt to provide an up-to-date comprehensive review of the less-recognized, beneficial molecular aspects of antithrombotic therapy beyond reduced thrombus formation. We also make a solid argument for the need of further mechanistic analysis of the pleiotropic effects of antithrombotic drugs in the future.
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12
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Manjuprasanna VN, Urs AP, Rudresha GV, Milan Gowda MD, Jayachandra K, Hiremath V, Rajaiah R, Vishwanath BS. Drupin, a thrombin-like protease prompts platelet activation and aggregation through protease-activated receptors. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:870-881. [PMID: 33748988 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hemostasis is a proteolytically regulated process that requires activation of platelets and the blood coagulation cascade upon vascular injury. Activated platelets create a thrombogenic environment and amplify the coagulation process. Plant latex proteases (PLPs) have been used as therapeutic components to treat various ailments by folk healers. One of the main applications of plant latices is to stop bleeding from minor injuries and to enhance wound healing activity. Although many studies have reported the pro-coagulant activities of PLPs, an in-depth investigation is required to understand the mechanism of action of PLPs on platelets. Here, the effect of PLPs on platelet aggregation was studied systematically to validate the observed pharmacological effect by folk healers. Among 29 latices from the Ficus genus tested, Ficus drupacea exhibited potent pro-coagulant and thrombin-like activity. Drupin, a thrombin-like cysteine protease responsible for platelet aggregation was purified from F. drupacea latex. Drupin exhibits pro-coagulant activity and reduces the bleeding time in mice tail. It induces platelet aggregation by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases and the nuclear factor-κB and PI3K/Akt signalling cascade, which, in turn, phosphorylats, cytosolic phospholipase A2 leading to the release of thromboxane A2 from the granules to activate the nearby platelets to aggregate. Furthermore, we investigated the involvement of protease-activated receptors in drupin-induced platelet aggregation using specific protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and PAR4 receptor antagonists. The results confirmed that the drupin-induced platelet aggregation was mediated by both PAR1 and PAR4, synergistically. Overall, drupin reduces the bleeding time by exerting pro-coagulant activity and induces platelet aggregation by activating the intracellular signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amog P Urs
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gotravalli V Rudresha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Krishnegowda Jayachandra
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vilas Hiremath
- Vijayashree Diagnostics, Specialized Coagulation Lab, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bannikuppe S Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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13
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Molecular Dambusters: What Is Behind Hyperpermeability in Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 60:318-347. [PMID: 33725263 PMCID: PMC7962090 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, a substantial body of evidence underlined the pivotal role of bradykinin in certain types of angioedema. The formation and breakdown of bradykinin has been studied thoroughly; however, numerous questions remained open regarding the triggering, course, and termination of angioedema attacks. Recently, it became clear that vascular endothelial cells have an integrative role in the regulation of vessel permeability. Apart from bradykinin, a great number of factors of different origin, structure, and mechanism of action are capable of modifying the integrity of vascular endothelium, and thus, may participate in the regulation of angioedema formation. Our aim in this review is to describe the most important permeability factors and the molecular mechanisms how they act on endothelial cells. Based on endothelial cell function, we also attempt to explain some of the challenging findings regarding bradykinin-mediated angioedema, where the function of bradykinin itself cannot account for the pathophysiology. By deciphering the complex scenario of vascular permeability regulation and edema formation, we may gain better scientific tools to be able to predict and treat not only bradykinin-mediated but other types of angioedema as well.
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14
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Zhao B, Wu M, Hu Z, Wang T, Yu J, Ma Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Chen D, Li T, Li Y, Yu M, Wang H, Mo W. A novel oncotherapy strategy: Direct thrombin inhibitors suppress progression, dissemination and spontaneous metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:5056-5073. [PMID: 33481255 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cancer cachexia and cancer-associated thrombosis are potentially fatal outcomes of advanced cancer. Nevertheless, thrombin expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) primary tumour tissues and the association between prognosis of NSCLC patients remain largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Clinical pathological analysis was performed to determine the relationship between thrombin and tumour progression. Effects of r-hirudin and direct thrombin inhibitor peptide (DTIP) on cancer progression were evaluated. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to explore the inhibition mechanism of r-hirudin and DTIP. The therapeutic effect of the combination of DTIP and chemotherapy was determined. KEY RESULTS Thrombin expression in NSCLC tissues was closely related to clinicopathological features and the prognosis of patients. Thrombin deficiency inhibited tumour progression. The novel thrombin inhibitors, r-hirudin and DTIP, inhibited cell invasion and metastasis in vitro. They inhibited tumour growth and metastasis in orthotopic lung cancer model, inhibited cell invasion, and prolonged survival after injection of tumour cells via the tail vein. They also inhibited angiogenesis and spontaneous metastases from subcutaneously inoculated tumours. The promotion by thrombin of invasion and metastasis was abolished in PAR-1-deficient NSCLC cells. r-hirudin and DTIP inhibited tumour progression through the thrombin-PAR-1-mediated RhoA and NF-κB signalling cascades via inhibiting MMP9 and IL6 expression. DTIP potentiated chemotherapy-induced growth and metastatic inhibition and inhibited chemotherapy-induced resistance in mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Thrombin makes a substantial contribution, together with PAR-1, to NSCLC malignancy. The anti-coagulants, r-hirudin and DTIP, could be used in anti-tumour therapy and a combination of DTIP and chemotherapy might improve therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengfang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihuang Hu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianfa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinchao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaran Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Han X, Hofmann L, de la Fuente M, Alexander N, Palczewski K, Nieman MT. PAR4 activation involves extracellular loop 3 and transmembrane residue Thr153. Blood 2020; 136:2217-2228. [PMID: 32575122 PMCID: PMC7645988 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) mediates sustained thrombin signaling in platelets and is required for a stable thrombus. PAR4 is activated by proteolysis of the N terminus to expose a tethered ligand. The structural basis for PAR4 activation and the location of its ligand binding site (LBS) are unknown. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/D exchange), computational modeling, and signaling studies, we determined the molecular mechanism for tethered ligand-mediated PAR4 activation. H/D exchange identified that the LBS is composed of transmembrane 3 (TM3) domain and TM7. Unbiased computational modeling further predicted an interaction between Gly48 from the tethered ligand and Thr153 from the LBS. Mutating Thr153 significantly decreased PAR4 signaling. H/D exchange and modeling also showed that extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) serves as a gatekeeper for the interaction between the tethered ligand and LBS. A naturally occurring sequence variant (P310L, rs2227376) and 2 experimental mutations (S311A and P312L) determined that the rigidity conferred by prolines in ECL3 are essential for PAR4 activation. Finally, we examined the role of the polymorphism at position 310 in venous thromboembolism (VTE) using the International Network Against Venous Thrombosis (INVENT) consortium multi-ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis. Individuals with the PAR4 Leu310 allele had a 15% reduction in relative risk for VTE (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.94) compared with the Pro310 allele. These data are consistent with our H/D exchange, molecular modeling, and signaling studies. In conclusion, we have uncovered the structural basis for PAR4 activation and identified a previously unrecognized role for PAR4 in VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | | | - Nathan Alexander
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | | | - Marvin T Nieman
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
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16
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Ten Cate H, Guzik TJ, Eikelboom J, Spronk HMH. Pleiotropic actions of factor Xa inhibition in cardiovascular prevention: mechanistic insights and implications for anti-thrombotic treatment. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:2030-2044. [PMID: 32931586 PMCID: PMC8318102 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which atherothrombotic complications lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. At advanced stages, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease, including major adverse limb events, are caused either by acute occlusive atherothrombosis or by thromboembolism. Endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell activation, and vascular inflammation are essential in the development of acute cardiovascular events. Effects of the coagulation system on vascular biology extend beyond thrombosis. Under physiological conditions, coagulation proteases in blood are pivotal in maintaining haemostasis and vascular integrity. Under pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, the same coagulation proteases (including factor Xa, factor VIIa, and thrombin) become drivers of atherothrombosis, working in concert with platelets and vessel wall components. While initially atherothrombosis was attributed primarily to platelets, recent advances indicate the critical role of fibrin clot and plasma coagulation factors. Mechanisms of atherothrombosis and hypercoagulability vary depending on plaque erosion or plaque rupture. In addition to contributing to thrombus formation, factor Xa and thrombin can affect endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, vascular smooth muscle cell function as well as immune cell activation and vascular inflammation. By these mechanisms, they promote atherosclerosis and contribute to plaque instability. In this review, we first discuss the postulated vasoprotective mechanisms of protease-activated receptor signalling induced by coagulation enzymes under physiological conditions. Next, we discuss preclinical studies linking coagulation with endothelial cell dysfunction, thromboinflammation, and atherogenesis. Understanding these mechanisms is pivotal for the introduction of novel strategies in cardiovascular prevention and therapy. We therefore translate these findings to clinical studies of direct oral anticoagulant drugs and discuss the potential relevance of dual pathway inhibition for atherothrombosis prevention and vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ten Cate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - John Eikelboom
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital and McMaster University, Hamilton, L8L 2x2, ON, Canada
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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17
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Gao X, Cheng YH, Enten GA, DeSantis AJ, Gaponenko V, Majetschak M. Regulation of the thrombin/protease-activated receptor 1 axis by chemokine (C XC motif) receptor 4. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14893-14905. [PMID: 32839271 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) capable of heteromerizing with other GPCRs, is involved in many processes, including immune responses, hematopoiesis, and organogenesis. Evidence suggests that CXCR4 activation reduces thrombin/protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1)-induced impairment of endothelial barrier function. However, the mechanisms underlying cross-talk between CXCR4 and PAR1 are not well-understood. Using intermolecular bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and proximity ligation assays, we found that CXCR4 heteromerizes with PAR1 in the HEK293T expression system and in human primary pulmonary endothelial cells (hPPECs). A peptide analog of transmembrane domain 2 (TM2) of CXCR4 interfered with PAR1:CXCR4 heteromerization. In HTLA cells, the presence of CXCR4 reduced the efficacy of thrombin to induce β-arrestin-2 recruitment to recombinant PAR1 and enhanced thrombin-induced Ca2+ mobilization. Whereas thrombin-induced extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation occurred more transiently in the presence of CXCR4, peak ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased when compared with HTLA cells expressing PAR1 alone. CXCR4-associated effects on thrombin-induced β-arrestin-2 recruitment to and signaling of PAR1 could be reversed by TM2. In hPPECs, TM2 inhibited thrombin-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and activation of Ras homolog gene family member A. CXCR4 siRNA knockdown inhibited thrombin-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Whereas thrombin stimulation reduced surface expression of PAR1, CXCR4, and PAR1:CXCR4 heteromers, chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 12 stimulation reduced surface expression of CXCR4 and PAR1:CXCR4 heteromers, but not of PAR1. Finally, TM2 dose-dependently inhibited thrombin-induced impairment of hPPEC monolayer permeability. Our findings suggest that CXCR4:PAR1 heteromerization enhances thrombin-induced G protein signaling of PAR1 and PAR1-mediated endothelial barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - You-Hong Cheng
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Garrett A Enten
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony J DeSantis
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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18
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Thibeault PE, Ramachandran R. Role of the Helix-8 and C-Terminal Tail in Regulating Proteinase Activated Receptor 2 Signaling. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:868-882. [PMID: 33073187 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal tail of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) contain important regulatory sites that enable interaction with intracellular signaling effectors. Here we examine the relative contribution of the C-tail serine/threonine phosphorylation sites (Ser383-385, Ser387-Thr392) and the helix-8 palmitoylation site (Cys361) in signaling regulation downstream of the proteolytically activated GPCR, PAR2. We examined Gαq/11-coupled calcium signaling, β-arrestin-1/-2 recruitment, and MAPK activation (p44/42 phosphorylation) by wild-type and mutant receptors expressed in a CRISPR/Cas9 PAR2-knockout HEK-293 cell background with both peptide stimulation of the receptor (SLIGRL-NH2) as well as activation with its endogenous trypsin revealed a tethered ligand. We find that alanine substitution of the membrane proximal serine residues (Ser383-385Ala) had no effect on SLIGRL-NH2- or trypsin-stimulated β-arrestin recruitment. In contrast, alanine substitutions in the Ser387-Thr392 cluster resulted in a large (∼50%) decrease in β-arrestin-1/-2 recruitment triggered by the activating peptide, SLIGRL-NH2, but was without an effect on trypsin-activated β-arrestin-1/-2 recruitment. Additionally, we find that alanine substitution of the helix-8 cysteine residue (Cys361Ala) led to a large decrease in both Gαq/11 coupling and β-arrestin-1/-2 recruitment to PAR2. Furthermore, we show that Gαq/11 inhibition with YM254890, inhibited ERK phosphorylation by PAR2 agonists, while genetic deletion of β-arrestin-1/-2 by CRISPR/Cas9 enhanced MAPK activation. Knockout of β-arrestins also enhanced Gαq/11-mediated calcium signaling. In line with these findings, a C-tail serine/threonine mutant that has decreased β-arrestin recruitment also showed enhanced ERK activation. Thus, our studies point to multiple mechanisms that regulate β-arrestin interaction with PAR2 and highlight differences in regulation of tethered-ligand- and peptide-mediated activation of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre E Thibeault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
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19
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Wang Y, Liao R, Chen X, Ying X, Chen G, Li M, Dong C. Twist-mediated PAR1 induction is required for breast cancer progression and metastasis by inhibiting Hippo pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:520. [PMID: 32647142 PMCID: PMC7347637 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is considered to be the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, and metastasis is the primary cause of death. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a GPCR family member involved in the invasive and metastatic processes of cancer cells. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of PAR1 in breast cancer remain unclear. In this study, we found that PAR1 is highly expressed in high invasive breast cancer cells, and predicts poor prognosis in ER-negative and high-grade breast cancer patients. Mechanistically, Twist transcriptionally induces PAR1 expression, leading to inhibition of Hippo pathway and activation of YAP/TAZ; Inhibition of PAR1 suppresses YAP/TAZ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, migration, cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties, tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that PAR1 acts as a direct transcriptionally target of Twist, can promote EMT, tumorigenicity and metastasis by controlling the Hippo pathway; this may lead to a potential therapeutic target for treating invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Surgical Oncology (breast center) of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruocen Liao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Surgical Oncology (breast center) of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Surgical Oncology (breast center) of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuhua Ying
- Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanping Chen
- Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Surgical Oncology (breast center) of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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20
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Fernandez TJ, De Maria M, Lobingier BT. A cellular perspective of bias at G protein-coupled receptors. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1345-1354. [PMID: 32297394 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate cell function over short- and long-term timescales. GPCR signaling depends on biochemical parameters that define the what, when, and where of receptor function: what proteins mediate and regulate receptor signaling, where within the cell these interactions occur, and how long these interactions persist. These parameters can vary significantly depending on the activating ligand. Collectivity, differential agonist activity at a GPCR is called bias or functional selectivity. Here we review agonist bias at GPCRs with a focus on ligands that show dramatically different cellular responses from their unbiased counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Fernandez
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Monica De Maria
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Braden T Lobingier
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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21
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de la Fuente M, Han X, Miyagi M, Nieman MT. Expression and Purification of Protease-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) and Analysis with Histidine Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange. Biochemistry 2020; 59:671-681. [PMID: 31957446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by proteolysis of the N-terminus, which exposes a tethered ligand that interacts with the receptor. Numerous studies have focused on the signaling pathways mediated by PARs. However, the structural basis for initiation of these pathways is unknown. Here, we describe a strategy for the expression and purification of PAR4. This is the first PAR family member to be isolated without stabilizing modifications for biophysical studies. We monitored PAR4 activation with histidine hydrogen-deuterium exchange. PAR4 has nine histidines that are spaced throughout the protein, allowing a global view of solvent accessible and nonaccessible regions. Peptides containing each of the nine His residues were used to determine the t1/2 for each His residue in apo or thrombin-activated PAR4. The thrombin-cleaved PAR4 exhibited a 2-fold increase (p > 0.01) in t1/2 values observed for four histidine residues (His180, His229, His240, and His380), demonstrating that these regions have decreased solvent accessibility upon thrombin treatment. In agreement, thrombin-cleaved PAR4 also was resistant to thermolysin digestion. In contrast, the rate of thermolysin proteolysis following stimulation with the PAR4 activation peptide was the same as that of unstimulated PAR4. Further analysis showed the C-terminus is protected in thrombin-activated PAR4 compared to uncleaved or agonist peptide-treated PAR4. The studies described here are the first to examine the tethered ligand activation mechanism for a PAR family member biophysically and shed light on the overall conformational changes that follow activation of PARs by a protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de la Fuente
- Department of Pharmacology , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-4965 , United States
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-4965 , United States
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Department of Pharmacology , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-4965 , United States
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-4965 , United States
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22
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Willis Fox O, Preston RJS. Molecular basis of protease-activated receptor 1 signaling diversity. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:6-16. [PMID: 31549766 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of highly conserved G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that respond to extracellular proteases via a unique proteolysis-dependent activation mechanism. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) was the first identified member of the receptor family and plays important roles in hemostasis, inflammation and malignancy. The biology underlying PAR1 signaling by its canonical agonist thrombin is well characterized; however, definition of the mechanistic basis of PAR1 signaling by other proteases, including matrix metalloproteases, activated protein C, plasmin, and activated factors VII and X, remains incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss emerging insights into the molecular bases for "biased" PAR1 signaling, including atypical PAR1 proteolysis, PAR1 heterodimer and coreceptor interactions, PAR1 translocation on the membrane surface, and interactions with different G-proteins and β-arrestins upon receptor activation. Moreover, we consider how these new insights into PAR1 signaling have acted to spur development of novel PAR1-targeted therapeutics that act to inhibit, redirect, or fine-tune PAR1 signaling output to treat cardiovascular and inflammatory disease. Finally, we discuss some of the key unanswered questions relating to PAR1 biology, in particular how differences in PAR1 proteolysis, signaling intermediate coupling, and engagement with coreceptors and GPCRs combine to mediate the diversity of identified PAR1 signaling outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Willis Fox
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roger J S Preston
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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23
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Antiapoptotic Effect by PAR-1 Antagonist Protects Mouse Liver Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Surg Res 2019; 246:568-583. [PMID: 31653415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation disturbances in several liver diseases lead to thrombin generation, which triggers intracellular injury via activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Little is known about the thrombin/PAR-1 pathway in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). The present study aimed to clarify whether a newly selective PAR-1 antagonist, vorapaxar, can attenuate liver damage caused by hepatic IRI, with a focus on apoptosis and the survival-signaling pathway. METHODS A 60-min hepatic partial-warm IRI model was used to evaluate PAR-1 expression in vivo. Subsequently, IRI mice were treated with or without vorapaxar (with vehicle). In addition, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) pretreated with or without vorapaxar (with vehicle) were incubated during hypoxia-reoxygenation in vitro. RESULTS In naïve livers, PAR-1 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis to be located on hepatic SECs, and IRI strongly enhanced PAR-1 expression. In IRI mice models, vorapaxar treatment significantly decreased serum transaminase levels, improved liver histological damage, reduced the number of apoptotic cells as evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining (median: 135 versus 25, P = 0.004), and induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) cell survival signaling (phospho-ERK/total ERK 1/2: 0.96 versus 5.34, P = 0.004). Pretreatment of SECs with vorapaxar significantly attenuated apoptosis and induced phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 in vitro (phospho-ERK/total ERK 1/2: 0.66 versus 3.04, P = 0.009). These changes were abolished by the addition of PD98059, the ERK 1/2 pathway inhibitor, before treatment with vorapaxar. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study revealed that hepatic IRI induces significant enhancement of PAR-1 expression on SECs, which may be associated with suppression of survival signaling pathways such as ERK 1/2, resulting in severe apoptosis-induced hepatic damage. Thus, the selective PAR-1 antagonist attenuates hepatic IRI through an antiapoptotic effect by the activation of survival-signaling pathways.
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24
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Simonneau C, Yang J, Kong X, Kilker R, Edelstein L, Fortina P, Londin E, Horowitz A. Validation of a Miniaturized Permeability Assay Compatible with CRISPR-Mediated Genome-Wide Screen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14238. [PMID: 31578372 PMCID: PMC6775082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The impermeability of the luminal endothelial cell monolayer is crucial for the normal performance of the vascular and lymphatic systems. A key to this function is the integrity of the monolayer's intercellular junctions. The known repertoire of junction-regulating genes is incomplete. Current permeability assays are incompatible with high-throughput genome-wide screens that could identify these genes. To overcome these limitations, we designed a new permeability assay that consists of cell monolayers grown on ~150 μm microcarriers (MCs). Each MC functions as a miniature individual assay of permeability (MAP). We demonstrate that false-positive results can be minimized, and that MAP sensitivity to thrombin-induced increase in monolayer permeability is similar to the sensitivity of impedance measurement. We validated the assay by showing that the expression of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that target genes encoding known thrombin signaling proteins blocks effectively thrombin-induced junction disassembly, and that MAPs carrying such cells can be separated effectively by fluorescence-assisted sorting from those that carry cells expressing non-targeting sgRNAs. These results indicate that MAPs are suitable for high-throughput experimentation and for genome-wide screens for genes that mediate the disruptive effect of thrombin on endothelial cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Simonneau
- Cardeza Center for Hematology Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Junning Yang
- Cardeza Center for Hematology Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xianguo Kong
- Cardeza Center for Hematology Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Kilker
- Cardeza Center for Hematology Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leonard Edelstein
- Cardeza Center for Hematology Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Londin
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Flaumenhaft R. Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Signaling: The Big Picture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 37:1809-1811. [PMID: 28954808 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Flaumenhaft
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhou W, Graham K, Lucendo-Villarin B, Flint O, Hay DC, Bagnaninchi P. Combining stem cell-derived hepatocytes with impedance sensing to better predict human drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 15:77-83. [PMID: 30572740 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1558208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: The liver plays a central role in human drug metabolism. To model drug metabolism, the major cell type of the liver, the hepatocyte, is commonly used. Hepatocytes can be derived from human and animal sources, including pluripotent stem cells. Cell-based models have shown promise in modeling human drug exposure. The assays used in those studies are normally 'snap-shot' in nature, and do not provide the complete picture of human drug exposure. Research design and methods: In this study, we employ stem cell-derived hepatocytes and impedance sensing to model human drug toxicity. This impedance-based stem cell assay reports hepatotoxicity in real time after treatment with compounds provided by industry. Results: Using electric cell-substrate impedance Sensing (ECIS), we were able to accurately measure drug toxicity post-drug exposure in real time and more quickly than gold standard biochemical assays. Conclusions: ECIS is robust and non-destructive methodology capable of monitoring human drug exposure with superior performance to current gold standard 'snapshot' assays. We believe that the methodology presented within this article could prove valuable in the quest to better predict off-target effects of drugs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhou
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Changzheng Hospital, Navy medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Karen Graham
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Baltasar Lucendo-Villarin
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Oliver Flint
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David C Hay
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Pierre Bagnaninchi
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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Whitley MJ, Henke D, Ghazi A, Nieman M, Stoller M, Simon LM, Chen E, Vesci J, Holinstat M, McKenzie S, Shaw C, Edelstein L, Bray PF. The protease-activated receptor 4 Ala120Thr variant alters platelet responsiveness to low-dose thrombin and protease-activated receptor 4 desensitization, and is blocked by non-competitive P2Y 12 inhibition. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2501-2514. [PMID: 30347494 PMCID: PMC6289679 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Essentials The rs773902 SNP results in differences in platelet protease-activated receptor (PAR4) function. The functional consequences of rs773902 were analyzed in human platelets and stroke patients. rs773902 affects thrombin-induced platelet function, PAR4 desensitization, stroke association. Enhanced PAR4 Thr120 effects on platelet function are blocked by ticagrelor. SUMMARY: Background F2RL3 encodes protease-activated receptor (PAR) 4 and harbors an A/G single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs773902) with racially dimorphic allelic frequencies. This SNP mediates an alanine to threonine substitution at residue 120 that alters platelet PAR4 activation by the artificial PAR4-activation peptide (PAR4-AP) AYPGKF. Objectives To determine the functional effects of rs773902 on stimulation by a physiological agonist, thrombin, and on antiplatelet antagonist activity. Methods Healthy human donors were screened and genotyped for rs773902. Platelet function in response to thrombin was assessed without and with antiplatelet antagonists. The association of rs773902 alleles with stroke was assessed in the Stroke Genetics Network study. Results As compared with rs773902 GG donors, platelets from rs773902 AA donors had increased aggregation in response to subnanomolar concentrations of thrombin, increased granule secretion, and decreased sensitivity to PAR4 desensitization. In the presence of PAR1 blockade, this genotype effect was abolished by higher concentrations of or longer exposure to thrombin. We were unable to detect a genotype effect on thrombin-induced PAR4 cleavage, dimerization, and lipid raft localization; however, rs773902 AA platelets required a three-fold higher level of PAR4-AP for receptor desensitization. Ticagrelor, but not vorapaxar, abolished the PAR4 variant effect on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. A significant association of modest effect was detected between the rs773902 A allele and stroke. Conclusion The F2RL3 rs773902 SNP alters platelet reactivity to thrombin; the allelic effect requires P2Y12 , and is not affected by gender. Ticagrelor blocks the enhanced reactivity of rs773902 A platelets. PAR4 encoded by the rs773902 A allele is relatively resistant to desensitization and may contribute to stroke risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Whitley
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and the Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - D.M. Henke
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - A. Ghazi
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - M. Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Michelle Stoller
- Program in Molecular Medicine and the Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - L. M. Simon
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - E. Chen
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - J. Vesci
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and the Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M. Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - S.E. McKenzie
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and the Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - C.A. Shaw
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - L.C. Edelstein
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and the Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul F. Bray
- Program in Molecular Medicine and the Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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De Luca C, Colangelo AM, Alberghina L, Papa M. Neuro-Immune Hemostasis: Homeostasis and Diseases in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:459. [PMID: 30534057 PMCID: PMC6275309 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation and the immune system interact in several physiological and pathological conditions, including tissue repair, host defense, and homeostatic maintenance. This network plays a key role in diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) by involving several cells (CNS resident cells, platelets, endothelium, and leukocytes) and molecular pathways (protease activity, complement factors, platelet granule content). Endothelial damage prompts platelet activation and the coagulation cascade as the first physiological step to support the rescue of damaged tissues, a flawed rescuing system ultimately producing neuroinflammation. Leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells are sensitive to the damage and indeed can release or respond to chemokines and cytokines (platelet factor 4, CXCL4, TNF, interleukins), and growth factors (including platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) with platelet activation, change in capillary permeability, migration or differentiation of leukocytes. Thrombin, plasmin, activated complement factors and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), furthermore, activate intracellular transduction through complement or protease-activated receptors. Impairment of the neuro-immune hemostasis network induces acute or chronic CNS pathologies related to the neurovascular unit, either directly or by the systemic activation of its main steps. Neurons, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and the extracellular matrix play a crucial function in a “tetrapartite” synaptic model. Taking into account the neurovascular unit, in this review we thoroughly analyzed the influence of neuro-immune hemostasis on these five elements acting as a functional unit (“pentapartite” synapse) in the adaptive and maladaptive plasticity and discuss the relevance of these events in inflammatory, cerebrovascular, Alzheimer, neoplastic and psychiatric diseases. Finally, based on the solid reviewed data, we hypothesize a model of neuro-immune hemostatic network based on protein–protein interactions. In addition, we propose that, to better understand and favor the maintenance of adaptive plasticity, it would be useful to construct predictive molecular models, able to enlighten the regulating logic of the complex molecular network, which belongs to different cellular domains. A modeling approach would help to define how nodes of the network interact with basic cellular functions, such as mitochondrial metabolism, autophagy or apoptosis. It is expected that dynamic systems biology models might help to elucidate the fine structure of molecular events generated by blood coagulation and neuro-immune responses in several CNS diseases, thereby opening the way to more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania-Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania-Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Berg KA, Clarke WP. Making Sense of Pharmacology: Inverse Agonism and Functional Selectivity. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:962-977. [PMID: 30085126 PMCID: PMC6165953 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive receptor activity/inverse agonism and functional selectivity/biased agonism are 2 concepts in contemporary pharmacology that have major implications for the use of drugs in medicine and research as well as for the processes of new drug development. Traditional receptor theory postulated that receptors in a population are quiescent unless activated by a ligand. Within this framework ligands could act as agonists with various degrees of intrinsic efficacy, or as antagonists with zero intrinsic efficacy. We now know that receptors can be active without an activating ligand and thus display "constitutive" activity. As a result, a new class of ligand was discovered that can reduce the constitutive activity of a receptor. These ligands produce the opposite effect of an agonist and are called inverse agonists. The second topic discussed is functional selectivity, also commonly referred to as biased agonism. Traditional receptor theory also posited that intrinsic efficacy is a single drug property independent of the system in which the drug acts. However, we now know that a drug, acting at a single receptor subtype, can have multiple intrinsic efficacies that differ depending on which of the multiple responses coupled to a receptor is measured. Thus, a drug can be simultaneously an agonist, an antagonist, and an inverse agonist acting at the same receptor. This means that drugs have an additional level of selectivity (signaling selectivity or "functional selectivity") beyond the traditional receptor selectivity. Both inverse agonism and functional selectivity need to be considered when drugs are used as medicines or as research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Berg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - William P Clarke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas,Correspondence: William P. Clarke, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Mail Stop 7764, UT Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229 ()
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Onuk Ö, Arslan B, Gezmis TC, Çetin B, Göv T, Yazıcı G, Gürkan O, Ozdemir E. Is the plasma endocan level a reliable predictor for the severity of erectile dysfunction? Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:1577-1582. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Tourdot BE, Stoveken H, Trumbo D, Yeung J, Kanthi Y, Edelstein LC, Bray PF, Tall GG, Holinstat M. Genetic Variant in Human PAR (Protease-Activated Receptor) 4 Enhances Thrombus Formation Resulting in Resistance to Antiplatelet Therapeutics. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1632-1643. [PMID: 29748334 PMCID: PMC6023764 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet activation after stimulation of PAR (protease-activated receptor) 4 is heightened in platelets from blacks compared with those from whites. The difference in PAR4 signaling by race is partially explained by a single-nucleotide variant in PAR4 encoding for either an alanine or threonine at amino acid 120 in the second transmembrane domain. The current study sought to determine whether the difference in PAR4 signaling by this PAR4 variant is because of biased Gq signaling and whether the difference in PAR4 activity results in resistance to traditional antiplatelet intervention. APPROACH AND RESULTS Membranes expressing human PAR4-120 variants were reconstituted with either Gq or G13 to determine the kinetics of G protein activation. The kinetics of Gq and G13 activation were both increased in membranes expressing PAR4-Thr120 compared with those expressing PAR4-Ala120. Further, inhibiting PAR4-mediated platelet activation by targeting COX (cyclooxygenase) and P2Y12 receptor was less effective in platelets from subjects expressing PAR4-Thr120 compared with PAR4-Ala120. Additionally, ex vivo thrombus formation in whole blood was evaluated at high shear to determine the relationship between PAR4 variant expression and response to antiplatelet drugs. Ex vivo thrombus formation was enhanced in blood from subjects expressing PAR4-Thr120 in the presence or absence of antiplatelet therapy. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data support that the signaling difference by the PAR4-120 variant results in the enhancement of both Gq and G13 activation and an increase in thrombus formation resulting in a potential resistance to traditional antiplatelet therapies targeting COX-1 and the P2Y12 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Tourdot
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.)
| | - Hannah Stoveken
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.)
| | - Derek Trumbo
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.)
| | - Jennifer Yeung
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.)
| | - Yogendra Kanthi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.K., M.H.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, MI (Y.K.)
| | - Leonard C Edelstein
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (L.C.E.)
| | - Paul F Bray
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.F.B.)
| | - Gregory G Tall
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.)
| | - Michael Holinstat
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.) .,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.K., M.H.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Gaydukov AE, Akutin IA, Bogacheva PO, Balezina OP. Changes in the Parameters of Quantal Acetylcholine Release after Activation of PAR1-Type Thrombin Receptors at the Mouse Neuromuscular Junctions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747818010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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González-Mariscal L, Raya-Sandino A, González-González L, Hernández-Guzmán C. Relationship between G proteins coupled receptors and tight junctions. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:e1414015. [PMID: 29420165 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1414015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are sites of cell-cell adhesion, constituted by a cytoplasmic plaque of molecules linked to integral proteins that form a network of strands around epithelial and endothelial cells at the uppermost portion of the lateral membrane. TJs maintain plasma membrane polarity and form channels and barriers that regulate the transit of ions and molecules through the paracellular pathway. This structure that regulates traffic between the external milieu and the organism is affected in numerous pathological conditions and constitutes an important target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we describe how a wide array of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by diverse stimuli including light, ions, hormones, peptides, lipids, nucleotides and proteases, signal through heterotrimeric G proteins, arrestins and kinases to regulate TJs present in the blood-brain barrier, the blood-retinal barrier, renal tubular cells, keratinocytes, lung and colon, and the slit diaphragm of the glomerulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Laura González-González
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Christian Hernández-Guzmán
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
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Söllradl T, Banville FA, Fröhlich U, Canva M, Charette PG, Grandbois M. Label-free visualization and quantification of single cell signaling activity using metal-clad waveguide (MCWG)-based microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 100:429-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Maggio N, Papa M. Neuro-Coagulopathy: Blood Coagulation Factors in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2128. [PMID: 29023416 PMCID: PMC5666810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation factors and other proteins, with modulatory effects or modulated by the coagulation cascade have been reported to affect the pathophysiology of the central nervous system (CNS). The protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway can be considered the central hub of this regulatory network, mainly through thrombin or activated protein C (aPC). These proteins, in fact, showed peculiar properties, being able to interfere with synaptic homeostasis other than coagulation itself. These specific functions modulate neuronal networks, acting both on resident (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) as well as circulating immune system cells and the extracellular matrix. The pleiotropy of these effects is produced through different receptors, expressed in various cell types, in a dose- and time-dependent pattern. We reviewed how these pathways may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and post-ischemic epilepsy, CNS cancer, addiction, and mental health. These data open up a new path for the potential therapeutic use of the agonist/antagonist of these proteins in the management of several central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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Complement-activation fragment C4a mediates effector functions by binding as untethered agonist to protease-activated receptors 1 and 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10948-10953. [PMID: 28973891 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707364114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
C4a is a small protein released from complement component C4 upon activation of the complement system's classical and lectin pathways, which are important constituents of innate immune surveillance. Despite the structural similarity between C4a and well-described anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, the binding partner and biological function of C4a have remained elusive. Using a cell-based reporter assay, we screened C4a against a panel of both known and orphan G protein-coupled receptors and now provide evidence that C4a is a ligand for protease-activated receptor (PAR)1 and PAR4. Whereas C4a showed no activity toward known anaphylatoxin receptors, it acted as an agonist for both PAR1 and PAR4 with nanomolar activity. In human endothelial cells, ERK activation by C4a was mediated through both PAR1 and PAR4 in a Gαi-independent signaling pathway. Like other PAR1 activators, C4a induced calcium mobilization through the PAR1/Gαq/PLCβ signaling axis. Moreover, C4a increased stress fiber formation and enhanced endothelial permeability, both of which were reduced by PAR1 antagonists. In sum, our study identifies C4a as an untethered agonist for PAR1 and PAR4 with effects on cellular activation and endothelial permeability, thereby revealing another instance of cross-talk between the complement system and other host defense pathways.
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van den Eshof BL, Hoogendijk AJ, Simpson PJ, van Alphen FPJ, Zanivan S, Mertens K, Meijer AB, van den Biggelaar M. Paradigm of Biased PAR1 (Protease-Activated Receptor-1) Activation and Inhibition in Endothelial Cells Dissected by Phosphoproteomics. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1891-1902. [PMID: 28818855 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thrombin is the key serine protease of the coagulation cascade and mediates cellular responses by activation of PARs (protease-activated receptors). The predominant thrombin receptor is PAR1, and in endothelial cells (ECs), thrombin dynamically regulates a plethora of phosphorylation events. However, it has remained unclear whether thrombin signaling is exclusively mediated through PAR1. Furthermore, mechanistic insight into activation and inhibition of PAR1-mediated EC signaling is lacking. In addition, signaling networks of biased PAR1 activation after differential cleavage of the PAR1 N terminus have remained an unresolved issue. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we used a quantitative phosphoproteomics approach to show that classical and peptide activation of PAR1 induce highly similar signaling, that low thrombin concentrations initiate only limited phosphoregulation, and that the PAR1 inhibitors vorapaxar and parmodulin-2 demonstrate distinct antagonistic properties. Subsequent analysis of the thrombin-regulated phosphosites in the presence of PAR1 inhibitors revealed that biased activation of PAR1 is not solely linked to a specific G-protein downstream of PAR1. In addition, we showed that only the canonical thrombin PAR1 tethered ligand induces extensive early phosphoregulation in ECs. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides detailed insight in the signaling mechanisms downstream of PAR1. Our data demonstrate that thrombin-induced EC phosphoregulation is mediated exclusively through PAR1, that thrombin and thrombin-tethered ligand peptide induce similar phosphoregulation, and that only canonical PAR1 cleavage by thrombin generates a tethered ligand that potently induces early signaling. Furthermore, platelet PAR1 inhibitors directly affect EC signaling, indicating that it will be a challenge to design a PAR1 antagonist that will target only those pathways responsible for tissue pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart L van den Eshof
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Arie J Hoogendijk
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Pelle J Simpson
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Floris P J van Alphen
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Sara Zanivan
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Koen Mertens
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Alexander B Meijer
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Maartje van den Biggelaar
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.).
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Factor Xa Mediates Calcium Flux in Endothelial Cells and is Potentiated by Igg From Patients With Lupus and/or Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10788. [PMID: 28883515 PMCID: PMC5589732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor (F) Xa reactive IgG isolated from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) display higher avidity binding to FXa with greater coagulant effects compared to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) non APS IgG. FXa signalling via activation of protease-activated receptors (PAR) leads to increased intracellular calcium (Ca2+). Therefore, we measured alterations in Ca2+ levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) following FXa-mediated PAR activation and investigated whether FXa reactive IgG from patients with APS or SLE/APS- alter these responses. We observed concentration-dependent induction of Ca2+ release by FXa that was potentiated by APS-IgG and SLE/APS- IgG compared to healthy control subjects’ IgG, and FXa alone. APS-IgG and SLE/APS- IgG increased FXa mediated NFκB signalling and this effect was fully-retained in the affinity purified anti-FXa IgG sub-fraction. Antagonism of PAR-1 and PAR-2 reduced FXa-induced Ca2+ release. Treatment with a specific FXa inhibitor, hydroxychloroquine or fluvastatin significantly reduced FXa-induced and IgG-potentiated Ca2+ release. In conclusion, PAR-1 and PAR-2 are involved in FXa-mediated intracellular Ca2+ release in HUVEC and FXa reactive IgG from patients with APS and/or SLE potentiate this effect. Further work is required to explore the potential use of IgG FXa reactivity as a novel biomarker to stratify treatment with FXa inhibitors in these patients.
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are the largest family of targets for current therapeutics. The classic model of their activation was binary, where agonist binding induced an active conformation and subsequent downstream signaling. Subsequently, the revised concept of biased agonism emerged, where different ligands at the same G protein-coupled receptor selectively activate one downstream pathway versus another. Advances in understanding the mechanism of biased agonism have led to the development of novel ligands, which have the potential for improved therapeutic and safety profiles. In this review, we summarize the theory and most recent breakthroughs in understanding biased signaling, examine recent laboratory investigations concerning biased ligands across different organ systems, and discuss the promising clinical applications of biased agonism.
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Temple KJ, Duvernay MT, Maeng JG, Blobaum AL, Stauffer SR, Hamm HE, Lindsley CW. Identification of the minimum PAR4 inhibitor pharmacophore and optimization of a series of 2-methoxy-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5481-5486. [PMID: 27777004 PMCID: PMC5340293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This letter describes the further deconstruction of the known PAR4 inhibitor chemotypes (MWs 490-525 and with high plasma protein binding) to identify a minimum PAR4 pharmacophore devoid of metabolic liabilities and improved properties. This exercise identified a greatly simplified 2-methoxy-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole scaffold that afforded nanomolar inhibition of both activating peptide and γ-thrombin mediated PAR4 stimulation, while reducing both molecular weight and the number of hydrogen bond donors/acceptors by ∼50%. This minimum PAR4 pharmacophore, with competitive inhibition, versus non-competitive of the larger chemotypes, allows an ideal starting point to incorporate desired functional groups to engender optimal DMPK properties towards a preclinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J. Temple
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew T. Duvernay
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jae G. Maeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shaun R. Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Heidi E. Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Stolwijk JA, Zhang X, Gueguinou M, Zhang W, Matrougui K, Renken C, Trebak M. Calcium Signaling Is Dispensable for Receptor Regulation of Endothelial Barrier Function. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22894-22912. [PMID: 27624938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.756114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial barrier function is tightly regulated by plasma membrane receptors and is crucial for tissue fluid homeostasis; its dysfunction causes disease, including sepsis and inflammation. The ubiquitous activation of Ca2+ signaling upon phospholipase C-coupled receptor ligation leads quite naturally to the assumption that Ca2+ signaling is required for receptor-regulated endothelial barrier function. This widespread hypothesis draws analogy from smooth muscle and proposes the requirement of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-generated Ca2+ signaling in activating the endothelial contractile apparatus and generating interendothelial gaps. Notwithstanding endothelia being non-excitable in nature, the hypothesis of Ca2+-induced endothelial contraction has been invoked to explain actions of GPCR agonists that either disrupt or stabilize endothelial barrier function. Here, we challenge this correlative hypothesis by showing a lack of causal link between GPCR-generated Ca2+ signaling and changes in human microvascular endothelial barrier function. We used three endogenous GPCR agonists: thrombin and histamine, which disrupt endothelial barrier function, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, which stabilizes barrier function. The qualitatively different effects of these three agonists on endothelial barrier function occur independently of Ca2+ entry through the ubiquitous store-operated Ca2+ entry channel Orai1, global Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane, and Ca2+ release from internal stores. However, disruption of endothelial barrier function by thrombin and histamine requires the Ca2+ sensor stromal interacting molecule-1 (STIM1), whereas sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated enhancement of endothelial barrier function occurs independently of STIM1. We conclude that although STIM1 is required for GPCR-mediated disruption of barrier function, a causal link between GPCR-induced cytoplasmic Ca2+ increases and acute changes in barrier function is missing. Thus, the cytosolic Ca2+-induced endothelial contraction is a cum hoc fallacy that should be abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Stolwijk
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033.,the Applied Biophysics Inc., Troy, New York 12180
| | - Xuexin Zhang
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Maxime Gueguinou
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Khalid Matrougui
- the Department of Physiological Sciences, East Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, and
| | | | - Mohamed Trebak
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033,
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Occupancy of human EPCR by protein C induces β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling by both APC and thrombin. Blood 2016; 128:1884-1893. [PMID: 27561318 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-720581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) by activated protein C (APC) and thrombin elicits paradoxical cytoprotective and cytotoxic signaling responses in vascular endothelial cells through cleavage of the receptor at Arg-46 and Arg-41 protease recognition sites, respectively. It has been reported that unlike a disruptive G-protein-mediated PAR1 signaling by thrombin, APC induces a protective β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that the occupancy of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) by the Gla-domain of protein C/APC is responsible for the β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling independent of the protease cleavage site. To test this hypothesis, we monitored the signaling specificity of thrombin in endothelial cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without pretreatment of cells with protein C-S195A. The PAR1-dependent recruitment of β-arrestin-2 in response to LPS by both APC and thrombin was analyzed by functional, gene silencing, and signaling assays. Results indicate that similar to APC, thrombin exerts cytoprotective effects via β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling. Similar to APC, thrombin triggered β-arrestin-2-dependent recruitment of disheveled 2 (Dvl-2) in PC-S195A pretreated cells. Further studies in HeLa cells transfected with PAR1 constructs revealed that EPCR occupancy initiates β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling independent of the protease cleavage sites. We demonstrate that EPCR occupancy recruits G-protein coupled receptor kinase 5, thereby inducing β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling by both APC and thrombin. In support of a physiological relevance for these results, intraperitoneal administration of PC-S195A conferred a cytoprotective effect for thrombin in an in vivo inflammatory model.
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Lee J, Ghil S. Regulator of G protein signaling 8 inhibits protease-activated receptor 1/G i/o signaling by forming a distinct G protein-dependent complex in live cells. Cell Signal 2016; 28:391-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Xie K, Wang W, Chen H, Han H, Liu D, Wang G, Yu Y. Hydrogen-Rich Medium Attenuated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Adhesion and Vascular Endothelial Permeability via Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Protein Kinase. Shock 2016; 44:58-64. [PMID: 25895142 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in critically ill patients. In recent years, molecular hydrogen, as an effective free radical scavenger, has been shown a selective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, and it is beneficial in the treatment of sepsis. Rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinase (ROCK) participates in junction between normal cells, and regulates vascular endothelial permeability. In this study, we used lipopolysaccharide to stimulate vascular endothelial cells and explored the effects of hydrogen-rich medium on the regulation of adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and vascular endothelial permeability. We found that hydrogen-rich medium could inhibit adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and decrease levels of adhesion molecules, whereas the levels of transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance values and the expression of vascular endothelial cadherin were increased after hydrogen-rich medium treatment. Moreover, hydrogen-rich medium could lessen the expression of ROCK, as a similar effect of its inhibitor Y-27632. In addition, hydrogen-rich medium could also inhibit adhesion of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to endothelial cells. In conclusion, hydrogen-rich medium could regulate adhesion of monocytes/polymorphonuclear neutrophils to endothelial cells and vascular endothelial permeability, and this effect might be related to the decreased expression of ROCK protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keliang Xie
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; †Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China; and ‡Institute of Acute Abdominal Disease, Tianjin Nan Kai Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Carr R, Koziol-White C, Zhang J, Lam H, An SS, Tall GG, Panettieri RA, Benovic JL. Interdicting Gq Activation in Airway Disease by Receptor-Dependent and Receptor-Independent Mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:94-104. [PMID: 26464325 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gαqβγ heterotrimer (Gq), an important mediator in the pathology of airway disease, plays a central role in bronchoconstriction and airway remodeling, including airway smooth muscle growth and inflammation. Current therapeutic strategies to treat airway disease include the use of muscarinic and leukotriene receptor antagonists; however, these pharmaceuticals demonstrate a limited clinical efficacy as multiple Gq-coupled receptor subtypes contribute to these pathologies. Thus, broadly inhibiting the activation of Gq may be an advantageous therapeutic approach. Here, we investigated the effects of broadly inhibiting Gq activation in vitro and ex vivo using receptor-dependent and receptor-independent strategies. P4pal-10 is a protease activated receptor 4-derived pepducin that exhibits efficacy toward multiple Gq-coupled receptors. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that P4pal-10 selectively inhibits all G protein coupling to several Gq-coupled receptors, including protease activated receptor 1, muscarinic acetylcholine M3, and histamine H1 receptors, while demonstrating no direct effect on Gq. We also evaluated the ability of FR900359, also known as UBO-QIC, to directly inhibit Gq activation. FR900359 inhibited spontaneous Gαq nucleotide exchange, while having little effect on Gαsβγ, Gαiβγ, or Gα12/13βγ heterotrimer activity. Both P4pal-10 and FR900359 inhibited Gq-mediated intracellular signaling and primary human airway smooth muscle growth, whereas only FR900359 effectively interdicted agonist-promoted airway contraction in human precision cut lung slices. These studies serve as a proof of concept that the broad-based inhibition of Gq activation may be a useful therapeutic approach to treat multiple common pathologies of airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Carr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.C., J.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (C.K.W., J.Z., R.A.P.); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (H.L., S.S.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (G.G.T.)
| | - Cynthia Koziol-White
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.C., J.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (C.K.W., J.Z., R.A.P.); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (H.L., S.S.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (G.G.T.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.C., J.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (C.K.W., J.Z., R.A.P.); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (H.L., S.S.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (G.G.T.)
| | - Hong Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.C., J.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (C.K.W., J.Z., R.A.P.); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (H.L., S.S.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (G.G.T.)
| | - Steven S An
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.C., J.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (C.K.W., J.Z., R.A.P.); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (H.L., S.S.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (G.G.T.)
| | - Gregory G Tall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.C., J.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (C.K.W., J.Z., R.A.P.); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (H.L., S.S.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (G.G.T.)
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.C., J.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (C.K.W., J.Z., R.A.P.); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (H.L., S.S.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (G.G.T.)
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.C., J.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (C.K.W., J.Z., R.A.P.); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (H.L., S.S.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (G.G.T.)
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Stolwijk JA, Matrougui K, Renken CW, Trebak M. Impedance analysis of GPCR-mediated changes in endothelial barrier function: overview and fundamental considerations for stable and reproducible measurements. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:2193-218. [PMID: 25537398 PMCID: PMC4480219 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years has seen significant growth in using impedance-based assays to understand the molecular underpinning of endothelial and epithelial barrier function in response to physiological agonists and pharmacological and toxicological compounds. Most studies on barrier function use G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists which couple to fast and transient changes in barrier properties. The power of impedance-based techniques such as electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) resides in its ability to detect minute changes in cell layer integrity label-free and in real-time ranging from seconds to days. We provide a comprehensive overview of the biophysical principles, applications, and recent developments in impedance-based methodologies. Despite extensive application of impedance analysis in endothelial barrier research, little attention has been paid to data analysis and critical experimental variables, which are both essential for signal stability and reproducibility. We describe the rationale behind common ECIS data presentation and interpretation and illustrate practical guidelines to improve signal intensity by adapting technical parameters such as electrode layout, monitoring frequency, or parameter (resistance versus impedance magnitude). Moreover, we discuss the impact of experimental parameters, including cell source, liquid handling, and agonist preparation on signal intensity and kinetics. Our discussions are supported by experimental data obtained from human microvascular endothelial cells challenged with three GPCR agonists, thrombin, histamine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Stolwijk
- The SUNY College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE), SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, 257 Fuller Rd., Albany, NY, 12203, USA
- Applied BioPhysics Inc., Troy, NY, USA
| | - Khalid Matrougui
- Department of Physiological Sciences, East Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | | | - Mohamed Trebak
- The SUNY College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE), SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, 257 Fuller Rd., Albany, NY, 12203, USA.
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Grimsey NJ, Aguilar B, Smith TH, Le P, Soohoo AL, Puthenveedu MA, Nizet V, Trejo J. Ubiquitin plays an atypical role in GPCR-induced p38 MAP kinase activation on endosomes. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:1117-31. [PMID: 26391660 PMCID: PMC4586747 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201504007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
K63-linked ubiquitination of GPCRs mediated by the NEDD4-2 E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates recruitment of a TAB1–TAB2 complex on endosomes and stimulates p38 MAPK through a noncanonical pathway, which is critical for endothelial barrier disruption. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) for thrombin and promotes inflammatory responses through multiple pathways including p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. The mechanisms that govern PAR1-induced p38 activation remain unclear. Here, we define an atypical ubiquitin-dependent pathway for p38 activation used by PAR1 that regulates endothelial barrier permeability. Activated PAR1 K63-linked ubiquitination is mediated by the NEDD4-2 E3 ubiquitin ligase and initiated recruitment of transforming growth factor-β–activated protein kinase-1 binding protein-2 (TAB2). The ubiquitin-binding domain of TAB2 was essential for recruitment to PAR1-containing endosomes. TAB2 associated with TAB1, which induced p38 activation independent of MKK3 and MKK6. The P2Y1 purinergic GPCR also stimulated p38 activation via NEDD4-2–mediated ubiquitination and TAB1–TAB2. TAB1–TAB2-dependent p38 activation was critical for PAR1-promoted endothelial barrier permeability in vitro, and p38 signaling was required for PAR1-induced vascular leakage in vivo. These studies define an atypical ubiquitin-mediated signaling pathway used by a subset of GPCRs that regulates endosomal p38 signaling and endothelial barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Berenice Aguilar
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Thomas H Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Phillip Le
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Amanda L Soohoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
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Beckers CML, Knezevic N, Valent ET, Tauseef M, Krishnan R, Rajendran K, Hardin CC, Aman J, van Bezu J, Sweetnam P, van Hinsbergh VWM, Mehta D, van Nieuw Amerongen GP. ROCK2 primes the endothelium for vascular hyperpermeability responses by raising baseline junctional tension. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 70:45-54. [PMID: 25869521 PMCID: PMC4606924 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rho kinase mediates the effects of inflammatory permeability factors by increasing actomyosin-generated traction forces on endothelial adherens junctions, resulting in disassembly of intercellular junctions and increased vascular leakage. In vitro, this is accompanied by the Rho kinase-driven formation of prominent radial F-actin fibers, but the in vivo relevance of those F-actin fibers has been debated, suggesting other Rho kinase-mediated events to occur in vascular leak. Here, we delineated the contributions of the highly homologous isoforms of Rho kinase (ROCK1 and ROCK2) to vascular hyperpermeability responses. We show that ROCK2, rather than ROCK1 is the critical Rho kinase for regulation of thrombin receptor-mediated vascular permeability. Novel traction force mapping in endothelial monolayers, however, shows that ROCK2 is not required for the thrombin-induced force enhancements. Rather, ROCK2 is pivotal to baseline junctional tension as a novel mechanism by which Rho kinase primes the endothelium for hyperpermeability responses, independent from subsequent ROCK1-mediated contractile stress-fiber formation during the late phase of the permeability response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora M L Beckers
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nebojsa Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Erik T Valent
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Tauseef
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kavitha Rajendran
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Corey Hardin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jurjan Aman
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Bezu
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Sweetnam
- Surface Logix-737, Concord Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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