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Bayraktar E, Lopez-Pigozzi D, Bortolozzi M. Calcium Regulation of Connexin Hemichannels. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6594. [PMID: 38928300 PMCID: PMC11204158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Connexin hemichannels (HCs) expressed at the plasma membrane of mammalian cells are of paramount importance for intercellular communication. In physiological conditions, HCs can form gap junction (GJ) channels, providing a direct diffusive path between neighbouring cells. In addition, unpaired HCs provide conduits for the exchange of solutes between the cytoplasm and the extracellular milieu, including messenger molecules involved in paracrine signalling. The synergistic action of membrane potential and Ca2+ ions controls the gating of the large and relatively unselective pore of connexin HCs. The four orders of magnitude difference in gating sensitivity to the extracellular ([Ca2+]e) and the cytosolic ([Ca2+]c) Ca2+ concentrations suggests that at least two different Ca2+ sensors may exist. While [Ca2+]e acts as a spatial modulator of the HC opening, which is most likely dependent on the cell layer, compartment, and organ, [Ca2+]c triggers HC opening and the release of extracellular bursts of messenger molecules. Such molecules include ATP, cAMP, glutamate, NAD+, glutathione, D-serine, and prostaglandins. Lost or abnormal HC regulation by Ca2+ has been associated with several diseases, including deafness, keratitis ichthyosis, palmoplantar keratoderma, Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, oculodentodigital dysplasia, and congenital cataracts. The fact that both an increased and a decreased Ca2+ sensitivity has been linked to pathological conditions suggests that Ca2+ in healthy cells finely tunes the normal HC function. Overall, further investigation is needed to clarify the structural and chemical modifications of connexin HCs during [Ca2+]e and [Ca2+]c variations. A molecular model that accounts for changes in both Ca2+ and the transmembrane voltage will undoubtedly enhance our interpretation of the experimental results and pave the way for developing therapeutic compounds targeting specific HC dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erva Bayraktar
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Lopez-Pigozzi
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Bortolozzi
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Institute of Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS-CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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2
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Socała K, Jakubiec M, Abram M, Mlost J, Starowicz K, Kamiński RM, Ciepiela K, Andres-Mach M, Zagaja M, Metcalf CS, Zawadzki P, Wlaź P, Kamiński K. TRPV1 channel in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and its potential as a molecular target for the development of new antiseizure drug candidates. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 240:102634. [PMID: 38834133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Identification of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as capsaicin receptor, in 1997 was a milestone achievement in the research on temperature sensation and pain signalling. Very soon after it became evident that TRPV1 is implicated in a wide array of physiological processes in different peripheral tissues, as well as in the central nervous system, and thereby could be involved in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that modulation of TRPV1 may also affect seizure susceptibility and epilepsy. This channel is localized in brain regions associated with seizures and epilepsy, and its overexpression was found both in animal models of seizures and in brain samples from epileptic patients. Moreover, modulation of TRPV1 on non-neuronal cells (microglia, astrocytes, and/or peripheral immune cells) may have an impact on the neuroinflammatory processes that play a role in epilepsy and epileptogenesis. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive and critical overview of currently available data on TRPV1 as a possible molecular target for epilepsy management, trying to identify research gaps and future directions. Overall, several converging lines of evidence implicate TRPV1 channel as a potentially attractive target in epilepsy research but more studies are needed to exploit the possible role of TRPV1 in seizures/epilepsy and to evaluate the value of TRPV1 ligands as candidates for new antiseizure drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin PL 20-033, Poland.
| | - Marcin Jakubiec
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Michał Abram
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Jakub Mlost
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, Cracow PL 31-343, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Starowicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, Cracow PL 31-343, Poland
| | - Rafał M Kamiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciepiela
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland; Selvita S.A., Bobrzyńskiego 14, Cracow PL 30-348, Poland
| | - Marta Andres-Mach
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, Lublin PL 20-090, Poland
| | - Mirosław Zagaja
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, Lublin PL 20-090, Poland
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Przemysław Zawadzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin PL 20-033, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kamiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
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3
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Planas AM. Role of microglia in stroke. Glia 2024; 72:1016-1053. [PMID: 38173414 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Diseases, Area of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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Blaylock RL. Additive aluminum as a cause of induced immunoexcitoxicity resulting in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders: A biochemical, pathophysiological, and pharmacological analysis. Surg Neurol Int 2024; 15:171. [PMID: 38840623 PMCID: PMC11152537 DOI: 10.25259/sni_296_2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Much has been learned about the neurotoxicity of aluminum over the past several decades in terms of its ability to disrupt cellular function, result in slow accumulation, and the difficulty of its removal from cells. Newer evidence suggests a central pathophysiological mechanism may be responsible for much of the toxicity of aluminum and aluminofluoride compounds on the brain and spinal cord. This mechanism involves activation of the brain's innate immune system, primarily the microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages, with a release of neurotoxic concentrations of excitotoxins and proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and immune mediators. Many studies suggest that excitotoxicity plays a significant role in the neurotoxic action of several metals, including aluminum. Recently, researchers have found that while most of the chronic pathology involved in the observed neurodegenerative effects of these metals are secondary to prolonged inflammation, it is the enhancement of excitotoxicity by the immune mediators that are responsible for most of the metal's toxicity. This enhancement occurs through a crosstalk between cytokines and glutamate-related mechanisms. The author coined the name immunoexcitotoxicity to describe this process. This paper reviews the evidence linking immunoexcitotoxicity to aluminum's neurotoxic effects and that a slow accumulation of aluminum may be the cause of neurodevelopmental defects as well as neurodegeneration in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L. Blaylock
- Theoretical Neuroscience Research, LLC, Ridgeland, Mississippi, United States
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Pesti I, Légrádi Á, Farkas E. Primary microglia cell cultures in translational research: Strengths and limitations. J Biotechnol 2024; 386:10-18. [PMID: 38519034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, accounting for 10-15% of the cell mass in the brain. Next to their physiological role in development, monitoring neuronal function and the maintenance of homeostasis, microglia are crucial in the brain's immune defense. Brain injury and chronic neurological disorders are associated with neuroinflammation, in which microglia activation is a central element. Microglia acquire a wide spectrum of activation states in the diseased or injured brain, some of which are neurotoxic. The investigation of microglia (patho)physiology and therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation is a substantial challenge. In addition to in vivo approaches, the application of in vitro model systems has gained significant ground and is essential to complement in vivo work. Primary microglia cultures have proved to be a useful tool. Microglia cultures have offered the opportunity to explore the mechanistic, molecular elements of microglia activation, the microglia secretome, and the efficacy of therapeutic treatments against neuroinflammation. As all model systems, primary microglia cultures have distinct strengths and limitations to be weighed when experiments are designed and when data are interpreted. Here, we set out to provide a succinct overview of the advantages and pitfalls of the use of microglia cultures, which instructs the refinement and further development of this technique to remain useful in the toolbox of microglia researchers. Since there is no conclusive therapy to combat neurotoxicity linked to neuroinflammation in acute brain injury or neurodegenerative disorders, these research tools remain essential to explore therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Pesti
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Ádám Légrádi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
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6
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Lu HJ, Guo D, Wei QQ. Potential of Neuroinflammation-Modulating Strategies in Tuberculous Meningitis: Targeting Microglia. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1255-1276. [PMID: 37196131 PMCID: PMC11081169 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe complication of tuberculosis (TB) and is associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the infectious agent of TB, disseminates from the respiratory epithelium, breaks through the blood-brain barrier, and establishes a primary infection in the meninges. Microglia are the core of the immune network in the central nervous system (CNS) and interact with glial cells and neurons to fight against harmful pathogens and maintain homeostasis in the brain through pleiotropic functions. However, M. tb directly infects microglia and resides in them as the primary host for bacillus infections. Largely, microglial activation slows disease progression. The non-productive inflammatory response that initiates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines may be neurotoxic and aggravate tissue injuries based on damages caused by M. tb. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging strategy for modulating host immune responses against diverse diseases. Recent studies have shown that HDT can control neuroinflammation in TBM and act as an adjunct therapy to antibiotic treatment. In this review, we discuss the diverse roles of microglia in TBM and potential host-directed TB therapies that target microglia to treat TBM. We also discuss the limitations of applying each HDT and suggest a course of action for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Jun Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daji Guo
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Qi Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Tibet Military Command, Xizang, China
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7
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Yang XM, Yu H, Li JX, Li N, Li C, Xu DH, Zhang H, Fang TH, Wang SJ, Yan PY, Han BB. Excitotoxic Storms of Ischemic Stroke: A Non-neuronal Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04184-7. [PMID: 38662299 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Numerous neurological disorders share a fatal pathologic process known as glutamate excitotoxicity. Among which, ischemic stroke is the major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. For a long time, the main idea of developing anti-excitotoxic neuroprotective agents was to block glutamate receptors. Despite this, there has been little successful clinical translation to date. After decades of "neuron-centered" views, a growing number of studies have recently revealed the importance of non-neuronal cells. Glial cells, cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, blood cells, and so forth are extensively engaged in glutamate synthesis, release, reuptake, and metabolism. They also express functional glutamate receptors and can listen and respond for fast synaptic transmission. This broadens the thoughts of developing excitotoxicity antagonists. In this review, the critical contribution of non-neuronal cells in glutamate excitotoxicity during ischemic stroke will be emphasized in detail, and the latest research progress as well as corresponding therapeutic strategies will be updated at length, aiming to reconceptualize glutamate excitotoxicity in a non-neuronal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Yang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Han Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-He Fang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jun Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pei-Yu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
- Zhuhai MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing-Bing Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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Chamberland É, Moravveji S, Doyon N, Duchesne S. A computational model of Alzheimer's disease at the nano, micro, and macroscales. Front Neuroinform 2024; 18:1348113. [PMID: 38586183 PMCID: PMC10995318 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2024.1348113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mathematical models play a crucial role in investigating complex biological systems, enabling a comprehensive understanding of interactions among various components and facilitating in silico testing of intervention strategies. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by multifactorial causes and intricate interactions among biological entities, necessitating a personalized approach due to the lack of effective treatments. Therefore, mathematical models offer promise as indispensable tools in combating AD. However, existing models in this emerging field often suffer from limitations such as inadequate validation or a narrow focus on single proteins or pathways. Methods In this paper, we present a multiscale mathematical model that describes the progression of AD through a system of 19 ordinary differential equations. The equations describe the evolution of proteins (nanoscale), cell populations (microscale), and organ-level structures (macroscale) over a 50-year lifespan, as they relate to amyloid and tau accumulation, inflammation, and neuronal death. Results Distinguishing our model is a robust foundation in biological principles, ensuring improved justification for the included equations, and rigorous parameter justification derived from published experimental literature. Conclusion This model represents an essential initial step toward constructing a predictive framework, which holds significant potential for identifying effective therapeutic targets in the fight against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éléonore Chamberland
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Seyedadel Moravveji
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Doyon
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Duchesne
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Radiologie et Médecine Nucléaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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Niella RV, Corrêa JMX, dos Santos JFR, Lima LF, Marques CSDC, Santos LC, Santana LR, Silva ÁJC, Farias KS, Pirovani CP, Silva JF, de Lavor MSL. Post-treatment with maropitant reduces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and neuroinflammation on peripheral nerve injury in rats. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0287390. [PMID: 38507417 PMCID: PMC10954158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effective dose and therapeutic potential of maropitant using through expression of mediators of oxidative stress, inflammatory and of the unfolded protein response (UPR) (bio) markers on spinal cord using a model of neuropathic pain induced through chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded, prospective experimental study. ANIMALS 98 male Wistar rats. METHODS Rats were anesthetized with sevoflurane and after CCI, they were randomly assigned to the following groups that received: vehicle, 3, 6, 15, 30 e 50 mg/kg/24q of maropitant. The effect on inflammatory mediators (IL10, TNFα), oxidative stress (GPx, CAT, SOD), microglial (IBA-1) and neuronal (NeuN, TACR1) markers was evaluated though immunohistochemistry and expression levels of markers of hypoxia (HIF1α, Nrf2), antioxidant enzymes (Catalse, Sod1 and GPx1), and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediators (GRP78, CHOP and PERK) through qRT-PCR. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection (IP) of maropitant inhibited nociception with ID50 values of 4,1 mg/kg (5,85-19,36) in a neuropathic pain model through CCI. A dose of 30 mg/kg/24q was significantly effective in reducing mechanical allodynia 1 to 4h after treatment with nociception inhibition (145,83%). A reduction in the expression of hypoxia factors (HIF1α, Nrf2) was observed, along with an increase in antioxidant activity (CAT, SOD and GPX). Additionally, there was a reduction in inflammatory markes (IL10, TNFα), microglial (IBA-1), and neuronal markers (NeuN, TACR1). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings demonstrate that the determined dose, administered daily for seven days, had an antinociceptive effect, as well as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vieira Niella
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Larissa Ferreira Lima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Larissa Rodrigues Santana
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Álvaro José Chávez Silva
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Keilane Silva Farias
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | - Juneo Freitas Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
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10
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Mastrangelo A, Scotti GM, Manteiga JG, Gisslén M, Price RW, Bestetti A, Turrini F, Caccia R, Gorelik L, Morelli MJ, Castagna A, Cinque P. Alterations in glutamate, arginine, and energy metabolism characterize cerebrospinal fluid and plasma metabolome of persons with HIV-associated dementia. AIDS 2024; 38:299-308. [PMID: 37905996 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is the most severe clinical expression of HIV-mediated neuropathology, and the processes underlying its development remain poorly understood. We aimed to exploit high-dimensional metabolic profiling to gain insights into the pathological mechanisms associated to HAD. DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, we utilized metabolomics to profile matched cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples of HAD individuals ( n = 20) compared with neurologically asymptomatic people with HIV (ASYM, n = 20) and healthy controls (NEG, n = 20). METHODS Identification of plasma and CSF metabolites was performed by liquid-chromatography or gas-chromatography following a validated experimental pipeline. The resulting metabolic profiles were analyzed by machine-learning algorithms, and altered pathways were identified by comparison with KEGG pathway database. RESULTS In CSF, HAD patients displayed an imbalance in glutamine/glutamate ratio, decreased levels of isocitrate and arginine, and increased oxidative stress when compared with ASYM or NEG. These changes were confirmed in matched plasma samples, which in addition revealed an accumulation of eicosanoids and unsaturated fatty acids in HAD individuals. Pathway analysis in both biological fluids suggested that alterations in several metabolic processes, including protein biosynthesis, glutamate and arginine metabolism, and energy metabolism, in association to a perturbed eicosanoid metabolism in plasma, may represent the metabolic signature associated to HAD. CONCLUSION These findings show that HAD may be associated with metabolic modifications in CSF and plasma. These preliminary data may be useful to identify novel metabolic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in HIV-associated neurological impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mastrangelo
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University
- Centre Hopitalier Universitaire Vaudoise (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arabella Bestetti
- Unit of Neurovirology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | - Filippo Turrini
- Unit of Neurovirology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | - Roberta Caccia
- Unit of Neurovirology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco J Morelli
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | - Paola Cinque
- Unit of Neurovirology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
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11
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Dos Santos Pereira M, Maitan Santos B, Gimenez R, Guimarães FS, Raisman-Vozari R, Del Bel E, Michel PP. The two synthetic cannabinoid compounds 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 efficiently restrain inflammatory responses of brain microglia and astrocytes. Glia 2024; 72:529-545. [PMID: 38013496 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
To study the anti-inflammatory potential of the two synthetic cannabinoids 4'-F-CBD and HU-910, we used post-natal brain cultures of mouse microglial cells and astrocytes activated by reference inflammogens. We found that 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 efficiently curtailed the release of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in microglia and astrocytes activated by the bacterial Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)4 ligand LPS. Upon LPS challenge, 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 also prevented the activation of phenotypic activation markers specific to microglia and astrocytes, that is, Iba-1 and GFAP, respectively. In microglial cells, the two test compounds also efficiently restrained LPS-stimulated release of glutamate, a non-cytokine inflammation marker for these cells. The immunosuppressive effects of the two cannabinoid compounds were concentration-dependent and observable between 1 and 10 μM. These effects were not dependent on cannabinoid or cannabinoid-like receptors. Both 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 were also capable of restraining the inflammogenic activity of Pam3CSK4, a lipopeptide that activates TLR2, and of BzATP, a prototypic agonist of P2X7 purinergic receptors, suggesting that these two cannabinoids could exert immunosuppressive effects against a variety of inflammatory stimuli. Using LPS-stimulated microglia and astrocytes, we established that the immunosuppressive action of 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 resulted from the inhibition of ROS produced by NADPH oxidase and subsequent repression of NF-κB-dependent signaling events. Our results suggest that 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 may have therapeutic utility in pathological conditions where neuroinflammatory processes are prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Dos Santos Pereira
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Bruna Maitan Santos
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rocio Gimenez
- Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- IREN Center, National Technological University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patrick Pierre Michel
- Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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12
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Li J, Qi H, Chen Y, Zhu X. Epilepsy and demyelination: Towards a bidirectional relationship. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 234:102588. [PMID: 38378072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Demyelination stands out as a prominent feature in individuals with specific types of epilepsy. Concurrently, individuals with demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are at a greater risk of developing epilepsy compared to non-MS individuals. These bidirectional connections raise the question of whether both pathological conditions share common pathogenic mechanisms. This review focuses on the reciprocal relationship between epilepsy and demyelination diseases. We commence with an overview of the neurological basis of epilepsy and demyelination diseases, followed by an exploration of how our comprehension of these two disorders has evolved in tandem. Additionally, we discuss the potential pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the interactive relationship between these two diseases. A more nuanced understanding of the interplay between epilepsy and demyelination diseases has the potential to unveiling the molecular intricacies of their pathological relationships, paving the way for innovative directions in future clinical management and treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honggang Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhou Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Maliar NL, Talbot EJ, Edwards AR, Khoronenkova SV. Microglial inflammation in genome instability: A neurodegenerative perspective. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 135:103634. [PMID: 38290197 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome stability is crucial for cell homeostasis and tissue integrity. Numerous human neuropathologies display chronic inflammation in the central nervous system, set against a backdrop of genome instability, implying a close interplay between the DNA damage and immune responses in the context of neurological disease. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of this crosstalk is essential for holistic understanding of neuroinflammatory pathways in genome instability disorders. Non-neuronal cell types, specifically microglia, are major drivers of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system with neuro-protective and -toxic capabilities. Here, we discuss how persistent DNA damage affects microglial homeostasis, zooming in on the cytosolic DNA sensing cGAS-STING pathway and the downstream inflammatory response, which can drive neurotoxic outcomes in the context of genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Maliar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily J Talbot
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abigail R Edwards
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Boland R, Kokiko-Cochran ON. Deplete and repeat: microglial CSF1R inhibition and traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1352790. [PMID: 38450286 PMCID: PMC10915023 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1352790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health burden affecting millions of people. Sustained neuroinflammation after TBI is often associated with poor outcome. As a result, increased attention has been placed on the role of immune cells in post-injury recovery. Microglia are highly dynamic after TBI and play a key role in the post-injury neuroinflammatory response. Therefore, microglia represent a malleable post-injury target that could substantially influence long-term outcome after TBI. This review highlights the cell specific role of microglia in TBI pathophysiology. Microglia have been manipulated via genetic deletion, drug inhibition, and pharmacological depletion in various pre-clinical TBI models. Notably, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and its receptor (CSF1R) have gained much traction in recent years as a pharmacological target on microglia. CSF1R is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that is essential for microglia proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Small molecule inhibitors targeting CSF1R result in a swift and effective depletion of microglia in rodents. Moreover, discontinuation of the inhibitors is sufficient for microglia repopulation. Attention is placed on summarizing studies that incorporate CSF1R inhibition of microglia. Indeed, microglia depletion affects multiple aspects of TBI pathophysiology, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and functional recovery with measurable influence on astrocytes, peripheral immune cells, and neurons. Taken together, the data highlight an important role for microglia in sustaining neuroinflammation and increasing risk of oxidative stress, which lends to neuronal damage and behavioral deficits chronically after TBI. Ultimately, the insights gained from CSF1R depletion of microglia are critical for understanding the temporospatial role that microglia develop in mediating TBI pathophysiology and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Boland
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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15
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Vaglio-Garro A, Kozlov AV, Smirnova YD, Weidinger A. Pathological Interplay between Inflammation and Mitochondria Aggravates Glutamate Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2276. [PMID: 38396952 PMCID: PMC10889519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and glutamate toxicity are associated with neural disorders, including brain trauma. A review of the literature suggests that toxic and transmission actions of neuronal glutamate are spatially and functionally separated. The transmission pathway utilizes synaptic GluN2A receptors, rapidly released pool of glutamate, evoked release of glutamate mediated by Synaptotagmin 1 and the amount of extracellular glutamate regulated by astrocytes. The toxic pathway utilizes extrasynaptic GluN2B receptors and a cytoplasmic pool of glutamate, which results from the spontaneous release of glutamate mediated by Synaptotagmin 7 and the neuronal 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC), a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme. Additionally, the inhibition of OGDHC observed upon neuro-inflammation is due to an excessive release of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species by immune cells. The loss of OGDHC inhibits uptake of glutamate by mitochondria, thus facilitating its extracellular accumulation and stimulating toxic glutamate pathway without affecting transmission. High levels of extracellular glutamate lead to dysregulation of intracellular redox homeostasis and cause ferroptosis, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The latter affects the transmission pathway demanding high-energy supply and leading to cell death. Mitochondria aggravate glutamate toxicity due to impairments in the TCA cycle and become a victim of glutamate toxicity, which disrupts oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, therapies targeting the TCA cycle in neurological disorders may be more efficient than attempting to preserve mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Vaglio-Garro
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey V. Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuliya D. Smirnova
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Nguyen KL, Bhatt IJ, Gupta S, Showkat N, Swanson KA, Fischer R, Kontermann RE, Pfizenmaier K, Bracchi-Ricard V, Bethea JR. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 activation elicits sex-specific effects on cortical myelin proteins and functional recovery in a model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Res Bull 2024; 207:110885. [PMID: 38246200 PMCID: PMC10923072 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), predominately affects females compared to males. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, signaling through TNF receptor 1 contributes to inflammatory disease pathogenesis. In contrast, TNF receptor 2 signaling is neuroprotective. Current anti-TNF MS therapies are shown to be detrimental to patients due to pleiotropic effects on both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. Using a non-pertussis toxin (nPTX) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in C57BL/6 mice, we systemically administered a TNFR2 agonist (p53-sc-mTNFR2) to investigate behavioral and pathophysiological changes in both female and male mice. Our data shows that TNFR2 activation alleviates motor and sensory symptoms in females. However, in males, the agonist only alleviates sensory symptoms and not motor. nPTX EAE induction in TNFR2 global knockout mice caused exacerbated motor symptoms in females along with an earlier day of onset, but not in males. Our data demonstrates that TNFR2 agonist efficacy is sex-specific for alleviation of motor symptoms, however, it effectively reduces mechanical hypersensitivity in both females and males. Altogether, these data support the therapeutic promise TNFR2 agonism holds as an MS therapeutic and, more broadly, to treat central neuropathic pain.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Male
- Female
- Mice
- Animals
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/therapeutic use
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Myelin Proteins
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla L Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States.
| | - Ishaan J Bhatt
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Shruti Gupta
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nazaf Showkat
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Kathryn A Swanson
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Roman Fischer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfizenmaier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - John R Bethea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States.
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17
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Avola R, Furnari AG, Graziano ACE, Russo A, Cardile V. Management of the Brain: Essential Oils as Promising Neuroinflammation Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:178. [PMID: 38397776 PMCID: PMC10886016 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of various brain disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, has become a focal point for therapeutic exploration. This review highlights neuroinflammatory mechanisms that hallmark neurodegenerative diseases and the potential benefits of essential oils in counteracting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, thereby offering a novel strategy for managing and mitigating the impact of various brain disorders. Essential oils, derived from aromatic plants, have emerged as versatile compounds with a myriad of health benefits. Essential oils exhibit robust antioxidant activity, serving as scavengers of free radicals and contributing to cellular defense against oxidative stress. Furthermore, essential oils showcase anti-inflammatory properties, modulating immune responses and mitigating inflammatory processes implicated in various chronic diseases. The intricate mechanisms by which essential oils and phytomolecules exert their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects were explored, shedding light on their multifaceted properties. Notably, we discussed their ability to modulate diverse pathways crucial in maintaining oxidative homeostasis and suppressing inflammatory responses, and their capacity to rescue cognitive deficits observed in preclinical models of neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Avola
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy;
| | | | | | - Alessandra Russo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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18
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Tripathi S, Nathan CL, Tate MC, Horbinski CM, Templer JW, Rosenow JM, Sita TL, James CD, Deneen B, Miller SD, Heimberger AB. The immune system and metabolic products in epilepsy and glioma-associated epilepsy: emerging therapeutic directions. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174753. [PMID: 38193532 PMCID: PMC10906461 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy has a profound impact on quality of life. Despite the development of new antiseizure medications (ASMs), approximately one-third of affected patients have drug-refractory epilepsy and are nonresponsive to medical treatment. Nearly all currently approved ASMs target neuronal activity through ion channel modulation. Recent human and animal model studies have implicated new immunotherapeutic and metabolomic approaches that may benefit patients with epilepsy. In this Review, we detail the proinflammatory immune landscape of epilepsy and contrast this with the immunosuppressive microenvironment in patients with glioma-related epilepsy. In the tumor setting, excessive neuronal activity facilitates immunosuppression, thereby contributing to subsequent glioma progression. Metabolic modulation of the IDH1-mutant pathway provides a dual pathway for reversing immune suppression and dampening seizure activity. Elucidating the relationship between neurons and immunoreactivity is an area for the prioritization and development of the next era of ASMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwat Tripathi
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Craig M. Horbinski
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Pathology, and
| | | | | | - Timothy L. Sita
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles D. James
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
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19
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Sharma C, Mazumder A. A Comprehensive Review on Potential Molecular Drug Targets for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:45-56. [PMID: 38305393 DOI: 10.2174/0118715249263300231116062740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an onset and incurable neurodegenerative disorder that has been linked to various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Recent research has revealed several potential targets for drug development, such as the prevention of Aβ production and removal, prevention of tau hyperphosphorylation, and keeping neurons alive. Drugs that target numerous ADrelated variables have been developed, and early results are encouraging. This review provides a concise map of the different receptor signaling pathways associated with Alzheimer's Disease, as well as insight into drug design based on these pathways. It discusses the molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, such as oxidative stress, aging, Aβ turnover, thiol groups, and mitochondrial activities, and their role in the disease. It also reviews the potential drug targets, in vivo active agents, and docking studies done in AD and provides prospects for future drug development. This review intends to provide more clarity on the molecular processes that occur in Alzheimer's patient's brains, which can be of use in diagnosing and preventing the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Sharma
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), 19 Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida-201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avijit Mazumder
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), 19 Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida-201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
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20
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Bayraktar E, Bortolozzi M. Measuring Connexin Hemichannel Opening in Response to an InsP3-Mediated Cytosolic Ca 2+ Increase. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2801:189-197. [PMID: 38578422 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3842-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The opening of connexin hemichannels (HCs) expressed at the plasma membrane of mammalian cells is regulated by a number of physiological parameters, including extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ ions. Submicromolar variations of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) are per se sufficient to trigger extracellular bursts of messenger molecules through connexin HCs, thus mediating paracrine signaling. In this chapter, we present a quantitative method to measure the opening dynamics of connexin HCs expressed in a single HeLa cell upon stimulation by a canonical InsP3-mediated [Ca2+]c transient. The protocol relies on a combination of Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp techniques. The insights gained from our method are expected to make a significant contribution to understanding the structure-function relationship of connexin HCs. The protocol is also suitable to screen candidate therapeutic compounds to treat connexin-related diseases linked to HC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erva Bayraktar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei", University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Bortolozzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei", University of Padua, Padova, Italy.
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy.
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21
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Li W, Wu J, Zeng Y, Zheng W. Neuroinflammation in epileptogenesis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269241. [PMID: 38187384 PMCID: PMC10771847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of enduring neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures with heterogeneous etiology, clinical expression, severity, and prognosis. Growing body of research investigates that epileptic seizures are originated from neuronal synchronized and excessive electrical activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated and 30% of epileptic patients still are resistant to the currently available pharmacological treatments with recurrent seizures throughout life. Over the past two decades years accumulated evidences provide strong support to the hypothesis that neuroinflammation, including microglia and astrocytes activation, a cascade of inflammatory mediator releasing, and peripheral immune cells infiltration from blood into brain, is associated with epileptogenesis. Meanwhile, an increasing body of preclinical researches reveal that the anti-inflammatory therapeutics targeting crucial inflammatory components are effective and promising in the treatment of epilepsy. The aim of the present study is to highlight the current understanding of the potential neuroinflammatory mechanisms in epileptogenesis and the potential therapeutic targets against epileptic seizures.
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22
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Zielewicz LJ, Wang J, Ndaru E, Maney B, Yu X, Albers T, Grewer C. Design and Characterization of Prodrug-like Inhibitors for Preventing Glutamate Efflux through Reverse Transport. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4252-4263. [PMID: 37994790 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate transporters are responsible for active transport of the major excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate across the cell membrane, regulating the extracellular glutamate concentration in the mammalian brain. Extracellular glutamate levels in the brain are usually in the submicromolar range but can increase by exocytosis, inhibition of cellular uptake, or through glutamate release by reverse transport, as well as other mechanisms, which can lead to neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death. Such conditions can be encountered upon energy deprivation during an ischemic stroke. Here, we developed acetoxymethyl (AM) ester prodrug-like derivatives of excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) inhibitors that permeate the cell membrane and are activated, most likely through hydrolysis by endogenous cellular esterases, to form the active EAAT inhibitor. Upon increase in external K+ concentration, the inhibitors block glutamate efflux by EAAT reverse transport. Using a novel high-affinity fluorescent prodrug-like inhibitor, dl-threo-9-anthracene-methoxy-aspartate (TAOA) AM ester, we demonstrate that the precursor rapidly accumulates inside cells. Electrophysiological methods and fluorescence assays utilizing the iGluSnFR external glutamate sensor were used to demonstrate the efficacy of AM ester-protected inhibitors in inhibiting K+-mediated glutamate release. Together, our results provide evidence for a novel method to potentially prevent glutamate release by reverse transport under pathophysiological conditions in a model cell system, as well as in human astrocytes, while leaving glutamate uptake under physiological conditions operational. This method could have wide-ranging applications in the prevention of glutamate-induced neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Zielewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Elias Ndaru
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Brien Maney
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Xiaozhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Thomas Albers
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Christof Grewer
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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23
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Ceolin G, Antunes LDC, Moretti M, Rieger DK, Moreira JD. Vitamin D and depression in older adults: lessons learned from observational and clinical studies. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:259-280. [PMID: 35022097 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a mental disorder triggered by the interaction of social, psychological and biological factors that have an important impact on an individual's life. Despite being a well-studied disease with several established forms of treatment, its prevalence is increasing, especially among older adults. New forms of treatment and prevention are encouraged, and some researchers have been discussing the effects of vitamin D (VitD) on depression; however, the exact mechanism by which VitD exerts its effects is not yet conclusive. In this study, we aimed to discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the association between VitD and depression in older adults. Therefore, we conducted a systematic search of databases for indexed articles published until 30 April 2021. The primary focus was on both observational studies documenting the association between VitD and depression/depressive symptoms, and clinical trials documenting the effects of VitD supplementation on depression/depressive symptoms, especially in older adults. Based on pre-clinical, clinical and observational studies, it is suggested that the maintenance of adequate VitD concentrations is an important issue, especially in older adults, which are a risk population for both VitD deficiency and depression. Nevertheless, it is necessary to carry out more studies using longitudinal approaches in low- and middle-income countries to develop a strong source of evidence to formulate guidelines and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilciane Ceolin
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Translational Nutritional Neuroscience working Group, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luciana da Conceição Antunes
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Translational Nutritional Neuroscience working Group, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Débora Kurrle Rieger
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Translational Nutritional Neuroscience working Group, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Júlia Dubois Moreira
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Translational Nutritional Neuroscience working Group, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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24
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Ma CT, Lee SB, Cho IH, Yu JS, Huang T, Lee TM, Ly TL, Kwon SW, Park JH, Yang HO. Agarperoxinols A and B: Two Unprecedented Tricyclic 6/6/7 Rearranged Humulene-Type Sesquiterpenoids That Attenuated the Neuroinflammation in LPS-Stimulated Microglial Models. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43873-43882. [PMID: 38027354 PMCID: PMC10666226 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Agarperoxinols A and B (1-2), two naturally occurring humulene-type sesquiterpenoids with an unprecedented tricyclic 6/6/7 ring, were discovered from the agarwood of Aquilaria malaccensis. Their structures were unambiguously determined by various spectroscopic data, experimental ECD calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Agarperoxinol B showed significant and dose-dependent neuroinflammatory inhibitory effects on various proinflammatory mediators, including NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and suppressed iNOS and COX-2 enzymes in LPS-activated microglial cells. A mechanistic study demonstrated that agarperoxinol B remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of the Akt and JNK signaling pathways. Agarperoxinol B also significantly reduced the expression of the microglial markers Iba-1, COX-2, and TNF-α in the mouse cerebral cortex. Our findings introduce a bioactive compound from natural products that decreases proinflammatory factor production and has application for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Thanh Ma
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and
Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 41-43 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, Dist. 1, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bin Lee
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Cho
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tianqi Huang
- Korea
Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Wolgok 2(i)-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Min Lee
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tu Loan Ly
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho
Chi Minh City, 19 Nguyen
Huu Tho Street, Dist. 7, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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25
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Lei L, Wang YT, Hu D, Gai C, Zhang Y. Astroglial Connexin 43-Mediated Gap Junctions and Hemichannels: Potential Antidepressant Mechanisms and the Link to Neuroinflammation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:4023-4040. [PMID: 37875763 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Major depression disorder (MDD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with a high suicide rate and a higher disability rate than any other disease. Evidence suggests that the pathological mechanism of MDD is related to astrocyte dysfunction. Depression is mainly associated with the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) and the function of Cx43-mediated gap junctions and hemichannels in astrocytes. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been a hotspot in research on the pathology of depression, and Cx43-mediated functions are thought to be involved in neuroinflammation-related depression. However, the specific mechanism of Cx43-mediated functions in neuroinflammation-related depression pathology remains unclear. Therefore, this review summarizes and discusses Cx43 expression, the role of gap junction intercellular communication, and its relationship with neuroinflammation in depression. This review also focuses on the effects of antidepressant drugs (e.g., monoamine antidepressants, psychotropic drugs, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists) on Cx43-mediated function and provides evidence for Cx43 as a novel target for the treatment of MDD. The pathogenesis of MDD is related to astrocyte dysfunction, with reduced Cx43 expression, GJ dysfunction, decreased GJIC and reduced BDNF expression in the depressed brain. The effect of Cx43 on neuroinflammation-related depression involving inflammatory cytokines, glutamate excitotoxicity, and HPA axis dysregulation. Antidepressant drugs targeting Cx43 can effectively relieve depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Cong Gai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Chu CH, Chen JS, Chan YL, Lu WJ, Huang YT, Mao PC, Sze CI, Sun HS. TIAM2S-positive microglia enhance inflammation and neurotoxicity through soluble ICAM-1-mediated immune priming. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23242. [PMID: 37801065 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300462rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
TIAM Rac1-associated GEF 2 short form (TIAM2S) as an oncoprotein alters the immunity of peripheral immune cells to construct an inflammatory tumor microenvironment. However, its role in the activation of microglia, the primary innate immune cells of the brain, and neuroinflammation remains unknown. This study investigated the mechanism underlying TIAM2S shapes immune properties of microglia to facilitate neuron damage. Human microglial clone 3 cell line (HMC3) and human brain samples were applied to determine the presence of TIAM2S in microglia by western blots and double immunostaining. Furthermore, TIAM2S transgenic mice combined with multiple reconstituted primary neuron-glial culture systems and a cytokine array were performed to explore how TIAM2S shaped immune priming of microglia and participated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuron damage. TIAM2S protein was detectable in HMC3 cells and presented in a small portion (~11.1%) of microglia in human brains referred to as TIAM2S-positive microglia. With the property of secreted soluble factor-mediated immune priming, TIAM2S-positive microglia enhanced LPS-induced neuroinflammation and neural damage in vivo and in vitro. The gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) participated in neurotoxic immune priming of TIAM2S+ microglia. Together, this study demonstrated a novel TIAM2S-positive microglia subpopulation enhances inflammation and neurotoxicity through sICAM-1-mediated immune priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsien Chu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shing Chen
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Chan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Lu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Te Huang
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Cheng Mao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - H Sunny Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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27
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Lepiarz-Raba I, Gbadamosi I, Florea R, Paolicelli RC, Jawaid A. Metabolic regulation of microglial phagocytosis: Implications for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:48. [PMID: 37908010 PMCID: PMC10617244 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are increasingly implicated in the regulation of brain health and disease. Microglia perform multiple functions in the central nervous system, including surveillance, phagocytosis and release of a variety of soluble factors. Importantly, a majority of their functions are closely related to changes in their metabolism. This natural inter-dependency between core microglial properties and metabolism offers a unique opportunity to modulate microglial activities via nutritional or metabolic interventions. In this review, we examine the existing scientific literature to synthesize the hypothesis that microglial phagocytosis of amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregates in Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be selectively enhanced via metabolic interventions. We first review the basics of microglial metabolism and the effects of common metabolites, such as glucose, lipids, ketone bodies, glutamine, pyruvate and lactate, on microglial inflammatory and phagocytic properties. Next, we examine the evidence for dysregulation of microglial metabolism in AD. This is followed by a review of in vivo studies on metabolic manipulation of microglial functions to ascertain their therapeutic potential in AD. Finally, we discuss the effects of metabolic factors on microglial phagocytosis of healthy synapses, a pathological process that also contributes to the progression of AD. We conclude by enlisting the current challenges that need to be addressed before strategies to harness microglial phagocytosis to clear pathological protein deposits in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders can be widely adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Lepiarz-Raba
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ismail Gbadamosi
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roberta Florea
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ali Jawaid
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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28
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Zhang F, Liu M, Tuo J, Zhang L, Zhang J, Yu C, Xu Z. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: interplay between the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor and neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253273. [PMID: 37860013 PMCID: PMC10582719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of middle-aged and elderly people, clinically characterized by resting tremor, myotonia, reduced movement, and impaired postural balance. Clinically, patients with PD are often administered levodopa (L-DOPA) to improve their symptoms. However, after years of L-DOPA treatment, most patients experience complications of varying severity, including the "on-off phenomenon", decreased efficacy, and levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). The development of LID can seriously affect the quality of life of patients, but its pathogenesis is unclear and effective treatments are lacking. Glutamic acid (Glu)-mediated changes in synaptic plasticity play a major role in LID. The N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR), an ionotropic glutamate receptor, is closely associated with synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation can modulate NMDAR activation or expression; in addition, neuroinflammation may be involved in the development of LID. However, it is not clear whether NMDA receptors are co-regulated with neuroinflammation during LID formation. Here we review how neuroinflammation mediates the development of LID through the regulation of NMDA receptors, and assess whether common anti-inflammatory drugs and NMDA receptor antagonists may be able to mitigate the development of LID through the regulation of central neuroinflammation, thereby providing a new theoretical basis for finding new therapeutic targets for LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jinmei Tuo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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29
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Kuo HC, Chen SL, Chiu SC, Lee KF, Chu CH. Tolerized Microglia Protect Neurons Against Endotoxin-Induced TNF-α Production via an LBP-Dependent Intracellular p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2023; 46:2011-2023. [PMID: 37365417 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of microglial endotoxin tolerance (ET) is a critical event in protecting neurons against excessive immune responses when microglia are administered two consecutive lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges. However, the intrinsic mechanisms of microglia shape ET programs and protect neurons remain unclear. This study aimed to determine whether extracellular autocrine cascades or intracellular signaling pathways are involved in ET microglia-mediated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) reduction and neuroprotection. Neuron-glia cultures composed of astroglia, neurons, and microglia were performed in different conditions: with or without serum or LPS-binding proteins (LBP), along with an induction approach of ET. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results revealed that LPS induced TNF-α tolerance of microglia in an LBP-dependent manner. Furthermore, we determined whether the early pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS might contribute to the development of microglial ET. Our data showed that the neutralization of TNF-α using an anti-TNF-α antibody had no change in the TNF-α tolerance of microglia during the ET challenge. Furthermore, pre-incubation of TNF-α, interleukin-1 beta, and prostaglandin E2 failed to induce any TNF-α tolerance in microglia after LPS treatment. Moreover, using three specific chemical inhibitors that respectively blocked the activities of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) namely p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-related kinases revealed that inhibition of p38 MAPK by SB203580 disrupted the tolerated microglia-mediated TNF-α reduction and neuroprotection. In summary, our findings demonstrated that the LPS pre-treatment immediately programmed the microglial ET to prevent endotoxin-induced TNF-α production and neuronal damage through the intracellular p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chun Kuo
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Research Fellow, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Chiu
- National Laboratory Animal Center (NLAC), NARLabs, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Fai Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 3F, No.367, Sheng-Li Rd, North District, Tainan City 704, Taiwan.
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30
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Alruwaili NS, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Ragab AE, Alenazi AA, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Batiha GES. Antidepressants and type 2 diabetes: highways to knowns and unknowns. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:179. [PMID: 37653558 PMCID: PMC10470155 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease caused by the development of insulin resistance (IR), relative insulin deficiency, and hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia-induced neurochemical dysregulation activates the progression of depression in T2D patients. Therefore, management of depression by antidepressant agents improves glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. However, prolong use of antidepressant drugs may increase the risk for the development of T2D. However, there is strong controversy concerning the use of antidepressant drugs in T2D. Therefore, this review try to elucidate the potential effects of antidepressant drugs in T2D regarding their detrimental and beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahi Sabih Alruwaili
- Eradah Complex of Mental Health -Northern Border Region, Ministry of Health, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali K Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Amany E Ragab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | | | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, Wien, 1030, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, 42283, Germany.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt
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31
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Davis C, Spaller BL, Choi E, Kurrasch J, Chong H, Elsasser S, Finley D, Matouschek A. A strict requirement in proteasome substrates for spacing between ubiquitin tag and degradation initiation elements. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552540. [PMID: 37609285 PMCID: PMC10441315 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are typically targeted to the proteasome for degradation through the attachment of ubiquitin chains and the proteasome initiates degradation at a disordered region within the target protein. Yet some proteins with ubiquitin chains and disordered regions escape degradation. Here we investigate how the position of the ubiquitin chain on the target protein relative to the disordered region modulates degradation and show that the distance between the two determines whether a protein is degraded efficiently. This distance depends on the type of the degradation tag and is likely a result of the separation on the proteasome between the receptor that binds the tag and the site that engages the disordered region.
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32
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Blaylock RL. Why immunoexcitoxicity is the basis of most neurodegenerative diseases and systemic immune activation: An analysis. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:281. [PMID: 37680927 PMCID: PMC10481811 DOI: 10.25259/sni_626_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Russell L. Blaylock
- Theoretical Neuroscience Research, LLC, Ridgeland, Mississippi, United States
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33
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Alnsasra H, Khalil F, Kanneganti Perue R, Azab AN. Depression among Patients with an Implanted Left Ventricular Assist Device: Uncovering Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Implications for Patient Care. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11270. [PMID: 37511030 PMCID: PMC10379142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common and devastating mental illness associated with increased morbidity and mortality, partially due to elevated rates of suicidal attempts and death. Select patients with end-stage heart failure on a waiting-list for a donor heart undergo left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. The LVAD provides a circulatory flow of oxygenated blood to the body, mimicking heart functionality by operating on a mechanical technique. LVAD improves functional capacity and survivability among patients with end-stage heart failure. However, accumulating data suggests that LVAD recipients suffer from an increased incidence of depression and suicide attempts. There is scarce knowledge regarding the pathological mechanism and appropriate treatment approach for depressed LVAD patients. This article summarizes the current evidence on the association between LVAD implantation and occurrence of depression, suggesting possible pathological mechanisms underlying the device-associated depression and reviewing the current treatment strategies. The summarized data underscores the need for a rigorous pre-(LVAD)-implantation psychiatric evaluation, continued post-implantation mental health assessment, and administration of antidepressant treatment as necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmi Alnsasra
- Cardiology Division, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Fouad Khalil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Radha Kanneganti Perue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Abed N Azab
- Cardiology Division, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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34
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Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by the pathological hyper-synchronization of neuronal discharges. The fundamental research of epilepsy mechanisms and the targets of drug design options for its treatment have focused on neurons. However, approximately 30% of patients suffering from epilepsy show resistance to standard anti-epileptic chemotherapeutic agents while the symptoms of the remaining 70% of patients can be alleviated but not completely removed by the current medications. Thus, new strategies for the treatment of epilepsy are in urgent demand. Over the past decades, with the increase in knowledge on the role of glia in the genesis and development of epilepsy, glial cells are receiving renewed attention. In a normal brain, glial cells maintain neuronal health and in partnership with neurons regulate virtually every aspect of brain function. In epilepsy, however, the supportive roles of glial cells are compromised, and their interaction with neurons is altered, which disrupts brain function. In this review, we will focus on the role of glia-related processes in epileptogenesis and their contribution to abnormal neuronal activity, with the major focus on the dysfunction of astroglial potassium channels, water channels, gap junctions, glutamate transporters, purinergic signaling, synaptogenesis, on the roles of microglial inflammatory cytokines, microglia-astrocyte interactions in epilepsy, and on the oligodendroglial potassium channels and myelin abnormalities in the epileptic brain. These recent findings suggest that glia should be considered as the promising next-generation targets for designing anti-epileptic drugs that may improve epilepsy and drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Shen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jelena Bogdanović Pristov
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Paola Nobili
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Ljiljana Nikolić
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Banerjee R, Raj A, Potdar C, Kumar Pal P, Yadav R, Kamble N, Holla V, Datta I. Astrocytes Differentiated from LRRK2-I1371V Parkinson's-Disease-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Exhibit Similar Yield but Cell-Intrinsic Dysfunction in Glutamate Uptake and Metabolism, ATP Generation, and Nrf2-Mediated Glutathione Machinery. Cells 2023; 12:1592. [PMID: 37371062 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the presence of multiple enzymatic domains, LRRK2 has been associated with a diverse set of cellular functions and signaling pathways. It also has several pathological mutant-variants, and their incidences show ethnicity biases and drug-response differences with expression in dopaminergic-neurons and astrocytes. Here, we aimed to assess the cell-intrinsic effect of the LRRK2-I1371V mutant variant, prevalent in East Asian populations, on astrocyte yield and biology, involving Nrf2-mediated glutathione machinery, glutamate uptake and metabolism, and ATP generation in astrocytes derived from LRRK2-I1371V PD patient iPSCs and independently confirmed in LRRK2-I1371V-overexpressed U87 cells. Astrocyte yield (GFAP-immunopositive) was comparable between LRRK2-I1371V and healthy control (HC) populations; however, the astrocytic capability to mitigate oxidative stress in terms of glutathione content was significantly reduced in the mutant astrocytes, along with a reduction in the gene expression of the enzymes involved in glutathione machinery and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. Simultaneously, a significant decrease in glutamate uptake was observed in LRRK2-I1371V astrocytes, with lower gene expression of glutamate transporters SLC1A2 and SLC1A3. The reduction in the protein expression of SLC1A2 was also directly confirmed. Enzymes catalyzing the generation of γ glutamyl cysteine (precursor of glutathione) from glutamate and the metabolism of glutamate to enter the Krebs cycle (α-ketoglutaric acid) were impaired, with significantly lower ATP generation in LRRK2-I1371V astrocytes. De novo glutamine synthesis via the conversion of glutamate to glutamine was also affected, indicating glutamate metabolism disorder. Our data demonstrate for the first time that the mutation in the LRRK2-I1371V allele causes significant astrocytic dysfunction with respect to Nrf2-mediated antioxidant machinery, AT -generation, and glutamate metabolism, even with comparable astrocyte yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roon Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Aishwarya Raj
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrakanta Potdar
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Vikram Holla
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrani Datta
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
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Meyer-Arndt L, Kerkering J, Kuehl T, Infante AG, Paul F, Rosiewicz KS, Siffrin V, Alisch M. Inflammatory Cytokines Associated with Multiple Sclerosis Directly Induce Alterations of Neuronal Cytoarchitecture in Human Neurons. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:145-159. [PMID: 36862362 PMCID: PMC10485132 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10059-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) coined by inflammation and neurodegeneration. The actual cause of the neurodegenerative component of the disease is however unclear. We investigated here the direct and differential effects of inflammatory mediators on human neurons. We used embryonic stem cell-derived (H9) human neuronal stem cells (hNSC) to generate neuronal cultures. Neurons were subsequently treated with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interferon gamma (IFNγ), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) separately or in combination. Immunofluorescence staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to assess cytokine receptor expression, cell integrity and transcriptomic changes upon treatment. H9-hNSC-derived neurons expressed cytokine receptors for IFNγ, TNFα, IL-10 and IL-17A. Neuronal exposure to these cytokines resulted in differential effects on neurite integrity parameters with a clear decrease for TNFα- and GM-CSF-treated neurons. The combinatorial treatment with IL-17A/IFNγ or IL-17A/TNFα induced a more pronounced effect on neurite integrity. Furthermore, combinatorial treatments with two cytokines induced several key signalling pathways, i.e. NFκB-, hedgehog and oxidative stress signalling, stronger than any of the cytokines alone. This work supports the idea of immune-neuronal crosstalk and the need to focus on the potential role of inflammatory cytokines on neuronal cytoarchitecture and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lil Meyer-Arndt
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humbolt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humbolt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janis Kerkering
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tess Kuehl
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Gil Infante
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humbolt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamil Sebastian Rosiewicz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Siffrin
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humbolt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marlen Alisch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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Che X, Roy A, Bresnahan M, Mjaaland S, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Magnus P, Stoltenberg C, Shang Y, Zhang K, Susser E, Fiehn O, Lipkin WI. Metabolomic analysis of maternal mid-gestation plasma and cord blood in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2355-2369. [PMID: 37037873 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of prenatal and neonatal molecular biomarkers has the potential to yield insights into autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and facilitate early diagnosis. We characterized metabolomic profiles in ASD using plasma samples collected in the Norwegian Autism Birth Cohort from mothers at weeks 17-21 gestation (maternal mid-gestation, MMG, n = 408) and from children on the day of birth (cord blood, CB, n = 418). We analyzed associations using sex-stratified adjusted logistic regression models with Bayesian analyses. Chemical enrichment analyses (ChemRICH) were performed to determine altered chemical clusters. We also employed machine learning algorithms to assess the utility of metabolomics as ASD biomarkers. We identified ASD associations with a variety of chemical compounds including arachidonic acid, glutamate, and glutamine, and metabolite clusters including hydroxy eicospentaenoic acids, phosphatidylcholines, and ceramides in MMG and CB plasma that are consistent with inflammation, disruption of membrane integrity, and impaired neurotransmission and neurotoxicity. Girls with ASD have disruption of ether/non-ether phospholipid balance in the MMG plasma that is similar to that found in other neurodevelopmental disorders. ASD boys in the CB analyses had the highest number of dysregulated chemical clusters. Machine learning classifiers distinguished ASD cases from controls with area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) values ranging from 0.710 to 0.853. Predictive performance was better in CB analyses than in MMG. These findings may provide new insights into the sex-specific differences in ASD and have implications for discovery of biomarkers that may enable early detection and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Che
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ayan Roy
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michaeline Bresnahan
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Magnus
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Stoltenberg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yimeng Shang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Keming Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ezra Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- UC Davis Genome Center-Metabolomics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Cheataini F, Ballout N, Al Sagheer T. The effect of neuroinflammation on the cerebral metabolism at baseline and after neural stimulation in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurosci Res 2023. [PMID: 37186320 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a reaction of nervous tissue to an attack caused by an infection, a toxin, or a neurodegenerative disease. It involves brain metabolism adaptation in order to meet the increased energy needs of glial cell activation, but the nature of these adaptations is still unknown. Increasing interest concerning neuroinflammation leads to the identification of its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Few reports studied the effect of metabolic alteration on neuroinflammation. Metabolic damage initiates a pro-inflammatory response by microglial activation. Moreover, the exact neuroinflammation effect on cerebral cell metabolism remains unknown. In this study, we reviewed systematically the neuroinflammation effect in animal models' brains. All articles showing the relationship of neuroinflammation with brain metabolism, or with neuronal stimulation in neurodegenerative diseases were considered. Moreover, this review examines also the mitochondrial damage effect in neurodegeneration diseases. Then, different biosensors are classified regarding their importance in the determination of metabolite change. Finally, some therapeutic drugs inhibiting neuroinflammation are cited. Neuroinflammation increases lymphocyte infiltration and cytokines' overproduction, altering cellular energy homeostasis. This review demonstrates the importance of neuroinflammation as a mediator of disease progression. Further, the spread of depolarization effects pro-inflammatory genes expression and microglial activation, which contribute to the degeneration of neurons, paving the road to better management and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Cheataini
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Faculty of Medical Science, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nissrine Ballout
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Faculty of Medical Science, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tareq Al Sagheer
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Faculty of Medical Science, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
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Zhu J, Park S, Kim CH, Jeong KH, Kim WJ. Eugenol alleviates neuronal damage via inhibiting inflammatory process against pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:722-731. [PMID: 36802956 PMCID: PMC10408549 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231151976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most common pathological outcomes in various neurological diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures. Eugenol is the major phytoconstituent of essential oils extracted from several plants and possesses protective and anticonvulsant properties. However, it remains unclear whether eugenol exerts an anti-inflammatory effect to protect against severe neuronal damage induced by epileptic seizures. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory action of eugenol in an experimental epilepsy model of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). To examine the protective effect of eugenol via anti-inflammatory mechanisms, eugenol (200 mg/kg) was administrated daily for three days after pilocarpine-induced SE onset. The anti-inflammatory action of eugenol was evaluated by examining the expression of reactive gliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat with a pyrin-domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Our results showed that eugenol reduced SE-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death, mitigated the activation of astrocytes and microglia, and attenuated the expression of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α in the hippocampus after SE onset. Furthermore, eugenol inhibited NF-κB activation and the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the hippocampus after SE. These results suggest that eugenol is a potential phytoconstituent that suppresses the neuroinflammatory processes induced by epileptic seizures. Therefore, these findings provide evidence that eugenol has therapeutic potential for epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Jeong
- Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
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40
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Cumbres-Vargas IM, Zamudio SR, Pichardo-Macías LA, Ramírez-San Juan E. Thalidomide Attenuates Epileptogenesis and Seizures by Decreasing Brain Inflammation in Lithium Pilocarpine Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076488. [PMID: 37047461 PMCID: PMC10094940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide (TAL) has shown potential therapeutic effects in neurological diseases like epilepsy. Both clinical and preclinical studies show that TAL may act as an antiepileptic drug and as a possible treatment against disease development. However, the evidence for these effects is limited. Therefore, the antiepileptogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of TAL were evaluated herein. Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly allocated to one of five groups (n = 18 per group): control (C); status epilepticus (SE); SE-TAL (25 mg/kg); SE-TAL (50 mg/kg); and SE-topiramate (TOP; 60mg/kg). The lithium-pilocarpine model was used, and one day after SE induction the rats received pharmacological treatment for one week. The brain was obtained, and the hippocampus was micro-dissected 8, 18, and 28 days after SE. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β concentrations were quantified. TOP and TAL (50 mg/kg) increased the latency to the first of many spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and decreased SRS frequency, as well as decreasing TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in the hippocampus. In conclusion, the results showed that both TAL (50 mg/kg) and TOP have anti-ictogenic and antiepileptogenic effects, possibly by decreasing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irán M Cumbres-Vargas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Sergio R Zamudio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Luz A Pichardo-Macías
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ramírez-San Juan
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
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Kouki A, Ferjani W, Ghanem-Boughanmi N, Ben-Attia M, Dang PMC, Souli A, El-Benna J. The NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors Apocynin and Diphenyleneiodonium Protect Rats from LPS-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030770. [PMID: 36979018 PMCID: PMC10045801 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the body's response to insults, for instance, lung inflammation is generally caused by pathogens or by exposure to pollutants, irritants and toxins. This process involves many inflammatory cells such as epithelial cells, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. These cells produce and release inflammatory mediators such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, lipids and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lung epithelial cells and phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils) produce ROS mainly by the NADPH oxidase NOX1 and NOX2, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation in rats. Our results showed that apocynin and DPI attenuated the LPS-induced morphological and histological alterations of the lung, reduced edema and decreased lung permeability. The evaluation of oxidative stress markers in lung homogenates showed that apocynin and DPI inhibited LPS-induced NADPH oxidase activity, and restored superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in the lung resulting in the reduction in LPS-induced protein and lipid oxidation. Additionally, apocynin and DPI decreased LPS-induced MPO activity in bronchoalveolar liquid and lung homogenates, TNF-α and IL-1β in rat plasma. NADPH oxidase inhibition could be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kouki
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Université de Paris-Cité, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, F-75018 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LR01/ES14), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Ferjani
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LR01/ES14), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Néziha Ghanem-Boughanmi
- Unité des Risques Liés aux Stress Environnementaux (UR17/ES20), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Mossadok Ben-Attia
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LR01/ES14), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Université de Paris-Cité, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Abdelaziz Souli
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LR01/ES14), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Université de Paris-Cité, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, F-75018 Paris, France
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Balbi M, Bonanno G, Bonifacino T, Milanese M. The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065240. [PMID: 36982315 PMCID: PMC10048889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They act as the first-line immune guardians of nervous tissue and central drivers of neuroinflammation. Any homeostatic alteration that can compromise neuron and tissue integrity could activate microglia. Once activated, microglia exhibit highly diverse phenotypes and functions related to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglia activation is associated with the release of protective or deleterious cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can in turn determine defensive or pathological outcomes. This scenario is complicated by the pathology-related specific phenotypes that microglia can assume, thus leading to the so-called disease-associated microglia phenotypes. Microglia express several receptors that regulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory features, sometimes exerting opposite actions on microglial functions according to specific conditions. In this context, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are molecular structures that may contribute to the modulation of the reactive phenotype of microglia cells, and this is worthy of exploration. Here, we summarize the role of group I mGluRs in shaping microglia cells' phenotype in specific physio-pathological conditions, including some neurodegenerative disorders. A significant section of the review is specifically focused on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) since it represents an entirely unexplored topic of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Caruso G, Di Pietro L, Caraci F. Gap Junctions and Connexins in Microglia-Related Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation: Perspectives for Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030505. [PMID: 36979440 PMCID: PMC10046203 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia represent the immune system of the brain. Their role is central in two phenomena, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which are at the roots of different pathologies related to the central nervous system (CNS). In order to maintain the homeostasis of the brain and re-establish the equilibrium after a threatening imbalance, microglia communicate with each other and other cells within the CNS by receiving specific signals through membrane-bound receptors and then releasing neurotrophic factors into either the extracellular milieu or directly into the cytoplasm of nearby cells, such as astrocytes and neurons. These last two mechanisms rely on the activity of protein structures that enable the formation of channels in the membrane, namely, connexins and pannexins, that group and form gap junctions, hemichannels, and pannexons. These channels allow the release of gliotransmitters, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glutamate, together with calcium ion (Ca2+), that seem to play a pivotal role in inter-cellular communication. The aim of the present review is focused on the physiology of channel protein complexes and their contribution to neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress-related phenomena, which play a central role in neurodegenerative disorders. We will then discuss how pharmacological modulation of these channels can impact neuroinflammatory phenomena and hypothesize that currently available nutraceuticals, such as carnosine and N-acetylcysteine, can modulate the activity of connexins and pannexins in microglial cells and reduce oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0957385036
| | - Lucia Di Pietro
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Scuola Superiore di Catania, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
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Zlomuzica A, Plank L, Kodzaga I, Dere E. A fatal alliance: Glial connexins, myelin pathology and mental disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 159:97-115. [PMID: 36701970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mature oligodendrocytes are myelin forming glial cells which are responsible for myelination of neuronal axons in the white matter of the central nervous system. Myelin pathology is a major feature of severe neurological disorders. Oligodendrocyte-specific gene mutations and/or white matter alterations have also been addressed in a variety of mental disorders. Breakdown of myelin integrity and demyelination is associated with severe symptoms, including impairments in motor coordination, breathing, dysarthria, perception (vision and hearing), and cognition. Furthermore, there is evidence indicating that myelin sheath defects and white matter pathology contributes to the affective and cognitive symptoms of patients with mental disorders. Oligodendrocytes express the connexins GJC2; mCx47 [human (GJC2) and mouse (mCx47) connexin gene nomenclature according to Söhl and Willecke (2003)], GJB1; mCx32, and GJD1; mCx29 in both white and gray matter. Preclinical findings indicate that alterations in connexin expression in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes can induce myelin defects. GJC2; mCx47 is expressed at early embryonic stages in oligodendrocyte precursors cells which precedes central nervous system myelination. In adult humans and animals GJC2, respectively mCx47 expression is essential for oligodendrocyte function and ensures adequate myelination as well as myelin maintenance in the central nervous system. In the past decade, evidence has accumulated suggesting that mental disorders can be accompanied by changes in connexin expression, myelin sheath defects and corresponding white matter alterations. This dual pathology could compromise inter-neuronal information transfer, processing and communication and eventually contribute to behavioral, sensory-motor, affective and cognitive symptoms in patients with mental disorders. The induction of myelin repair and remyelination in the central nervous system of patients with mental disorders could help to restore normal neuronal information propagation and ameliorate behavioral and cognitive symptoms in individuals with mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zlomuzica
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Laurin Plank
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Iris Kodzaga
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ekrem Dere
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787, Bochum, Germany; Sorbonne Université, UFR des Sciences de la Vie, 9 quai Saint Bernard, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Sudershan A, Younis M, Sudershan S, Kumar P. Migraine as an inflammatory disorder with microglial activation as a prime candidate. Neurol Res 2023; 45:200-215. [PMID: 36197286 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2129774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower threshold of neuronal hyperexcitability has been correlated with migraines for decades but as technology has progressed, it has now become conceivable to learn more about the migraine disease. Apart from the "cortical spreading depression" and "activation of the trigeminovascular system", inflammation has been increasingly recognized as a possible pathogenic process that may have the possibility to regulate the disease severity. Microglial cells, the prime candidate of the innate immune cells of central nervous tissue, has been associated with numerous diseases; including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory disorders. AIM In this review, we have attempted to link the dot of various microglial activation signaling pathways to enlighten the correlation between microglial involvement and the progression of migraine conditions. METHOD A structured survey of research articles and review of the literature was done in the electronic databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, and Elsevier until 31 December 2021. RESULT & CONCLUSION Of 1136 articles found initially and screening of 1047 records, 47 studies were included for the final review. This review concluded that inflammation and microglial overexpression as the prime candidate, plays an important role in the modulation of migraine and are responsible for the progression toward chronification. Therefore, this increases the possibility of preventing migraine development and chronification by blocking microglia overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Sudershan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180006, India
| | - Mohd Younis
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathair University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Srishty Sudershan
- Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India
| | - Parvinder Kumar
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180006, India.,Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India
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46
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Neuroinflammation microenvironment sharpens seizure circuit. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 178:106027. [PMID: 36736598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large set of inflammatory molecules and their receptors are induced in epileptogenic foci of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsies of structural etiologies or with refractory status epilepticus. Studies in animal models mimicking these clinical conditions have shown that the activation of specific inflammatory signallings in forebrain neurons or glial cells may modify seizure thresholds, thus contributing to both ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. The search for mechanisms underlying these effects has highlighted that inflammatory mediators have CNS-specific neuromodulatory functions, in addition to their canonical activation of immune responses for pathogen recognition and clearance. This review reports the neuromodulatory effects of inflammatory mediators and how they contribute to alter the inhibitory/excitatory balance in neural networks that underlie seizures. In particular, we describe key findings related to the ictogenic role of prototypical inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF) and danger signals (HMGB1), their modulatory effects of neuronal excitability, and the mechanisms underlying these effects. It will be discussed how harnessing these neuromodulatory properties of immune mediators may lead to novel therapies to control drug-resistant seizures.
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47
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Sustained Hyperammonemia Activates NF-κB in Purkinje Neurons Through Activation of the TrkB-PI3K-AKT Pathway by Microglia-Derived BDNF in a Rat Model of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3071-3085. [PMID: 36790604 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hyperammonemia is a main contributor to the cognitive and motor impairment in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Sustained hyperammonemia induces the TNFα expression in Purkinje neurons, mediated by NF-κB activation. The aims were the following: (1) to assess if enhanced TrkB activation by BDNF is responsible for enhanced NF-κB activation in Purkinje neurons in hyperammonemic rats, (2) to assess if this is associated with increased content of NF-κB modulated proteins such as TNFα, HMGB1, or glutaminase I, (3) to assess if these changes are due to enhanced activation of the TNFR1-S1PR2-CCR2-BDNF-TrkB pathway, (4) to analyze if increased activation of NF-κB is mediated by the PI3K-AKT pathway. It is shown that, in the cerebellum of hyperammonemic rats, increased BDNF levels enhance TrkB activation in Purkinje neurons leading to activation of PI3K, which enhances phosphorylation of AKT and of IκB, leading to increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB which enhances TNFα, HMGB1, and glutaminase I content. To assess if the changes are due to enhanced activation of the TNFR1-S1PR2-CCR2 pathway, we blocked TNFR1 with R7050, S1PR2 with JTE-013, and CCR2 with RS504393. These changes are reversed by blocking TrkB, PI3K, or the TNFR1-SP1PR2-CCL2-CCR2-BDNF-TrkB pathway at any step. In hyperammonemic rats, increased levels of BDNF enhance TrkB activation in Purkinje neurons, leading to activation of the PI3K-AKT-IκB-NF-κB pathway which increased the content of glutaminase I, HMGB1, and TNFα. Enhanced activation of this TrkB-PI3K-AKT-NF-κB pathway would contribute to impairing the function of Purkinje neurons and motor function in hyperammonemic rats and likely in cirrhotic patients with minimal or clinical hepatic encephalopathy.
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Spatio-temporal dynamics enhance cellular diversity, neuronal function and further maturation of human cerebral organoids. Commun Biol 2023; 6:173. [PMID: 36788328 PMCID: PMC9926461 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioengineerined and whole matured human brain organoids stand as highly valuable three-dimensional in vitro brain-mimetic models to recapitulate in vivo brain development, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Various instructive signals affecting multiple biological processes including morphogenesis, developmental stages, cell fate transitions, cell migration, stem cell function and immune responses have been employed for generation of physiologically functional cerebral organoids. However, the current approaches for maturation require improvement for highly harvestable and functional cerebral organoids with reduced batch-to-batch variabilities. Here, we demonstrate two different engineering approaches, the rotating cell culture system (RCCS) microgravity bioreactor and a newly designed microfluidic platform (µ-platform) to improve harvestability, reproducibility and the survival of high-quality cerebral organoids and compare with those of traditional spinner and shaker systems. RCCS and µ-platform organoids have reached ideal sizes, approximately 95% harvestability, prolonged culture time with Ki-67 + /CD31 + /β-catenin+ proliferative, adhesive and endothelial-like cells and exhibited enriched cellular diversity (abundant neural/glial/ endothelial cell population), structural brain morphogenesis, further functional neuronal identities (glutamate secreting glutamatergic, GABAergic and hippocampal neurons) and synaptogenesis (presynaptic-postsynaptic interaction) during whole human brain development. Both organoids expressed CD11b + /IBA1 + microglia and MBP + /OLIG2 + oligodendrocytes at high levels as of day 60. RCCS and µ-platform organoids showing high levels of physiological fidelity a high level of physiological fidelity can serve as functional preclinical models to test new therapeutic regimens for neurological diseases and benefit from multiplexing.
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Chen Y, Nagib MM, Yasmen N, Sluter MN, Littlejohn TL, Yu Y, Jiang J. Neuroinflammatory mediators in acquired epilepsy: an update. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:683-701. [PMID: 36745211 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders that have diverse etiologies but are commonly characterized by spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Although the mechanisms underlying the epileptic seizures mostly remain poorly understood and the causes often can be idiopathic, a considerable portion of cases are known as acquired epilepsy. This form of epilepsy is typically associated with prior neurological insults, which lead to the initiation and progression of epileptogenesis, eventually resulting in unprovoked seizures. A convergence of evidence in the past two decades suggests that inflammation within the brain may be a major contributing factor to acquired epileptogenesis. As evidenced in mounting preclinical and human studies, neuroinflammatory processes, such as activation and proliferation of microglia and astrocytes, elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and upregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, are commonly observed after seizure-precipitating events. An increased knowledge of these neuroinflammatory processes in the epileptic brain has led to a growing list of inflammatory mediators that can be leveraged as potential targets for new therapies of epilepsy and/or biomarkers that may provide valued information for the diagnosis and prognosis of the otherwise unpredictable seizures. In this review, we mainly focus on the most recent progress in understanding the roles of these inflammatory molecules in acquired epilepsy and highlight the emerging evidence supporting their candidacy as novel molecular targets for new pharmacotherapies of acquired epilepsy and the associated behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marwa M Nagib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taylor L Littlejohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Smilovic D, Rietsche M, Fellenz M, Drakew A, Vuksic M, Deller T. Loss of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor 1 and TNF-receptor 2 partially replicate effects of TNF deficiency on dendritic spines of granule cells in mouse dentate gyrus. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:281-293. [PMID: 36221961 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is involved in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological processes in the central nervous system. In previous work, we showed that mice lacking constitutive levels of TNF exhibit a reduction in spine density and changes in spine head size distribution of dentate granule cells. Here, we investigated which TNF-receptor pathway is responsible for this phenotype and analyzed granule cell spine morphology in TNF-R1-, TNF-R2-, and TNF-R1/R2-deficient mice. Single granule cells were filled with Alexa568 in fixed hippocampal brain slices and immunostained for the actin-modulating protein synaptopodin (SP), a marker for strong and stable spines. An investigator blind to genotype investigated dendritic spines using deconvolved confocal image stacks. Similar to TNF-deficient mice, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 mutants showed a decrease in the size of small spines (SP-negative) with TNF-R1/R2-KO mice exhibiting an additive effect. TNF-R1 mutants also showed an increase in the size of large spines (SP-positive), mirroring the situation in TNF-deficient mice. Unlike the TNF-deficient mouse, none of the TNF-R mutants exhibited a reduction in their granule cell spine densities. Since TNF tunes the excitability of networks, lack of constitutive TNF reduces network excitation. This may explain why we observed alterations in spine head size distributions in TNF- and TNF-R-deficient granule cells. The changes in spine density observed in the TNF-deficient mouse could not be linked to canonical TNF-R-signaling. Instead, noncanonical pathways or unknown developmental functions of TNF may cause this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinko Smilovic
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michael Rietsche
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Meike Fellenz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Drakew
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mario Vuksic
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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