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Meur S, Karati D. Fyn Kinase in Alzheimer's Disease: Unraveling Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04286-2. [PMID: 38890236 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, characterized by the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates and neuronal damage in the brain, leads to a gradual decline in cognitive function and memory. As a complex neurodegenerative disorder, it involves disruptions in various biochemical pathways and neurotransmitter systems, contributing to the progressive loss of neurons and synaptic connections. The complexity of Alzheimer's signaling pathways complicates treatment, presenting a formidable challenge in the quest for effective therapeutic interventions. A member of the Src family of kinases (SFKs), Fyn, is a type of non-receptor tyrosine kinase that has been linked to multiple essential CNS processes, such as myelination and synaptic transmission. Fyn is an appealing target for AD treatments because it is uniquely linked to the two major pathologies in AD by its interaction with tau, in addition to being activated by amyloid-beta (Aβ) through PrPC. Fyn mediates neurotoxicity and synaptic impairments caused by Aβ and is involved in regulating the process of Aβ synthesis.Additionally, the tau protein's tyrosine phosphorylation is induced by Fyn. Fyn is also a challenging target because of its widespread body expression and strong homology with other kinases of the Src family, which could cause unintentional off-target effects. This review emphasizes signaling pathways mediated by Fyn that govern neuronal development and plasticity while also summarizing the most noteworthy recent research relevant to Fyn kinase's function in the brain. Additionally, the therapeutic inhibition of Fyn kinase has been discussed, with a focus on the Fyn kinase inhibitors that are in clinical trials, which presents a fascinating opportunity for targeting Fyn kinase in the creation of possible therapeutic approaches for the management of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Meur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanjan Karati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Gardner R, Kyle M, Hughes K, Zhao LR. Single cell RNA sequencing reveals immunomodulatory effects of stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593359. [PMID: 38766064 PMCID: PMC11100789 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimers disease leads to progressive neurodegeneration and dementia. Alzheimers disease primarily affects older adults with neuropathological changes including amyloid beta deposition, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. We have previously demonstrated that systemic treatment with combined stem cell factor, SCF, and granulocyte colony stimulating factor, GCSF, reduces amyloid beta load, increases amyloid beta uptake by activated microglia and macrophages, reduces neuroinflammation, and restores dendrites and synapses in the brains of aged APP-PS1 mice. However, the mechanisms underlying SCF-GCSF-enhanced brain repair in aged APP-PS1 mice remain unclear. This study used a transcriptomic approach to identify potential mechanisms by which SCF-GCSF treatment modulates microglia and peripheral myeloid cells to mitigate Alzheimers disease pathology in the aged brain. After injections of SCF-GCSF for 5 consecutive days, single cell RNA sequencing was performed on CD11b positive cells isolated from the brains of 28-month-old APP-PS1 mice. The vast majority of cell clusters aligned with transcriptional profiles of microglia in various activation states. However, SCF-GCSF treatment dramatically increased a cell population showing upregulation of marker genes related to peripheral myeloid cells. Flow cytometry data also revealed an SCF-GCSF-induced increase of cerebral CD45high-CD11b positive active phagocytes. SCF-GCSF treatment robustly increased the transcription of genes implicated in immune cell activation, including gene sets that regulate inflammatory processes and cell migration. Expression of S100a8 and S100a9 were robustly enhanced following SCF-GCSF treatment in all CD11b positive cell clusters. Moreover, the topmost genes differentially expressed with SCF-GCSF treatment were largely upregulated in S100a8-S100a9 positive cells, suggesting a well-conserved transcriptional profile related to SCF-GCSF treatment in resident and peripherally derived CD11b positive immune cells. This S100a8-S100a9-associated transcriptional profile contained notable genes related to proinflammatory and antiinflammatory responses, neuroprotection, and amyloid beta plaque inhibition or clearance. Altogether, this study reveals immunomodulatory effects of SCF-GCSF treatment in the aged brain with Alzheimers disease pathology, which will guide future studies to further uncover the therapeutic mechanisms.
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Jamal HS, Raja R, Ahmed S, Yesiloz G, Ali SA. Immobilization of collagenase in inorganic hybrid nanoflowers with enhanced stability, proteolytic activity, and their anti-amyloid potential. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133114. [PMID: 38871102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials are considered as promising immobilization matrix for enzymes owing to their markedly enhanced stability and reusability. Herein, collagenase was chosen as a model enzyme to synthesize collagenase hybrid nanoflowers (Col-hNFs). Maximum collagenase activity (155.58 μmol min-1 L-1) and encapsulation yield (90 %) were observed in presence of Zn(II) ions at 0.05 mg/mL collagenase, 120 mM zinc chloride and PBS (pH 7.5). Synthesized Col-Zn-hNFs were extensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements. SEM images showed flower-like morphology with average size of 5.1 μm and zeta potential of -14.3 mV. Col-Zn-hNFs demonstrated superior relative activity across wide pH and temperature ranges, presence of organic solvents and surfactants as compared to its free form. Moreover, Col-Zn-hNFs exhibited excellent shelf life stability and favorable reusability. Col-Zn-hNFs showed the ability to suppress and eradicate fully developed insulin fibrils in vitro (IC50 = 2.8 and 6.2 μg/mL, respectively). This indicates a promising inhibitory potential of Col-Zn-hNFs against insulin amyloid fibrillation. The findings suggest that the utilization of Col-Zn-hNFs as a carrier matrix holds immense potential for immobilizing collagenase with improved catalytic properties and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiza Sumaiyya Jamal
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rameez Raja
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Gurkan Yesiloz
- National Nanotechnology Research Center of Turkiye, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University-UNAM-Universiteler Mah, 06800 Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Syed Abid Ali
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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Tondo G, De Marchi F, Bonardi F, Menegon F, Verrini G, Aprile D, Anselmi M, Mazzini L, Comi C. Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease: Pitfalls and Challenges of Anti-Amyloid Therapies and Beyond. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3098. [PMID: 38892809 PMCID: PMC11172489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes a significant challenge to global healthcare systems, with limited effective treatments available. This review examines the landscape of novel therapeutic strategies for AD, focusing on the shortcomings of traditional therapies against amyloid-beta (Aβ) and exploring emerging alternatives. Despite decades of research emphasizing the role of Aβ accumulation in AD pathogenesis, clinical trials targeting Aβ have obtained disappointing results, highlighting the complexity of AD pathophysiology and the need for investigating other therapeutic approaches. In this manuscript, we first discuss the challenges associated with anti-Aβ therapies, including limited efficacy and potential adverse effects, underscoring the necessity of exploring alternative mechanisms and targets. Thereafter, we review promising non-Aβ-based strategies, such as tau-targeted therapies, neuroinflammation modulation, and gene and stem cell therapy. These approaches offer new avenues for AD treatment by addressing additional pathological hallmarks and downstream effects beyond Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tondo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Fabiola De Marchi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesca Bonardi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Federico Menegon
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Gaia Verrini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Davide Aprile
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Matteo Anselmi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Guarnieri L, Bosco F, Leo A, Citraro R, Palma E, De Sarro G, Mollace V. Impact of micronutrients and nutraceuticals on cognitive function and performance in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102210. [PMID: 38296163 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major global health problem today and is the most common form of dementia. AD is characterized by the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary clusters, leading to decreased brain acetylcholine levels in the brain. Another mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD is the abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein that accumulates at the level of neurofibrillary aggregates, and the areas most affected by this pathological process are usually the cholinergic neurons in cortical, subcortical, and hippocampal areas. These effects result in decreased cognitive function, brain atrophy, and neuronal death. Malnutrition and weight loss are the most frequent manifestations of AD, and these are also associated with greater cognitive decline. Several studies have confirmed that a balanced low-calorie diet and proper nutritional intake may be considered important factors in counteracting or slowing the progression of AD, whereas a high-fat or hypercholesterolemic diet predisposes to an increased risk of developing AD. Especially, fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and micronutrients supplementation exert positive effects on aging-related changes in the brain due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and radical scavenging properties. The purpose of this review is to summarize some possible nutritional factors that may contribute to the progression or prevention of AD, understand the role that nutrition plays in the formation of Aβ plaques typical of this neurodegenerative disease, to identify some potential therapeutic strategies that may involve some natural compounds, in delaying the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Guarnieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Antonio Leo
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Djurišić M. Immune receptors and aging brain. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20222267. [PMID: 38299364 PMCID: PMC10866841 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging brings about a myriad of degenerative processes throughout the body. A decrease in cognitive abilities is one of the hallmark phenotypes of aging, underpinned by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration occurring in the brain. This review focuses on the role of different immune receptors expressed in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems. We will discuss how immune receptors in the brain act as sentinels and effectors of the age-dependent shift in ligand composition. Within this 'old-age-ligand soup,' some immune receptors contribute directly to excessive synaptic weakening from within the neuronal compartment, while others amplify the damaging inflammatory environment in the brain. Ultimately, chronic inflammation sets up a positive feedback loop that increases the impact of immune ligand-receptor interactions in the brain, leading to permanent synaptic and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Djurišić
- Departments of Biology, Neurobiology, and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
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Iemmolo M, Bivona G, Piccoli T, Nicosia A, Schiera G, Di Liegro CM, Di Pietra F, Ghersi G. Effects of Cerebrospinal Fluids from Alzheimer and Non-Alzheimer Patients on Neurons-Astrocytes-Microglia Co-Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2510. [PMID: 38473758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid plaques, tau tangles, neuroinflammation, and synaptic/neuronal loss, the latter being the strongest correlating factor with memory and cognitive impairment. Through an in vitro study on a neurons-astrocytes-microglia (NAM) co-culture system, we analyzed the effects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from AD and non-AD patients (other neurodegenerative pathologies). Treatment with CSF from AD patients showed a loss of neurofilaments and spheroids, suggesting the presence of elements including CX3CL1 (soluble form), destabilizing the neurofilaments, cellular adhesion processes, and intercellular contacts. The NAM co-cultures were analyzed in immunofluorescence assays for several markers related to AD, such as through zymography, where the expression of proteolytic enzymes was quantified both in cell extracts and the co-cultures' conditioned medium (CM). Through qRT-PCR assays, several genes involved in the formation of β-amyloid plaque, in phosphorylation of tau, and in inflammation pathways and MMP expression were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Iemmolo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Bivona
- Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tommaso Piccoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital "P. Giaccone", 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Nicosia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation-National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Di Pietra
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulio Ghersi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Nystuen KL, McNamee SM, Akula M, Holton KM, DeAngelis MM, Haider NB. Alzheimer's Disease: Models and Molecular Mechanisms Informing Disease and Treatments. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:45. [PMID: 38247923 PMCID: PMC10813760 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease resulting in progressive loss of memory, language and motor abilities caused by cortical and hippocampal degeneration. This review captures the landscape of understanding of AD pathology, diagnostics, and current therapies. Two major mechanisms direct AD pathology: (1) accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaque and (2) tau-derived neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). The most common variants in the Aβ pathway in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 are largely responsible for early-onset AD (EOAD), while MAPT, APOE, TREM2 and ABCA7 have a modifying effect on late-onset AD (LOAD). More recent studies implicate chaperone proteins and Aβ degrading proteins in AD. Several tests, such as cognitive function, brain imaging, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and blood tests, are used for AD diagnosis. Additionally, several biomarkers seem to have a unique AD specific combination of expression and could potentially be used in improved, less invasive diagnostics. In addition to genetic perturbations, environmental influences, such as altered gut microbiome signatures, affect AD. Effective AD treatments have been challenging to develop. Currently, there are several FDA approved drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors, Aß-targeting antibodies and an NMDA antagonist) that could mitigate AD rate of decline and symptoms of distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaden L. Nystuen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shannon M. McNamee
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Monica Akula
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kristina M. Holton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Neena B. Haider
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Amontree M, Nelson M, Stefansson L, Pak D, Maguire-Zeiss K, Turner RS, Conant K. Resveratrol differentially affects MMP-9 release from neurons and glia; implications for therapeutic efficacy. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38163875 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol that activates sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), has been shown to reduce overall levels of matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Depending on the site of release, however, MMP-9 has the potential to improve or impair cognition. In particular, its release from microglia or pericytes proximal to the blood brain barrier can damage the basement membrane, while neuronal activity-dependent release of this protease from glutamatergic neurons can instead promote dendritic spine expansion and long-term potentiation of synaptic plasticity. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that resveratrol reduces overall MMP-9 levels in CSF samples from patients with APOE4, an allele associated with increased glial inflammation. We also examine the possibility that resveratrol reduces inflammation-associated MMP release from cultured glia but spares neuronal activity-dependent release from cultured cortical neurons. We observe that resveratrol decreases overall levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in CSF samples from AD patients. Resveratrol also reduces CSF levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), glial-derived protein that restricts long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission, in individuals homozygous for APOE4. Consistent with these results, we observe that resveratrol reduces basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MMP and TIMP-1 release from cultured microglia and astrocytes. In contrast, however, resveratrol does not inhibit release of MMP-9 from cortical neurons. Overall, these results are consistent with the possibility that while resveratrol reduces potentially maladaptive MMP and TIMP-1 release from activated glia, neuroplasticity-promoting MMP release from neurons is spared. In contrast, resveratrol reduces release of neurocan and brevican, extracellular matrix components that restrict neuroplasticity, from both neurons and glia. These data underscore the diversity of resveratrol's actions with respect to affected cell types and molecular targets and also suggest that further studies may be warranted to determine if its effects on glial MMP release could make it a useful adjunct for AD- and/or anti-amyloid therapy-related damage to the blood brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Amontree
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Matthew Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lara Stefansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Daniel Pak
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kathleen Maguire-Zeiss
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - R Scott Turner
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Katherine Conant
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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10
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Mackiewicz J, Lisek M, Boczek T. Targeting CaN/NFAT in Alzheimer's brain degeneration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281882. [PMID: 38077352 PMCID: PMC10701682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive functions. While the exact causes of this debilitating disorder remain elusive, numerous investigations have characterized its two core pathologies: the presence of β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles. Additionally, multiple studies of postmortem brain tissue, as well as results from AD preclinical models, have consistently demonstrated the presence of a sustained inflammatory response. As the persistent immune response is associated with neurodegeneration, it became clear that it may also exacerbate other AD pathologies, providing a link between the initial deposition of β-amyloid plaques and the later development of neurofibrillary tangles. Initially discovered in T cells, the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is one of the main transcription factors driving the expression of inflammatory genes and thus regulating immune responses. NFAT-dependent production of inflammatory mediators is controlled by Ca2+-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin (CaN), which dephosphorylates NFAT and promotes its transcriptional activity. A substantial body of evidence has demonstrated that aberrant CaN/NFAT signaling is linked to several pathologies observed in AD, including neuronal apoptosis, synaptic deficits, and glia activation. In view of this, the role of NFAT isoforms in AD has been linked to disease progression at different stages, some of which are paralleled to diminished cognitive status. The use of classical inhibitors of CaN/NFAT signaling, such as tacrolimus or cyclosporine, or adeno-associated viruses to specifically inhibit astrocytic NFAT activation, has alleviated some symptoms of AD by diminishing β-amyloid neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. In this article, we discuss the recent findings related to the contribution of CaN/NFAT signaling to the progression of AD and highlight the possible benefits of targeting this pathway in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Aksnes M, Capogna E, Vidal-Piñeiro D, Chaudhry FA, Myrstad M, Idland AV, Halaas NB, Dakhil S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Walhovd KB, Watne LO, Fjell AM. Matrix metalloproteinases are associated with brain atrophy in cognitively unimpaired individuals. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 131:11-23. [PMID: 37549446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) have been linked to age-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their role in normal aging is poorly understood. We used linear mixed models to determine if baseline or rate of yearly change in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of MMP-2; MMP-3; MMP-10; TIMP-123 (composite of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3); or TIMP-4 predicted changes in bilateral entorhinal cortex thickness, hippocampal volume, or lateral ventricle volume in cognitively unimpaired individuals. We also assessed effects on the CSF AD biomarkers amyloid-β42 and phosphorylated tau181. Low baseline levels of MMP-3 predicted larger ventricle volumes and more entorhinal cortex thinning. Increased CSF MMP-2 levels over time predicted more entorhinal thinning, hippocampal atrophy, and ventricular expansion, while increased TIMP-123 over time predicted ventricular expansion. No MMP/TIMPs predicted changes in CSF AD biomarkers. Notably, we show for the first time that longitudinal increases in MMP-2 and TIMP-123 levels may predict age-associated brain atrophy. In conclusion, MMPs and TIMPs may play a role in brain atrophy in cognitively unimpaired aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aksnes
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Elettra Capogna
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Didac Vidal-Piñeiro
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Farrukh Abbas Chaudhry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Myrstad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Gjettum, Norway; Department of Medical Research, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Gjettum, Norway
| | - Ane-Victoria Idland
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathalie Bodd Halaas
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shams Dakhil
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Hong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kristine Beate Walhovd
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leiv Otto Watne
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Martin Fjell
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Liu J, Li X, Qu J. Plasma MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio serves as a novel potential biomarker in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2023; 34:767-772. [PMID: 37695608 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the diagnostic potential of plasma MMP-9, TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This retrospective study was performed in a cohort consisting of patients with AD (AD group) and cognitive normal subjects (HC group). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) classic biomarkers including Aβ42, Aβ40, total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) levels, and plasma MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels were measured by commercially available ELISA kits, respectively. The differential diagnostic potential of plasma MMP-9, TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. It was observed that significantly elevated levels of plasma MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in patients with AD than HC. Both MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios were negatively correlated with CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and positively correlated with CSF p-tau in AD group. ROC curve analysis showed better diagnostic accuracy of MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio than MMP-9 for AD at a cutoff value of 1.35 with an area under the curve of 0.906 and sensitivity and specificity of 95.8% and 75%, respectively. Our findings encourage the use of plasma MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio as a biomarker in the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hepingli Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Qu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hepingli Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Kaczmarek KT, Protokowicz K, Kaczmarek L. Matrix metalloproteinase-9: A magic drug target in neuropsychiatry? J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 37791997 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric conditions represent a major medical and societal challenge. The etiology of these conditions is very complex and combines genetic and environmental factors. The latter, for example, excessive maternal or early postnatal inflammation, as well as various forms of psychotrauma, often act as triggers leading to mental illness after a prolonged latent period (sometimes years). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an extracellularly and extrasynaptic operating protease that is markedly activated in response to the aforementioned environmental insults. MMP-9 has also been shown to play a pivotal role in the plasticity of excitatory synapses, which, in its aberrant form, has repeatedly been implicated in the etiology of mental illness. In this conceptual review, we evaluate the experimental and clinical evidence supporting the claim that MMP-9 is uniquely positioned to be considered a drug target for ameliorating the adverse effects of environmental insults on the development of a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, autism spectrum disorders, addiction, and epilepsy. We also identify specific challenges and bottlenecks hampering the translation of knowledge on MMP-9 into new clinical treatments for the conditions above and suggest ways to overcome these barriers.
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14
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Ullah R, Lee EJ. Advances in Amyloid-β Clearance in the Brain and Periphery: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:216-246. [PMID: 37749925 PMCID: PMC10569141 DOI: 10.5607/en23014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of impaired amyloid-β clearance in the accumulation of amyloid-β in the brain and the periphery, which is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The molecular mechanism underlying amyloid-β accumulation is largely unknown, but recent evidence suggests that impaired amyloid-β clearance plays a critical role in its accumulation. The review provides an overview of recent research and proposes strategies for efficient amyloid-β clearance in both the brain and periphery. The clearance of amyloid-β can occur through enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways in the brain, including neuronal and glial cells, blood-brain barrier, interstitial fluid bulk flow, perivascular drainage, and cerebrospinal fluid absorption-mediated pathways. In the periphery, various mechanisms, including peripheral organs, immunomodulation/immune cells, enzymes, amyloid-β-binding proteins, and amyloid-β-binding cells, are involved in amyloid-β clearance. Although recent findings have shed light on amyloid-β clearance in both regions, opportunities remain in areas where limited data is available. Therefore, future strategies that enhance amyloid-β clearance in the brain and/or periphery, either through central or peripheral clearance approaches or in combination, are highly encouraged. These strategies will provide new insight into the disease pathogenesis at the molecular level and explore new targets for inhibiting amyloid-β deposition, which is central to the pathogenesis of sporadic AD (amyloid-β in parenchyma) and CAA (amyloid-β in blood vessels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Ullah
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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15
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Futai E, Kawasaki H, Sato S, Daoudi K, Hidaka M, Tomita T, Ogawa T. A Metalloproteinase Cocktail from the Venom of Protobothrops flavoviridis Cleaves Amyloid Beta Peptides at the α-Cleavage Site. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:500. [PMID: 37624257 PMCID: PMC10467146 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family proteins are a major class of membrane-anchored multidomain proteinases that are responsible for the shedding of cell surface protein ectodomains, including amyloid precursor protein (APP). Human ADAM 9, 10, and 17 proteolyze APPs and produce non-amyloid-genic p3 peptides, instead of neurotoxic amyloid-β peptides (Aβs; Aβ40 and Aβ42), which form fibrils and accumulate in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ADAM family is closely related to snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), which are derived from ancestral ADAMs but act as soluble proteinases. To test the therapeutic potential of SVMPs, we purified SVMPs from Protobothrops flavoviridis venom using metal ion affinity and pooled into a cocktail. Thus, 9 out of 11 SVMPs in the P. flavoviridis genome were identified in the cocktail. SVMPs inhibited Aβ secretion when added to human cell culture medium without affecting APP proteolysis. SVMPs degraded synthetic Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides at the same cleavage site (α-site of APP) as ADAM9, 10, and 17. SVMPs did not degrade Aβ fibrils but interfered with their formation, assessed using thioflavin-T. Thus, SVMPs have therapeutic potential for AD as an Aβ-degrading protease, and the finding adds to the discovery of bioactive peptides from venoms as novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Futai
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (H.K.); (K.D.); (M.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Hajime Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (H.K.); (K.D.); (M.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan;
| | - Khadija Daoudi
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (H.K.); (K.D.); (M.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Masafumi Hidaka
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (H.K.); (K.D.); (M.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Tomohisa Ogawa
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (H.K.); (K.D.); (M.H.); (T.O.)
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16
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Yoon M, Kim H, Shin H, Lee H, Kang MJ, Park SH, Han G, Kim Y, Choi KY. Inhibition of CXXC5 function rescues Alzheimer's disease phenotypes by restoring Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106836. [PMID: 37355147 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia and is characterized by cognitive deficits and accumulation of pathological plaques. Owing to the complexity of AD development, paradigms for AD research and drug discovery have shifted to target factors that mediate multiple pathogenesis in AD. Increasing evidence suggests that the suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays substantial roles in AD progression. However, the underlying mechanism for the suppression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway associated with AD pathogenesis remains unexplored. In this study, we identified that CXXC5, a negative feedback regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, was overexpressed in the tissues of AD patients and 5xFAD transgenic mice paired with the suppression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its target genes related to AD. The level of CXXC5 was upregulated, upon aging of 5xFAD mice. AD characteristics including cognitive deficits, amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neuronal inflammation, and age-dependent increment of AD-related markers were rescued in Cxxc5-/-/5xFAD mice. 5-methoxyindirubin-3'-oxime (KY19334), a small molecule that restores the suppressed Wnt/β-catenin pathway via interference of the CXXC5-Dvl interaction, significantly improved the overall pathogenic phenotypes of 5xFAD mice. Collectively, our findings revealed that CXXC5 plays a key role in AD pathogenesis and suggest inhibition of CXXC5-Dvl interaction as a new therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minguen Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejene Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - HeeYang Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kang-Yell Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; CK Regeon Inc, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Zhang S, Cao F, Li W, Abumaria N. TRPM7 kinase activity induces amyloid-β degradation to reverse synaptic and cognitive deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eade6325. [PMID: 37433006 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.ade6325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Altered abundance or activity of the dual-function transient receptor potential melastatin-like 7 (TRPM7) protein is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Toxic aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in neurons is implicated in AD pathology. Here, we found that the kinase activity of TRPM7 is important to stimulate the degradation of Aβ. TRPM7 expression was decreased in hippocampal tissue samples from patients with AD and two mouse models of AD (APP/PS1 and 5XFAD). In cultures of hippocampal neurons from mice, overexpression of full-length TRPM7 or of its functional kinase domain M7CK prevented synapse loss induced by exogenous Aβ. In contrast, this neuroprotection was not afforded by overexpression of either the functional ion channel portion alone or a TRPM7 mutant lacking kinase activity. M7CK overexpression in the hippocampus of young and old 5XFAD mice prevented and reversed, respectively, memory deficits, synapse loss, and Aβ plaque accumulation. In both neurons and mice, M7CK interacted with and activated the metalloprotease MMP14 to promote Aβ degradation. Thus, TRPM7 loss in patients with AD may contribute to the associated Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feifei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nashat Abumaria
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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18
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Schilling S, Pradhan A, Heesch A, Helbig A, Blennow K, Koch C, Bertgen L, Koo EH, Brinkmalm G, Zetterberg H, Kins S, Eggert S. Differential effects of familial Alzheimer's disease-causing mutations on amyloid precursor protein (APP) trafficking, proteolytic conversion, and synaptogenic activity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:87. [PMID: 37259128 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key player in Alzheimer`s disease (AD) and the precursor of the Aβ peptide, which is generated by consecutive cleavages of β- and γ-secretases. Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) describes a hereditary subgroup of AD that represents a low percentage of AD cases with an early onset of the disease. Different APP FAD mutations are thought to have qualitatively different effects on its proteolytic conversion. However, few studies have explored the pathogenic and putative physiological differences in more detail. Here, we compared different FAD mutations, located at the β- (Swedish), α- (Flemish, Arctic, Iowa) or γ-secretase (Iberian) cleavage sites. We examined heterologous expression of APP WT and FAD mutants in non-neuronal cells and their impact on presynaptic differentiation in contacting axons of co-cultured neurons. To decipher the underlying molecular mechanism, we tested the subcellular localization, the endocytosis rate and the proteolytic processing in detail by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Interestingly, we found that only the Iberian mutation showed altered synaptogenic function. Furthermore, the APP Iowa mutant shows significantly decreased α-secretase processing which is in line with our results that APP carrying the Iowa mutation was significantly increased in early endosomes. However, most interestingly, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the amino acid substitutions of APP FAD mutants have a decisive impact on their processing reflected in altered Aβ profiles. Importantly, N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides starting at position 5 were detected preferentially for APP Flemish, Arctic, and Iowa mutants containing amino acid substitutions around the α-secretase cleavage site. The strongest change in the ratio of Aβ40/Aβ42 was observed for the Iberian mutation while APP Swedish showed a substantial increase in Aβ1-17 peptides. Together, our data indicate that familial AD mutations located at the α-, β-, and γ-secretase cleavage sites show considerable differences in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schilling
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Amelie Heesch
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrea Helbig
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christian Koch
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lea Bertgen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Edward H Koo
- San Diego (UCSD), Department of Neuroscience, University of California, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0662, USA
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City-Campus, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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19
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Aksnes M, Edwin TH, Saltvedt I, Eldholm RS, Chaudhry FA, Halaas NB, Myrstad M, Watne LO, Knapskog AB. Sex-specific associations of matrix metalloproteinases in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:35. [PMID: 37221606 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be characterised in vivo by biomarkers reflecting amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathology. However, there is a need for biomarkers reflecting additional pathological pathways. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have recently been highlighted as candidate biomarkers for sex-specific mechanisms and progression in AD. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we investigated nine MMPs and four tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in the cerebrospinal fluid of 256 memory clinic patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia due to AD and 100 cognitively unimpaired age-matched controls. We studied group differences in MMP/TIMP levels and examined the associations with established markers of Aβ and tau pathology as well as disease progression. Further, we studied sex-specific interactions. RESULTS MMP-10 and TIMP-2 levels differed significantly between the memory clinic patients and the cognitively unimpaired controls. Furthermore, MMP- and TIMP-levels were generally strongly associated with tau biomarkers, whereas only MMP-3 and TIMP-4 were associated with Aβ biomarkers; these associations were sex-specific. In terms of progression, we found a trend towards higher MMP-10 at baseline predicting more cognitive and functional decline over time exclusively in women. CONCLUSION Our results support the use of MMPs/TIMPs as markers of sex differences and progression in AD. Our findings show sex-specific effects of MMP-3 and TIMP-4 on amyloid pathology. Further, this study highlights that the sex-specific effects of MMP-10 on cognitive and functional decline should be studied further if MMP-10 is to be used as a prognostic biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aksnes
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trine H Edwin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Saltvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rannveig S Eldholm
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Farrukh A Chaudhry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathalie B Halaas
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Myrstad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 1346, Gjettum, Norway
- Department of Medical Research, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 1346, Gjettum, Norway
| | - Leiv O Watne
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Im D, Kim S, Yoon G, Hyun DG, Eom YG, Lee YE, Sohn CH, Choi JM, Kim HI. Decoding the Roles of Amyloid-β (1-42)'s Key Oligomerization Domains toward Designing Epitope-Specific Aggregation Inhibitors. JACS AU 2023; 3:1065-1075. [PMID: 37124297 PMCID: PMC10131210 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillar amyloid aggregates are the pathological hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The amyloid-β (1-42) protein, in particular, is a major component of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and a primary target for disease treatment. Determining the essential domains of amyloid-β (1-42) that facilitate its oligomerization is critical for the development of aggregation inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. In this study, we identified three key hydrophobic sites (17LVF19, 32IGL34, and 41IA42) on amyloid-β (1-42) and investigated their involvement in the self-assembly process of the protein. Based on these findings, we designed candidate inhibitor peptides of amyloid-β (1-42) aggregation. Using the designed peptides, we characterized the roles of the three hydrophobic regions during amyloid-β (1-42) fibrillar aggregation and monitored the consequent effects on its aggregation property and structural conversion. Furthermore, we used an amyloid-β (1-42) double point mutant (I41N/A42N) to examine the interactions between the two C-terminal end residues with the two hydrophobic regions and their roles in amyloid self-assembly. Our results indicate that interchain interactions in the central hydrophobic region (17LVF19) of amyloid-β (1-42) are important for fibrillar aggregation, and its interaction with other domains is associated with the accessibility of the central hydrophobic region for initiating the oligomerization process. Our study provides mechanistic insights into the self-assembly of amyloid-β (1-42) and highlights key structural domains that facilitate this process. Our results can be further applied toward improving the rational design of candidate amyloid-β (1-42) aggregation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Im
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Single
Cell Analysis Laboratory, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyeong Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Single
Cell Analysis Laboratory, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyusub Yoon
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Single
Cell Analysis Laboratory, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Gyeong Hyun
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Single
Cell Analysis Laboratory, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Gon Eom
- Department
of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Sohn
- Center
for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science
(IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate
Program in Nanobiomedical Engineering, Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Mo Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Chemistry
Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan
National University, Busan 46241, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hugh I. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Single
Cell Analysis Laboratory, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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21
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Greco GA, Rock M, Amontree M, Lanfranco MF, Korthas H, Hong SH, Turner RS, Rebeck GW, Conant K. CCR5 deficiency normalizes TIMP levels, working memory, and gamma oscillation power in APOE4 targeted replacement mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106057. [PMID: 36878326 PMCID: PMC10291850 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The APOE4 allele increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a dose-dependent manner and is also associated with cognitive decline in non-demented elderly controls. In mice with targeted gene replacement (TR) of murine APOE with human APOE3 or APOE4, the latter show reduced neuronal dendritic complexity and impaired learning. APOE4 TR mice also show reduced gamma oscillation power, a neuronal population activity which is important to learning and memory. Published work has shown that brain extracellular matrix (ECM) can reduce neuroplasticity as well as gamma power, while attenuation of ECM can instead enhance this endpoint. In the present study we examine human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from APOE3 and APOE4 individuals and brain lysates from APOE3 and APOE4 TR mice for levels of ECM effectors that can increase matrix deposition and restrict neuroplasticity. We find that CCL5, a molecule linked to ECM deposition in liver and kidney, is increased in CSF samples from APOE4 individuals. Levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which inhibit the activity of ECM-degrading enzymes, are also increased in APOE4 CSF as well as astrocyte supernatants brain lysates from APOE4 TR mice. Importantly, as compared to APOE4/wild-type heterozygotes, APOE4/CCR5 knockout heterozygotes show reduced TIMP levels and enhanced EEG gamma power. The latter also show improved learning and memory, suggesting that the CCR5/CCL5 axis could represent a therapeutic target for APOE4 individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin A Greco
- Georgetown University School of Medicine (GUMC), Department of Pharmacology, United States of America
| | | | - Matthew Amontree
- GUMC, United States of America; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, United States of America
| | | | - Holly Korthas
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Sung Hyeok Hong
- GUMC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, United States of America
| | | | - G William Rebeck
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, United States of America; GUMC, Department of Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Katherine Conant
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, United States of America; GUMC, Department of Neuroscience, United States of America.
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22
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Kaneko R, Matsui A, Watanabe M, Harada Y, Kanamori M, Awata N, Kawazoe M, Takao T, Kobayashi Y, Kikutake C, Suyama M, Saito T, Saido TC, Ito M. Increased neutrophils in inflammatory bowel disease accelerate the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:20. [PMID: 36922861 PMCID: PMC10015716 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases and characterized by the appearance and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates and phosphorylated tau with aging. The aggregation of Aβ, which is the main component of senile plaques, is closely associated with disease progression. AppNL-G-F mice, a mouse model of AD, have three familial AD mutations in the amyloid-β precursor gene and exhibit age-dependent AD-like symptoms and pathology. Gut-brain interactions have attracted considerable attention and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been associated with a higher risk of dementia, especially AD, in humans. However, the underlying mechanisms and the effects of intestinal inflammation on the brain in AD remain largely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of intestinal inflammation on AD pathogenesis. METHODS Wild-type and AppNL-G-F mice at three months of age were fed with water containing 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis. Immune cells in the brain were analyzed using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis, and the aggregation of Aβ protein in the brain was analyzed via immunohistochemistry. RESULTS An increase in aggregated Aβ was observed in the brains of AppNL-G-F mice with acute intestinal inflammation. Detailed scRNA-seq analysis of immune cells in the brain showed that neutrophils in the brain increased after acute enteritis. Eliminating neutrophils by antibodies suppressed the accumulation of Aβ, which increased because of intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that neutrophils infiltrate the AD brain parenchyma when acute colitis occurs, and this infiltration is significantly related to disease progression. Therefore, we propose that neutrophil-targeted therapies could reduce Aβ accumulation observed in early AD and prevent the increased risk of AD due to colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Kaneko
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ako Matsui
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mahiro Watanabe
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Harada
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kanamori
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Natsumi Awata
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mio Kawazoe
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Takao
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kobayashi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chie Kikutake
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science (CBS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science (CBS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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23
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cardioembolic Stroke: From Background to Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043628. [PMID: 36835040 PMCID: PMC9959608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases participating in physiological processes of the brain, maintaining the blood-brain barrier integrity and playing a critical role in cerebral ischemia. In the acute phase of stroke activity, the expression of MMPs increase and is associated with adverse effects, but in the post-stroke phase, MMPs contribute to the process of healing by remodeling tissue lesions. The imbalance between MMPs and their inhibitors results in excessive fibrosis associated with the enhanced risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), which is the main cause of cardioembolic strokes. MMPs activity disturbances were observed in the development of hypertension, diabetes, heart failure and vascular disease enclosed in CHA2DS2VASc score, the scale commonly used to evaluate the risk of thromboembolic complications risk in AF patients. MMPs involved in hemorrhagic complications of stroke and activated by reperfusion therapy may also worsen the stroke outcome. In the present review, we briefly summarize the role of MMPs in the ischemic stroke with particular consideration of the cardioembolic stroke and its complications. Moreover, we discuss the genetic background, regulation pathways, clinical risk factors and impact of MMPs on the clinical outcome.
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24
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Lee HY, Baek S, Cha M, Yang SH, Cho I, Shin H, Lee S, Kim HY, Lee S, Shin J, Lee D, Kim K, Park I, Yoon S, Kim J, Park SJ, Kim SM, Kim KE, Kim HJ, Oh MS, Lee GH, Yu BY, Kannan P, Park K, Kim Y. Amyloid Against Amyloid: Dimeric Amyloid Fragment Ameliorates Cognitive Impairments by Direct Clearance of Oligomers and Plaques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202210209. [PMID: 36316282 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) in the form of neurotoxic aggregates is regarded as the main pathological initiator and key therapeutic target of Alzheimer's disease. However, anti-Aβ drug development has been impeded by the lack of a target needed for structure-based drug design and low permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). An attractive therapeutic strategy is the development of amyloid-based anti-Aβ peptidomimetics that exploit the self-assembling nature of Aβ and penetrate the BBB. Herein, we designed a dimeric peptide drug candidate based on the N-terminal fragment of Aβ, DAB, found to cross the BBB and solubilize Aβ oligomers and fibrils. Administration of DAB reduced amyloid burden in 5XFAD mice, and downregulated neuroinflammation and prevented memory impairment in the Y-maze test. Peptide mapping assays and molecular docking studies were utilized to elucidate DAB-Aβ interaction. To further understand the active regions of DAB, we assessed the dissociative activity of DAB with sequence modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yang Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Seungyeop Baek
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Minhae Cha
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
| | - Illhwan Cho
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Heewon Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Sejin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Songmin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jisu Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Kyeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - InWook Park
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Soljee Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Seong Jeong Park
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Seong Muk Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Ko Eun Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Hye Ju Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Min-Seok Oh
- Advanced Analysis and data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Gwan-Ho Lee
- Advanced Analysis and data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Byung-Yong Yu
- Advanced Analysis and data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Priyadharshini Kannan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea.,Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangwon-do, 25451, South Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangwon-do, 25451, South Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
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25
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Vervuurt M, de Kort AM, Jäkel L, Kersten I, Abdo WF, Schreuder FHBM, Rasing I, Terwindt GM, Wermer MJH, Greenberg SM, Klijn CJM, Kuiperij HB, Verbeek MM. Decreased ratios of matrix metalloproteinases to tissue-type inhibitors in cerebrospinal fluid in sporadic and hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:26. [PMID: 36717932 PMCID: PMC9885599 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the potential of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue-type inhibitors (MMP; TIMP), and ratios of MMPs to TIMPs, to function as biomarkers for sporadic or hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). METHODS CSF concentrations of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14, as well as the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3, were determined using immunoassays. These assays were applied to two, independent study groups of sporadic CAA (sCAA) (n = 28/43) and control subjects (n = 40/40), as well as to groups of pre-symptomatic (n = 11) and symptomatic hereditary Dutch-CAA (D-CAA) patients (n = 12), and age-matched controls (n = 22/28, respectively). RESULTS In the sCAA/control cohorts, inconsistent differences were found for individual MMPs and TIMPs, but MMP-2/TIMP-2 (discovery/validation: p = 0.004; p = 0.02) and MMP-14/TIMP-2 ratios (discovery/validation: p < 0.001; p = 0.04) were consistently decreased in sCAA, compared to controls. Moreover, MMP-14 was decreased in symptomatic D-CAA (p = 0.03), compared to controls. The MMP-14/TIMP-1 (p = 0.03) and MMP-14/TIMP-2 (p = 0.04) ratios were decreased in symptomatic D-CAA compared to controls and also compared to pre-symptomatic D-CAA (p = 0.004; p = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION CSF MMP-2/TIMP-2 and MMP-14/TIMP-2 were consistently decreased in sCAA, compared to controls. Additionally, MMP-14/TIMP-2 levels were also decreased in symptomatic D-CAA, compared to both pre-symptomatic D-CAA and controls, and can therefore be considered a biomarker for sporadic and late-stage hereditary forms of CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vervuurt
- Department of Neurology, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB , 830 TML, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M de Kort
- Department of Neurology, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB , 830 TML, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Jäkel
- Department of Neurology, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB , 830 TML, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Kersten
- Department of Neurology, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB , 830 TML, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilson F Abdo
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris H B M Schreuder
- Department of Neurology, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB , 830 TML, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg Rasing
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke J H Wermer
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catharina J M Klijn
- Department of Neurology, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB , 830 TML, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Bea Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB , 830 TML, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB , 830 TML, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Lee HY, Baek S, Cha M, Yang S, Cho I, Shin H, Lee S, Kim HY, Lee S, Shin J, Lee D, Kim K, Park I, Yoon S, Kim J, Park SJ, Kim SM, Kim KE, Kim HJ, Oh M, Lee G, Yu B, Kannan P, Park K, Kim Y. Amyloid Against Amyloid: Dimeric Amyloid Fragment Ameliorates Cognitive Impairments by Direct Clearance of Oligomers and Plaques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yang Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Seungyeop Baek
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Minhae Cha
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Seung‐Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Dongguk University Jung-gu Seoul 04620 South Korea
| | - Illhwan Cho
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Heewon Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Sejin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Songmin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Jisu Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Kyeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - InWook Park
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Soljee Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Brain Science Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
| | - Seong Jeong Park
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13486 South Korea
| | - Seong Muk Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13486 South Korea
| | - Ko Eun Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13486 South Korea
| | - Hye Ju Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13486 South Korea
| | - Min‐Seok Oh
- Advanced Analysis and data Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
- Department of Stem Cell Biology Konkuk University Gwangjin-Gu Seoul 05029 South Korea
| | - Gwan‐Ho Lee
- Advanced Analysis and data Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
| | - Byung‐Yong Yu
- Advanced Analysis and data Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
| | - Priyadharshini Kannan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering Gangneung-Wonju National University Gangneung 25457 South Korea
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Gangwon-do 25451 South Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Gangwon-do 25451 South Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13486 South Korea
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27
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Nguyen YT, Kim N, Lee HJ. Metal Complexes as Promising Matrix Metalloproteinases Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021258. [PMID: 36674771 PMCID: PMC9861486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, cancers and dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, are the most fatal causes of death. Many studies tried to understand the pathogenesis of those diseases clearly and develop a promising way to treat the diseases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been reported to be involved in the pathology of cancers and AD through tumor cell movement and amyloid degradation. Therefore, control of the levels and actions of MMPs, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, is necessary to care for and/or cure cancer and AD. Various molecules have been examined for their potential application as regulators of MMPs expression and activity. Among the molecules, multiple metal complexes have shown advantages, including simple synthesis, less toxicity and specificity toward MMPs in cancer cells or in the brain. In this review, we summarize the recent studies and knowledge of metal complexes (e.g., Pt-, Ru-, Au-, Fe-, Cu-, Ni-, Zn-, and Sn-complexes) targeting MMPs and their potentials for treating and/or caring the most fatal human diseases, cancers and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Namdoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (H.J.L.)
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (H.J.L.)
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de Lima IB, Ribeiro FM. The Implication of Glial Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:164-182. [PMID: 34951388 PMCID: PMC10190153 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666211223140303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) was first identified more than 100 years ago, yet aspects pertaining to its origin and the mechanisms underlying disease progression are not well known. To this date, there is no therapeutic approach or disease-modifying drug that could halt or at least delay disease progression. Until recently, glial cells were seen as secondary actors in brain homeostasis. Although this view was gradually refuted and the relevance of glial cells for the most diverse brain functions such as synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission was vastly proved, many aspects of its functioning, as well as its role in pathological conditions, remain poorly understood. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in glial cells were shown to be involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. Besides its relevance for glial function, glutamatergic receptors are also central in the pathology of AD, and recent studies have shown that glial mGluRs play a role in the establishment and progression of AD. AD-related alterations in Ca2+ signalling, APP processing, and Aβ load, as well as AD-related neurodegeneration, are influenced by glial mGluRs. However, different types of mGluRs play different roles, depending on the cell type and brain region that is being analysed. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the current understanding of glial mGluRs and their implication in AD, providing an insight for future therapeutics and identifying existing research gaps worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella B.Q. de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabíola M. Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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29
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Tsiknia AA, Sundermann EE, Reas ET, Edland SD, Brewer JB, Galasko D, Banks SJ. Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease: plasma MMP-9 and markers of disease severity. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:160. [PMID: 36324151 PMCID: PMC9628176 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have reported higher plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite evidence that MMP-9 activity and its influence on AD pathophysiology may be modulated by sex hormones, sex differences in the association between MMP-9 and AD biomarkers and cognition have not been explored. METHODS Our sample included 238 amyloid-β (Aβ)-positive participants with MCI or AD dementia from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (37.4% women, 74.6 ± 7.3 years). We used linear regression models to examine whether sex modified free and total plasma MMP-9 associations with CSF t-tau, p-tau181, and Aβ42. We used linear mixed effects models to examine whether sex modified total and free plasma MMP-9 associations with cognition, using longitudinal Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog) data. RESULTS Total and free MMP-9 levels did not differ by sex, but AD dementia patients had higher total MMP-9 levels than participants with MCI (β = 0.06 [-0.11 to -0.01], p = 0.031). Sex modified the association of CSF t-tau with total (β = 128.68 [55.37 to 201.99], p < 0.001) and free MMP-9 (β = 98.61 [33.61 to 163.62], p = 0.003), whereby higher total and free MMP-9 correlated with higher CSF t-tau in women and lower CSF t-tau in men. Higher free MMP-9 correlated with lower CSF p-tau181 among men (β = -14.98 [-27.37 to -2.58], p = 0.018), but not women. In participants with MCI, higher free MMP-9 levels were associated with higher CSF Aβ42 among men (β = 26.88 [4.03 to 49.73], p = 0.022) but not women. In the overall sample, higher free and total MMP-9 at baseline predicted worsening MMSE scores in women (β = -2.10 [-3.97 to -0.27], p = 0.027 and β = -2.24 [-4.32 to -0.18], p = 0.035) but not men. Higher free MMP-9 correlated with worse ADAS-cog scores (β = 12.34 [3.02 to 21.65], p = 0.011) in women (β = 12.34 [3.02 to 21.65], p = 0.011) but not men with AD dementia cross-sectionally but correlated with worsening ADAS-cog scores longitudinally only in men (β = 8.98 [0.27 to 17.68], p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS MMP-9 may have more detrimental effects on AD-related pathological and cognitive changes in women. If replicated, our findings could help uncover potential mechanisms contributing to women's elevated susceptibility to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaryllis A. Tsiknia
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Erin E. Sundermann
- grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161 USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Emilie T. Reas
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Steven D. Edland
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - James B. Brewer
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Sarah J. Banks
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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30
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AdipoRon induces AMPK activation and ameliorates Alzheimer's like pathologies and associated cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105876. [PMID: 36162737 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ42) plaque formation, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein leading to intracellular neurofibrillary tangle formation. Recently discovered hallmark features responsible for AD pathogenesis are neuronal insulin resistance, dysregulation in adiponectin and AMPK signaling. The presence of adiponectin and its receptor in the brain with its unique anti-diabetic effects and association with neurodegenerative diseases has raised our interest in exploring orally active small molecule adiponectin receptor agonist, AdipoRon. To date, all the available drugs for the treatment of AD provides symptomatic relief and do not stall the progression of the disease. Indeed, it is becoming increasingly apparent to find appropriate targets. Here, we attempt to shed lights on adiponectin receptor agonist, AdipoRon and its downstream molecular targets in reducing disease pathogenesis and insulin resistance. In brain, AdipoRon induced AMPK activation, increased insulin sensitivity, reduced amyloid beta plaque deposition and improved cognitive impairment. Levels of BACE were also downregulated while LDLR, APOE and neprilysin were upregulated promoting amyloid beta clearance from brain. AdipoRon further reduced the chronic inflammatory marker, GFAP and improved synaptic markers PSD-95 and synaptophysin in APP/PS1 mice. Our in-vitro studies further confirmed the potential role of AdipoRon in improving insulin sensitivity by increasing GLUT 4 translocation, glucose uptake and insulin signaling under hyperinsulinemic condition. Our findings suggest that AdipoRon could be a promising lead in the future treatment strategies in the development of effective AD treatment.
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31
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Glial Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810572. [PMID: 36142483 PMCID: PMC9502483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder; it is the most common cause of dementia and has no treatment. It is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposits of Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Yet, those two hallmarks do not explain the full pathology seen with AD, suggesting the involvement of other mechanisms. Neuroinflammation could offer another explanation for the progression of the disease. This review provides an overview of recent advances on the role of the immune cells’ microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation. In AD, microglia and astrocytes become reactive by several mechanisms leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines that cause further neuronal damage. We then provide updates on neuroinflammation diagnostic markers and investigational therapeutics currently in clinical trials to target neuroinflammation.
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32
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Yousefizadeh A, Piccioni G, Saidi A, Triaca V, Mango D, Nisticò R. Pharmacological targeting of microglia dynamics in Alzheimer's disease: Preclinical and clinical evidence. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106404. [PMID: 35988869 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous clinical trials of anti-amyloid agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD) were so far unsuccessful thereby challenging the validity of the amyloid hypothesis. This lack of progress has encouraged researchers to investigate alternative mechanisms in non-neuronal cells, among which microglia represent nowadays an attractive target. Microglia play a key role in the developing brain and contribute to synaptic remodeling in the mature brain. On the other hand, the intimate relationship between microglia and synapses led to the so-called synaptic stripping hypothesis, a process in which microglia selectively remove synapses from injured neurons. Synaptic stripping, along with the induction of a microglia-mediated chronic neuroinflammatory environment, promote the progressive synaptic degeneration in AD. Therefore, targeting microglia may pave the way for a new disease modifying approach. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiological roles of the microglia cells in AD and describes putative targets for pharmacological intervention. It also provides evidence for microglia-targeted strategies in preclinical AD studies and in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrin Yousefizadeh
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Piccioni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V.Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Amira Saidi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V.Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Triaca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Dalila Mango
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy.
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33
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Koca S, Kiris I, Sahin S, Cinar N, Karsidag S, Hanagasi HA, Yildiz GB, Tarik Baykal A. Decreased levels of cytokines implicate altered immune response in plasma of moderate-stage Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurosci Lett 2022; 786:136799. [PMID: 35842208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, increasing evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of the disease is associated with peripheral inflammation. Here, we aimed to determine plasma concentrations of multiple cytokines and chemokines from moderate-stage AD and age-matched controls. Changes in a total of 20 cytokines and chemokines in plasma of moderate-stage AD were evaluated by using quantitative microarray. Six of them, namely MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, MMP-9, RANTES, and VEGF, were found to be significantly reduced in moderate-stage AD patients (n = 25) in comparison to age-matched and non-demented controls (n = 25). However, GM-CSF, GRO-α/β/γ, IFN- γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12 p70, IL-13, IL-2, IL- 4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α showed no significant differences between the patient and control groups. On the contrary to previous early-stage AD studies that show increased plasma cytokine/chemokine levels, our results indicate that inflammatory plasma molecules are reduced in moderate-stage AD. This finding points out the reduced immune responsiveness, which is known to be directly correlated to the degree of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebile Koca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Kiris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevki Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Cinar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Karsidag
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasmet A Hanagasi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsen B Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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34
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Uddin MS, Lim LW. Glial cells in Alzheimer's disease: From neuropathological changes to therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101622. [PMID: 35427810 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that usually develops slowly and progressively worsens over time. Although there has been increasing research interest in AD, its pathogenesis is still not well understood. Although most studies primarily focus on neurons, recent research findings suggest that glial cells (especially microglia and astrocytes) are associated with AD pathogenesis and might provide various possible therapeutic targets. Growing evidence suggests that microglia can provide protection against AD pathogenesis, as microglia with weakened functions and impaired responses to Aβ proteins are linked with elevated AD risk. Interestingly, numerous findings also suggest that microglial activation can be detrimental to neurons. Indeed, microglia can induce synapse loss via the engulfment of synapses, possibly through a complement-dependent process. Furthermore, they can worsen tau pathology and release inflammatory factors that cause neuronal damage directly or through the activation of neurotoxic astrocytes. Astrocytes play a significant role in various cerebral activities. Their impairment can mediate neurodegeneration and ultimately the retraction of synapses, resulting in AD-related cognitive deficits. Deposition of Aβ can result in astrocyte reactivity, which can further lead to neurotoxic effects and elevated secretion of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Moreover, glial-induced inflammation in AD can exert both beneficial and harmful effects. Understanding the activities of astrocytes and microglia in the regulation of AD pathogenesis would facilitate the development of novel therapies. In this article, we address the implications of microglia and astrocytes in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss the mechanisms of therapeutic agents that exhibit anti-inflammatory effects against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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35
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Lee HG, Wheeler MA, Quintana FJ. Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in neurological diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:339-358. [PMID: 35173313 PMCID: PMC9081171 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that perform diverse functions in health and disease. Astrocyte dysfunction is found in numerous diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease and neuropsychiatric disorders. Astrocytes regulate glutamate and ion homeostasis, cholesterol and sphingolipid metabolism and respond to environmental factors, all of which have been implicated in neurological diseases. Astrocytes also exhibit significant heterogeneity, driven by developmental programmes and stimulus-specific cellular responses controlled by CNS location, cell-cell interactions and other mechanisms. In this Review, we highlight general mechanisms of astrocyte regulation and their potential as therapeutic targets, including drugs that alter astrocyte metabolism, and therapies that target transporters and receptors on astrocytes. Emerging ideas, such as engineered probiotics and glia-to-neuron conversion therapies, are also discussed. We further propose a concise nomenclature for astrocyte subsets that we use to highlight the roles of astrocytes and specific subsets in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gyun Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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36
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Brezovakova V, Sykova E, Jadhav S. Astrocytes Derived from Familial and Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease iPSCs Show Altered Calcium Signaling and Respond Differently to Misfolded Protein Tau. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091429. [PMID: 35563735 PMCID: PMC9101114 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate important functions in the brain, and their dysregulation has been linked to the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The role of astroglia in human AD remains enigmatic, owing to the limitations of animal models, which, while recreating some pathological aspects of the disease, do not fully mirror its course. In addition, the recognition of major structural and functional differences between human and mouse astrocytes has also prompted research into human glial cells. In the current study, astrocytes were generated using human iPSCs from patients with sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (sAD), familial Alzheimer’s disease (fAD) and non-demented controls (NDC). All clones gained astrocyte-specific morphological and proteomic characteristics upon in vitro differentiation, without considerable inter-clonal variances. In comparison to NDC, AD astrocytes displayed aberrant calcium dynamics in response to glutamate. When exposed to monomeric and aggregated tau, AD astrocytes demonstrated hypertrophy and elevated GFAP expression, differential expression of select signaling and receptor proteins, and the enhanced production of metalloproteinases (MMPs). Moreover, astrocytic secretomes were able to degrade tau in both monomeric and pathologically aggregated forms, which was mediated by MMP-2 and -9. The capacity to neutralize tau varied considerably between clones, with fAD astrocytes having the lowest degradability relative to sAD and healthy astrocytes. Importantly, when compared to aggregated tau alone, astrocytic secretome pretreatment of tau differentially reduced its detrimental effects on neurons. Our results show crucial differences in sporadic and familial AD astrocytes and suggests that these cells may play distinctive roles in the pathogenesis of early and late onset Alzheimer’s disease.
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37
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Martino Adami PV, Orellana A, García P, Kleineidam L, Alarcón-Martín E, Montrreal L, Aguilera N, Espinosa A, Abdelnour C, Rosende-Roca M, Tartari JP, Vargas L, Mauleón A, Esteban-De Antonio E, López-Cuevas R, Dalmasso MC, Martin RC, Parveen K, Andrade Fuentes VM, Amin N, Ahmad S, Ikram MA, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Peters O, Frölich L, Rüther E, Wiltfang J, Tarraga L, Boada M, Maier W, de Rojas I, Cano A, Sanabria A, Alegret M, Hernández I, Marquié M, Valero S, van Duijn CM, Wagner M, Jessen F, Schneider A, Sáez Goñi ME, Pérez AG, Ruiz A, Ramírez A. Matrix metalloproteinase 10 is linked to the risk of progression to dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Brain 2022; 145:2507-2517. [PMID: 35088840 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease has a long asymptomatic phase that offers a substantial time window for intervention. Utilizing this window of opportunity will require early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to detect Alzheimer's disease pathology at pre-dementia stages, thus allowing identification of patients who will most probably progress to dementia of the Alzheimer's type and benefit from specific disease-modifying therapies. Consequently, we searched for CSF proteins associated with disease progression along with the clinical disease staging. We measured the levels of 184 proteins in CSF samples from 556 subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment patients from three independent memory clinic longitudinal studies (Spanish ACE, n = 410; German DCN, n = 93; German Mannheim, n = 53). We evaluated the association between protein levels and clinical stage, and the effect of protein levels on the progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Mild cognitive impairment subjects with increased CSF level of matrix metalloproteinase 10 showed a higher probability of progressing to dementia of the Alzheimer's type and a faster cognitive decline. CSF matrix metalloproteinase 10 increased the prediction accuracy of CSF Aβ42, P-tau181, and T-tau for conversion to dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Including matrix metalloproteinase 10 to the [A/T/(N)] scheme improved considerably the prognostic value in mild cognitive impairment patients with abnormal Aβ42, but normal P-tau181 and T-tau, and in mild cognitive impairment patients with abnormal Aβ42, P-tau181, and T-tau. Matrix metalloproteinase 10 was correlated with age in subjects with normal Aβ42, P-tau181, and T-tau levels. Our findings support the use of CSF matrix metalloproteinase 10 as a prognostic marker for dementia of the Alzheimer's type and its inclusion to the [A/T/(N)] scheme to incorporate pathologic aspects beyond amyloid and tau. CSF level of matrix metalloproteinase 10 may reflect ageing and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V Martino Adami
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Adelina Orellana
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo García
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luca Kleineidam
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Emilio Alarcón-Martín
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Montrreal
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Aguilera
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Abdelnour
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maitee Rosende-Roca
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Tartari
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liliana Vargas
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Mauleón
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Esteban-De Antonio
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rogelio López-Cuevas
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Carolina Dalmasso
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rafael Campos Martin
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kayenat Parveen
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Victor M Andrade Fuentes
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Najaf Amin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, University of Oxford Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland.,Department of Psychiatry, Charité University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eckart Rüther
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen. von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen. von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro. Aradas 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lluis Tarraga
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Merce Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Sanabria
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Alegret
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Marquié
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergi Valero
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalonia, 8029 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Ramírez
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, 78229 San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne. Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Van Acker ZP, Perdok A, Bretou M, Annaert W. The microglial lysosomal system in Alzheimer's disease: Guardian against proteinopathy. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101444. [PMID: 34391945 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain-resident immune cells, play an essential role in the upkeep of brain homeostasis. They actively adapt into specific activation states based on cues from the microenvironment. One of these encompasses the activated response microglia (ARMs) phenotype. It arises along a healthy aging process and in a range of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). As the phenotype is characterized by an increased lipid metabolism, phagocytosis rate, lysosomal protease content and secretion of neuroprotective agents, it leaves to reason that the phenotype is adapted in an attempt to restore homeostasis. This is important to the conundrum of inflammatory processes. Inflammation per se may not be deleterious; it is only when microglial reactions become chronic or the microglial subtype is made dysfunctional by (multiple) risk proteins with single-nucleotide polymorphisms that microglial involvement becomes deleterious instead of beneficial. Interestingly, the ARMs up- and downregulate many late-onset AD-associated risk factor genes, the products of which are particularly active in the endolysosomal system. Hence, in this review, we focus on how the endolysosomal system is placed at the crossroad of inflammation and microglial capacity to keep pace with degradation.
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Choi H, Kim E, Choi JY, Park E, Lee HJ. Potent therapeutic targets for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Amyloid degrading enzymes. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Choi
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Eungchan Kim
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsik Park
- Department of Life Sport Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
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40
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Sasaki Y, Kimura N, Aso Y, Yabuuchi K, Aikawa M, Matsubara E. Relationship between Cerebrospinal Fluid Matrix Metalloproteinases Levels and Brain Amyloid Deposition in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101496. [PMID: 34680129 PMCID: PMC8533797 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their inhibitors (TIMPs) were associated with brain amyloid deposition, cortical glucose metabolism, and white matter lesions (WMLs) in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A total of 33 individuals with amnestic MCI (mean age, 75.6 years) underwent 11C-Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography (PiB-PET), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, and CSF analysis. PET uptake of the frontal and temporoparietal lobes and posterior cingulate gyrus was assessed using the cerebellar cortex as the reference region. WMLs were assessed by the Fazekas scale. CSF levels of MMPs and TIMPs were measured with bead-based multiplex assays. After adjusting for covariates, multiple linear regression analysis showed that CSF levels of MMP-2 were negatively correlated with global PiB uptake (p = 0.035), especially in the parietotemporal lobe and posterior cingulate gyrus (p = 0.016 and p = 0.041, respectively). Moreover, CSF levels of MMP-7 were positively correlated with the severity of WMLs (p = 0.033). CSF levels of MMP-2 and MMP-7 are associated with brain amyloid deposition and severity of WMLs, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of MMPs in amyloid β catabolism and blood-brain barrier integration at the MCI stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.A.); (K.Y.); (E.M.)
| | - Noriyuki Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.A.); (K.Y.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-97-586-5814
| | - Yasuhiro Aso
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.A.); (K.Y.); (E.M.)
| | - Kenichi Yabuuchi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.A.); (K.Y.); (E.M.)
| | - Miki Aikawa
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba 296-8602, Japan;
| | - Etsuro Matsubara
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.A.); (K.Y.); (E.M.)
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41
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Linton AE, Weekman EM, Wilcock DM. Pathologic sequelae of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia sheds light on potential targets for intervention. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 2:100030. [PMID: 36324710 PMCID: PMC9616287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is one of the leading causes of dementia along with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, importantly, VCID often manifests as a comorbidity of AD(Vemuri and Knopman 2016; Schneider and Bennett 2010)(Vemuri and Knopman 2016; Schneider and Bennett 2010). Despite its common clinical manifestation, the mechanisms underlying VCID disease progression remains elusive. In this review, existing knowledge is used to propose a novel hypothesis linking well-established risk factors of VCID with the distinct neurodegenerative cascades of neuroinflammation and chronic hypoperfusion. It is hypothesized that these two synergistic signaling cascades coalesce to initiate aberrant angiogenesis and induce blood brain barrier breakdown trough a mechanism mediated by vascular growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases respectively. Finally, this review concludes by highlighting several potential therapeutic interventions along this neurodegenerative sequalae providing diverse opportunities for future translational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria E. Linton
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Physiology, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Erica M. Weekman
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Physiology, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Donna M. Wilcock
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Physiology, Lexington KY 40536, USA
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42
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Preeti K, Sood A, Fernandes V. Metabolic Regulation of Glia and Their Neuroinflammatory Role in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2527-2551. [PMID: 34515874 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized clinically by progressive memory loss and impaired cognitive function. Its progression occurs from neuronal synapse loss to amyloid pathology and Tau deposit which eventually leads to the compromised neuronal function. Neurons in central nervous tissue work in a composite and intricate network with the glia and vascular cells. Microglia and astrocytes are becoming the prime focus due to their involvement in various aspects of neurophysiology, such as trophic support to neurons, synaptic modulation, and brain surveillance. AD is also often considered as the sequela of prolonged metabolic dyshomeostasis. The neuron and glia have different metabolic profiles as cytosolic glycolysis and mitochondrial-dependent oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), especially under dyshomeostasis or with aging pertaining to their unique genetic built-up. Various efforts are being put in to decipher the role of mitochondrial dynamics regarding their trafficking, fission/fusion imbalance, and mitophagy spanning over both neurons and glia to improve aging-related brain health. The mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to activation in various signaling mechanisms causing metabolic reprogramming in glia cells, further accelerating AD-related pathogenic events. The glycolytic-dominant astrocytes switch to the neurotoxic phenotype, i.e., disease-associated astrocyte under metabolic stress. The microglia also transform from resting to reactive phenotype, i.e., disease-associated microglia. It may also exist in otherwise a misconception an M1, glycolytic, or M2, an OXPHOS-dependent phenotype. Further, glial transformation plays a vital role in regulating hallmarks of AD pathologies like synapse maintenance, amyloid, and Tau clearance. In this updated review, we have tried to emphasize the metabolic regulation of glial reactivity, mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, and their neuroinflammatory response in Alzheimer's progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Preeti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | - Anika Sood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Valencia Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
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Takata K, Ginhoux F, Shimohama S. Roles of microglia in Alzheimer's disease and impact of new findings on microglial heterogeneity as a target for therapeutic intervention. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114754. [PMID: 34480881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are specialized macrophages that reside within the central nervous system and play key roles in brain immunity, development and homeostasis. Recent studies also revealed functions of microglia in neuroprotection and neuroinflammation, leading to the discovery that microglia are involved in several brain pathologies including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the beneficial and detrimental actions of this intriguing cell population can be challenging to dissect: the advent of single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomic technologies has revolutionized our understanding of the heterogeneity of multiple cell types and is now being applied to the study of microglia in health and disease. Here, we review recent findings on microglial biology, focusing on insights from single cell transcriptomic studies and the heterogeneity that they reveal, and consider the impact of these findings on our understanding of AD. We also discuss how microglia might represent a next-generation therapeutic target for treatment of AD and other neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Takata
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS, Academic Medical Centre, The Academia, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Shun Shimohama
- Department of Neurology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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44
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Kikuchi K, Tatebe T, Sudo Y, Yokoyama M, Kidana K, Chiu YW, Takatori S, Arita M, Hori Y, Tomita T. GPR120 Signaling Controls Amyloid-β Degrading Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinases. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6173-6185. [PMID: 34099509 PMCID: PMC8276734 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2595-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the extensive deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain. Brain Aβ level is regulated by a balance between Aβ production and clearance. The clearance rate of Aβ is decreased in the brains of sporadic AD patients, indicating that the dysregulation of Aβ clearance mechanisms affects the pathologic process of AD. Astrocytes are among the most abundant cells in the brain and are implicated in the clearance of brain Aβ via their regulation of the blood-brain barrier, glymphatic system, and proteolytic degradation. The cellular morphology and activity of astrocytes are modulated by several molecules, including ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid, which is one of the most abundant lipids in the brain, via the G protein-coupled receptor GPR120/FFAR4. In this study, we analyzed the role of GPR120 signaling in the Aβ-degrading activity of astrocytes. Treatment with the selective antagonist upregulated the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor-sensitive Aβ-degrading activity in primary astrocytes. Moreover, the inhibition of GPR120 signaling increased the levels of Mmp2 and Mmp14 mRNAs, and decreased the expression levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (Timp3) and Timp4, suggesting that GPR120 negatively regulates the astrocyte-derived MMP network. Finally, the intracerebral injection of GPR120-specific antagonist substantially decreased the levels of TBS-soluble Aβ in male AD model mice, and this effect was canceled by the coinjection of an MMP inhibitor. These data indicate that astrocytic GPR120 signaling negatively regulates the Aβ-degrading activity of MMPs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The level of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain is a crucial determinant of the development of Alzheimer's disease. Here we found that astrocytes, which are the most abundant cell type in the CNS, harbor degrading activity against Aβ, which is regulated by GPR120 signaling. GPR120 is involved in the inflammatory response and obesity in peripheral organs. However, the pathophysiological role of GPR120 in Alzheimer's disease remains unknown. We found that selective inhibition of GPR120 signaling in astrocytes increased the Aβ-degrading activity of matrix metalloproteases. Our results suggest that GPR120 in astrocytes is a novel therapeutic target for the development of anti-Aβ therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuya Tatebe
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Miyabishara Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kiwami Kidana
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Home Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yung Wen Chiu
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sho Takatori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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45
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Süß P, Schlachetzki JCM. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:29-43. [PMID: 32048973 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200212155234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. Although proteinaceous aggregates of extracellular Amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated microtubule- associated tau have long been identified as characteristic neuropathological hallmarks of AD, a disease- modifying therapy against these targets has not been successful. An emerging concept is that microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are major players in AD pathogenesis. Microglia are longlived tissue-resident professional phagocytes that survey and rapidly respond to changes in their microenvironment. Subpopulations of microglia cluster around Aβ plaques and adopt a transcriptomic signature specifically linked to neurodegeneration. A plethora of molecules and pathways associated with microglia function and dysfunction has been identified as important players in mediating neurodegeneration. However, whether microglia exert either beneficial or detrimental effects in AD pathology may depend on the disease stage. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the stage-dependent role of microglia in AD, including recent insights from genetic and gene expression profiling studies as well as novel imaging techniques focusing on microglia in human AD pathology and AD mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Süß
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat, Erlangen- Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, United States
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46
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Inui T, Hoffer M, Balaban CD. Mild blast wave exposure produces intensity-dependent changes in MMP2 expression patches in rat brains - Findings from different blast severities. Brain Res 2021; 1767:147541. [PMID: 34077763 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) is a gelatinase with multiple functions at the neurovascular interface, including local modification of the glia limitans to facilitate access of immune cells into the brain and amyloid-beta degradation during responses to injury or disease. This study examines regional changes in immunoreactive MMP2 in the rat brain after a single mild (2.7-7.9 psi peak) or moderate (13-17.5 psi peak) blast overpressure (BOP) exposure. Immunopositive MMP2 expression was examined quantitatively in histological sections of decalcified rat heads as a marker at 2, 24, and 72 h after BOP. The MMP2 immunoreactivity was isolated to patchy deposits in brain parenchyma surrounding blood vessels. Separate analyses were conducted for the cerebellum, brain stem caudal to the thalamo-mesencephalic junction, and the cerebrum (including diencephalon). The deposits varied in number, size, staining homogeneity (standard deviation of immunopositive region), and a cumulative measure, the product of size, average intensity and number, as a function of blast intensity and time. The sequences of changes in MMP2 spots from sham control animals suggested that the mild BOP exposure differences normalized within 72 h. However, the responses to moderate exposure revealed a delayed response at 72 h in the subtentorial brain stem and the cerebrum, but not the cerebellum. Hence, local MMP2 responses may be a contextual biomarker for locally regulated responses to widely distributed brain injury foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Inui
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Mdical College, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Michael Hoffer
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, Spatial Orientation Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA, USA; University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Carey D Balaban
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Communication Sciences & Disorders, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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47
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Dorandish S, Williams A, Atali S, Sendo S, Price D, Thompson C, Guthrie J, Heyl D, Evans HG. Regulation of amyloid-β levels by matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP2/9) in the media of lung cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9708. [PMID: 33958632 PMCID: PMC8102533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we set out to identify regulators of intact amyloid-β40/42 (Aβ) levels in A549 (p53 wild-type) and H1299 (p53-null) lung cancer cell media. Higher Aβ levels were detected in the media of A549 than H1299 cells without or with treatment with 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) and/or the anti-CD44 antibody (5F12). Using inhibitors, we found that PI3K, AKT, and NFκB are likely involved in regulating Aβ levels in the media. However, increased Aβ levels that more closely resembled those found upon 4-MU co-treatment resulted from MMP2/9 inhibition, suggesting that MMP2/9 maybe the main contributors to regulation of Aβ levels in the media. Differences in Aβ levels might be accounted for, in part, by p53 since blocking p53 function in A549 cells resulted in decreased Aβ levels, increased MMP2/9 levels, increased PI3K/AKT activities and the phospho/total NFκB ratio. Using siRNA targeted against MMP2 or MMP9, we found increased Aβ levels in the media, however, MMP2 knockdown led to Aβ levels closely mimicking those detected by co-treatment with 4-MU. Cell viability or apoptosis upon treatment with either MMP2 or MMP9 siRNA along with Aβ immunodepletion, showed that MMP2 is the predominant regulator of the cytotoxic effects induced by Aβ in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Dorandish
- Chemistry Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Asana Williams
- Chemistry Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Sarah Atali
- Chemistry Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Sophia Sendo
- Chemistry Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Deanna Price
- Chemistry Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Colton Thompson
- Chemistry Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Jeffrey Guthrie
- Chemistry Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Deborah Heyl
- Chemistry Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Hedeel Guy Evans
- Chemistry Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA.
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48
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Microglial Heterogeneity and Its Potential Role in Driving Phenotypic Diversity of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052780. [PMID: 33803478 PMCID: PMC7967159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasingly recognized as a highly heterogeneous disorder occurring under distinct clinical and neuropathological phenotypes. Despite the molecular determinants of such variability not being well defined yet, microglial cells may play a key role in this process by releasing distinct pro- and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines, potentially affecting the expression of the disease. We carried out a neuropathological and biochemical analysis on a series of AD brain samples, gathering evidence about the heterogeneous involvement of microglia in AD. The neuropathological studies showed differences concerning morphology, density and distribution of microglial cells among AD brains. Biochemical investigations showed increased brain levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, CCL17, MMP-7 and CXCL13 in AD in comparison with control subjects. The molecular profiling achieved by measuring the brain levels of 25 inflammatory factors known to be involved in neuroinflammation allowed a stratification of the AD patients in three distinct “neuroinflammatory clusters”. These findings strengthen the relevance of neuroinflammation in AD pathogenesis suggesting, in particular, that the differential involvement of neuroinflammatory molecules released by microglial cells during the development of the disease may contribute to modulate the characteristics and the severity of the neuropathological changes, driving—at least in part—the AD phenotypic diversity.
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Delgado A, Cholevas C, Theoharides TC. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and beneficial action of luteolin. Biofactors 2021; 47:207-217. [PMID: 33615581 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), already the world's most common form of dementia, is projected to continue increasing in prevalence over the next several decades. The current lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of AD has hampered the development of effective treatments. Historically, AD research has been predicated on the amyloid cascade hypothesis (ACH), which attributes disease progression to the build-up of amyloid protein. However, multiple clinical studies of drugs interfering with ACH have failed to show any benefit demonstrating that AD etiology is more complex than previously thought. Here we review the current literature on the emerging key role of neuroinflammation, especially activation of microglia, in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, we provide compelling evidence that certain flavonoids, especially luteolin formulated in olive pomace oil together with hydroxytyrosol, offers a reasonable prophylactic treatment approach due to its many beneficial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Delgado
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christos Cholevas
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- BrainGate, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- BrainGate, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bang M, Gonzales EL, Shin CY, Kwon KJ. Late Passage Cultivation Induces Aged Astrocyte Phenotypes in Rat Primary Cultured Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:144-153. [PMID: 33262320 PMCID: PMC7921865 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play various important roles such as maintaining brain homeostasis, supporting neurons, and secreting inflammatory mediators to protect the brain cells. In aged subjects, astrocytes show diversely changed phenotypes and dysfunctions. But, the study of aged astrocytes or astrocytes from aged subjects is not yet sufficient to provide a comprehensive understanding of their important processes in the regulation of brain function. In this study, we induced an in vitro aged astrocyte model through late passage cultivation of rat primary cultured astrocytes. Astrocytes were cultured until passage 7 (P7) as late passage astrocytes and compared with passage 1 (P1) astrocytes as early passage astrocytes to confirm the differences in phenotypes and the effects of serial passage. In this study, we confirmed the morphological, molecular, and functional changes of late passage astrocytes showing aging phenotypes through SA-β-gal staining and measurement of nuclear size. We also observed a reduced expression of inflammatory mediators including IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, iNOS, and COX2, as well as dysregulation of wound-healing, phagocytosis, and mitochondrial functions such as mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate. Culture-conditioned media obtained from P1 astrocytes promoted neurite outgrowth in immature primary cultures of rat cortices, which is significantly reduced when we treated the immature neurons with the culture media obtained from P7 astrocytes. These results suggest that late passage astrocytes show senescent astrocyte phenotypes with functional defects, which makes it a suitable model for the study of the role of astrocyte senescence on the modulation of normal and pathological brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Bang
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck Gonzales
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ja Kwon
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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