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Przyklenk M, Karmacharya S, Bonasera D, Pasanen-Zentz AL, Kmoch S, Paulsson M, Wagener R, Liccardi G, Schiavinato A. ANTXR1 deficiency promotes fibroblast senescence: implications for GAPO syndrome as a progeroid disorder. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9321. [PMID: 38653789 PMCID: PMC11039612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
ANTXR1 is one of two cell surface receptors mediating the uptake of the anthrax toxin into cells. Despite substantial research on its role in anthrax poisoning and a proposed function as a collagen receptor, ANTXR1's physiological functions remain largely undefined. Pathogenic variants in ANTXR1 lead to the rare GAPO syndrome, named for its four primary features: Growth retardation, Alopecia, Pseudoanodontia, and Optic atrophy. The disease is also associated with a complex range of other phenotypes impacting the cardiovascular, skeletal, pulmonary and nervous systems. Aberrant accumulation of extracellular matrix components and fibrosis are considered to be crucial components in the pathogenesis of GAPO syndrome, contributing to the shortened life expectancy of affected individuals. Nonetheless, the specific mechanisms connecting ANTXR1 deficiency to the clinical manifestations of GAPO syndrome are largely unexplored. In this study, we present evidence that ANTXR1 deficiency initiates a senescent phenotype in human fibroblasts, correlating with defects in nuclear architecture and actin dynamics. We provide novel insights into ANTXR1's physiological functions and propose GAPO syndrome to be reconsidered as a progeroid disorder highlighting an unexpected role for an integrin-like extracellular matrix receptor in human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Przyklenk
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shreya Karmacharya
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Debora Bonasera
- Genetic Instability, Cell Death and Inflammation Laboratory, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arthur-Lauri Pasanen-Zentz
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Raimund Wagener
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- Genetic Instability, Cell Death and Inflammation Laboratory, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alvise Schiavinato
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Balakrishnan S, Goud I, Teegala ML. Prenatal onset GAPO syndrome with a novel ANTXR1 variant in an Indian child: Expansion of the phenotype & literature review. Eur J Med Genet 2024; 68:104929. [PMID: 38423276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2024.104929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
GAPO syndrome is a rare genetic condition caused by bi-allelic variants in ANTXR1 gene & is an abbreviation for its core features - growth retardation, alopecia, pseudo-anodontia & optic atrophy. Certain additional features involving various other systems have been reported over the years & contribute to the expanding spectrum of this evolving phenotype. We report GAPO syndrome in a 3.75 year old Indian female child, who presented with some unique features such as sagittal craniosynostosis with scaphocephaly & bilateral choroid plexus cysts, alongside the core phenotype. We also report a novel frameshift variant in our patient & offer first evidence for the prenatal onset of some features.
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3
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Márquez-López A, Fanarraga ML. AB Toxins as High-Affinity Ligands for Cell Targeting in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11227. [PMID: 37446406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer have limitations, including the development of acquired resistance. However, novel alternatives have emerged in the form of targeted therapies based on AB toxins. These biotoxins are a diverse group of highly poisonous molecules that show a nanomolar affinity for their target cell receptors, making them an invaluable source of ligands for biomedical applications. Bacterial AB toxins, in particular, are modular proteins that can be genetically engineered to develop high-affinity therapeutic compounds. These toxins consist of two distinct domains: a catalytically active domain and an innocuous domain that acts as a ligand, directing the catalytic domain to the target cells. Interestingly, many tumor cells show receptors on the surface that are recognized by AB toxins, making these high-affinity proteins promising tools for developing new methods for targeting anticancer therapies. Here we describe the structure and mechanisms of action of Diphtheria (Dtx), Anthrax (Atx), Shiga (Stx), and Cholera (Ctx) toxins, and review the potential uses of AB toxins in cancer therapy. We also discuss the main advances in this field, some successful results, and, finally, the possible development of innovative and precise applications in oncology based on engineered recombinant AB toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Márquez-López
- The Nanomedicine Group, Institute Valdecilla-IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Mónica L Fanarraga
- The Nanomedicine Group, Institute Valdecilla-IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
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4
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ANTXR1 as a potential sensor of extracellular mechanical cues. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:80-86. [PMID: 36638946 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules mediate cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions, some of which are mechanical sensors, such as integrins. Emerging evidence indicates that anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a newly identified cell adhesion molecule, can also sense extracellular mechanical signals such as hydrostatic pressure and extracellular matrix (ECM) rigidity. ANTXR1 can interact with ECM through connecting intracellular cytoskeleton and ECM molecules (just like integrins) to regulate numerous biological processes, such as cell adhesion, cell migration or ECM homeostasis. Although with high structural similarity to integrins, its functions and downstream signal transduction are independent from those of integrins. In this perspective, based on existing evidence in literature, we analyzed the structural and functional evidence that ANTXR1 can act as a potential sensor for extracellular mechanical cues. To our knowledge, this is the first in-depth overview of ANTXR1 from the perspective of mechanobiology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: An overview of ANTXR1 from the perspective of mechanobiology; An analysis of mechanical sensitivity of ANTXR1 in structure and function; A summary of existing evidence of ANTXR1 as a potential mechanosensor.
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5
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Araki M, Noguchi S, Kubo Y, Yasuda A, Koh M, Otsuka H, Yokosuka M, Soeta S. Expression of receptor-type tumour endothelial marker 8 in carcinoma cells showing luminal progenitor-like phenotypes in canine mammary gland carcinomas. J Comp Pathol 2023; 200:35-45. [PMID: 36641985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the expression of receptor-type tumour endothelial marker 8 (TEM8RT) in canine mammary gland carcinomas (CMGCs) using immunohistochemistry and to evaluate the association between carcinoma cell TEM8RT expression and tumour histological features, histological grades and the differentiation status of neoplastic epithelial cells. TEM8RT expression was more frequently detected in simple carcinomas (tubular and tubulopapillary) than in solid carcinomas, and it was significantly correlated with histological grade Ⅰ tumours and a low mitotic index. Additionally, TEM8RT+ carcinoma cells were more frequently found in CMGCs showing luminal progenitor-like phenotypes, such as Notch1+, CK19+/CK5+/CD49f+ and CK19+/CK5-/CD49f+. Double-labelling immunofluorescence detection techniques confirmed that most TEM8RT+ carcinoma cells expressed CD49f, Notch1 and CK19. However, TEM8RT immunoreactivity was not found in carcinoma cells expressing GATA3, which upregulates mature luminal cell differentiation. Furthermore, TEM8RT+ carcinoma cells were detected in a few CMGCs showing basal/stem cell-like phenotypes such as CK19-/CK5+/CD49f+ and CK19-/CK5+/CD49f-. These findings indicate that TEM8RT is expressed in luminal progenitor-like carcinoma cells in CMGCs. Since TEM8 enhances self-renewal in human mammary stem/progenitor cells, it also may be involved in maintenance of luminal progenitor-like carcinoma cells, resulting in prevention of their transition to basal/stem cell-like carcinoma cells and development of less malignant CMGCs. Therefore, TEM8RT may be useful for indicating prognostic outcomes and identifying the possible ontogeny of carcinoma cells in mammary gland tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Araki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syunya Noguchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubo
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Attached Facility, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yasuda
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Attached Facility, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Koh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotada Otsuka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yokosuka
- Laboratory of Comparative and Behavioral Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Soeta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
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ANTXR1 Regulates Erythroid Cell Proliferation and Differentiation through wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway In Vitro and in Hematopoietic Stem Cell. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1226697. [PMID: 36065334 PMCID: PMC9440811 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1226697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a highly complex and sophisticated multistage process regulated by many transcription factors, as well as noncoding RNAs. Anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) is a type I transmembrane protein that binds the anthrax toxin ligands and mediates the entry of its toxic part into cells. It also functions as a receptor for the Protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin, and mediates the entry of Edema factor (EF) and Lethal factor (LF) into the cytoplasm of target cells and exerts their toxicity. Previous research has shown that ANTXR1 inhibits the expression of γ-globin during the differentiation of erythroid cells. However, the effect on erythropoiesis from a cellular perspective has not been fully determined. This study examined the role of ANTXR1 on erythropoiesis using K562 and HUDEP-2 cell lines as well as cord blood CD34+ cells. Our study has shown that overexpression of ANTXR1 can positively regulate erythrocyte proliferation, as well as inhibit GATA1 and ALAS2 expression, differentiation, and apoptosis in K562 cells and hematopoietic stem cells. ANTXR1 knockdown inhibited proliferation, promoted GATA1 and ALAS2 expression, accelerated erythrocyte differentiation and apoptosis, and promoted erythrocyte maturation. Our study also showed that ANTXR1 may regulate the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, though the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which may help to establish a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of blood disorders.
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7
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Corbett V, Hallenbeck P, Rychahou P, Chauhan A. Evolving role of seneca valley virus and its biomarker TEM8/ANTXR1 in cancer therapeutics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:930207. [PMID: 36090051 PMCID: PMC9458967 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.930207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have made a significant inroad in cancer drug development. Numerous clinical trials are currently investigating oncolytic viruses both as single agents or in combination with various immunomodulators. Oncolytic viruses (OV) are an integral pillar of immuno-oncology and hold potential for not only delivering durable anti-tumor responses but also converting “cold” tumors to “hot” tumors. In this review we will discuss one such promising oncolytic virus called Seneca Valley Virus (SVV-001) and its therapeutic implications. SVV development has seen seismic evolution over the past decade and now boasts of being the only OV with a practically applicable biomarker for viral tropism. We discuss relevant preclinical and clinical data involving SVV and how bio-selecting for TEM8/ANTXR1, a negative tumor prognosticator can lead to first of its kind biomarker driven oncolytic viral cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Corbett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Piotr Rychahou
- Department of Surgery, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Aman Chauhan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Aman Chauhan,
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8
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Bae E, Huang P, Müller-Greven G, Hambardzumyan D, Sloan AE, Nowacki AS, Marko N, Carlin CR, Gladson CL. Integrin α3β1 promotes vessel formation of glioblastoma-associated endothelial cells through calcium-mediated macropinocytosis and lysosomal exocytosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4268. [PMID: 35879332 PMCID: PMC9314429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of angiogenesis in glioblastoma has yielded mixed outcomes. Investigation of tumor-associated angiogenesis has focused on the factors that stimulate the sprouting, migration, and hyperproliferation of the endothelial cells. However, little is known regarding the processes underlying the formation of the tumor-associated vessels. To address this issue, we investigated vessel formation in CD31+ cells isolated from human glioblastoma tumors. The results indicate that overexpression of integrin α3β1 plays a central role in the promotion of tube formation in the tumor-associated endothelial cells in glioblastoma. Blocking α3β1 function reduced sprout and tube formation in the tumor-associated endothelial cells and vessel density in organotypic cultures of glioblastoma. The data further suggest a mechanistic model in which integrin α3β1-promoted calcium influx stimulates macropinocytosis and directed maturation of the macropinosomes in a manner that promotes lysosomal exocytosis during nascent lumen formation. Altogether, our data indicate that integrin α3β1 may be a therapeutic target on the glioblastoma vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunnyung Bae
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland, Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland, Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Departments of Oncological Sciences and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Edward Sloan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospital-Cleveland Medical Center and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amy S Nowacki
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Marko
- Department of Neurosurgery, LewisGale Medical Center, Salem, VA, USA
| | - Cathleen R Carlin
- University Hospital-Cleveland Medical Center and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Candece L Gladson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland, Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- University Hospital-Cleveland Medical Center and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- The Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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9
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Chen PR, Rowland RRR, Stoian AM, Petrovan V, Sheahan M, Ganta C, Cino-Ozuna G, Kim DY, Dunleavey JM, Whitworth KM, Samuel MS, Spate LD, Cecil RF, Benne JA, Yan X, Fang Y, Croix BS, Lechtenberg K, Wells KD, Prather RS. Disruption of anthrax toxin receptor 1 in pigs leads to a rare disease phenotype and protection from senecavirus A infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5009. [PMID: 35322150 PMCID: PMC8943192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a cause of vesicular disease in pigs, and infection rates are rising within the swine industry. Recently, anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) was revealed as the receptor for SVA in human cells. Herein, the role of ANTXR1 as a receptor for SVA in pigs was investigated by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Strikingly, ANTXR1 knockout (KO) pigs exhibited features consistent with the rare disease, GAPO syndrome, in humans. Fibroblasts from wild type (WT) pigs supported replication of SVA; whereas, fibroblasts from KO pigs were resistant to infection. During an SVA challenge, clinical symptoms, including vesicular lesions, and circulating viremia were present in infected WT pigs but were absent in KO pigs. Additional ANTXR1-edited piglets were generated that were homozygous for an in-frame (IF) mutation. While IF pigs presented a GAPO phenotype similar to the KO pigs, fibroblasts showed mild infection, and circulating SVA nucleic acid was decreased in IF compared to WT pigs. Thus, this new ANTXR1 mutation resulted in decreased permissiveness of SVA in pigs. Overall, genetic disruption of ANTXR1 in pigs provides a unique model for GAPO syndrome and prevents circulating SVA infection and clinical symptoms, confirming that ANTXR1 acts as a receptor for the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Chen
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ana M Stoian
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Vlad Petrovan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Maureen Sheahan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Charan Ganta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Giselle Cino-Ozuna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - James M Dunleavey
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Kristin M Whitworth
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Raissa F Cecil
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Joshua A Benne
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Xingyu Yan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Brad St Croix
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Kelly Lechtenberg
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc. and Central States Research Centre, Inc., Oakland, NE, 68045, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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10
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Identification of Estrogen Signaling in a Prioritization Study of Intraocular Pressure-Associated Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910288. [PMID: 34638643 PMCID: PMC8508848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Herein we sought to prioritize a set of previously identified IOP-associated genes using novel and previously published datasets. We identified several genes for future study, including several involved in cytoskeletal/extracellular matrix reorganization, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and TGF-β signaling. Our differential correlation analysis of IOP-associated genes identified 295 pairs of 201 genes with differential correlation. Pathway analysis identified β-estradiol as the top upstream regulator of these genes with ESR1 mediating 25 interactions. Several genes (i.e., EFEMP1, FOXC1, and SPTBN1) regulated by β-estradiol/ESR1 were highly expressed in non-glaucomatous human trabecular meshwork (TM) or Schlemm’s canal (SC) cells and specifically expressed in TM/SC cell clusters defined by single-cell RNA-sequencing. We confirmed ESR1 gene and protein expression in human TM cells and TM/SC tissue with quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. 17β-estradiol was identified in bovine, porcine, and human aqueous humor (AH) using ELISA. In conclusion, we have identified estrogen receptor signaling as a key modulator of several IOP-associated genes. The expression of ESR1 and these IOP-associated genes in TM/SC tissue and the presence of 17β-estradiol in AH supports a role for estrogen signaling in IOP regulation.
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11
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Li Y, Wang Q, Wang D, Fu W. KLF7 Promotes Gastric Carcinogenesis Through Regulation of ANTXR1. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5547-5557. [PMID: 34285576 PMCID: PMC8285236 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s308071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Elucidating the mechanism of gastric cancer progression is of great importance for the discovery of new therapy targets against gastric cancer. In this study, we investigated the function of Kruppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) in gastric cancer. METHODS qPCR and Western blot were performed to determine the expression of ANTXR1 after KLF7 inhibition. CCK-8, colony formation, apoptosis analysis, cell cycle analysis and transwell assay were performed to determine KLF7 functions in cellular proliferation, migration, apoptosis and cell cycle. Tumour xenograft experiments were performed to examine cell growth in vivo. RESULTS The results showed that KLF7 was upregulated in gastric cancer. The proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells were suppressed by depletion of KLF7. In vivo tumour progression was also attenuated following the downregulation of KLF7. Meanwhile, overexpression of KLF7 promoted the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells. The results of the mechanistic analysis showed that KLF7 promoted gastric carcinogenesis via upregulation of ANTXR cell adhesion molecule 1 (ANTXR1). CONCLUSION Therefore, this study may provide a theoretical foundation for further clinical therapy of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingdong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - DongWei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: DongWei Wang Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, No. 348, Dexiang Street, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, 154002, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-0454-8605850 Email
| | - Weihua Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China,Weihua Fu Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +022-60363901 Email
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12
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Patel VI, Booth JL, Dozmorov M, Brown BR, Metcalf JP. Anthrax Edema and Lethal Toxins Differentially Target Human Lung and Blood Phagocytes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070464. [PMID: 32698436 PMCID: PMC7405021 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of inhalation anthrax, is a serious concern as a bioterrorism weapon. The vegetative form produces two exotoxins: Lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET). We recently characterized and compared six human airway and alveolar-resident phagocyte (AARP) subsets at the transcriptional and functional levels. In this study, we examined the effects of LT and ET on these subsets and human leukocytes. AARPs and leukocytes do not express high levels of the toxin receptors, tumor endothelium marker-8 (TEM8) and capillary morphogenesis protein-2 (CMG2). Less than 20% expressed surface TEM8, while less than 15% expressed CMG2. All cell types bound or internalized protective antigen, the common component of the two toxins, in a dose-dependent manner. Most protective antigen was likely internalized via macropinocytosis. Cells were not sensitive to LT-induced apoptosis or necrosis at concentrations up to 1000 ng/mL. However, toxin exposure inhibited B. anthracis spore internalization. This inhibition was driven primarily by ET in AARPs and LT in leukocytes. These results support a model of inhalation anthrax in which spores germinate and produce toxins. ET inhibits pathogen phagocytosis by AARPs, allowing alveolar escape. In late-stage disease, LT inhibits phagocytosis by leukocytes, allowing bacterial replication in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet I. Patel
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
| | - J. Leland Booth
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Mikhail Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Brent R. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Jordan P. Metcalf
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Gholami M, Moghbeli M, Kafilzadeh F, Kargar M, Torbati MB, Tavizi A, Bellevile S, Hatami J, Eslami Z. Production of recombinant lethal factor of Bacillus anthracis in Bacillus subtilis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:9-15. [PMID: 32393098 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1762215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is considered as a disease with high rates of mortality and morbidity. The limitations and side effects of common treatments have prompted the need for innovative cancer therapies. Furthermore, selectivity and targeting of cancer cells are crucial factors to successful treatment of cancer. One of these methods is the use of bacterial toxins including Bacillus anthracis toxin to aid cancer therapy. This toxin is composed of three polypeptides: protective factor (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). PA can bind to various surface receptors of all types of human cells and it internalizes the lethal factor and edema factor subunits of the toxin in the cytosol. In the present study, we cloned and expressed the lef gene of B. anthracis as the lethal part of the toxin in Bacillus subtilis WB600 by a shuttle expression vector PHT4. The rLF made in B. subtilis is efficiently secreted by the host into the culture medium which facilitates downstream processing. The rLF can be used to study cancer treatment. Abbreviations: EF: edema factor; LF: lethal factor; PA: protective factor; rLF: recombinant lethal factor; rPAm: recombinant protective factor mutants; uPA: urokinase-type plasminogen activator; uPAR: urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Moghbeli
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Javad Hatami
- Department of Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Eslami
- ALHSB Health Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
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14
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Thuault S, Mamelonet C, Salameh J, Ostacolo K, Chanez B, Salaün D, Baudelet E, Audebert S, Camoin L, Badache A. A proximity-labeling proteomic approach to investigate invadopodia molecular landscape in breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6787. [PMID: 32321993 PMCID: PMC7176661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic progression is the leading cause of mortality in breast cancer. Invasive tumor cells develop invadopodia to travel through basement membranes and the interstitial matrix. Substantial efforts have been made to characterize invadopodia molecular composition. However, their full molecular identity is still missing due to the difficulty in isolating them. To fill this gap, we developed a non-hypothesis driven proteomic approach based on the BioID proximity biotinylation technology, using the invadopodia-specific protein Tks5α fused to the promiscuous biotin ligase BirA* as bait. In invasive breast cancer cells, Tks5α fusion concentrated to invadopodia and selectively biotinylated invadopodia components, in contrast to a fusion which lacked the membrane-targeting PX domain (Tks5β). Biotinylated proteins were isolated by affinity capture and identified by mass spectrometry. We identified known invadopodia components, revealing the pertinence of our strategy. Furthermore, we observed that Tks5 newly identified close neighbors belonged to a biologically relevant network centered on actin cytoskeleton organization. Analysis of Tks5β interactome demonstrated that some partners bound Tks5 before its recruitment to invadopodia. Thus, the present strategy allowed us to identify novel Tks5 partners that were not identified by traditional approaches and could help get a more comprehensive picture of invadopodia molecular landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Thuault
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, Marseille, France.
| | - Claire Mamelonet
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Joëlle Salameh
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, Marseille, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1193, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Kevin Ostacolo
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, Marseille, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Brice Chanez
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Medical Oncology, Marseille, France
| | - Danièle Salaün
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Baudelet
- CRCM, Marseille Proteomics, Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- CRCM, Marseille Proteomics, Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- CRCM, Marseille Proteomics, Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Badache
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, Marseille, France
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15
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Jiang Q, Qin X, Yoshida CA, Komori H, Yamana K, Ohba S, Hojo H, Croix BS, Kawata-Matsuura VKS, Komori T. Antxr1, Which is a Target of Runx2, Regulates Chondrocyte Proliferation and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2425. [PMID: 32244499 PMCID: PMC7178079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antxr1/Tem8 is highly expressed in tumor endothelial cells and is a receptor for anthrax toxin. Mutation of Antxr1 causes GAPO syndrome, which is characterized by growth retardation, alopecia, pseudo-anodontia, and optic atrophy. However, the mechanism underlying the growth retardation remains to be clarified. Runx2 is essential for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation and regulates chondrocyte proliferation through Ihh induction. In the search of Runx2 target genes in chondrocytes, we found that Antxr1 expression is upregulated by Runx2. Antxr1 was highly expressed in cartilaginous tissues and was directly regulated by Runx2. In skeletal development, the process of endochondral ossification proceeded similarly in wild-type and Antxr1-/- mice. However, the limbs of Antxr1-/- mice were shorter than those of wild-type mice from embryonic day 16.5 due to the reduced chondrocyte proliferation. Chondrocyte-specific Antxr1 transgenic mice exhibited shortened limbs, although the process of endochondral ossification proceeded as in wild-type mice. BrdU-uptake and apoptosis were both increased in chondrocytes, and the apoptosis-high regions were mineralized. These findings indicated that Antxr1, of which the expression is regulated by Runx2, plays an important role in chondrocyte proliferation and that overexpression of Antxr1 causes chondrocyte apoptosis accompanied by matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan (V.K.S.K.-M.)
| | - Xin Qin
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan (V.K.S.K.-M.)
| | - Carolina Andrea Yoshida
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan (V.K.S.K.-M.)
| | - Hisato Komori
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan (V.K.S.K.-M.)
| | - Kei Yamana
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Limited, Tokyo 100-8585, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hironori Hojo
- Department of Bioengineering, the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Brad St. Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Viviane K. S. Kawata-Matsuura
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan (V.K.S.K.-M.)
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan (V.K.S.K.-M.)
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16
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Mu H, Mu P, Zhu W, Huang B, Li H, Yuan L, Deng Y. Low doses of deoxynivalenol inhibit the cell migration mediated by H3K27me3-targeted downregulation of TEM8 expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113897. [PMID: 32135158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by multipleFusariumspecies that often contaminates cereals and threatens human and animal health. A wide range of cytotoxic effects, such as the induction of DNA damage, an increase in mitochondrial permeability and the inhibition of macromolecule synthesis, have been reported. However, the effects of DON on cell migration-a fundamental process in living cells critical for normal development, immune responses, and disease processes-and the mechanism underlying these effects are still unclear. Here, we showed that DONsignificantly inhibited the migration of MRC-5, CCD-18Co, HCT116 and WM793 cells at 50 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml, 400 ng/ml and 250 ng/ml, respectively, which maintained cell viability at 90%. Further analysis showed that DON inhibited the expression of tumour endothelial marker 8 (TEM8), a key gene in cell migration. Furthermore, we showed that DON inhibited the expression of TEM8 through increasing the level of H3K27me3 in the TEM8 promoter. Finally, overexpression of TEM8 or treating by H3K27me3-specific inhibitor GSK126 attenuated the inhibitory effect of DON on cell migration. In summary, low doses of DON at approximately dietary exposure significantly inhibited cell migration by downregulating the expression of TEM8 in a manner mediated by H3K27me3, which may generate increasing concerns for the risk of DON exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Mu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Peiqiang Mu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Wenya Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Boyan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Liping Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
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17
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Finnell JG, Tsang TM, Cryan L, Garrard S, Lee SL, Ackroyd PC, Rogers MS, Christensen KA. A Canstatin-Derived Peptide Provides Insight into the Role of Capillary Morphogenesis Gene 2 in Angiogenic Regulation and Matrix Uptake. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:587-596. [PMID: 32003961 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Capillary Morphogenesis Gene 2 protein (CMG2) is a transmembrane, integrin-like receptor and the primary receptor for the anthrax toxin. CMG2 also plays a role in angiogenic processes. However, the molecular mechanism that mediates the observed CMG2-related angiogenic effects is not fully elucidated. Previous studies have reported that CMG2 binds type IV collagen (Col-IV), a vital component of the vascular basement membrane, as well as other ECM proteins. Here, we further characterize the interaction between CMG2 and individual peptides from Col-IV and explore the effects of this interaction on angiogenesis. Using a peptide array, we observed that CMG2 preferentially binds peptide fragments of the NC1 (noncollagenous domain 1) domains of Col-IV. These domains are also known as the fragments arresten (from the α1 chain) and canstatin (from the α2 chain) and have documented antiangiogenic properties. A second peptide array was probed to map a putative peptide-binding epitope onto the Col-IV structure. A top hit from the initial array, a canstatin-derived peptide, binds to the CMG2 ligand-binding von Willebrand factor A (vWA) domain with a submicromolar affinity (peptide S16, Kd = 400 ± 200 nM). This peptide competes with anthrax protective antigen (PA) for CMG2 binding and does not bind CMG2 in the presence of EDTA. Together these data suggest that, like PA, S16 interacts with CMG2 at the metal-ion dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) of its vWA domain. CMG2 specifically mediates endocytic uptake of S16; both CMG2-/- endothelial cells and WT cells treated with PA show markedly reduced S16 uptake. Furthermore, S16 dramatically reduces directional endothelial cell migration with no impact on cell proliferation. These data demonstrate that this canstatin-derived peptide acts via CMG2 to elicit a marked effect on a critical process required for angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan G. Finnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Tsz-Ming Tsang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Lorna Cryan
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Samuel Garrard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Sai-Lun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - P. Christine Ackroyd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Michael S. Rogers
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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18
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Cai C, Dang W, Liu S, Huang L, Li Y, Li G, Yan S, Jiang C, Song X, Hu Y, Gu J. Anthrax toxin receptor 1/tumor endothelial marker 8 promotes gastric cancer progression through activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1132-1145. [PMID: 31977138 PMCID: PMC7156833 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein, is one of the receptors that facilitates the entrance of anthrax toxin into cells. Previous studies have confirmed the pivotal role of ANTXR1 in progression and tumorigenesis of diverse cancer types. However, the biological function of ANTXR1 in gastric cancer (GC) is still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the role of ANTXR1 in GC and illuminate the potential molecular mechanisms. Bioinformatics analysis found that ANTXR1 expression was significantly upregulated in GC tissue and its overexpression was associated with poor prognosis of GC patients. Moreover, we confirmed the upregulation of ANTXR1 in GC cell lines and GC tissue by quantitative PCR, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical analysis. Additionally, high protein expression level of ANTXR1 was positively associated with several clinicopathological parameters in GC patients. In our study, a series of in vitro and in vivo assays were undertaken through strategies of loss/gain‐of‐function and rescue assays. Consequently, our results indicated that ANTXR1 induced proliferation, cell cycle progression, invasion and migration, and tumorigenicity and induced suppressed apoptosis in GC. Mechanistic investigation indicated that ANTXR1 exerted its promoting effects on GC through activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, our findings suggested that ANTXR1 plays a crucial role in the development and progression of GC and could serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Dang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Shilei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengkai Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Song
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunping Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
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19
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Expression of Tumour Endothelial Marker 8 in Canine Mammary Gland Tumour Cells. J Comp Pathol 2019; 173:30-40. [PMID: 31812171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of tumour endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) in canine mammary gland tumours (MGTs) by immunohistochemistry and to evaluate the association between tumour cell TEM8 expression and tumour histological features, histological grades and expression of luminal and basal/myoepithelial cell markers. TEM8 expression was detected in >60 % of neoplastic epithelial cells in all simple adenomas (n = 25), simple carcinomas (n = 43) and invasive micropapillary carcinomas (n = 5) studied. Six of the 18 solid carcinomas studied showed TEM8 expression in >60% of carcinoma cells present in solid structures and in 12 of the 18 solid carcinomas, <30% of the luminal structure-forming carcinoma cells showed TEM8 expression. TEM8 expression in the neoplastic cells was not associated with histological malignancy in canine MGTs. TEM8+ tumour cells frequently showed the luminal-like phenotype cytokeratin (CK)19+/p63-/α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-, while most TEM8- tumour cells exhibited the basal-like phenotype CK19-/p63+/αSMA-. These findings indicate that TEM8 may be involved in maintaining the characteristics of luminal cells in canine MGTs and that TEM8 would be useful in identifying the type of neoplastic epithelial cell in MGTs.
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20
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Petrovic K, Robinson J, Whitworth K, Jinks E, Shaaban A, Lee SP. TEM8/ANTXR1-specific CAR T cells mediate toxicity in vivo. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224015. [PMID: 31622431 PMCID: PMC6797195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering T-cells to express receptors specific for antigens present on tumour tissue is proving a highly effective treatment for some leukaemias. However, extending this to solid tumours requires antigens that can be safely and effectively targeted. TEM8, a marker overexpressed on the vasculature of some solid tumours, has been proposed as one such target. A recent report stated that T-cells engineered to express a TEM8-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), when injected into mouse models of triple negative breast cancer, are both safe and effective in controlling tumour growth. Here we report contrasting data with a panel of TEM8-specific CAR-T-cells including one generated from the same antibody used in the other study. We found that the CAR-T-cells demonstrated clear TEM8-specific cytotoxic and cytokine release responses in vitro, but when injected into healthy C57BL6 and NSG mice they rapidly and selectively disappeared from the circulation and in most cases caused rapid toxicity. Infusing CAR-T-cells into a TEM8-knockout mouse indicated that selective loss of cells from the circulation was due to targeting of TEM8 in healthy tissues. Histological analysis of mice treated with a TEM8-specific CAR revealed evidence of inflammation in the lung and spleen with large collections of infiltrating neutrophils. Therefore our data raise concerns over potential on-target off-tumour toxicity with CARs targeting TEM8 and these should be considered carefully before embarking upon clinical trials with such agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Petrovic
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Robinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Whitworth
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Jinks
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abeer Shaaban
- Histopathology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Lee
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Cheng B, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Li Q, Liu Y, Wang J, Chen Y, Zhang M. The role of anthrax toxin protein receptor 1 as a new mechanosensor molecule and its mechanotransduction in BMSCs under hydrostatic pressure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12642. [PMID: 31477767 PMCID: PMC6718418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax toxin protein receptor (ANTXR) 1 has many similarities to integrin and is regarded in some respects as a single-stranded integrin protein. However, it is not clear whether ANTXR1 responds to mechanical signals secondary to the activation of integrins or whether it is a completely new, independent and previously undiscovered mechanosensor that responds to an undefined subset of mechanical signaling molecules. Our study demonstrates that ANTXR1 is a novel mechanosensor on the cell membrane, acting independently from the classical mechanoreceptor molecule integrinβ1. We show that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) respond to the hydrostatic pressure towards chondrogenic differentiation partly through the glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β/β-Catenin signaling pathway, which can be partly regulated by ANTXR1 and might be related to the direct binding between ANTXR1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 5/6. In addition, ANTXR1 specifically activates Smad2 and upregulates Smad4 expression to facilitate the transport of activated Smad2 to the nucleus to regulate chondrogenesis, which might be related to the direct binding between ANTXR1 and Actin/Fascin1. We also demonstrate that ANTXR1 binds to some extent with integrinβ1, but this interaction does not affect the expression and function of either protein under pressure. Thus, we conclude that ANTXR1 plays a crucial role in BMSC mechanotransduction and controls specific signaling pathways that are distinct from those of integrin to influence the chondrogenic responses of BMSCs under hydrostatic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yongjin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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22
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Abstract
The anthrax toxin receptors-capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) and tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8)-were identified almost 20 years ago, although few studies have moved beyond their roles as receptors for the anthrax toxins to address their physiological functions. In the last few years, insight into their endogenous roles has come from two rare diseases: hyaline fibromatosis syndrome, caused by mutations in CMG2, and growth retardation, alopecia, pseudo-anodontia, and optic atrophy (GAPO) syndrome, caused by loss-of-function mutations in TEM8. Although CMG2 and TEM8 are highly homologous at the protein level, the difference in disease symptoms points to variations in the physiological roles of the two anthrax receptors. Here, we focus on the similarities between these receptors in their ability to regulate extracellular matrix homeostasis, angiogenesis, cell migration, and skin elasticity. In this way, we shed light on how mutations in these two related proteins cause such seemingly different diseases and we highlight the existing knowledge gaps that could form the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana A. Sergeeva
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Crawford T, Fletcher N, Veitch M, Gonzalez Cruz JL, Pett N, Brereton I, Wells JW, Mobli M, Tesiram Y. Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Shows High Specificity for a UV Induced Mouse Model of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:22. [PMID: 30809524 PMCID: PMC6379334 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for the majority of non-melanoma skin cancer related deaths, particularly in immunosuppressed persons. Identification of biomarkers that could be used to identify or treat SCC would be of significant benefit. The anthrax toxin receptors, Tumor Endothelial Marker 8 (TEM8) and Capillary Morphogenesis Gene 2 (CMG2), are endothelial receptors involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis and angiogenesis that are selectively upregulated on numerous tumors. One method of targeting these receptors is Protective Antigen (PA), a protein produced by B. anthracis that mediates binding and translocation of anthrax toxins into cells. PA targeted toxins have been demonstrated to selectively inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis, but tumor selectivity of PA is currently unknown. In this work fluorescently labeled PA was shown to maintain receptor dependent binding and internalization in vitro. Utilizing a human papillomavirus transgenic mouse model that develops cutaneous SCC in response to ultraviolet irradiation we identified tumor uptake of PA in vivo. The intravenously administered PA resulted in tumor specific localization, with exclusive tumor detection 24 h post injection. Ex vivo analysis identified significantly higher fluorescence in the tumor compared to adjacent healthy tissue and major clearance organs, demonstrating low non-specific uptake and rapid clearance. While both TEM8 and CMG2 were observed to be overexpressed in SCC tumor sections compared to control skin, the intravenously administered PA was primarily co-localized with TEM8. These results suggest that PA could be systemically administered for rapid identification of cutaneous SCC, with potential for further therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Crawford
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Margaret Veitch
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jazmina L Gonzalez Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Pett
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian Brereton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James W Wells
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yasvir Tesiram
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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24
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Evans DJ, Wasinger AM, Brey RN, Dunleavey JM, St Croix B, Bann JG. Seneca Valley Virus Exploits TEM8, a Collagen Receptor Implicated in Tumor Growth. Front Oncol 2018; 8:506. [PMID: 30460197 PMCID: PMC6232524 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reveal that Seneca Valley Virus (SVV) exploits tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) for cellular entry, the same surface receptor pirated by bacterial-derived anthrax toxin. This observation is particularly significant as SVV is a known oncolytic virus which selectively infects and kills tumor cells, particularly those of neuroendocrine origin. TEM8 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is preferentially upregulated in some tumor cell and tumor-associated stromal cell populations. Both TEM8 and SVV have been evaluated for targeting of tumors of multiple origins, but the connection between the two was previously unknown. Here, we review currently understood interactions between TEM8 and SVV, anthrax protective antigen (PA), and collagen VI, a native binding partner of TEM8, with an emphasis on potential therapeutic directions moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | - Alexa M Wasinger
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | | | - James M Dunleavey
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Brad St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - James G Bann
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
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25
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Zhang LC, Shao Y, Gao LH, Liu J, Xi YY, Xu Y, Wu C, Chen W, Chen HP, Wang YL, Duan HF, Hu XW. TEM8 functions as a receptor for uPA and mediates uPA-stimulated EGFR phosphorylation. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:62. [PMID: 30241478 PMCID: PMC6151050 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TEM8 is a cell membrane protein predominantly expressed in tumor endothelium, which serves as a receptor for the protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin. However, the physiological ligands for TEM8 remain unknown. Results Here we identified uPA as an interacting partner of TEM8. Binding of uPA stimulated the phosphorylation of TEM8 and augmented phosphorylation of EGFR and ERK1/2. Finally, TEM8-Fc, a recombinant fusion protein comprising the extracellular domain of human TEM8 linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1, efficiently abrogated the interaction between uPA and TEM8, blocked uPA-induced migration of HepG2 cells in vitro and inhibited the growth and metastasis of human MCF-7 xenografts in vivo. uPA, TEM8 and EGFR overexpression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were found co-located on frozen cancer tissue sections. Conclusions Taken together, our data provide evidence that TEM8 is a novel receptor for uPA, which may play a significant role in the regulation of tumor growth and metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0272-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Cheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology (BIB), No. 20, Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.,Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Yong Shao
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology (BIB), No. 20, Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Li-Hua Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology (BIB), No. 20, Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine (BIRM), No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yong-Yi Xi
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology (BIB), No. 20, Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine (BIRM), No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chutse Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine (BIRM), No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology (BIB), No. 20, Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hui-Peng Chen
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology (BIB), No. 20, Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - You-Liang Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology (BIB), No. 20, Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Hai-Feng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine (BIRM), No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xian-Wen Hu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology (BIB), No. 20, Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
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26
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Szot C, Saha S, Zhang XM, Zhu Z, Hilton MB, Morris K, Seaman S, Dunleavey JM, Hsu KS, Yu GJ, Morris H, Swing DA, Haines DC, Wang Y, Hwang J, Feng Y, Welsch D, DeCrescenzo G, Chaudhary A, Zudaire E, Dimitrov DS, St. Croix B. Tumor stroma-targeted antibody-drug conjugate triggers localized anticancer drug release. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2927-2943. [PMID: 29863500 PMCID: PMC6025988 DOI: 10.1172/jci120481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nonmalignant stromal cells facilitate tumor growth and can occupy up to 90% of a solid tumor mass, better strategies to exploit these cells for improved cancer therapy are needed. Here, we describe a potent MMAE-linked antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8, also known as ANTXR1), a highly conserved transmembrane receptor broadly overexpressed on cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelium, and pericytes. Anti-TEM8 ADC elicited potent anticancer activity through an unexpected killing mechanism we term DAaRTS (drug activation and release through stroma), whereby the tumor microenvironment localizes active drug at the tumor site. Following capture of ADC prodrug from the circulation, tumor-associated stromal cells release active MMAE free drug, killing nearby proliferating tumor cells in a target-independent manner. In preclinical studies, ADC treatment was well tolerated and induced regression and often eradication of multiple solid tumor types, blocked metastatic growth, and prolonged overall survival. By exploiting TEM8+ tumor stroma for targeted drug activation, these studies reveal a drug delivery strategy with potential to augment therapies against multiple cancer types.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/deficiency
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Brentuximab Vedotin
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Microfilament Proteins
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Peptide/deficiency
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Stromal Cells/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Szot
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Saurabh Saha
- BioMed Valley Discoveries Inc., Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Beth Hilton
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Morris
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James M. Dunleavey
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hsu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Yu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Holly Morris
- Transgenic Core Facility, MCGP, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Diana C. Haines
- Veterinary Pathology Section, Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanping Wang
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Hwang
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Yang Feng
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dean Welsch
- BioMed Valley Discoveries Inc., Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Amit Chaudhary
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Enrique Zudaire
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brad St. Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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27
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McCann JV, Null JL, Dudley AC. Deadly DAaRTS destroy cancer cells via a tumor microenvironment-mediated trigger. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2750-2753. [PMID: 29863494 DOI: 10.1172/jci121527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment play a supportive role in tumor growth, progression, and treatment resistance; therefore, these nonmalignant cells are potential therapeutic targets. In this issue of the JCI, Szot et al. devised a strategy to exploit the cell-surface marker TEM8 (also known as ANTXR1), which is expressed by cancer-associated stromal cells, as a zip code to deliver an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) linked to the potent cancer-killing drug monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). In preclinical tumor and experimental metastasis models of multiple cancer types, TEM8-ADC targeted TEM8-expressing cancer-associated stromal cells, which processed and liberated membrane-permeable MMAE and released this drug via the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug transporter. Released MMAE killed cancer cells through a bystander mechanism that did minimal damage to the stromal cells themselves. P-gp-expressing tumor cells displayed MMAE resistance, suggesting that P-gp expression status may identify patients who might benefit the most from TEM8-ADC. This strategy, termed DAaRTS (drug activation and release through stroma), represents an elegant example of how selective expression of a cell-surface molecule on cancer-associated stroma can be exploited to facilitate drug delivery and shrink solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V McCann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jamie L Null
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, and
| | - Andrew C Dudley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, and.,Emily Couric Cancer Center, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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28
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Hu K, Olsen BR, Besschetnova TY. Cell autonomous ANTXR1-mediated regulation of extracellular matrix components in primary fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2016; 62:105-114. [PMID: 28011198 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies of Antxr1 knockout mice suggested that fibrotic skin abnormalities in these mice are associated with increased VEGF signaling. Here, based on studies of primary fibroblasts isolated from skin of Antx1+/+ and Antxr1-/- mice at embryonic stage E17.5 and postnatal day P49, we conclude that increased Col1a1 and Fn1 expression in Antxr1-deficient fibroblasts is partly mediated by a cell-autonomous ANTXR1-dependent mechanism. In turn, this may act in parallel with VEGF-dependent regulation of collagen type I and fibronectin production. We demonstrate that shRNA mediated knockdown of VEGF in Antxr1-/- fibroblasts reduces Col1a1 and Fn1 expression to below control levels, and these are restored by exogenous addition of recombinant VEGF. In addition, the increase in protein levels of collagen type I and fibronectin in mutant cells is blocked by VEGF neutralizing antibody. However, expressing the longest isoform of ANTXR1 (sv1) in mutant fibroblasts decreases levels of Ctgf, Col1a1 and Fn1 transcripts, but has no effect on VEGF expression. Taken together, our data suggest that the increased matrix production in Antxr1- deficient fibroblasts primarily occurs via a CTGF-dependent pathway and that other ANTXR1-associated mechanisms contribute to VEGF-dependent increase of collagen type I and fibronectin expression. Our findings provide a basis for further studies of novel ANTXR1-dependent connective tissue homeostatic control mechanisms in healthy individuals, patients with organ fibrosis, and patients with GAPO syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bjorn R Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Tatiana Y Besschetnova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Skeletal Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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29
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Olsen BR, Berendsen AD, Besschetnova TY, Duan X, Hu K. Fell-Muir Lecture: Regulatory mechanisms of skeletal and connective tissue development and homeostasis - lessons from studies of human disorders. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:296-302. [PMID: 27581728 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of proliferative hemangiomas have led to the discovery that interactions of endothelial cells with extracellular matrix and/or Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A stimulate the expression of VEGFR1, the VEGF decoy receptor, and suppress VEGF-dependent VEGFR2 signalling by a mechanism that requires the matrix-binding receptor Anthrax Toxin Receptor (ANTXR)1, VEGFR2, β1 integrin and the Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT). In hemangioma endothelial cells, all these components are present, but are functionally compromised, so that the levels of VEGFR1 are extremely low and VEGFR2 signalling is constitutively active. Consequently, the levels of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1α and its transcriptional targets, VEGF-A and C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CxCl12), are elevated and a positive VEGF-A feedback loop is established. Overexpression of ANTXR1, carrying a heterozygous Ala-to-Thr mutation, induces hemangioma-like signalling in control endothelial cells; VEGF signalling is normalized when wild-type ANTXR1 is overexpressed in hemangioma cells. These findings suggest that ANTXR1 functions as a negative regulator of VEGF-A signalling. Studies of a mouse model of the Growth Retardation, Alopecia, Pseudo-anodontia and Optic Atrophy (GAPO) syndrome, caused by the loss-of-function mutations in ANTXR1, as well as knock-in mice carrying the Ala-to-Thr ANTXR1 mutation, confirm that ANTXR1 functions as a suppressor of VEGF-A signalling. Cutaneous endothelial cells isolated from ANTXR1-deficient mice exhibit low levels of VEGFR1, elevated levels of VEGF-A, HIF-1α and CxCl12 and activated VEGFR2 signalling as in hemangioma. Increased numbers of myeloid cells in the skin of ANTXR1-deficient mice are associated with reduced vascularity and increased skin fibrosis, suggesting a mechanism for hemangioma involution and replacement by fibrotic scars. Through controlling VEGF-A signalling and extracellular matrix synthesis, ANTXR1 is emerging as a key regulator of skeletal and connective tissue development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn R Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Agnes D Berendsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Xuchen Duan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Friebe S, van der Goot FG, Bürgi J. The Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030069. [PMID: 26978402 PMCID: PMC4810214 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a severe, although rather rare, infectious disease that is caused by the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The infectious form is the spore and the major virulence factors of the bacterium are its poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule and the tripartite anthrax toxin. The discovery of the anthrax toxin receptors in the early 2000s has allowed in-depth studies on the mechanisms of anthrax toxin cellular entry and translocation from the endocytic compartment to the cytoplasm. The toxin generally hijacks the endocytic pathway of CMG2 and TEM8, the two anthrax toxin receptors, in order to reach the endosomes. From there, the pore-forming subunit of the toxin inserts into endosomal membranes and enables translocation of the two catalytic subunits. Insertion of the pore-forming unit preferentially occurs in intraluminal vesicles rather than the limiting membrane of the endosome, leading to the translocation of the enzymatic subunits in the lumen of these vesicles. This has important consequences that will be discussed. Ultimately, the toxins reach the cytosol where they act on their respective targets. Target modification has severe consequences on cell behavior, in particular on cells of the immune system, allowing the spread of the bacterium, in severe cases leading to host death. Here we will review the literature on anthrax disease with a focus on the structure of the toxin, how it enters cells and its immunological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Friebe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Jérôme Bürgi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Is Essential for Arteriogenesis in a Mouse Model of Hindlimb Ischemia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146586. [PMID: 26785120 PMCID: PMC4718698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax toxin receptor 1/tumor endothelial marker 8 (Antxr1 or TEM8) is up-regulated in tumor vasculature and serves as a receptor for anthrax toxin, but its physiologic function is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of Antxr1 in arteriogenesis. The role of Antxr1 in arteriogenesis was tested by measuring gene expression and immunohistochemistry in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia using wild-type and ANTXR1-/- mice. Additional tests were performed by measuring gene expression in in vitro models of fluid shear stress and hypoxia, as well as in human muscle tissues obtained from patients having peripheral artery disease. We observed that Antxr1 expression transiently increased in ischemic tissues following femoral artery ligation and that its expression was necessary for arteriogenesis. In the absence of Antxr1, the mean arterial lumen area in ischemic tissues decreased. Antxr1 mRNA and protein expression was positively regulated by fluid shear stress, but not by hypoxia. Furthermore, Antxr1 expression was elevated in human peripheral artery disease requiring lower extremity bypass surgery. These findings demonstrate an essential physiologic role for Antxr1 in arteriogenesis and peripheral artery disease, with important implications for managing ischemia and other arteriogenesis-dependent vascular diseases.
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Wang SC, Ye L, Sanders AJ, Ruge F, Harding KG, Jiang WG. Tumour endothelial marker-8 in wound healing and its impact on the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:293-8. [PMID: 26677171 PMCID: PMC4716791 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wound management represents a significant burden on healthcare systems and negatively impacts on the quality of patient life. New strategies to understand and identify wounds that will not heal in a normal manner are required. Tumour endothelial marker‑8 (TEM‑8) has been implicated in the wound healing and angiogenesis processes. TEM‑8 expression was examined at the transcript level in a cohort of acute (n=10) and chronic (n=14) wounds and in normal skin (n=10). Protein analysis of TEM‑8 was also undertaken for this cohort using immunohistochemistry (IHC). TEM‑8 impact on keratinocyte cell growth and migration was assessed following TEM‑8 ribozyme transgene transfection of human HaCaT keratinocytes using cell growth and electric cell‑substrate impedance sensing (ECIS)‑based assays. Expression of TEM‑8 was observed to be increased in acute wounds compared to chronic wounds and normal skin using quantitative polymerase chain reaction transcript analysis and IHC staining of wound tissues. Knockdown of TEM‑8 in HaCaT cells, using two independent ribozyme transgenes, resulted in significant decreases in cell growth as well as reductions in the rate of migration assessed using an ECIS‑based system. TEM‑8 may be differentially expressed between wound types and loss of this molecule impacts HaCaT growth and migration, potentially implicating this molecule as a factor involved in successful progression of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila C Wang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Fiona Ruge
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Keith G Harding
- Department of Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Regulatory mechanisms of anthrax toxin receptor 1-dependent vascular and connective tissue homeostasis. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:56-73. [PMID: 25572963 PMCID: PMC4409530 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that angiogenesis is linked to fibrotic processes in fibroproliferative diseases, but insights into pathophysiological processes are limited, due to lack of understanding of molecular mechanisms controlling endothelial and fibroblastic homeostasis. We demonstrate here that the matrix receptor anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), also known as tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8), is an essential component of these mechanisms. Loss of TEM8 function in mice causes reduced synthesis of endothelial basement membrane components and hyperproliferative and leaky blood vessels in skin. In addition, endothelial cell alterations in mutants are almost identical to those of endothelial cells in infantile hemangioma lesions, including activated VEGF receptor signaling in endothelial cells, increased expression of the downstream targets VEGF and CXCL12, and increased numbers of macrophages and mast cells. In contrast, loss of TEM8 in fibroblasts leads to increased rates of synthesis of fiber-forming collagens, resulting in progressive fibrosis in skin and other organs. Compromised interactions between TEM8-deficient endothelial and fibroblastic cells cause dramatic reduction in the activity of the matrix-degrading enzyme MMP2. In addition to insights into mechanisms of connective tissue homeostasis, our data provide molecular explanations for vascular and connective tissue abnormalities in GAPO syndrome, caused by loss-of-function mutations in ANTXR1. Furthermore, the loss of MMP2 activity suggests that fibrotic skin abnormalities in GAPO syndrome are, in part, the consequence of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying syndromes (NAO, Torg and Winchester) with multicentric skin nodulosis and osteolysis caused by homozygous loss-of-function mutations in MMP2.
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Zucchini S, Marucci G, Paradiso B, Lanza G, Roncon P, Cifelli P, Ferracin M, Giulioni M, Michelucci R, Rubboli G, Simonato M. Identification of miRNAs differentially expressed in human epilepsy with or without granule cell pathology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105521. [PMID: 25148080 PMCID: PMC4141756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNAs (miRNAs) are small size non-coding RNAs that regulate expression of target mRNAs at post-transcriptional level. miRNAs differentially expressed under pathological conditions may help identifying mechanisms underlying the disease and may represent biomarkers with prognostic value. However, this kind of studies are difficult in the brain because of the cellular heterogeneity of the tissue and of the limited access to fresh tissue. Here, we focused on a pathology affecting specific cells in a subpopulation of epileptic brains (hippocampal granule cells), an approach that bypasses the above problems. All patients underwent surgery for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy and had hippocampal sclerosis associated with no granule cell pathology in half of the cases and with type-2 granule cell pathology (granule cell layer dispersion or bilamination) in the other half. The expression of more than 1000 miRNAs was examined in the laser-microdissected dentate granule cell layer. Twelve miRNAs were differentially expressed in the two groups. One of these, miR487a, was confirmed to be expressed at highly differential levels in an extended cohort of patients, using RT-qPCR. Bioinformatics searches and RT-qPCR verification identified ANTXR1 as a possible target of miR487a. ANTXR1 may be directly implicated in granule cell dispersion because it is an adhesion molecule that favors cell spreading. Thus, miR487a could be the first identified element of a miRNA signature that may be useful for prognostic evaluation of post-surgical epilepsy and may drive mechanistic studies leading to the identification of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zucchini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Torino, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), Section of Pathology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Paradiso
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Torino, Italy
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lanza
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Roncon
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Torino, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Cifelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Giulioni
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Michelucci
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Section of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Rubboli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Section of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Danish Epilepsy Center, Epilepsihospital, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Torino, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Tuupanen S, Hänninen UA, Kondelin J, von Nandelstadh P, Cajuso T, Gylfe AE, Katainen R, Tanskanen T, Ristolainen H, Böhm J, Mecklin JP, Järvinen H, Renkonen-Sinisalo L, Andersen CL, Taipale M, Taipale J, Vahteristo P, Lehti K, Pitkänen E, Aaltonen LA. Identification of 33 candidate oncogenes by screening for base-specific mutations. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1657-62. [PMID: 25117815 PMCID: PMC4200084 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Genes with recurrent codon-specific somatic mutations are likely drivers of tumorigenesis and potential therapeutic targets. Hypermutable cancers may represent a sensitive system for generation and selection of oncogenic mutations. Methods: We utilised exome-sequencing data on 25 sporadic microsatellite-instable (MSI) colorectal cancers (CRCs) and searched for base-specific somatic mutation hotspots. Results: We identified novel mutation hotspots in 33 genes. Fourteen genes displayed mutations in the validation set of 254 MSI CRCs: ANTXR1, MORC2, CEP135, CRYBB1, GALNT9, KRT82, PI15, SLC36A1, CNTF, GLDC, MBTPS1, OR9Q2, R3HDM1 and TTPAL. A database search found examples of the hotspot mutations in multiple cancer types. Conclusions: This work reveals a variety of new recurrent candidate oncogene mutations to be further scrutinised as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tuupanen
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland [2] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - U A Hänninen
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland [2] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - J Kondelin
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland [2] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - P von Nandelstadh
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - T Cajuso
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland [2] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - A E Gylfe
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland [2] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - R Katainen
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland [2] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - T Tanskanen
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland [2] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - H Ristolainen
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland [2] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - J Böhm
- Department of Pathology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Keskussairaalantie 19, Jyväskylä 40620, Finland
| | - J-P Mecklin
- Department of Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Keskussairaalantie 19, Jyväskylä 40620, Finland
| | - H Järvinen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - L Renkonen-Sinisalo
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - C L Andersen
- Department for Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 21, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark
| | - M Taipale
- 1] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland [2] Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Huddinge SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - J Taipale
- 1] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland [2] Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Huddinge SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - P Vahteristo
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland [2] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - K Lehti
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - E Pitkänen
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland [2] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - L A Aaltonen
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland [2] Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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Chen D, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Goswami C, Badve S, Nakshatri H. ANTXR1, a stem cell-enriched functional biomarker, connects collagen signaling to cancer stem-like cells and metastasis in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5821-33. [PMID: 23832666 PMCID: PMC3778138 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells are thought to contribute to tumor recurrence. The anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) has been identified as a functional biomarker of normal stem cells and breast cancer stem-like cells. Primary stem cell-enriched basal cells (CD49f(+)/EpCAM(-)/Lin(-)) expressed higher levels of ANTXR1 compared with mature luminal cells. CD49f(+)/EpCAM(-), CD44(+)/EpCAM(-), CD44(+)/CD24(-), or ALDEFLUOR-positive subpopulations of breast cancer cells were enriched for ANTXR1 expression. CD44(+)/CD24(-)/ANTXR1(+) cells displayed enhanced self-renewal as measured by mammosphere assay compared with CD44(+)/CD24(-)/ANTXR1(-) cells. Activation of ANTXR1 by its natural ligand C5A, a fragment of collagen VI α3, increased stem cell self-renewal in mammosphere assays and Wnt signaling including the expression of the Wnt receptor-lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), phosphorylation of GSK3α/β, and elevated expression of Wnt target genes. RNAi-mediated silencing of ANTXR1 enhanced the expression of luminal-enriched genes but diminished Wnt signaling including reduced LRP6 and ZEB1 expression, self-renewal, invasion, tumorigenicity, and metastasis. ANTXR1 silencing also reduced the expression of HSPA1A, which is overexpressed in metastatic breast cancer stem cells. Analysis of public databases revealed ANTXR1 amplification in medullary breast carcinoma and overexpression in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers with the worst outcome. Furthermore, ANTXR1 is among the 10% most overexpressed genes in breast cancer and is coexpressed with collagen VI. Thus, ANTXR1:C5A interactions bridge a network of collagen cleavage and remodeling in the tumor microenvironment, linking it to a stemness signaling network that drives metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Chen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 46202
| | - Poornima Bhat-Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 46202
| | - Chirayu Goswami
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 46202
| | - Sunil Badve
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 46202
| | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 46202
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 46202
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Ingram RJ, Harris A, Ascough S, Metan G, Doganay M, Ballie L, Williamson ED, Dyson H, Robinson JH, Sriskandan S, Altmann DM. Exposure to anthrax toxin alters human leucocyte expression of anthrax toxin receptor 1. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:84-91. [PMID: 23607659 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a toxin-mediated disease, the lethal effects of which are initiated by the binding of protective antigen (PA) with one of three reported cell surface toxin receptors (ANTXR). Receptor binding has been shown to influence host susceptibility to the toxins. Despite this crucial role for ANTXR in the outcome of disease, and the reported immunomodulatory consequence of the anthrax toxins during infection, little is known about ANTXR expression on human leucocytes. We characterized the expression levels of ANTXR1 (TEM8) on human leucocytes using flow cytometry. In order to assess the effect of prior toxin exposure on ANTXR1 expression levels, leucocytes from individuals with no known exposure, those exposed to toxin through vaccination and convalescent individuals were analysed. Donors could be defined as either 'low' or 'high' expressers based on the percentage of ANTXR1-positive monocytes detected. Previous exposure to toxins appears to modulate ANTXR1 expression, exposure through active infection being associated with lower receptor expression. A significant correlation between low receptor expression and high anthrax toxin-specific interferon (IFN)-γ responses was observed in previously infected individuals. We propose that there is an attenuation of ANTXR1 expression post-infection which may be a protective mechanism that has evolved to prevent reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Ingram
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Medicine Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London
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Mutations in ANTXR1 cause GAPO syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:792-9. [PMID: 23602711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic cause of GAPO syndrome, a condition characterized by growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, and progressive visual impairment, has not previously been identified. We studied four ethnically unrelated affected individuals and identified homozygous nonsense mutations (c.262C>T [p.Arg88*] and c.505C>T [p.Arg169*]) or splicing mutations (c.1435-12A>G [p.Gly479Phefs*119]) in ANTXR1, which encodes anthrax toxin receptor 1. The nonsense mutations predictably trigger nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, resulting in the loss of ANTXR1. The transcript with the splicing mutation theoretically encodes a truncated ANTXR1 containing a neopeptide composed of 118 unique amino acids in its C terminus. GAPO syndrome's major phenotypic features, which include dental abnormalities and the accumulation of extracellular matrix, recapitulate those found in Antxr1-mutant mice and point toward an underlying defect in extracellular-matrix regulation. Thus, we propose that mutations affecting ANTXR1 function are responsible for this disease's characteristic generalized defect in extracellular-matrix homeostasis.
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39
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Cryan LM, Habeshian KA, Caldwell TP, Morris MT, Ackroyd PC, Christensen KA, Rogers MS. Identification of small molecules that inhibit the interaction of TEM8 with anthrax protective antigen using a FRET assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:714-25. [PMID: 23479355 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113478655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor marker endothelial 8 (TEM8) is a receptor for the protective antigen (PA) component of anthrax toxin. TEM8 is upregulated on endothelial cells lining the blood vessels within tumors, compared with normal blood vessels. A number of studies have demonstrated a pivotal role for TEM8 in developmental and tumor angiogenesis. We have also shown that targeting the anthrax receptors with a mutated form of PA inhibits angiogenesis and tumor formation in vivo. Here we describe the development and testing of a high-throughput fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay to identify molecules that strongly inhibit the interaction of PA and TEM8. The assay we describe is sensitive and robust, with a Z' value of 0.8. A preliminary screen of 2310 known bioactive library compounds identified ebselen and thimerosal as inhibitors of the TEM8-PA interaction. These molecules each contain a cysteine-reactive transition metal, and complementary studies indicate that their inhibition of interaction is due to modification of a cysteine residue in the TEM8 extracellular domain. This is the first demonstration of a high-throughput screening assay that identifies inhibitors of TEM8, with potential application for antianthrax and antiangiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M Cryan
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Karp 11, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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40
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Studies in mice reveal a role for anthrax toxin receptors in matrix metalloproteinase function and extracellular matrix homeostasis. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:315-26. [PMID: 23389402 PMCID: PMC3640537 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes encoding Anthrax Toxin Receptors (ANTXRs) were originally identified based on expression in endothelial cells suggesting a role in angiogenesis. The focus of this review is to discuss what has been learned about the physiological roles of these receptors through evaluation of the Antxr knockout mouse phenotypes. Mice mutant in Antxr genes have defects in extracellular matrix homeostasis. We discuss how knowledge of physiological ANTXR function relates to what is already known about anthrax intoxication.
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41
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Rogers MS, Cryan LM, Habeshian KA, Bazinet L, Caldwell TP, Ackroyd PC, Christensen KA. A FRET-based high throughput screening assay to identify inhibitors of anthrax protective antigen binding to capillary morphogenesis gene 2 protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39911. [PMID: 22768167 PMCID: PMC3386954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapies are effective for the treatment of cancer, a variety of ocular diseases, and have potential benefits in cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and psoriasis. We have previously shown that anthrax protective antigen (PA), a non-pathogenic component of anthrax toxin, is an inhibitor of angiogenesis, apparently as a result of interaction with the cell surface receptors capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) protein and tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8). Hence, molecules that bind the anthrax toxin receptors may be effective to slow or halt pathological vascular growth. Here we describe development and testing of an effective homogeneous steady-state fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) high throughput screening assay designed to identify molecules that inhibit binding of PA to CMG2. Molecules identified in the screen can serve as potential lead compounds for the development of anti-angiogenic and anti-anthrax therapies. The assay to screen for inhibitors of this protein–protein interaction is sensitive and robust, with observed Z' values as high as 0.92. Preliminary screens conducted with a library of known bioactive compounds identified tannic acid and cisplatin as inhibitors of the PA-CMG2 interaction. We have confirmed that tannic acid both binds CMG2 and has anti-endothelial properties. In contrast, cisplatin appears to inhibit PA-CMG2 interaction by binding both PA and CMG2, and observed cisplatin anti-angiogenic effects are not mediated by interaction with CMG2. This work represents the first reported high throughput screening assay targeting CMG2 to identify possible inhibitors of both angiogenesis and anthrax intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Rogers
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorna M. Cryan
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kaiane A. Habeshian
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren Bazinet
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Caldwell
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - P. Christine Ackroyd
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chaudhary A, Hilton MB, Seaman S, Haines DC, Stevenson S, Lemotte PK, Tschantz WR, Zhang XM, Saha S, Fleming T, Croix BS. TEM8/ANTXR1 blockade inhibits pathological angiogenesis and potentiates tumoricidal responses against multiple cancer types. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:212-26. [PMID: 22340594 PMCID: PMC3289547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Current antiangiogenic agents used to treat cancer only partially inhibit neovascularization and cause normal tissue toxicities, fueling the need to identify therapeutic agents that are more selective for pathological angiogenesis. Tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8), also known as anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), is a highly conserved cell-surface protein overexpressed on tumor-infiltrating vasculature. Here we show that genetic disruption of Tem8 results in impaired growth of human tumor xenografts of diverse origin including melanoma, breast, colon, and lung cancer. Furthermore, antibodies developed against the TEM8 extracellular domain blocked anthrax intoxication, inhibited tumor-induced angiogenesis, displayed broad antitumor activity, and augmented the activity of clinically approved anticancer agents without added toxicity. Thus, TEM8 targeting may allow selective inhibition of pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Chaudhary
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mary Beth Hilton
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, SAIC, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Diana C. Haines
- Veterinary Pathology Section, Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, SAIC, NCI, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Susan Stevenson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Peter K. Lemotte
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyan M. Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Saurabh Saha
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tony Fleming
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brad St. Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Trescos Y, Tournier JN. Cytoskeleton as an emerging target of anthrax toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:83-97. [PMID: 22474568 PMCID: PMC3317109 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the agent of anthrax, has gained virulence through its exotoxins produced by vegetative bacilli and is composed of three components forming lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET). So far, little is known about the effects of these toxins on the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Here, we provide an overview on the general effects of toxin upon the cytoskeleton architecture. Thus, we shall discuss how anthrax toxins interact with their receptors and may disrupt the interface between extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. We then analyze what toxin molecular effects on cytoskeleton have been described, before discussing how the cytoskeleton may help the pathogen to corrupt general cell processes such as phagocytosis or vascular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Trescos
- Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents pathogènes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherche du Service de Santé des Armées, BP 87, 24 avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France;
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, 1 place Alphonse Lavéran, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents pathogènes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherche du Service de Santé des Armées, BP 87, 24 avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France;
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, 1 place Alphonse Lavéran, 75005 Paris, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +33-4-76636850; Fax: +33-4-76636917
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Garlick KM, Batty S, Mogridge J. Binding of filamentous actin to anthrax toxin receptor 1 decreases its association with protective antigen. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1249-56. [PMID: 22303962 DOI: 10.1021/bi2016469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ANTXR1 is a type I membrane protein that binds the protective antigen (PA) component of anthrax toxin. The cytosolic domain of ANTXR1 has a novel actin-binding region that influences the interaction of the ectodomain with PA. Here, we have investigated features of the cytosolic domain of ANTXR1 that reduce the association of the receptor with PA. We mutated a stretch of conserved acidic amino acids adjacent to the actin-binding region and found that the mutation increased the affinity for monomeric actin in vitro. ANTXR1 bearing this mutation exhibited increased association with the cytoskeleton and bound less PA compared to the wild-type receptor, confirming the inverse correlation between the two interactions. To determine whether binding of actin is sufficient to regulate the ectodomain, we replaced the actin-binding region of ANTXR1 with that from the yeast protein abp140 and with the WH2 domain of WAVE2. Although both of these domains bound monomeric actin in vitro, only the sequence from abp140 reduced binding of PA to a hybrid receptor. The actin binding regions of ANTXR1 and abp140, but not the WH2 domain, colocalized with actin stress fibers, which suggested that filamentous actin regulates ANTXR1. Consistent with this notion, disruption of actin filaments using latrunculin A increased the amount of PA bound to cells. This work provides evidence that cytoskeletal dynamics regulate ANTXR1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher M Garlick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Deuquet J, Lausch E, Superti-Furga A, van der Goot FG. The dark sides of capillary morphogenesis gene 2. EMBO J 2012; 31:3-13. [PMID: 22215446 PMCID: PMC3252584 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) is a type I membrane protein involved in the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix. While it shares interesting similarities with integrins, its exact molecular role is unknown. The interest and knowledge about CMG2 largely stems from the fact that it is involved in two diseases, one infectious and one genetic. CMG2 is the main receptor of the anthrax toxin, and knocking out this gene in mice renders them insensitive to infection with Bacillus anthracis spores. On the other hand, mutations in CMG2 lead to a rare but severe autosomal recessive disorder in humans called Hyaline Fibromatosis Syndrome (HFS). We will here review what is known about the structure of CMG2 and its ability to mediate anthrax toxin entry into cell. We will then describe the limited knowledge available concerning the physiological role of CMG2. Finally, we will describe HFS and the consequences of HFS-associated mutations in CMG2 at the molecular and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deuquet
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Global Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehart Lausch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Global Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kim HH, van den Heuvel APJ, Schmidt JW, Ross SR. Novel common integration sites targeted by mouse mammary tumor virus insertion in mammary tumors have oncogenic activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27425. [PMID: 22087314 PMCID: PMC3210173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-acute transforming retroviruses like mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) cause cancer, at least in part, through integration near cellular genes involved in growth control, thereby de-regulating their expression. It is well-established that MMTV commonly integrates near and activates expression of members of the Wnt and Fgf pathways in mammary tumors. However, there are a significant number of tumors for which the proviral integration sites have not been identified. Here, we used high through-put screening to identify common integration sites (CISs) in MMTV-induced tumors from C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice. As expected, members of both the Wnt and Fgf families were identified in this screen. In addition, a number of novel CISs were found, including Tcf7l2, Antxr1/Tem8, and Arhgap18. We show here that expression of these three putative oncogenes in normal murine mammary gland cells altered their growth kinetics and caused their morphological transformation when grown in three dimensional cultures. Additionally, expression of Tcf7l2 and Antxr1/Tem8 sensitized cells to exogenous WNT ligand. As Tcf7l2, Antxr1/Tem8, and Arhgap18 have been associated with human breast and other cancers, these data demonstrate that MMTV-induced insertional mutation remains an important means for identifying genes involved in breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Shape
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Neoplasm
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/physiology
- Mice
- Microfilament Proteins
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- T Cell Transcription Factor 1/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Virus Integration
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung H. Kim
- Department of Microbiology/Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - A. Pieter J. van den Heuvel
- Department of Microbiology/Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John W. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology/Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Ross
- Department of Microbiology/Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Tumor endothelial marker 8 amplifies canonical Wnt signaling in blood vessels. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22334. [PMID: 21829615 PMCID: PMC3148219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor Endothelial Marker 8/Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 (TEM8/ANTXR1) expression is induced in the vascular compartment of multiple tumors and therefore, is a candidate molecule to target tumor therapies. This cell surface molecule mediates anthrax toxin internalization, however, its physiological function in blood vessels remains largely unknown. We identified the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as a model system to study the endogenous function of TEM8 in blood vessels as we found that TEM8 expression was induced transiently between day 10 and 12 of embryonic development, when the vascular tree is undergoing final development and growth. We used the cell-binding component of anthrax toxin, Protective Antigen (PA), to engage endogenous TEM8 receptors and evaluate the effects of PA-TEM8 complexes on vascular development. PA applied at the time of highest TEM8 expression reduced vascular density and disrupted hierarchical branching as revealed by quantitative morphometric analysis of the vascular tree after 48h. PA-dependent reduced branching phenotype was partially mimicked by Wnt3a application and ameliorated by the Wnt antagonist, Dikkopf-1. These results implicate TEM8 expression in endothelial cells in regulating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway at this day of CAM development. Consistent with this model, PA increased beta catenin levels acutely in CAM blood vessels in vivo and in TEM8 transfected primary human endothelial cells in vitro. TEM8 expression in Hek293 cells, which neither express endogenous PA-binding receptors nor Wnt ligands, stabilized beta catenin levels and amplified beta catenin-dependent transcriptional activity induced by Wnt3a. This agonistic function is supported by findings in the CAM, where the increase in TEM8 expression from day 10 to day 12 and PA application correlated with Axin 2 induction, a universal reporter gene for canonical Wnt signaling. We postulate that the developmentally controlled expression of TEM8 modulates endothelial cell response to canonical Wnt signaling to regulate vessel patterning and density.
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Kibria G, Hatakeyama H, Harashima H. A new peptide motif present in the protective antigen of anthrax toxin exerts its efficiency on the cellular uptake of liposomes and applications for a dual-ligand system. Int J Pharm 2011; 412:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cryan LM, Rogers MS. Targeting the anthrax receptors, TEM-8 and CMG-2, for anti-angiogenic therapy. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2011; 16:1574-88. [PMID: 21196249 DOI: 10.2741/3806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The anthrax toxin receptors tumor endothelial marker-8 (TEM-8) and capillary morphogenesis gene-2 (CMG-2) are responsible for allowing entry of anthrax toxin into host cells. These receptors were first discovered due to their enhanced expression on endothelial cells undergoing blood vessel growth or angiogenesis in model systems. Inhibition of angiogenesis is an important strategy for current anti-cancer therapies and treatment of retinal diseases. Functional roles for TEM-8 and CMG-2 in angiogenesis have recently emerged. TEM-8 appears to regulate endothelial cell migration and tubule formation whereas a role for CMG-2 in endothelial proliferation has been documented. TEM-8 and CMG-2 bind differentially to extracellular matrix proteins including collagen I, collagen IV and laminin and these properties may be responsible for their apparent roles in regulating endothelial cell behavior during angiogenesis. TEM-8-binding moieties have also been suggested to be useful in selectively targeting anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic therapies to tumor endothelium. Additionally, studies of modified forms of lethal toxin (LeTx) have demonstrated that targeted inhibition of MAPKs within tumor vessels may represent an efficacious anti-angiogenic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M Cryan
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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50
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Yang MY, Chaudhary A, Seaman S, Dunty J, Stevens J, Elzarrad MK, Frankel AE, St Croix B. The cell surface structure of tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:39-49. [PMID: 21129411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) is an integrin-like cell surface protein upregulated on tumor blood vessels and a potential vascular target for cancer therapy. Here, we found that the ability of an anti-TEM8 antibody, clone SB5, to recognize the extracellular domain of TEM8 on the cell surface depends on other host-cell factors. By taking advantage of SB5's ability to distinguish different forms of cell surface TEM8, we identified alpha-smooth muscle actin and transgelin, an actin binding protein, as intracellular factors able to alter TEM8 cell surface structure. Overexpression of either of these proteins in cells converted TEM8 from an SB5-exposed to an SB5-masked form and protected cells from SB5-saporin immunotoxins. Because the predominant form of TEM8 on the cell surface is not recognized by SB5, we also developed a new monoclonal antibody, called AF334, which is able to recognize both the SB5-exposed and the SB5-masked forms of TEM8. AF334-saporin selectively killed TEM8-positive cells independent of TEM8 cell surface structure. These studies reveal that TEM8 exists in different forms at the cell surface, a structure dependent on interactions with components of the actin cytoskeleton, and should aid in the rational design of the most effective diagnostic and therapeutic anti-TEM8 monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Yang
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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