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Kuo A, Hla T. Regulation of cellular and systemic sphingolipid homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00742-y. [PMID: 38890457 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
One hundred and fifty years ago, Johann Thudichum described sphingolipids as unusual "Sphinx-like" lipids from the brain. Today, we know that thousands of sphingolipid molecules mediate many essential functions in embryonic development and normal physiology. In addition, sphingolipid metabolism and signalling pathways are dysregulated in a wide range of pathologies, and therapeutic agents that target sphingolipids are now used to treat several human diseases. However, our understanding of sphingolipid regulation at cellular and organismal levels and their functions in developmental, physiological and pathological settings is rudimentary. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in sphingolipid pathways in different organelles, how secreted sphingolipid mediators modulate physiology and disease, progress in sphingolipid-targeted therapeutic and diagnostic research, and the trans-cellular sphingolipid metabolic networks between microbiota and mammals. Advances in sphingolipid biology have led to a deeper understanding of mammalian physiology and may lead to progress in the management of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kuo
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Wang J, Zheng G, Wang L, Meng L, Ren J, Shang L, Li D, Bao Y. Dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism in pain. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1337150. [PMID: 38523645 PMCID: PMC10957601 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1337150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pain is a clinical condition that is currently of great concern and is often caused by tissue or nerve damage or occurs as a concomitant symptom of a variety of diseases such as cancer. Severe pain seriously affects the functional status of the body. However, existing pain management programs are not fully satisfactory. Therefore, there is a need to delve deeper into the pathological mechanisms underlying pain generation and to find new targets for drug therapy. Sphingolipids (SLs), as a major component of the bilayer structure of eukaryotic cell membranes, also have powerful signal transduction functions. Sphingolipids are abundant, and their intracellular metabolism constitutes a huge network. Sphingolipids and their various metabolites play significant roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, etc., and have powerful biological activities. The molecules related to sphingolipid metabolism, mainly the core molecule ceramide and the downstream metabolism molecule sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), are involved in the specific mechanisms of neurological disorders as well as the onset and progression of various types of pain, and are closely related to a variety of pain-related diseases. Therefore, sphingolipid metabolism can be the focus of research on pain regulation and provide new drug targets and ideas for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangda Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linghan Meng
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juanxia Ren
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lu Shang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dongtao Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Ikushiro H, Honda T, Murai Y, Murakami T, Takahashi A, Sawai T, Goto H, Ikushiro SI, Miyahara I, Hirabayashi Y, Kamiya N, Monde K, Yano T. Racemization of the substrate and product by serine palmitoyltransferase from Sphingobacterium multivorum yields two enantiomers of the product from d-serine. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105728. [PMID: 38325740 PMCID: PMC10912632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) catalyzes the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylative condensation of l-serine and palmitoyl-CoA to form 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (KDS). Although SPT was shown to synthesize corresponding products from amino acids other than l-serine, it is still arguable whether SPT catalyzes the reaction with d-serine, which is a question of biological importance. Using high substrate and enzyme concentrations, KDS was detected after the incubation of SPT from Sphingobacterium multivorum with d-serine and palmitoyl-CoA. Furthermore, the KDS comprised equal amounts of 2S and 2R isomers. 1H-NMR study showed a slow hydrogen-deuterium exchange at Cα of serine mediated by SPT. We further confirmed that SPT catalyzed the racemization of serine. The rate of the KDS formation from d-serine was comparable to those for the α-hydrogen exchange and the racemization reaction. The structure of the d-serine-soaked crystal (1.65 Å resolution) showed a distinct electron density of the PLP-l-serine aldimine, interpreted as the racemized product trapped in the active site. The structure of the α-methyl-d-serine-soaked crystal (1.70 Å resolution) showed the PLP-α-methyl-d-serine aldimine, mimicking the d-serine-SPT complex prior to racemization. Based on these enzymological and structural analyses, the synthesis of KDS from d-serine was explained as the result of the slow racemization to l-serine, followed by the reaction with palmitoyl-CoA, and SPT would not catalyze the direct condensation between d-serine and palmitoyl-CoA. It was also shown that the S. multivorum SPT catalyzed the racemization of the product KDS, which would explain the presence of (2R)-KDS in the reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikushiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takumi Honda
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuta Murai
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Taiki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiki Sawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruna Goto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ikuko Miyahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kamiya
- Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Monde
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takato Yano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan.
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4
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Xie T, Dong F, Han G, Wu X, Liu P, Zhang Z, Zhong J, Niranjanakumari S, Gable K, Gupta SD, Liu W, Harrison PJ, Campopiano DJ, Dunn TM, Gong X. Collaborative regulation of yeast SPT-Orm2 complex by phosphorylation and ceramide. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113717. [PMID: 38285738 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic regulation of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) activity in yeast involves N-terminal phosphorylation of Orm proteins, while higher eukaryotes lack these phosphorylation sites. Although recent studies have indicated a conserved ceramide-mediated feedback inhibition of the SPT-ORM/ORMDL complex in higher eukaryotes, its conservation and relationship with phosphorylation regulation in yeast remain unclear. Here, we determine the structure of the yeast SPT-Orm2 complex in a dephosphomimetic state and identify an evolutionarily conserved ceramide-sensing site. Ceramide stabilizes the dephosphomimetic Orm2 in an inhibitory conformation, facilitated by an intramolecular β-sheet between the N- and C-terminal segments of Orm2. Moreover, we find that a phosphomimetic mutant of Orm2, positioned adjacent to its intramolecular β-sheet, destabilizes the inhibitory conformation of Orm2. Taken together, our findings suggest that both Orm dephosphorylation and ceramide binding are crucial for suppressing SPT activity in yeast. This highlights a distinctive regulatory mechanism in yeast involving the collaborative actions of phosphorylation and ceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xie
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Feitong Dong
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gongshe Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Xinyue Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zike Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jianlong Zhong
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Somashekarappa Niranjanakumari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kenneth Gable
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sita D Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Wenchen Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Peter J Harrison
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | | | - Teresa M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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5
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Jamjoum R, Majumder S, Issleny B, Stiban J. Mysterious sphingolipids: metabolic interrelationships at the center of pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1229108. [PMID: 38235387 PMCID: PMC10791800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1229108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are complex and intertwined. Deficiencies in one or more enzymes in a given pathway are directly linked with genetic diseases, most of them having devastating manifestations. The metabolic pathways undertaken by sphingolipids are diverse and elaborate with ceramide species serving as the hubs of sphingolipid intermediary metabolism and function. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that serve a multitude of cellular functions. Being pleiotropic in function, deficiency or overproduction of certain sphingolipids is associated with many genetic and chronic diseases. In this up-to-date review article, we strive to gather recent scientific evidence about sphingolipid metabolism, its enzymes, and regulation. We shed light on the importance of sphingolipid metabolism in a variety of genetic diseases and in nervous and immune system ailments. This is a comprehensive review of the state of the field of sphingolipid biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Jamjoum
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Saurav Majumder
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Batoul Issleny
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
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6
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Mohassel P, Abdullah M, Eichler FS, Dunn TM. Serine Palmitoyltransferase (SPT)-related Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Neuromuscul Dis 2024; 11:735-747. [PMID: 38788085 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-240014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases and peripheral neuropathies are heterogeneous groups of neurodegenerative disorders that manifest with distinct symptoms due to progressive dysfunction or loss of specific neuronal subpopulations during different stages of development. A few monogenic, neurodegenerative diseases associated with primary metabolic disruptions of sphingolipid biosynthesis have been recently discovered. Sphingolipids are a subclass of lipids that form critical building blocks of all cellular and subcellular organelle membranes including the membrane components of the nervous system cells. They are especially abundant within the lipid portion of myelin. In this review, we will focus on our current understanding of disease phenotypes in three monogenic, neuromuscular diseases associated with pathogenic variants in components of serine palmitoyltransferase, the first step in sphingolipid biosynthesis. These include hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1), a sensory predominant peripheral neuropathy, and two neurodegenerative disorders: juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis affecting the upper and lower motor neurons with sparing of sensory neurons, and a complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia with selective involvement of the upper motor neurons and more broad CNS neurodegeneration. We will also review our current understanding of disease pathomechanisms, therapeutic approaches, and the unanswered questions to explore in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Mohassel
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meher Abdullah
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Florian S Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teresa M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Jamil M, Cowart LA. Sphingolipids in mitochondria-from function to disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1302472. [PMID: 38078003 PMCID: PMC10702779 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1302472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are not only structural components of cellular membranes but also play vital roles in cell signaling and modulation of cellular processes. Within mitochondria, sphingolipids exert diverse effects on mitochondrial dynamics, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and cell death pathways. In this review, we summarize literature addressing the crucial role of sphingolipids in mitochondria, highlighting their impact on mitochondrial dynamics, cellular bioenergetics, and important cell processes including apoptosis and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jamil
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lauren Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Richmond Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
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8
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Kovilakath A, Wohlford G, Cowart LA. Circulating sphingolipids in heart failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1154447. [PMID: 37229233 PMCID: PMC10203217 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1154447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of significant advancements in early detection and treatment of heart failure have precipitated the need for discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Over the past decade, circulating sphingolipids have elicited promising results as biomarkers that premonish adverse cardiac events. Additionally, compelling evidence directly ties sphingolipids to these events in patients with incident heart failure. This review aims to summarize the current literature on circulating sphingolipids in both human cohorts and animal models of heart failure. The goal is to provide direction and focus for future mechanistic studies in heart failure, as well as pave the way for the development of new sphingolipid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kovilakath
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - George Wohlford
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - L. Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Richmond Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
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Farooqui AA, Farooqui T, Sun GY, Lin TN, Teh DBL, Ong WY. COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and Thrombosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041181. [PMID: 37189799 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation induced by COVID-19 may contribute to increased risk and severity of thromboses, the underlying mechanism(s) remain to be understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of blood lipids in association with thrombosis events observed in COVID-19 patients. Among different types of phospholipases A2 that target cell membrane phospholipids, there is increasing focus on the inflammatory secretory phospholipase A2 IIA (sPLA2-IIA), which is associated with the severity of COVID-19. Analysis indicates increased sPLA2-IIA levels together with eicosanoids in the sera of COVID patients. sPLA2 could metabolise phospholipids in platelets, erythrocytes, and endothelial cells to produce arachidonic acid (ARA) and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid in platelets is metabolised to prostaglandin H2 and thromboxane A2, known for their pro-coagulation and vasoconstrictive properties. Lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, could be metabolised by autotaxin (ATX) and further converted to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Increased ATX has been found in the serum of patients with COVID-19, and LPA has recently been found to induce NETosis, a clotting mechanism triggered by the release of extracellular fibres from neutrophils and a key feature of the COVID-19 hypercoagulable state. PLA2 could also catalyse the formation of platelet activating factor (PAF) from membrane ether phospholipids. Many of the above lipid mediators are increased in the blood of patients with COVID-19. Together, findings from analyses of blood lipids in COVID-19 patients suggest an important role for metabolites of sPLA2-IIA in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tahira Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Teng-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11929, Taiwan
| | - Daniel B L Teh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
- Neurobiology Research Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
- Neurobiology Research Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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Ikushiro H, Murakami T, Takahashi A, Katayama A, Sawai T, Goto H, Koolath S, Murai Y, Monde K, Miyahara I, Kamiya N, Yano T. Structural insights into the substrate recognition of serine palmitoyltransferase from Sphingobacterium multivorum. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104684. [PMID: 37030501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) is a key enzyme of sphingolipid biosynthesis, which catalyzes the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent decarboxylative condensation reaction of L-serine (L-Ser) and palmitoyl-CoA (PalCoA) to form 3-ketodihydrosphingosine called long chain base (LCB). SPT is also able to metabolize L-alanine (L-Ala) and glycine (Gly), albeit with much lower efficiency. Human SPT is a membrane-bound large protein complex containing SPTLC1/SPTLC2 heterodimer as the core subunits, and it is known that mutations of the SPTLC1/SPTLC2 genes increase the formation of deoxy-type of LCBs derived from L-Ala and Gly to cause some neurodegenerative diseases. In order to study the substrate recognition of SPT, we examined the reactivity of Sphingobacterium multivorum SPT on various amino acids in the presence of PalCoA. The S. multivorum SPT could convert not only L-Ala and Gly but also L-homoserine, in addition to L-Ser, into the corresponding LCBs. Furthermore, we obtained high-quality crystals of the ligand-free form and the binary complexes with a series of amino acids, including a nonproductive amino acid, L-threonine, and determined the structures at 1.40-1.55 Å resolutions. The S. multivorum SPT accommodated various amino acid substrates through subtle rearrangements of the active-site amino acid residues and water molecules. It was also suggested that non-active-site residues mutated in the human SPT genes might indirectly influence the substrate specificity by affecting the hydrogen-bonding networks involving the bound substrate, water molecules, and amino acid residues in the active site of this enzyme. Collectively, our results highlight SPT structural features affecting substrate specificity for this stage of sphingolipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikushiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Taiki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Asuka Katayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Taiki Sawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Haruna Goto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Sajeer Koolath
- Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita21 Nishi11, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, JAPAN
| | - Yuta Murai
- Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita21 Nishi11, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, JAPAN
| | - Kenji Monde
- Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita21 Nishi11, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, JAPAN
| | - Ikuko Miyahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kamiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takato Yano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
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Plasma Sphingoid Base Profiles of Patients Diagnosed with Intrinsic or Idiosyncratic Drug-induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033013. [PMID: 36769329 PMCID: PMC9917723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are exceptionally diverse, comprising hundreds of unique species. The bulk of circulating sphingolipids are synthesized in the liver, thereby plasma sphingolipid profiles represent reliable surrogates of hepatic sphingolipid metabolism and content. As changes in plasma sphingolipid content have been associated to exposure to drugs inducing hepatotoxicity both in vitro and in rodents, in the present study the translatability of the preclinical data was assessed by analyzing the plasma of patients with suspected drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and control subjects. DILI patients, whether intrinsic or idiosyncratic cases, had no alterations in total sphingoid base levels and profile composition compared to controls, whereby cardiovascular disease (CVD) was a confounding factor. Upon exclusion of CVD individuals, elevation of 1-deoxysphingosine (1-deoxySO) in the DILI group emerged. Notably, 1-deoxySO values did not correlate with ALT values. While 1-deoxySO was elevated in all DILI cases, only intrinsic DILI cases concomitantly displayed reduction of select shorter chain sphingoid bases. Significant perturbation of the sphingolipid metabolism observed in this small exploratory clinical study is discussed and put into context, in the consideration that sphingolipids might contribute to the onset and progression of DILI, and that circulating sphingoid bases may function as mechanistic markers to study DILI pathophysiology.
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12
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Menopause induces changes to the stratum corneum ceramide profile, which are prevented by hormone replacement therapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21715. [PMID: 36522440 PMCID: PMC9755298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The menopause can lead to epidermal changes that are alleviated by hormone replacement therapy (HRT). We hypothesise that these changes could relate to altered ceramide production, and that oestrogen may have a role in keratinocyte ceramide metabolism. White Caucasian women were recruited into three groups: pre-menopausal (n = 7), post-menopausal (n = 11) and post-menopausal taking HRT (n = 10). Blood samples were assessed for hormone levels, transepidermal water loss was measured to assess skin barrier function, and stratum corneum lipids were sampled from photoprotected buttock skin. Ceramides and sphingomyelins were analysed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation and tandem mass spectrometry. Post-menopausal stratum corneum contained lower levels of ceramides, with shorter average length; changes that were not evident in the HRT group. Serum oestradiol correlated with ceramide abundance and length. Ceramides had shorter sphingoid bases, indicating altered de novo ceramide biosynthesis. Additionally, post-menopausal women had higher sphingomyelin levels, suggesting a possible effect on the hydrolysis pathway. Treatment of primary human keratinocytes with oestradiol (10 nM) increased production of CER[NS] and CER[NDS] ceramides, confirming an effect of oestrogen on cutaneous ceramide metabolism. Taken together, these data show perturbed stratum corneum lipids post-menopause, and a role for oestrogen in ceramide production.
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13
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Ikushiro H, Takahashi A, Murakami T, Katayama A, Sawai T, Goto H, Miyahara I, Kamiya N, Yano T. Crystal structure of Sphingobacterium multivorum serine palmitoyltransferase complexed with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2022; 78:408-415. [PMID: 36458620 PMCID: PMC9716569 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x22010937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) catalyses the first reaction in sphingolipid biosynthesis: the decarboxylative condensation of L-serine (L-Ser) and palmitoyl-CoA to form 3-ketodihydrosphingosine. SPT from Sphingobacterium multivorum has been isolated and its crystal structure in complex with L-Ser has been determined at 2.3 Å resolution (PDB entry 3a2b). However, the quality of the crystal was not good enough to judge the conformation of the cofactor molecule and the orientations of the side chains of the amino-acid residues in the enzyme active site. The crystal quality was improved by revision of the purification procedure and by optimization of both the crystallization procedure and the post-crystallization treatment conditions. Here, the crystal structure of SPT complexed with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), a buffer component, was determined at 1.65 Å resolution. The protein crystallized at 20°C and diffraction data were collected from the crystals to a resolution of 1.65 Å. The crystal belonged to the tetragonal space group P41212, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 61.32, c = 208.57 Å. Analysis of the crystal structure revealed C4-C5-C5A-O4P (77°) and C5-C5A-O4P-P (-143°) torsion angles in the phosphate-group moiety of the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) that are more reasonable than those observed in the previously reported crystal structure (14° and 151°, respectively). Furthermore, the clear electron density showing a Schiff-base linkage between PLP and the bulky artificial ligand Tris indicated exceptional flexibility of the active-site cavity of this enzyme. These findings open up the possibility for further study of the detailed mechanisms of substrate recognition and catalysis by this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikushiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Taiki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Asuka Katayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Taiki Sawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Haruna Goto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Ikuko Miyahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kamiya
- Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takato Yano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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14
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Hines TJ, Tadenev ALD, Lone MA, Hatton CL, Bagasrawala I, Stum MG, Miers KE, Hornemann T, Burgess RW. Precision mouse models of Yars/dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type C and Sptlc1/hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1. J Anat 2022; 241:1169-1185. [PMID: 34875719 PMCID: PMC9170831 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of neurodegenerative diseases such as inherited peripheral neuropathies sometimes accurately recreate the pathophysiology of the human disease, and sometimes accurately recreate the genetic perturbations found in patients. Ideally, models achieve both, but this is not always possible; nonetheless, such models are informative. Here we describe two animal models of inherited peripheral neuropathy: mice with a mutation in tyrosyl tRNA-synthetase, YarsE196K , modeling dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type C (diCMTC), and mice with a mutation in serine palmitoyltransferase long chain 1, Sptlc1C133W , modeling hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1). YarsE196K mice develop disease-relevant phenotypes including reduced motor performance and reduced nerve conduction velocities by 4 months of age. Peripheral motor axons are reduced in size, but there is no reduction in axon number and plasma neurofilament light chain levels are not increased. Unlike the dominant human mutations, the YarsE196K mice only show these phenotypes as homozygotes, or as compound heterozygotes with a null allele, and no phenotype is observed in E196K or null heterozygotes. The Sptlc1C133W mice carry a knockin allele and show the anticipated increase in 1-deoxysphingolipids in circulation and in a variety of tissues. They also have mild behavioral defects consistent with HSAN1, but do not show neurophysiological defects or axon loss in peripheral nerves or in the epidermis of the hind paw or tail. Thus, despite the biochemical phenotype, the Sptlc1C133W mice do not show a strong neuropathy phenotype. Surprisingly, these mice were lethal as homozygotes, but the heterozygous genotype studied corresponds to the dominant genetics seen in humans. Thus, YarsE196K homozygous mice have a relevant phenotype, but imprecisely reproduce the human genetics, whereas the Sptlc1C133W mice precisely reproduce the human genetics, but do not recreate the disease phenotype. Despite these shortcomings, both models are informative and will be useful for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Museer A Lone
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Spears ME, Lee N, Hwang S, Park SJ, Carlisle AE, Li R, Doshi MB, Armando AM, Gao J, Simin K, Zhu LJ, Greer PL, Quehenberger O, Torres EM, Kim D. De novo sphingolipid biosynthesis necessitates detoxification in cancer cells. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111415. [PMID: 36170811 PMCID: PMC9552870 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids play important signaling and structural roles in cells. Here, we find that during de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, a toxic metabolite is formed with critical implications for cancer cell survival. The enzyme catalyzing the first step in this pathway, serine palmitoyltransferase complex (SPT), is upregulated in breast and other cancers. SPT is dispensable for cancer cell proliferation, as sphingolipids can be salvaged from the environment. However, SPT activity introduces a liability as its product, 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (3KDS), is toxic and requires clearance via the downstream enzyme 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase (KDSR). In cancer cells, but not normal cells, targeting KDSR induces toxic 3KDS accumulation leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction and loss of proteostasis. Furthermore, the antitumor effect of KDSR disruption can be enhanced by increasing metabolic input (via high-fat diet) to allow greater 3KDS production. Thus, de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis entails a detoxification requirement in cancer cells that can be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Spears
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Namgyu Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Sunyoung Hwang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Sung Jin Park
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Anne E Carlisle
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Mihir B Doshi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Aaron M Armando
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jenny Gao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Karl Simin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Paul L Greer
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eduardo M Torres
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Dohoon Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA.
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16
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Nicholson RJ, Norris MK, Poss AM, Holland WL, Summers SA. The Lard Works in Mysterious Ways: Ceramides in Nutrition-Linked Chronic Disease. Annu Rev Nutr 2022; 42:115-144. [PMID: 35584813 PMCID: PMC9399075 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-112920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diet influences onset, progression, and severity of several chronic diseases, including heart failure, diabetes, steatohepatitis, and a subset of cancers. The prevalence and clinical burden of these obesity-linked diseases has risen over the past two decades. These metabolic disorders are driven by ectopic lipid deposition in tissues not suited for fat storage, leading to lipotoxic disruption of cell function and survival. Sphingolipids such as ceramides are among the most deleterious and bioactive metabolites that accrue, as they participate in selective insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and apoptosis. This review discusses our current understanding of biochemical pathways controlling ceramide synthesis, production and action; influences of diet on ceramide levels; application of circulating ceramides as clinical biomarkers of metabolic disease; and molecular mechanisms linking ceramides to altered metabolism and survival of cells. Development of nutritional or pharmacological strategies to lower ceramides could have therapeutic value in a wide range of prevalent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J. Nicholson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Marie K. Norris
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Annelise M. Poss
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - William L. Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Scott A. Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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17
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Yu XD, Wang JW. Ceramide de novo synthesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115157. [PMID: 35777449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and its advanced form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Ceramides have been shown to exacerbate NAFLD development through enhancing insulin resistance, reactive oxygen species production, liver steatosis, lipotoxicity and hepatocyte apoptosis, and eventually causing hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Emerging evidence indicates that ceramide production in NAFLD is predominantly attributed to activation of the de novo synthesis pathway of ceramides in hepatocytes. More importantly, pharmacological modulation of ceramide de novo synthesis in preclinical studies seems efficacious for the treatment of NAFLD. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms of ceramides in NAFLD, discuss recent advances and challenges in pharmacological interventions targeting ceramide de novo synthesis, and propose some research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Yu
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS), Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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18
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Santos TCB, Dingjan T, Futerman AH. The sphingolipid anteome: implications for evolution of the sphingolipid metabolic pathway. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2345-2363. [PMID: 35899376 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Modern cell membranes contain a bewildering complexity of lipids, among them sphingolipids (SLs). Advances in mass spectrometry have led to the realization that the number and combinatorial complexity of lipids, including SLs, is much greater than previously appreciated. SLs are generated de novo by four enzymes, namely serine palmitoyltransferase, 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase, ceramide synthase and dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1. Some of these enzymes depend on the availability of specific substrates and cofactors, which are themselves supplied by other complex metabolic pathways. The evolution of these four enzymes is poorly understood and likely depends on the co-evolution of the metabolic pathways that supply the other essential reaction components. Here, we introduce the concept of the 'anteome', from the Latin ante ('before') to describe the network of metabolic ('omic') pathways that must have converged in order for these pathways to co-evolve and permit SL synthesis. We also suggest that current origin of life and evolutionary models lack appropriate experimental support to explain the appearance of this complex metabolic pathway and its anteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania C B Santos
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tamir Dingjan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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19
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Gomes Rodrigues F, Pipis M, Heeren TFC, Fruttiger M, Gantner M, Vermeirsch S, Okada M, Friedlander M, Reilly MM, Egan C. Description of a patient cohort with Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type 1 without retinal disease Macular Telangiectasia type 2 - implications for retinal screening in HSN1. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2022; 27:215-224. [PMID: 35837722 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pathogenic variants in the genes encoding serine palmitoyl transferase (SPTLC1 or SPTLC2) are the most common causes of the rare peripheral nerve disorder Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type 1 (HSN1). Macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel), a retinal disorder associated with disordered serine-glycine metabolism and has been described in some patients with HSN1. This study aims to further investigate this association in a cohort of people with HSN1. METHODS Fourteen patients with a clinically and genetically confirmed diagnosis of HSN1 from the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (NHNN, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom) were recruited to the MacTel Registry, between July 2018 and April 2019. Two additional patients were identified from the dataset of the international clinical registry study (www.lmri.net). Ocular examination included fundus autofluorescence, blue light and infrared reflectance, macular pigment optical density mapping, and optical coherence tomography. RESULTS Twelve patients had a pathogenic variant in the SPTLC1 gene, with p.Cys133Trp in eleven cases (92%) and p.Cys133Tyr in one case (8%). Four patients had a variant in the SPTLC2 gene. None of the patients showed clinical evidence of MacTel. INTERPRETATION The link between HSN1 and MacTel seems more complex than can solely be explained by the genetic variants. An extension of the spectrum of SPTLC1/2-related disease with phenotypic pleiotropy is proposed. HSN1 patients should be screened for visual symptoms and referred for specialist retinal screening, but the association of the two diseases is likely to be variable and remains unexplained. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Gomes Rodrigues
- Medical Retina Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira, Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal
| | - Menelaos Pipis
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tjebo F C Heeren
- Medical Retina Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Marcus Fruttiger
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | - Sandra Vermeirsch
- Medical Retina Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Hôpital ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Fondation asile des aveugles, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mali Okada
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Mary M Reilly
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Catherine Egan
- Medical Retina Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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20
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Kim GT, Devi S, Sharma A, Cho KH, Kim SJ, Kim BR, Kwon SH, Park TS. Upregulation of the serine palmitoyltransferase subunit SPTLC2 by endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibits the hepatic insulin response. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:573-584. [PMID: 35513574 PMCID: PMC9166747 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00766-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is induced by various conditions, such as inflammation and the presence of excess nutrients. Abnormal accumulation of unfolded proteins leads to the activation of a collective signaling cascade, termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress is reported to perturb hepatic insulin response metabolism while promoting insulin resistance. Here, we report that ER stress regulates the de novo biosynthesis of sphingolipids via the activation of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the de novo biosynthesis of ceramides. We found that the expression levels of Sptlc1 and Sptlc2, the major SPT subunits, were upregulated and that the cellular concentrations of ceramide and dihydroceramide were elevated by acute ER stress inducers in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Sptlc2 was upregulated and ceramide levels were elevated by tunicamycin in the livers of C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Analysis of the Sptlc2 promoter demonstrated that the transcriptional activation of Sptlc2 was mediated by the spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (sXBP1). Liver-specific Sptlc2 transgenic mice exhibited increased ceramide levels in the liver and elevated fasting glucose levels. The insulin response was reduced by the inhibition of the phosphorylation of insulin receptor β (IRβ). Collectively, these results demonstrate that ER stress induces activation of the de novo biosynthesis of ceramide and contributes to the progression of hepatic insulin resistance via the reduced phosphorylation of IRβ in hepatocytes. A lipid molecule called ceramide is key to regulating the body’s insulin response, which controls blood sugar, and thus may hold keys to new treatments for metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Although ceramide levels were known to be raised in obesity and diabetes, the mechanism remained unclear. Tae-Sik Park at Gachon University, Sungnam, South Korea, and Sang-Ho Kwon at Augusta University, USA, and co-workers investigated how excess ceramide production is triggered and the blood sugar regulation consequences. They found that the liver-specific SPTLC2 transgenic mice fed a high-fat diet had increased levels of an enzyme activity of serine palmitoyltransferase which led to synthesis of high levels of ceramide in the liver. The high ceramide levels suppressed insulin signaling, imbalancing blood sugar levels and causing liver toxicity. Therapies that inhibit ceramide synthesis show promise for treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goon-Tae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Shivani Devi
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Amitesh Sharma
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Cho
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Rahm Kim
- The Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea. .,Lipidomia Inc., Sungnam, Korea.
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21
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Suzuki M, Ohno Y, Kihara A. Whole picture of human stratum corneum ceramides, including the chain-length diversity of long-chain bases. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100235. [PMID: 35654151 PMCID: PMC9240646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides are essential lipids for skin permeability barrier function, and a wide variety of ceramide species exist in the stratum corneum (SC). Although ceramides with long-chain bases (LCBs) of various lengths have been identified in the human SC, a quantitative analysis that distinguishes ceramide species with different LCB chain lengths has not been yet published. Therefore, the whole picture of human SC ceramides remains unclear. Here, we conducted LC/MS/MS analyses to detect individual ceramide species differing in both the LCB and FA chain lengths and quantified 1,327 unbound ceramides and 254 protein-bound ceramides: the largest number of ceramide species reported to date. Ceramides containing an LCB whose chain length was C16–26 were present in the human SC. Of these, C18 (28.6%) was the most abundant, followed by C20 (24.8%) and C22 (12.8%). Each ceramide class had a characteristic distribution of LCB chain lengths and was divided into five groups according to this distribution. There was almost no difference in FA composition between the ceramide species containing LCBs of different chain lengths. Furthermore, we demonstrated that one of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complexes, SPTLC1/SPTLC3/SPTSSB, was able to produce C16–24 LCBs. The expression levels of all subunits constituting the SPT complexes increased during keratinocyte differentiation, resulting in the observed chain-length diversity of LCBs in the human SC. This study provides a molecular basis for elucidating human SC ceramide diversity and the pathogenesis of skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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22
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Körner C, Fröhlich F. Compartmentation and functions of sphingolipids. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 74:104-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Lone MA, Bourquin F, Hornemann T. Serine Palmitoyltransferase Subunit 3 and Metabolic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1372:47-56. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0394-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Abstract
The relationship between sphingolipid levels and NAFLD pathology has been recognized for some time. Numerous studies using pharmacological and genetic approaches in vitro and in animal models of NAFLD have demonstrated that modifications to sphingolipid metabolism can attenuate various facets of NAFLD pathology. However, a more precise understanding of the role of sphingolipids and NAFLD pathology is essential to creating therapeutics that target this pathway. This chapter touches on the scale and variety of sphingolipid metabolites at play in NAFLD, which vary widely in their chemical structures and biological functions. With advances in liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry approaches, each of thousands of individual sphingolipid species and sphingolipid metabolites can be identified and precisely quantified. These approaches are beginning to reveal specific sub-classes and species of sphingolipids that change in NAFLD, and as such, enzymes that generate them can be identified and potentially serve as therapeutic targets. Advances in lipidomics technology have been, and will continue to be, critical to these gains in our understanding of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Montefusco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Johana Lambert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrea Anderson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeremy Allegood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - L Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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De Novo Sphingolipid Biosynthesis in Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1372:31-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0394-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Sasset L, Di Lorenzo A. Sphingolipid Metabolism and Signaling in Endothelial Cell Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1372:87-117. [PMID: 35503177 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0394-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium, inner layer of blood vessels, constitutes a metabolically active paracrine, endocrine, and autocrine organ, able to sense the neighboring environment and exert a variety of biological functions important to preserve the health of vasculature, tissues, and organs. Sphingolipids are both fundamental structural components of the eukaryotic membranes and signaling molecules regulating a variety of biological functions. Ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), bioactive sphingolipids, have emerged as important regulators of cardiovascular functions in health and disease. In this review we discuss recent insights into the role of ceramide and S1P biosynthesis and signaling in regulating endothelial cell functions, in health and diseases. We also highlight advances into the mechanisms regulating serine palmitoyltransferase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, with an emphasis on its inhibitors, ORMDL and NOGO-B. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis may provide the foundation for therapeutic modulation of this pathway in a variety of conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, associated with derangement of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sasset
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feil Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annarita Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feil Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Ijuin S, Oda K, Mawatari S, Taniyama O, Toyodome A, Sakae H, Tabu K, Kumagai K, Kanmura S, Tamai T, Moriuchi A, Uto H, Ido A. Serine palmitoyltransferase long chain subunit 3 is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with NAFLD. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 16:55. [PMID: 35070304 PMCID: PMC8764653 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is continuously increasing, with the proportion of patients with liver carcinogenesis due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rising accordingly. Although it is important to identify individuals with hepatic carcinogenesis among patients with NAFLD, useful biomarkers have not yet been established. Previously, in a mouse model of diabetes mellitus without genetic modifications, we reported that a high-fat diet increases serine palmitoyltransferase long chain subunit 3 (SPTLC3) expression in liver tissue, accompanied by high frequency of liver carcinogenesis. Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) catalyzes the metabolism of fatty acids, particularly sphingolipid synthesis, and SPTLC3 has been identified as its catalytic subunit, but its role in liver disease is unclear. In the present study, the importance of SPTLC3 in NAFLD development was investigated. SPTLC3 mRNA expression was observed in a liver cancer cell line and in liver tissues from patients with NAFLD and liver cancer. In total, 99 patients with NAFLD (66 without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 33 with HCC were recruited, having been diagnosed by liver biopsy or imaging, along with 6 healthy volunteers (HVs). Serum was collected from patients and HVs, and SPTLC3 level was assessed by ELISA. SPTLC3 expression was higher in non-cancerous compared with that in cancerous liver tissues. Serum SPTLC3 levels were negatively correlated with platelet count and positively correlated with hyaluronic acid levels, suggesting an association with liver fibrosis. Moreover, SPTLC3 levels were significantly higher in the HCC group than in the HV and NAFLD groups. Multivariate analysis of HCC-related factors identified platelets, alanine transferase, albumin and SPTLC3 as independent factors associated with HCC. Furthermore, in patients with other chronic liver diseases (hepatitis B and C, and alcoholic liver disease), no significant differences in serum SPTLC3 levels were observed between patients with or without HCC. Thus, SPTLC3 expression increases specifically with the progression of NAFLD. Overall, the present results indicate that SPTLC3 may be involved in the development of liver carcinogenesis during NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Ijuin
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Kohei Oda
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mawatari
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Ohki Taniyama
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Ai Toyodome
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Haruka Sakae
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tabu
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kumagai
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Shuji Kanmura
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tamai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kagoshima City Hospital, Kagoshima 890‑8760, Japan
| | - Akihiro Moriuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima 892‑0853, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Uto
- Center for Digestive and Liver Diseases, Miyazaki Medical Center Hospital, Miyazaki 880‑0003, Japan
| | - Akio Ido
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
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Chung LH, Liu D, Liu XT, Qi Y. Ceramide Transfer Protein (CERT): An Overlooked Molecular Player in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13184. [PMID: 34947980 PMCID: PMC8705978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of essential lipids implicated in constructing cellular membranes and regulating nearly all cellular functions. Sphingolipid metabolic network is centered with the ceramide-sphingomyelin axis. Ceramide is well-recognized as a pro-apoptotic signal; while sphingomyelin, as the most abundant type of sphingolipids, is required for cell growth. Therefore, the balance between these two sphingolipids can be critical for cancer cell survival and functioning. Ceramide transfer protein (CERT) dictates the ratio of ceramide to sphingomyelin within the cell. It is the only lipid transfer protein that specifically delivers ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, where ceramide serves as the substrate for sphingomyelin synthesis. In the past two decades, an increasing body of evidence has suggested a critical role of CERT in cancer, but much more intensive efforts are required to draw a definite conclusion. Herein, we review all research findings of CERT, focusing on its molecular structure, cellular functions and implications in cancer. This comprehensive review of CERT will help to better understand the molecular mechanism of cancer and inspire to identify novel druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Hoa Chung
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.L.); (X.T.L.)
| | | | | | - Yanfei Qi
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.L.); (X.T.L.)
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Aaltonen MJ, Alecu I, König T, Bennett SA, Shoubridge EA. Serine palmitoyltransferase assembles at ER-mitochondria contact sites. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 5:5/2/e202101278. [PMID: 34785538 PMCID: PMC8605320 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of sphingolipid species in the cell contributes to the development of obesity and neurological disease. However, the subcellular localization of sphingolipid-synthesizing enzymes is unclear, limiting the understanding of where and how these lipids accumulate inside the cell and why they are toxic. Here, we show that SPTLC2, a subunit of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex, catalyzing the first step in de novo sphingolipid synthesis, localizes dually to the ER and the outer mitochondrial membrane. We demonstrate that mitochondrial SPTLC2 interacts and forms a complex in trans with the ER-localized SPT subunit SPTLC1. Loss of SPTLC2 prevents the synthesis of mitochondrial sphingolipids and protects from palmitate-induced mitochondrial toxicity, a process dependent on mitochondrial ceramides. Our results reveal the in trans assembly of an enzymatic complex at an organellar membrane contact site, providing novel insight into the localization of sphingolipid synthesis and the composition and function of ER-mitochondria contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari J Aaltonen
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Irina Alecu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tim König
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Steffany Al Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Eric A Shoubridge
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada .,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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30
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Chang HY, Lo LH, Lan YH, Hong MX, Chan YT, Ko TP, Huang YR, Cheng TH, Liaw CC. Structural insights into the substrate selectivity of α-oxoamine synthases from marine Vibrio sp. QWI-06. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 210:112224. [PMID: 34838420 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent α-oxoamine synthases are generally believed to be responsible for offloading and elongating polyketides or catalyzing the condensation of amino acids and acyl-CoA thioester substrates, such as serine into sphingolipids and cysteate into sulfonolipids. Previously, we discovered vitroprocines, which are tyrosine- and phenylalanine-polyketide derivatives, as potential new antibiotics from the genus Vibrio. Using bioinformatics analysis, we identified putative genes of PLP-dependent enzyme from marine Vibrio sp. QWI-06, implying a capability to produce amino-polyketide derivatives. One of these genes was cloned, and the recombinant protein, termed Vibrio sp. QWI-06 α-oxoamine synthases-1 (VsAOS1), was overexpressed for structural and biochemical characterization. The crystal structure of the dimeric VsAOS1 was determined at 1.8-Å resolution in the presence of L-glycine. The electron density map indicated a glycine molecule occupying the pyridoxal binding site in one monomer, suggesting a snapshot of the initiation process upon the loading of amino acid substrate. In mass spectrometry analysis, VsAOS1 strictly acted to condense L-glycine with C12 or C16 acyl-CoA, including unsaturated acyl analog. Furthermore, a single residue replacement of VsAOS1 (G243S) allowed the enzyme to generate sphingoid derivative when L-serine and lauroyl-CoA were used as substrates. Our data elucidate the mechanism of substrate binding and selectivity by the VsAOS1 and provide a thorough understanding of the molecular basis for the amino acid preference of AOS members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yang Chang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Hua Lo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Xuan Hong
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuen Ting Chan
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ru Huang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Hsing Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chuang Liaw
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Ceramides are a class of sphingolipid that is the backbone structure for all sphingolipids, such as glycosphingolipids and phosphosphingolipids. While being a minor constituent of cellular membranes, ceramides are the major lipid component (along with cholesterol, free fatty acid, and other minor components) of the intercellular spaces of stratum corneum that forms the epidermal permeability barrier. These stratum corneum ceramides consist of unique heterogenous molecular species that have only been identified in terrestrial mammals. Alterations of ceramide molecular profiles are characterized in skin diseases associated with compromised permeability barrier functions, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and xerosis. In addition, hereditary abnormalities of some ichthyoses are associated with an epidermal unique ceramide species, omega-O-acylceramide. Ceramides also serve as lipid modulators to regulate cellular functions, including cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis, and it has been demonstrated that changes in ceramide metabolism also cause certain diseases. In addition, ceramide metabolites, sphingoid bases, sphingoid base-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphate are also lipid mediators that regulate cellular functions. In this review article, we describe diverse physiological and pathological roles of ceramides and their metabolites in epidermal permeability barrier function, epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation, immunity, and cutaneous diseases. Finally, we summarize the utilization of ceramides as therapy to treat cutaneous disease.
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32
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Yang S, Dong Y, Liu Y, Yan X, Sun G, Jia G, Li X, Liu H, Su H, Li Y. Application of lipidomics strategy to explore aging-related biomarkers and potential anti-aging mechanisms of ginseng. Biogerontology 2021; 22:589-602. [PMID: 34542790 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging often leads to an increase risk of age-related diseases, and the development of anti-aging drugs have become the trend and focus of the current scientific research. In this experiment, serum samples from healthy people of different ages were analyzed based on clinical lipidomics, and a total of 10 potential biomarkers in middle-aged and youth group, 20 biomarkers in the youth and the elderly group were obtained. Furthermore, dhSph and dhCer involved above may affect the aging process through sphingolipid metabolic pathway. As the first and rate-limiting step of catalyzing de novo sphingolipid pathway, SPT may play a key role in human anti-aging, which is revealed by lipidomics liposome tracer analysis. The potential active components in ginseng on SPT was further verified by molecular docking virtual screening and atomic force microscope. Four ingredients of ginseng may reduce the levels of metabolites dhSph and dhCer by inhibiting the activity of SPT, and play an anti-aging effect by affecting the sphingolipid metabolism pathway.A clinical trials registration number: ChiCTR1900026836.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yaqian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuechen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xingxu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Guijiang Sun
- Department of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Street, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Guoxiang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaokai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Haihua Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, PKU Care CNOOC Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yubo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Dingjan T, Futerman AH. The role of the 'sphingoid motif' in shaping the molecular interactions of sphingolipids in biomembranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183701. [PMID: 34302797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids can be differentiated from other membrane lipids by the distinctive chemistry of the sphingoid long chain base (LCB), which is generated by the condensation of an amino acid (normally but not always serine) and a fatty acyl CoA (normally palmitoyl CoA) by the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT). The first five carbon atoms of the sphingoid LCB, herein defined as the 'sphingoid motif', are largely responsible for the unique chemical and biophysical properties of sphingolipids since they can undergo a relatively large number (compared to other lipid species) of molecular interactions with other membrane lipids, via hydrogen-bonding, charge-pairing, hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions. These interactions are responsible, for instance, for the association of sphingolipids with cholesterol in the membrane lipid bilayer. Here, we discuss some of the unique properties of this sphingoid motif, and in addition to outlining how this structural motif drives intra-bilayer interactions, discuss the atomic details of the interactions with two critical players in the biosynthetic pathway, namely SPT, and the ceramide transport protein, CERT. In the former, the selectivity of sphingolipid synthesis relies on a hydrogen bond interaction between Lys379 of SPTLC2 and the l-serine sidechain hydroxyl moiety. In the latter, the entire sphingoid motif is stereoselectively recognized by a hydrogen-bonding network involving all three sphingoid motif heteroatoms. The remarkable selectivity of these interactions, and the subtle means by which these interactions are modified and regulated in eukaryotic cells raises a number of challenging questions about the generation of these proteins, and of their interactions with the sphingoid motif in evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Dingjan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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34
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Patanapirunhakit P, Karlsson H, Mulder M, Ljunggren S, Graham D, Freeman D. Sphingolipids in HDL - Potential markers for adaptation to pregnancy? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158955. [PMID: 33933650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) exhibits many functions that render it an effective endothelial protective agent and may underlie its potential role in protecting the maternal vascular endothelium during pregnancy. In non-pregnant individuals, the HDL lipidome is altered in metabolic disease compared to healthy individuals and is linked to reduced cholesterol efflux, an effect that can be reversed by lifestyle management. Specific sphingolipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have been shown to mediate the vaso-dilatory effects of plasma HDL via interaction with the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. This review describes the relationship between plasma HDL and vascular function during healthy pregnancy and details how this is lost in pre-eclampsia, a disorder of pregnancy associated with widespread endothelial dysfunction. Evidence of a role for HDL sphingolipids, in particular S1P and ceramide, in cardiovascular disease and in healthy pregnancy and pre-eclampsia is discussed. Available data suggest that HDL-S1P and HDL-ceramide can mediate vascular protection in healthy pregnancy but not in preeclampsia. HDL sphingolipids thus are of potential importance in the healthy maternal adaptation to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patamat Patanapirunhakit
- Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Helen Karlsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Monique Mulder
- Division of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Ljunggren
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Dilys Freeman
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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35
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Song JH, Kim GT, Park KH, Park WJ, Park TS. Bioactive Sphingolipids as Major Regulators of Coronary Artery Disease. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:373-383. [PMID: 33903284 PMCID: PMC8255146 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the deposition of plaque in the main arteries. It is an inflammatory condition involving the accumulation of macrophages and various lipids (low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, ceramide, S1P). Moreover, endothelial cells, macrophages, leukocytes, and smooth muscle cells are the major players in the atherogenic process. Sphingolipids are now emerging as important regulators in various pathophysiological processes, including the atherogenic process. Various sphingolipids exist, such as the ceramides, ceramide-1-phosphate, sphingosine, sphinganine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), sphingomyelin, and hundreds of glycosphingolipids. Among these, ceramides, glycosphingolipids, and S1P play important roles in the atherogenic processes. The atherosclerotic plaque consists of higher amounts of ceramide, glycosphingolipids, and sphingomyelin. The inhibition of the de novo ceramide biosynthesis reduces the development of atherosclerosis. S1P regulates atherogenesis via binding to the S1P receptor (S1PR). Among the five S1PRs (S1PR1-5), S1PR1 and S1PR3 mainly exert anti-atherosclerotic properties. This review mainly focuses on the effects of ceramide and S1P via the S1PR in the development of atherosclerosis. Moreover, it discusses the recent findings and potential therapeutic implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwi Song
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Goon-Tae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Park
- Department of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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36
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Rago D, Pedersen CET, Huang M, Kelly RS, Gürdeniz G, Brustad N, Knihtilä H, Lee-Sarwar KA, Morin A, Rasmussen MA, Stokholm J, Bønnelykke K, Litonjua AA, Wheelock CE, Weiss ST, Lasky-Su J, Bisgaard H, Chawes BL. Characteristics and Mechanisms of a Sphingolipid-associated Childhood Asthma Endotype. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:853-863. [PMID: 33535020 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202008-3206oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: A link among sphingolipids, 17q21 genetic variants, and childhood asthma has been suggested, but the underlying mechanisms and characteristics of such an asthma endotype remain to be elucidated.Objectives: To study the sphingolipid-associated childhood asthma endotype using multiomic data.Methods: We used untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry plasma metabolomic profiles at the ages of 6 months and 6 years from more than 500 children in the COPSAC2010 (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood) birth cohort focusing on sphingolipids, and we integrated the 17q21 genotype and nasal gene expression of SPT (serine palmitoyl-CoA transferase) (i.e., the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo sphingolipid synthesis) in relation to asthma development and lung function traits from infancy until the age 6 years. Replication was sought in the independent VDAART (Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial) cohort.Measurements and Main Results: Lower concentrations of ceramides and sphingomyelins at the age of 6 months were associated with an increased risk of developing asthma before age 3, which was also observed in VDAART. At the age of 6 years, lower concentrations of key phosphosphingolipids (e.g., sphinganine-1-phosphate) were associated with increased airway resistance. This relationship was dependent on the 17q21 genotype and nasal SPT gene expression, with significant interactions occurring between the genotype and the phosphosphingolipid concentrations and between the genotype and SPT expression, in which lower phosphosphingolipid concentrations and reduced SPT expression were associated with increasing numbers of at-risk alleles. However, the findings did not pass the false discovery rate threshold of <0.05.Conclusions: This exploratory study suggests the existence of a childhood asthma endotype with early onset and increased airway resistance that is characterized by reduced sphingolipid concentrations, which are associated with 17q21 genetic variants and expression of the SPT enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rago
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Casper-Emil T Pedersen
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Mengna Huang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel S Kelly
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gözde Gürdeniz
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Brustad
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Hanna Knihtilä
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen A Lee-Sarwar
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andréanne Morin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Morten A Rasmussen
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Bo L Chawes
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Structural insights into the regulation of human serine palmitoyltransferase complexes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:240-248. [PMID: 33558761 PMCID: PMC9812531 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-00551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential lipids in eukaryotic membranes. In humans, the first and rate-limiting step of sphingolipid synthesis is catalyzed by the serine palmitoyltransferase holocomplex, which consists of catalytic components (SPTLC1 and SPTLC2) and regulatory components (ssSPTa and ORMDL3). However, the assembly, substrate processing and regulation of the complex are unclear. Here, we present 8 cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human serine palmitoyltransferase holocomplex in various functional states at resolutions of 2.6-3.4 Å. The structures reveal not only how catalytic components recognize the substrate, but also how regulatory components modulate the substrate-binding tunnel to control enzyme activity: ssSPTa engages SPTLC2 and shapes the tunnel to determine substrate specificity. ORMDL3 blocks the tunnel and competes with substrate binding through its amino terminus. These findings provide mechanistic insights into sphingolipid biogenesis governed by the serine palmitoyltransferase complex.
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38
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Structural insights into the assembly and substrate selectivity of human SPT-ORMDL3 complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:249-257. [PMID: 33558762 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-00553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in the de novo biosynthesis of all sphingolipids. ORMDLs regulate SPT function, with human ORMDL3 being related to asthma. Here we report three high-resolution cryo-EM structures: the human SPT complex, composed of SPTLC1, SPTLC2 and SPTssa; the SPT-ORMDL3 complex; and the SPT-ORMDL3 complex bound to two substrates, PLP-L-serine (PLS) and a non-reactive palmitoyl-CoA analogue. SPTLC1 and SPTLC2 form a dimer of heterodimers as the catalytic core. SPTssa participates in acyl-CoA coordination, thereby stimulating the SPT activity and regulating the substrate selectivity. ORMDL3 is located in the center of the complex, serving to stabilize the SPT assembly. Our structural and biochemical analyses provide a molecular basis for the assembly and substrate selectivity of the SPT and SPT-ORMDL3 complexes, and lay a foundation for mechanistic understanding of sphingolipid homeostasis and for related therapeutic drug development.
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39
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Lam BWS, Yam TYA, Chen CP, Lai MKP, Ong WY, Herr DR. The noncanonical chronicles: Emerging roles of sphingolipid structural variants. Cell Signal 2020; 79:109890. [PMID: 33359087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SPs) are structurally diverse and represent one of the most quantitatively abundant classes of lipids in mammalian cells. In addition to their structural roles, many SP species are known to be bioactive mediators of essential cellular processes. Historically, studies have focused on SP species that contain the canonical 18‑carbon, mono-unsaturated sphingoid backbone. However, increasingly sensitive analytical technologies, driven by advances in mass spectrometry, have facilitated the identification of previously under-appreciated, molecularly distinct SP species. Many of these less abundant species contain noncanonical backbones. Interestingly, a growing number of studies have identified clinical associations between these noncanonical SPs and disease, suggesting that there is functional significance to the alteration of SP backbone structure. For example, associations have been found between SP chain length and cardiovascular disease, pain, diabetes, and dementia. This review will provide an overview of the processes that are known to regulate noncanonical SP accumulation, describe the clinical correlations reported for these molecules, and review the experimental evidence for the potential functional implications of their dysregulation. It is likely that further scrutiny of noncanonical SPs may provide new insight into pathophysiological processes, serve as useful biomarkers for disease, and lead to the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Wan Shing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ting Yu Amelia Yam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; American University of Health Sciences, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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Hornemann T. Mini review: Lipids in Peripheral Nerve Disorders. Neurosci Lett 2020; 740:135455. [PMID: 33166639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are polarized cells whose fundamental functions are to receive, conduct and transmit signals. In bilateral animals, the nervous system is divided into the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Sensory axons can be up to 3 feet in length. Because of its long-reaching and complex structure, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is exposed and vulnerable to many genetic, metabolic and environmental predispositions. Lipids and lipid intermediates are essential components of nerves. About 50 % of the brain dry weight consist of lipids, which makes it the second highest lipid rich tissue after adipose tissue. However, the role of lipids in neurological disorders in particular of the peripheral nerves is not well understood. This review aims to provide an overview about the role of lipids in the disorders of the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Th Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital and University Zurich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
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41
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Sptlc1 is essential for myeloid differentiation and hematopoietic homeostasis. Blood Adv 2020; 3:3635-3649. [PMID: 31751474 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) long-chain base subunit 1 (SPTLC1) is 1 of the 2 main catalytic subunits of the SPT complex, which catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Here, we show that Sptlc1 deletion in adult bone marrow (BM) cells results in defective myeloid differentiation. In chimeric mice from noncompetitive BM transplant assays, there was an expansion of the Lin- c-Kit+ Sca-1+ compartment due to increased multipotent progenitor production, but myeloid differentiation was severely compromised. We also show that defective biogenesis of sphingolipids in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress that affects myeloid differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that transient accumulation of fatty acid, a substrate for sphingolipid biosynthesis, could be partially responsible for the ER stress. Independently, we find that ER stress in general, such as that induced by the chemical thapsigargin or the fatty acid palmitic acid, compromises myeloid differentiation in culture. These results identify perturbed sphingolipid metabolism as a source of ER stress, which may produce diverse pathological effects related to differential cell-type sensitivity.
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Wnt-controlled sphingolipids modulate Anthrax Toxin Receptor palmitoylation to regulate oriented mitosis in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3317. [PMID: 32620775 PMCID: PMC7335183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriented cell division is a fundamental mechanism to control asymmetric stem cell division, neural tube elongation and body axis extension, among other processes. During zebrafish gastrulation, when the body axis extends, dorsal epiblast cells display divisions that are robustly oriented along the animal-vegetal embryonic axis. Here, we use a combination of lipidomics, metabolic tracer analysis and quantitative image analysis to show that sphingolipids mediate spindle positioning during oriented division of epiblast cells. We identify the Wnt signaling as a regulator of sphingolipid synthesis that mediates the activity of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in sphingolipid production. Sphingolipids determine the palmitoylation state of the Anthrax receptor, which then positions the mitotic spindle of dividing epiblast cells. Our data show how Wnt signaling mediates sphingolipid-dependent oriented division and how sphingolipids determine Anthrax receptor palmitoylation, which ultimately controls the activation of Diaphanous to mediate spindle rotation and oriented mitosis. During development, oriented cell division is important to proper body axis extension. Here, the authors show that sphingolipids are required to direct spindle rotation and oriented mitosis via Anthrax receptor palmitoylation in zebrafish gastrulation.
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Subunit composition of the mammalian serine-palmitoyltransferase defines the spectrum of straight and methyl-branched long-chain bases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15591-15598. [PMID: 32576697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002391117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are chemically diverse lipids that have important structural and signaling functions within mammalian cells. SLs are commonly defined by the presence of a long-chain base (LCB) that is normally formed by the conjugation of l-serine and palmitoyl-CoA. This pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent reaction is mediated by the enzyme serine-palmitoyltransferase (SPT). However, SPT can also metabolize other acyl-CoAs, in the range of C14 to C18, forming a variety of LCBs that differ by structure and function. Mammalian SPT consists of three core subunits: SPTLC1, SPTLC2, and SPTLC3. Whereas SPTLC1 and SPTLC2 are ubiquitously expressed, SPTLC3 expression is restricted to certain tissues only. The influence of the individual subunits on enzyme activity is not clear. Using cell models deficient in SPTLC1, SPTLC2, and SPTLC3, we investigated the role of each subunit on enzyme activity and the LCB product spectrum. We showed that SPTLC1 is essential for activity, whereas SPTLC2 and SPTLC3 are partly redundant but differ in their enzymatic properties. SPTLC1 in combination with SPTLC2 specifically formed C18, C19, and C20 LCBs while the combination of SPTLC1 and SPTLC3 yielded a broader product spectrum. We identified anteiso-branched-C18 SO (meC18SO) as the primary product of the SPTLC3 reaction. The meC18SO was synthesized from anteiso-methyl-palmitate, in turn synthesized from a precursor metabolite generated in the isoleucine catabolic pathway. The meC18SO is metabolized to ceramides and complex SLs and is a constituent of human low- and high-density lipoproteins.
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Kim GT, Kim SJ, Park SH, Lee D, Park TS. Hepatic Expression of the Serine Palmitoyltransferase Subunit Sptlc2 Reduces Lipid Droplets in the Liver by Activating VLDL Secretion. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:291-303. [PMID: 32821738 PMCID: PMC7379091 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.2.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Ceramide is a signaling molecule that contributes to insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis. In the present study, we activated de novo ceramide synthesis by inducing the hepatic expression of Sptlc2 to investigate the role of ceramide in glucose and lipid metabolism. Methods We first constructed an adenovirus containing Sptlc2 (AdSptlc2), which encodes a major catalytic subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). We then infected hepatocytes and mice fed a regular diet with AdSptlc2 to activate de novo ceramide biosynthesis. The liver-specific effects of ceramide biosynthesis on glucose and lipid metabolism were investigated by measuring changes in insulin signaling, lipid droplet formation, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion. Results In HepG2 hepatocytes, adenoviral Sptlc2 expression inhibited insulin signaling and increased ceramide levels via activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1. In contrast, in mice, AdSptlc2 infection decreased plasma glucose levels by downregulating gluconeogenic genes and increased plasma triglyceride levels by increasing VLDL secretion. In mice infected with AdSptlc2, glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity improved, while pyruvate utilization via gluconeogenesis decreased. Conclusion Hepatic ceramide was found to modulate hepatosteatosis and the insulin response via increased VLDL secretion and inhibition of gluconeogenesis in vivo. Although inhibition of the insulin response was observed in vitro, the compensatory mechanism of relieving ceramide-induced stress and reducing ceramide levels resulted in improvements of glucose and lipid metabolic profiles in vivo. This discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo regulation mechanisms suggests that ceramide plays a role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goon-Tae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si-Hyun Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Dongyup Lee
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
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Shen Y, Ding M, Xie Z, Liu X, Yang H, Jin S, Xu S, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Wang D, Xu L, Zhou X, Wang P, Bi J. Activation of Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response in SHSY5Y Expressing APP Cells and APP/PS1 Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:568. [PMID: 31969805 PMCID: PMC6960128 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) deposition is a major neuropathologic feature of AD. When unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate in mitochondria, the unfolded protein responses (UPRmt) is initiated. Numerous lines of evidence show that AD pathogenesis involves mitochondrial dysfunction. However little is known about whether the UPRmt is engaged in the process of AD development. In this study, we investigated the UPRmt in mouse and cell models of AD. We found that UPRmt was activated in the brain of 3 and 9 months old APP/PS1 mice, and in the SHSY5Y cells after exposure to Aβ25–35, Aβ25–35 triggered UPRmt in SHSY5Y cells could be attenuated upon administration of simvastatin or siRNA for HMGCS-1 to inhibit the mevalonate pathway, and or upon knocking down Serine palmitoyltransferase long chain subunit 1 (SPTLC-1) to lower sphingolipid biosynthesis. We observed that inhibition of UPRmt aggravated cytotoxic effects of Aβ25–35 in SHSY5Y cells. Our research suggests that the UPRmt activation and two pathways necessary for this response, and further provides evidence for the cytoprotective effect of UPRmt during the AD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Medicine School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mao Ding
- Medicine School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaohong Xie
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Suqin Jin
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shunliang Xu
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhu
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dewei Wang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Xu
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianzhong Bi
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Kovilakath A, Cowart LA. Sphingolipid Mediators of Myocardial Pathology. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:23-49. [PMID: 32821720 PMCID: PMC7379069 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. While the causes of cardiomyopathy continue to be elucidated, current evidence suggests that aberrant bioactive lipid signaling plays a crucial role as a component of cardiac pathophysiology. Sphingolipids have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, as they regulate numerous cellular processes that occur in primary and secondary cardiomyopathies. Experimental evidence gathered over the last few decades from both in vitro and in vivo model systems indicates that inhibitors of sphingolipid synthesis attenuate a variety of cardiomyopathic symptoms. In this review, we focus on various cardiomyopathies in which sphingolipids have been implicated and the potential therapeutic benefits that could be gained by targeting sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kovilakath
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - L. Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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Druggable Sphingolipid Pathways: Experimental Models and Clinical Opportunities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:101-135. [PMID: 32894509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research in the field of sphingolipids has revealed diverse roles in cell biological responses and human health and disease. This immense molecular family is primarily represented by the bioactive molecules ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). The flux of sphingolipid metabolism at both the subcellular and extracellular levels provides multiple opportunities for pharmacological intervention. The caveat is that perturbation of any single node of this highly regulated flux may have effects that propagate throughout the metabolic network in a dramatic and sometimes unexpected manner. Beginning with S1P, the receptors for which have thus far been the most clinically tractable pharmacological targets, this review will describe recent advances in therapeutic modulators targeting sphingolipids, their chaperones, transporters, and metabolic enzymes.
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Kovilakath A, Jamil M, Cowart LA. Sphingolipids in the Heart: From Cradle to Grave. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:652. [PMID: 33042014 PMCID: PMC7522163 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and this has largely been driven by the increase in metabolic disease in recent decades. Metabolic disease alters metabolism, distribution, and profiles of sphingolipids in multiple organs and tissues; as such, sphingolipid metabolism and signaling have been vigorously studied as contributors to metabolic pathophysiology in various pathological outcomes of obesity, including cardiovascular disease. Much experimental evidence suggests that targeting sphingolipid metabolism may be advantageous in the context of cardiometabolic disease. The heart, however, is a structurally and functionally complex organ where bioactive sphingolipids have been shown not only to mediate pathological processes, but also to contribute to essential functions in cardiogenesis and cardiac function. Additionally, some sphingolipids are protective in the context of ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition to mechanistic contributions, untargeted lipidomics approaches used in recent years have identified some specific circulating sphingolipids as novel biomarkers in the context of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize recent literature on both deleterious and beneficial contributions of sphingolipids to cardiogenesis and myocardial function as well as recent identification of novel sphingolipid biomarkers for cardiovascular disease risk prediction and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kovilakath
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Maryam Jamil
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lauren Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lauren Ashley Cowart
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Zulueta A, Peli V, Dei Cas M, Colombo M, Paroni R, Falleni M, Baisi A, Bollati V, Chiaramonte R, Del Favero E, Ghidoni R, Caretti A. Inflammatory role of extracellular sphingolipids in Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 116:105622. [PMID: 31563560 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide is emerging as one of the players of inflammation in lung diseases. However, data on its inflammatory role in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) as part of the extracellular machinery driven by lung mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are missing. We obtained an in vitro model of CF-MSC by treating control human lung MSCs with a specific CFTR inhibitor. We characterized EVs populations derived from MSCs (ctr EVs) and CF-MSCs (CF-EVs) and analyzed their sphingolipid profile by LC-MS/MS. To evaluate their immunomodulatory function, we treated an in vitro human model of CF, with both EVs populations. Our data show that the two EVs populations differ for the average size, amount, and rate of uptake. CF-EVs display higher ceramide and dihydroceramide accumulation as compared to control EVs, suggesting the involvement of the de novo biosynthesis pathway in the parental CF-MSCs. Higher sphingomyelinase activity in CF-MSCs, driven by inflammation-induced ceramide accumulation, sustains the exocytosis of vesicles that export new formed pro-inflammatory ceramide. Our results suggest that CFTR dysfunction associates with an enhanced sphingolipid metabolism leading to the release of EVs that export the excess of pro-inflammatory Cer to the recipient cells, thus contributing to maintain the unresolved inflammatory status of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Zulueta
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab., Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valeria Peli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab., Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy.
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab., Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy.
| | - Michela Colombo
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pathophysiology, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy; Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council(MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK.
| | - Rita Paroni
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab., Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy.
| | - Monica Falleni
- Pathology Division, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Baisi
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET LAB, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Chiaramonte
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pathophysiology, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Milan, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab., Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Caretti
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab., Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy.
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Carreira AC, Santos TC, Lone MA, Zupančič E, Lloyd-Evans E, de Almeida RFM, Hornemann T, Silva LC. Mammalian sphingoid bases: Biophysical, physiological and pathological properties. Prog Lipid Res 2019:100995. [PMID: 31445071 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases encompass a group of long chain amino alcohols which form the essential structure of sphingolipids. Over the last years, these amphiphilic molecules were moving more and more into the focus of biomedical research due to their role as bioactive molecules. In fact, free sphingoid bases interact with specific receptors and target molecules and have been associated with numerous biological and physiological processes. In addition, they can modulate the biophysical properties of biological membranes. Several human diseases are related to pathological changes in the structure and metabolism of sphingoid bases. Yet, the mechanisms underlying their biological and pathophysiological actions remain elusive. Within this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemical and biophysical properties of the most common sphingoid bases and to discuss their importance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Carreira
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - T C Santos
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN) and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Lone
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Zupančič
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E Lloyd-Evans
- Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - R F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L C Silva
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN) and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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