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Jarvis RP, Li J, Lin R, Ling Q, Lyu Y, Sun Y, Yao Z. Reply: Does the polyubiquitination pathway operate inside intact chloroplasts to remove proteins? THE PLANT CELL 2024:koae105. [PMID: 38738499 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- R Paul Jarvis
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jialong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Qihua Ling
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuping Lyu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Zujie Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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2
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Dimnet L, Salinas-Giegé T, Pullara S, Moyet L, Genevey C, Kuntz M, Duchêne AM, Rolland N. Isolation of Cytosolic Ribosomes Associated with Plant Mitochondria and Chloroplasts. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2776:289-302. [PMID: 38502512 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3726-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Excluding the few dozen proteins encoded by the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes, the majority of plant cell proteins are synthesized by cytosolic ribosomes. Most of these nuclear-encoded proteins are then targeted to specific cell compartments thanks to localization signals present in their amino acid sequence. These signals can be specific amino acid sequences known as transit peptides, or post-translational modifications, ability to interact with specific proteins or other more complex regulatory processes. Furthermore, in eukaryotic cells, protein synthesis can be regulated so that certain proteins are synthesized close to their destination site, thus enabling local protein synthesis in specific compartments of the cell. Previous studies have revealed that such locally translating cytosolic ribosomes are present in the vicinity of mitochondria and emerging views suggest that localized translation near chloroplasts could also occur. However, in higher plants, very little information is available on molecular mechanisms controlling these processes and there is a need to characterize cytosolic ribosomes associated with organelles membranes. To this goal, this protocol describes the purification of higher plant chloroplast and mitochondria and the organelle-associated cytosolic ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dimnet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Thalia Salinas-Giegé
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Sara Pullara
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucas Moyet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Chloé Genevey
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Marie Duchêne
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
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3
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Hedtke B, Strätker SM, Pulido ACC, Grimm B. Two isoforms of Arabidopsis protoporphyrinogen oxidase localize in different plastidal membranes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:871-885. [PMID: 36806676 PMCID: PMC10231370 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
All land plants encode 2 isoforms of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). While PPO1 is predominantly expressed in green tissues and its loss is seedling-lethal in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the effects of PPO2 deficiency have not been investigated in detail. We identified 2 ppo2 T-DNA insertion mutants from publicly available collections, one of which (ppo2-2) is a knock-out mutant. While the loss of PPO2 did not result in any obvious phenotype, substantial changes in PPO activity were measured in etiolated and root tissues. However, ppo1 ppo2 double mutants were embryo-lethal. To shed light on possible functional differences between the 2 isoforms, PPO2 was overexpressed in the ppo1 background. Although the ppo1 phenotype was partially complemented, even strong overexpression of PPO2 was unable to fully compensate for the loss of PPO1. Analysis of subcellular localization revealed that PPO2 is found exclusively in chloroplast envelopes, while PPO1 accumulates in thylakoid membranes. Mitochondrial localization of PPO2 in Arabidopsis was ruled out. Since Arabidopsis PPO2 does not encode a cleavable transit peptide, integration of the protein into the chloroplast envelope must make use of a noncanonical import route. However, when a chloroplast transit peptide was fused to the N-terminus of PPO2, the enzyme was detected predominantly in thylakoid membranes and was able to fully complement ppo1. Thus, the 2 PPO isoforms in Arabidopsis are functionally equivalent but spatially separated. Their distinctive localizations within plastids thus enable the synthesis of discrete subpools of the PPO product protoporphyrin IX, which may serve different cellular needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hedtke
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Sarah Melissa Strätker
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Andrea C Chiappe Pulido
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
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4
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Gao LL, Hong ZH, Wang Y, Wu GZ. Chloroplast proteostasis: A story of birth, life, and death. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100424. [PMID: 35964157 PMCID: PMC9860172 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a dynamic balance of protein synthesis and degradation. Because of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and the massive transfer of their genetic information to the nucleus of the host cell, many protein complexes in the chloroplasts are constituted from subunits encoded by both genomes. Hence, the proper function of chloroplasts relies on the coordinated expression of chloroplast- and nucleus-encoded genes. The biogenesis and maintenance of chloroplast proteostasis are dependent on synthesis of chloroplast-encoded proteins, import of nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins from the cytosol, and clearance of damaged or otherwise undesired "old" proteins. This review focuses on the regulation of chloroplast proteostasis, its interaction with proteostasis of the cytosol, and its retrograde control over nuclear gene expression. We also discuss significant issues and perspectives for future studies and potential applications for improving the photosynthetic performance and stress tolerance of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Gao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Hong
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guo-Zhang Wu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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5
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Li Z, Li C, Fu S, Liu Y, Xu Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Zhou X. NSvc4 Encoded by Rice Stripe Virus Targets Host Chloroplasts to Suppress Chloroplast-Mediated Defense. Viruses 2021; 14:36. [PMID: 35062239 PMCID: PMC8778898 DOI: 10.3390/v14010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous research found that NSvc4, the movement protein of rice stripe virus (RSV), could localize to the actin filaments, endoplasmic reticulum, plasmodesmata, and chloroplast, but the roles of NSvc4 played in the chloroplast were opaque. Here, we confirm the accumulation of NSvc4 in the chloroplasts and the N-terminal 1-73 amino acids of NSvc4 are sufficient to localize to chloroplasts. We provide evidence to show that chloroplast-localized NSvc4 can impair the chloroplast-mediated immunity. Expressing NSvc4 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves results in the decreased expression of defense-related genes NbPR1, NbPR2, and NbWRKY12 and the inhibition of chloroplast-derived ROS production. In addition, generation of an infectious clone of potato virus X (PVX) carrying NSvc4 facilitates PVX infection in N. benthamiana plants. Moreover, we identify two chloroplast-related host factors, named NbGAPDH-A and NbPsbQ1, both of which can interact with NSvc4. Knockdown of NbGAPDH-A or NbPsbQ1 can both promote RSV infection. Our results decipher a detailed function of NSvc4 in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongdi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Chenyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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PRAT Proteins Operate in Organellar Protein Import and Export in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050958. [PMID: 34064964 PMCID: PMC8151980 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts need to import preproteins and amino acids from the cytosol during their light-induced differentiation. Similarly, chloroplasts have to export organic matter including proteins and amino acids during leaf senescence. Members of the PRAT (preprotein and amino acid transporter) family are candidate transporters for both processes. Here, we defined the role of two small PRAT gene families, At4g26670 and At5g55510 (HP20 subfamily) versus At3g49560 and At5g24650 (HP30 subfamily) during greening of etiolated plants and during leaf senescence. Using a combination of reverse genetics, protein biochemistry and physiological tools, evidence was obtained for a role of chloroplast HP20, HP30 and HP30-2 in protein, but not amino acid, import into chloroplasts. HP20, HP30 and HP30-2 form larger complexes involved in the uptake of transit sequence-less cytosolic precursors. In addition, we identified a fraction of HP30-2 in mitochondria where it served a similar function as found for chloroplasts and operated in the uptake of transit sequence-less cytosolic precursor proteins. By contrast, HP22 was found to act in the export of proteins from chloroplasts during leaf senescence, and thus its role is entirely different from that of its orthologue, HP20. HP22 is part of a unique protein complex in the envelope of senescing chloroplasts that comprises at least 11 proteins and contains with HP65b (At5g55220) a protein that is related to the bacterial trigger factor chaperone. An ortholog of HP65b exists in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis and has previously been implicated in protein secretion. Whereas plants depleted of either HP22 or HP65b or even both were increasingly delayed in leaf senescence and retained much longer stromal chloroplast constituents than wild-type plants, HP22 overexpressors showed premature leaf senescence that was associated with accelerated losses of stromal chloroplast proteins. Together, our results identify the PRAT protein family as a unique system for importing and exporting proteins from chloroplasts.
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7
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Evidence Supporting an Antimicrobial Origin of Targeting Peptides to Endosymbiotic Organelles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081795. [PMID: 32731621 PMCID: PMC7463930 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and chloroplasts emerged from primary endosymbiosis. Most proteins of the endosymbiont were subsequently expressed in the nucleo-cytosol of the host and organelle-targeted via the acquisition of N-terminal presequences, whose evolutionary origin remains enigmatic. Using a quantitative assessment of their physico-chemical properties, we show that organelle targeting peptides, which are distinct from signal peptides targeting other subcellular compartments, group with a subset of antimicrobial peptides. We demonstrate that extant antimicrobial peptides target a fluorescent reporter to either the mitochondria or the chloroplast in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and, conversely, that extant targeting peptides still display antimicrobial activity. Thus, we provide strong computational and functional evidence for an evolutionary link between organelle-targeting and antimicrobial peptides. Our results support the view that resistance of bacterial progenitors of organelles to the attack of host antimicrobial peptides has been instrumental in eukaryogenesis and in the emergence of photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Luo Y, Zhang L, Li W, Xu M, Zhang C, Wang L. HS1 Is Involved in Hygromycin Resistance Through Facilitating Hygromycin Phosphotransferase Transportation From Cytosol to Chloroplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:613. [PMID: 32528495 PMCID: PMC7266939 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transportation of proteins encoded by nuclear genes from plant cytosol to chloroplast is essential for chloroplast functions. Proteins that have a chloroplast transit peptide (cTP) are imported into chloroplasts via translocases on the outer and inner chloroplast envelope. How proteins lacking transit sequence are imported into chloroplast remains largely unknown. During screening of an Arabidopsis population transformed with a hairpin RNA gene-silencing library, we identified some transgenic plants that had active expression of the selectable marker gene, hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), but were sensitive to the selection agent, hygromycin B (HyB). Mutant and complementation analysis showed that this HyB sensitivity of transgenic plants was due to silencing of the HS1 (Hygromycin-Sensitive 1) gene. HS1 is localized in the chloroplast and interacts physically with HPT in yeast cells and in planta. Fluorescence and immunoblotting analysis showed that HPT could not be transported effectively into chloroplasts in Aths1, which resulted in Aths1 is sensitivity to hygromycin on higher HyB-containing medium. These data revealed that HS1 is involved in HyB resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis through facilitating cytosol-chloroplast transportation of HPT. Our findings provide novel insights on transportation of chloroplast cTP-less proteins.
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Kumari K, Rai MP, Bansal N, Prashat GR, Kumari S, Srivathsa R, Dahuja A, Sachdev A, Praveen S, Vinutha T. Study of subcellular localization of Glycine max γ-tocopherol methyl transferase isoforms in N. benthamiana. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:110. [PMID: 32099748 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) converts γ-toc to α-toc-the rate limiting step in toc biosynthesis. Sequencing results revealed that the coding regions of γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 were strongly similar to each other (93% at amino acid level). Based on the differences in the N-terminal amino acids, Glycine max-γ-TMT proteins are categorized into three isoforms: γ-TMT1, 2 and 3. In silico structural analysis revealed the presence of chloroplast transit peptide (cTP) in γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 protein. However, other properties of transit peptide like presence of hydrophobic amino acids at the first three positions of N-terminal end and lower level of acidic amino acids were revealed only in γ-TMT3 protein. Subcellular localization of GFP fused γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 under 35S promoter was studied in Nicotiana benthamiana using confocal microscopy. Results showed that γ-TMT1 was found in the cytosol and γ-TMT3 was found to be localized both in cytosol and chloroplast. Further the presence γ-TMT3 in chloroplast was validated by quantifying α-tocopherol through UPLC. Thus the present study of cytosolic localization of the both γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 proteins and chloroplastic localization of γ-TMT3 will help to reveal the importance of γ-TMT encoded α-toc in protecting both chloroplastic and cell membrane from plant oxidative stress.
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Moyet L, Salvi D, Bouchnak I, Miras S, Perrot L, Seigneurin-Berny D, Kuntz M, Rolland N. Calmodulin is involved in the dual subcellular location of two chloroplast proteins. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17543-17554. [PMID: 31578278 PMCID: PMC6873194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell compartmentalization is an essential process by which eukaryotic cells separate and control biological processes. Although calmodulins are well-known to regulate catalytic properties of their targets, we show here their involvement in the subcellular location of two plant proteins. Both proteins exhibit a dual location, namely in the cytosol in addition to their association to plastids (where they are known to fulfil their role). One of these proteins, ceQORH, a long-chain fatty acid reductase, was analyzed in more detail, and its calmodulin-binding site was identified by specific mutations. Such a mutated form is predominantly targeted to plastids at the expense of its cytosolic location. The second protein, TIC32, was also shown to be dependent on its calmodulin-binding site for retention in the cytosol. Complementary approaches (bimolecular fluorescence complementation and reverse genetics) demonstrated that the calmodulin isoform CAM5 is specifically involved in the retention of ceQORH in the cytosol. This study identifies a new role for calmodulin and sheds new light on the intriguing CaM-binding properties of hundreds of plastid proteins, despite the fact that no CaM or CaM-like proteins were identified in plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Moyet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRA, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Salvi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRA, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Imen Bouchnak
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRA, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Miras
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRA, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laura Perrot
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRA, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Daphné Seigneurin-Berny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRA, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRA, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRA, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Reinbothe S, Bartsch S, Rossig C, Davis MY, Yuan S, Reinbothe C, Gray J. A Protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) a Oxygenase for Plant Viability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:593. [PMID: 31156665 PMCID: PMC6530659 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants contain a small, 5-member family of Rieske non-heme oxygenases that comprise the inner plastid envelope protein TIC55, phaeophorbide a oxygenasee (PAO), chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO), choline monooxygenase, and a 52 kDa protein (PTC52) associated with the precursor NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase A (pPORA) A translocon (PTC). Some of these chloroplast proteins have documented roles in chlorophyll biosynthesis (CAO) and degradation (PAO and TIC55), whereas the function of PTC52 remains unresolved. Biochemical evidence provided here identifies PTC52 as Pchlide a oxygenase of the inner plastid envelope linking Pchlide b synthesis to pPORA import. Protochlorophyllide b is the preferred substrate of PORA and its lack no longer allows pPORA import. The Pchlide b-dependent import pathway of pPORA thus operates in etiolated seedlings and is switched off during greening. Using dexamethasone-induced RNA interference (RNAi) we tested if PTC52 is involved in controlling both, pPORA import and Pchlide homeostasis in planta. As shown here, RNAi plants deprived of PTC52 transcript and PTC52 protein were unable to import pPORA and died as a result of excess Pchlide a accumulation causing singlet oxygen formation during greening. In genetic studies, no homozygous ptc52 knock-out mutants could be obtained presumably as a result of embryo lethality, suggesting a role for PTC52 in the initial greening of plant embryos. Phylogenetic studies identified PTC52-like genes amongst unicellular photosynthetic bacteria and higher plants, suggesting that the biochemical function associated with PTC52 may have an ancient evolutionary origin. PTC52 also harbors conserved motifs with bacterial oxygenases such as the terminal oxygenase component of 3-ketosteroid 9-alpha-hydroxylase (KshA) from Rhodococcus rhodochrous. 3D-modeling of PTC52 structure permitted the prediction of amino acid residues that contribute to the substrate specificity of this enzyme. In vitro-mutagenesis was used to test the predicted PTC52 model and provide insights into the reaction mechanism of this Rieske non-heme oxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe, John Gray,
| | - Sandra Bartsch
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe, John Gray,
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In Vitro Protein Import into Isolated Chloroplasts. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29987721 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8654-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Chloroplasts contain about 3000 proteins, with approximately 400 of them located in the chloroplast envelope membranes, 1300 in the soluble stroma, and 1300 in the thylakoid membranes. Most of them are encoded by nuclear genes and translated as precursor proteins in the cytosol before their transport into chloroplasts. As a tool to control and characterize their import into plastids, we here describe an assay for in vitro protein import with isolated pea chloroplasts.
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The role of chloroplasts in plant pathology. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:21-39. [PMID: 29273582 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved complex tolerance systems to survive abiotic and biotic stresses. Central to these programmes is a sophisticated conversation of signals between the chloroplast and the nucleus. In this review, we examine the antagonism between abiotic stress tolerance (AST) and immunity: we propose that to generate immunogenic signals, plants must disable AST systems, in particular those that manage reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the pathogen seeks to reactivate or enhance those systems to achieve virulence. By boosting host systems of AST, pathogens trick the plant into suppressing chloroplast immunogenic signals and steer the host into making an inappropriate immune response. Pathogens disrupt chloroplast function, both transcriptionally-by secreting effectors that alter host gene expression by interacting with defence-related kinase cascades, with transcription factors, or with promoters themselves-and post-transcriptionally, by delivering effectors that enter the chloroplast or alter the localization of host proteins to change chloroplast activities. These mechanisms reconfigure the chloroplast proteome and chloroplast-originating immunogenic signals in order to promote infection.
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14
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Moyet L, Salvi D, Tomizioli M, Seigneurin-Berny D, Rolland N. Preparation of Membrane Fractions (Envelope, Thylakoids, Grana, and Stroma Lamellae) from Arabidopsis Chloroplasts for Quantitative Proteomic Investigations and Other Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1696:117-136. [PMID: 29086400 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7411-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are semiautonomous organelles found in plants and protists. They are surrounded by a double membrane system, or envelope. These envelope membranes contain machineries to import nuclear-encoded proteins, and transporters for ions or metabolites, but are also essential for a range of plastid-specific metabolisms. The inner membrane surrounds a stroma, which is the site of the carbon chemistry of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts also contain an internal membrane system, or thylakoids, where the light phase of photosynthesis occurs. The thylakoid membranes themselves have a bipartite structure, consisting of grana stacks interconnected by stroma lamellae. These thylakoid membranes however form a continuous network that encloses a single lumenal space. Chloroplast-encoded or targeted proteins are thus addressed to various sub-compartments that turn out to be flexible systems and whose main functions can be modulated by alterations in the relative levels of their components. This article describes procedures developed to recover highly purified chloroplast membrane fractions (i.e., envelope, crude thylakoid membranes, as well as the two main thylakoid subdomains, grana and stroma lamellae), starting from Percoll-purified Arabidopsis chloroplasts. Immunological markers are also listed that can be used to assess the purity of these fractions and reveal specific contaminations by other plastid membrane compartments. The methods described here are compatible with chloroplast proteome dynamic studies relying on targeted quantitative proteomic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Moyet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, BIG, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRA, 17 rue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Daniel Salvi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, BIG, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRA, 17 rue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Martino Tomizioli
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, BIG, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRA, 17 rue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Daphné Seigneurin-Berny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, BIG, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRA, 17 rue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, BIG, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRA, 17 rue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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15
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Lee DW, Lee J, Hwang I. Sorting of nuclear-encoded chloroplast membrane proteins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:1-7. [PMID: 28668581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the many organelles in eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts have the most complex structure, with multiple suborganellar membranes, making protein targeting to chloroplasts, particularly to various suborganellar membranes, highly challenging. Multiple mechanisms function in the biogenesis of chloroplast membrane proteins. Nuclear-encoded nascent proteins can be targeted to the outer envelope membrane directly from the cytosol after translation, but their targeting to the inner envelope and thylakoid membranes requires multiple steps, including cytosolic sorting, translocation across the envelope membranes, sorting in the stroma, and insertion into their target membranes. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the sorting mechanisms of proteins to the two envelope membranes and the thylakoid membrane, along with perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Dissecting the chloroplast proteome of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) provides new insights into classical and non-classical functions. J Proteomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Rossig C, Gray J, Valdes O, Rustgi S, von Wettstein D, Reinbothe C, Reinbothe S. HP30-2, a mitochondrial PRAT protein for import of signal sequence-less precursor proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:535-551. [PMID: 28544763 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain a family of putative preprotein and amino acid transporters designated PRAT. Here, we analyzed the role of two previously characterized PRAT protein family members, encoded by At3g49560 (HP30) and At5g24650 (HP30-2), in planta using a combination of genetic, cell biological and biochemical approaches. Expression studies and green fluorescent protein tagging identified HP30-2 both in chloroplasts and mitochondria, whereas HP30 was located exclusively in chloroplasts. Biochemical evidence was obtained for an association of mitochondrial HP30-2 with two distinct protein complexes, one containing the inner membrane translocase TIM22 and the other containing an alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenase subunit (NDC1) implicated in a respiratory complex 1-like electron transport chain. Through its association with TIM22, HP30-2 is involved in the uptake of carrier proteins and other, hydrophobic membrane proteins lacking cleavable NH2 -terminal presequences, whereas HP30-2's interaction with NDC1 may permit controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rossig
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Laboratory of Environmental and Systems Biology, Grenoble-Alpes-University, Grenoble, France
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Oscar Valdes
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Laboratory of Environmental and Systems Biology, Grenoble-Alpes-University, Grenoble, France
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC 29506, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99164-6420, USA
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99164-6420, USA
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Laboratory of Environmental and Systems Biology, Grenoble-Alpes-University, Grenoble, France
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Laboratory of Environmental and Systems Biology, Grenoble-Alpes-University, Grenoble, France
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18
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Bienvenut WV, Scarpelli JP, Dumestier J, Meinnel T, Giglione C. EnCOUNTer: a parsing tool to uncover the mature N-terminus of organelle-targeted proteins in complex samples. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:182. [PMID: 28320318 PMCID: PMC5359831 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Characterization of mature protein N-termini by large scale proteomics is challenging. This is especially true for proteins undergoing cleavage of transit peptides when they are targeted to specific organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplast. Protein neo-N-termini can be located up to 100–150 amino acids downstream from the initiator methionine and are not easily predictable. Although some bioinformatics tools are available, they usually require extensive manual validation to identify the exact N-terminal position. The situation becomes even more complex when post-translational modifications take place at the neo-N-terminus. Although N-terminal acetylation occurs mostly in the cytosol, it is also observed in some organelles such as chloroplast. To date, no bioinformatics tool is available to define mature protein starting positions, the associated N-terminus acetylation status and/or yield for each proteoform. In this context, we have developed the EnCOUNTer tool (i) to score all characterized peptides using discriminating parameters to identify bona fide mature protein N-termini and (ii) to determine the N-terminus acetylation yield of the most reliable ones. Results Based on large scale proteomics analyses using the SILProNAQ methodology, tandem mass spectrometry favoured the characterization of thousands of peptides. Data processing using the EnCOUNTer tool provided an efficient and rapid way to extract the most reliable mature protein N-termini. Selected peptides were subjected to N-terminus acetylation yield determination. In an A. thaliana cell lysate, 1232 distinct proteotypic N-termini were characterized of which 648 were located at the predicted protein N-terminus (position 1/2) and 584 were located further downstream (starting at position > 2). A large number of these N-termini were associated with various well-defined maturation processes occurring on organelle-targeted proteins (mitochondria, chloroplast and peroxisome), secreted proteins or membrane-targeted proteins. It was also possible to highlight some protein alternative starts, splicing variants or erroneous protein sequence predictions. Conclusions The EnCOUNTer tool provides a unique way to extract accurately the most relevant mature proteins N-terminal peptides from large scale experimental datasets. Such data processing allows the identification of the exact N-terminus position and the associated acetylation yield. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1595-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Vincent Bienvenut
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Scarpelli
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Johan Dumestier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Carmela Giglione
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Garcia-Molina A, Altmann M, Alkofer A, Epple PM, Dangl JL, Falter-Braun P. LSU network hubs integrate abiotic and biotic stress responses via interaction with the superoxide dismutase FSD2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1185-1197. [PMID: 28207043 PMCID: PMC5441861 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In natural environments, plants often experience different stresses simultaneously, and adverse abiotic conditions can weaken the plant immune system. Interactome mapping revealed that the LOW SULPHUR UPREGULATED (LSU) proteins are hubs in an Arabidopsis protein interaction network that are targeted by virulence effectors from evolutionarily diverse pathogens. Here we show that LSU proteins are up-regulated in several abiotic and biotic stress conditions, such as nutrient depletion or salt stress, by both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Interference with LSU expression prevents chloroplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and proper stomatal closure during sulphur stress. We demonstrate that LSU1 interacts with the chloroplastic superoxide dismutase FSD2 and stimulates its enzymatic activity in vivo and in vitro. Pseudomonas syringae virulence effectors interfere with this interaction and preclude re-localization of LSU1 to chloroplasts. We demonstrate that reduced LSU levels cause a moderately enhanced disease susceptibility in plants exposed to abiotic stresses such as nutrient deficiency, high salinity, or heavy metal toxicity, whereas LSU1 overexpression confers significant disease resistance in several of these conditions. Our data suggest that the network hub LSU1 plays an important role in co-ordinating plant immune responses across a spectrum of abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Garcia-Molina
- Technische Universität München (TUM), School for Life Sciences Weihenstephan (WZW), Plant Systems Biology, Emil-Ramann-Straße, 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Melina Altmann
- Technische Universität München (TUM), School for Life Sciences Weihenstephan (WZW), Plant Systems Biology, Emil-Ramann-Straße, 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Angela Alkofer
- Technische Universität München (TUM), School for Life Sciences Weihenstephan (WZW), Plant Systems Biology, Emil-Ramann-Straße, 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Petra M Epple
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Pascal Falter-Braun
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Microbe-Host Interactions, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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20
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Mas y mas S, Curien G, Giustini C, Rolland N, Ferrer JL, Cobessi D. Crystal Structure of the Chloroplastic Oxoene Reductase ceQORH from Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:329. [PMID: 28337214 PMCID: PMC5343027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic and non-enzymatic peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids give rise to accumulation of aldehydes, ketones, and α,β-unsaturated carbonyls of various lengths, known as oxylipins. Oxylipins with α,β-unsaturated carbonyls are reactive electrophile species and are toxic. Cells have evolved several mechanisms to scavenge reactive electrophile oxylipins and decrease their reactivity such as by coupling with glutathione, or by reduction using NAD(P)H-dependent reductases and dehydrogenases of various substrate specificities. Plant cell chloroplasts produce reactive electrophile oxylipins named γ-ketols downstream of enzymatic lipid peroxidation. The chloroplast envelope quinone oxidoreductase homolog (ceQORH) from Arabidopsis thaliana was previously shown to reduce the reactive double bond of γ-ketols. In marked difference with its cytosolic homolog alkenal reductase (AtAER) that displays a high activity toward the ketodiene 13-oxo-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-KODE) and the ketotriene 13-oxo-9(Z), 11(E), 15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (13-KOTE), ceQORH binds, but does not reduce, 13-KODE and 13-KOTE. Crystal structures of apo-ceQORH and ceQORH bound to 13-KOTE or to NADP+ and 13-KOTE have been solved showing a large ligand binding site, also observed in the structure of the cytosolic alkenal/one reductase. Positioning of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl of 13-KOTE in ceQORH-NADP+-13-KOTE, far away from the NADP+ nicotinamide ring, provides a rational for the absence of activity with the ketodienes and ketotrienes. ceQORH is a monomeric enzyme in solution whereas other enzymes from the quinone oxidoreductase family are stable dimers and a structural explanation of this difference is proposed. A possible in vivo role of ketodienes and ketotrienes binding to ceQORH is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mas y mas
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Grenoble, France
| | - Gilles Curien
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, BIG, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INRAGrenoble, France
| | - Cécile Giustini
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, BIG, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INRAGrenoble, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, BIG, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INRAGrenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ferrer
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Grenoble, France
| | - David Cobessi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: David Cobessi
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Endow JK, Rocha AG, Baldwin AJ, Roston RL, Yamaguchi T, Kamikubo H, Inoue K. Polyglycine Acts as a Rejection Signal for Protein Transport at the Chloroplast Envelope. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167802. [PMID: 27936133 PMCID: PMC5147994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PolyGly is present in many proteins in various organisms. One example is found in a transmembrane β-barrel protein, translocon at the outer-envelope-membrane of chloroplasts 75 (Toc75). Toc75 requires its N-terminal extension (t75) for proper localization. t75 comprises signals for chloroplast import (n75) and envelope sorting (c75) in tandem. n75 and c75 are removed by stromal processing peptidase and plastidic type I signal peptidase 1, respectively. PolyGly is present within c75 and its deletion or substitution causes mistargeting of Toc75 to the stroma. Here we have examined the properties of polyGly-dependent protein targeting using two soluble passenger proteins, the mature portion of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (mSS) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Both t75-mSS and t75-EGFP were imported into isolated chloroplasts and their n75 removed. Resultant c75-mSS was associated with the envelope at the intermembrane space, whereas c75-EGFP was partially exposed outside the envelope. Deletion of polyGly or substitution of tri-Ala for the critical tri-Gly segment within polyGly caused each passenger to be targeted to the stroma. Transient expression of t75-EGFP in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in accumulation of c75-EGFP exposed at the surface of the chloroplast, but the majority of the EGFP passenger was found free in the cytosol with most of its c75 attachment removed. Results of circular dichroism analyses suggest that polyGly within c75 may form an extended conformation, which is disrupted by tri-Ala substitution. These data suggest that polyGly is distinct from a canonical stop-transfer sequence and acts as a rejection signal at the chloroplast inner envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Endow
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Agostinho Gomes Rocha
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Baldwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Roston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Toshio Yamaguchi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hironari Kamikubo
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, United States of America
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22
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Curien G, Giustini C, Montillet JL, Mas-Y-Mas S, Cobessi D, Ferrer JL, Matringe M, Grechkin A, Rolland N. The chloroplast membrane associated ceQORH putative quinone oxidoreductase reduces long-chain, stress-related oxidized lipids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 122:45-55. [PMID: 26678323 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Under oxidative stress conditions the lipid constituents of cells can undergo oxidation whose frequent consequence is the production of highly reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyls. These molecules are toxic because they can add to biomolecules (such as proteins and nucleic acids) and several enzyme activities cooperate to eliminate these reactive electrophile species. CeQORH (chloroplast envelope Quinone Oxidoreductase Homolog, At4g13010) is associated with the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope and imported into the organelle by an alternative import pathway. In the present study, we show that the recombinant ceQORH exhibits the activity of a NADPH-dependent α,β-unsaturated oxoene reductase reducing the double bond of medium-chain (C⩾9) to long-chain (18 carbon atoms) reactive electrophile species deriving from poly-unsaturated fatty acid peroxides. The best substrates of ceQORH are 13-lipoxygenase-derived γ-ketols. γ-Ketols are spontaneously produced in the chloroplast from the unstable allene oxide formed in the biochemical pathway leading to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, a precursor of the defense hormone jasmonate. In chloroplasts, ceQORH could detoxify 13-lipoxygenase-derived γ-ketols at their production sites in the membranes. This finding opens new routes toward the understanding of γ-ketols role and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Curien
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France; INRA, USC1359, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, UMR 5168, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Cécile Giustini
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France; INRA, USC1359, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, UMR 5168, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Montillet
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre de Cadarache, Direction des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie (IBEB), Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementale (SBVME), Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 7265, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/CEA/Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Sarah Mas-Y-Mas
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - David Cobessi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ferrer
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Matringe
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France; INRA, USC1359, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, UMR 5168, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexander Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Norbert Rolland
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France; INRA, USC1359, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, UMR 5168, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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23
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Seigneurin-Berny D, King MS, Sautron E, Moyet L, Catty P, André F, Rolland N, Kunji ERS, Frelet-Barrand A. Membrane Protein Production in Lactococcus lactis for Functional Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1432:79-101. [PMID: 27485331 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3637-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties, expression and study of membrane proteins in heterologous systems remains difficult. Among the bacterial systems available, the Gram-positive lactic bacterium, Lactococcus lactis, traditionally used in food fermentations, is nowadays widely used for large-scale production and functional characterization of bacterial and eukaryotic membrane proteins. The aim of this chapter is to describe the different possibilities for the functional characterization of peripheral or intrinsic membrane proteins expressed in Lactococcus lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Seigneurin-Berny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS (UMR-5168)/CEA/INRA (UMR1417)/Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Martin S King
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
| | - Emiline Sautron
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS (UMR-5168)/CEA/INRA (UMR1417)/Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucas Moyet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS (UMR-5168)/CEA/INRA (UMR1417)/Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Catty
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, CNRS (UMR-5249)/CEA/Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - François André
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS (UMR-5168)/CEA/INRA (UMR1417)/Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Edmund R S Kunji
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
| | - Annie Frelet-Barrand
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. .,FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR CNRS 6174, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Besançon, France.
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24
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Characterization of a chloroplast localized wheat membrane protein (TaRCI) and its role in heat, drought and salinity stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Mas y mas S, Giustini C, Ferrer JL, Rolland N, Curien G, Cobessi D. Analytical ultracentrifugation and preliminary X-ray studies of the chloroplast envelope quinone oxidoreductase homologue from Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2015; 71:455-8. [PMID: 25849509 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1500480x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quinone oxidoreductases reduce a broad range of quinones and are widely distributed among living organisms. The chloroplast envelope quinone oxidoreductase homologue (ceQORH) from Arabidopsis thaliana binds NADPH, lacks a classical N-terminal and cleavable chloroplast transit peptide, and is transported through the chloroplast envelope membrane by an unknown alternative pathway without cleavage of its internal chloroplast targeting sequence. To unravel the fold of this targeting sequence and its substrate specificity, ceQORH from A. thaliana was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. Crystals of apo ceQORH were obtained and a complete data set was collected at 2.34 Å resolution. The crystals belonged to space group C222₁, with two molecules in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mas y mas
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Giustini
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRA, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean Luc Ferrer
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRA, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Gilles Curien
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRA, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - David Cobessi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
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26
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Paila YD, Richardson LGL, Schnell DJ. New insights into the mechanism of chloroplast protein import and its integration with protein quality control, organelle biogenesis and development. J Mol Biol 2014; 427:1038-1060. [PMID: 25174336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The translocons at the outer (TOC) and the inner (TIC) envelope membranes of chloroplasts mediate the targeting and import of several thousand nucleus-encoded preproteins that are required for organelle biogenesis and homeostasis. The cytosolic events in preprotein targeting remain largely unknown, although cytoplasmic chaperones have been proposed to facilitate delivery to the TOC complex. Preprotein recognition is mediated by the TOC GTPase receptors Toc159 and Toc34. The receptors constitute a GTP-regulated switch, which initiates membrane translocation via Toc75, a member of the Omp85 (outer membrane protein 85)/TpsB (two-partner secretion system B) family of bacterial, plastid and mitochondrial β-barrel outer membrane proteins. The TOC receptor systems have diversified to recognize distinct sets of preproteins, thereby maximizing the efficiency of targeting in response to changes in gene expression during developmental and physiological events that impact organelle function. The TOC complex interacts with the TIC translocon to allow simultaneous translocation of preproteins across the envelope. Both the two inner membrane complexes, the Tic110 and 1 MDa complexes, have been implicated as constituents of the TIC translocon, and it remains to be determined how they interact to form the TIC channel and assemble the import-associated chaperone network in the stroma that drives import across the envelope membranes. This review will focus on recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms and diversity of the TOC-TIC systems. Our goal is to incorporate these recent studies with previous work and present updated or revised models for the function of TOC-TIC in protein import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna D Paila
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Laboratories Room N431, 240 Thatcher Rd, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003-9364, USA
| | - Lynn G L Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Laboratories Room N431, 240 Thatcher Rd, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003-9364, USA
| | - Danny J Schnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Laboratories Room N431, 240 Thatcher Rd, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003-9364, USA
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27
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Hardré H, Kuhn L, Albrieux C, Jouhet J, Michaud M, Seigneurin-Berny D, Falconet D, Block MA, Maréchal E. The selective biotin tagging and thermolysin proteolysis of chloroplast outer envelope proteins reveals information on protein topology and association into complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:203. [PMID: 24999344 PMCID: PMC4064156 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of chloroplast function requires the precise localization of proteins in each of its sub-compartments. High-sensitivity mass spectrometry has allowed the inventory of proteins in thylakoid, stroma, and envelope fractions. Concerning membrane association, proteins can be either integral or peripheral or even soluble proteins bound transiently to a membrane complex. We sought a method providing information at the surface of the outer envelope membrane (OEM), based on specific tagging with biotin or proteolysis using thermolysin, a non-membrane permeable protease. To evaluate this method, envelope, thylakoid, and stroma proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and analyzed by immunostaining and mass spectrometry. A short selection of proteins associated to the chloroplast envelope fraction was checked after superficial treatments of intact chloroplasts. We showed that this method could allow the characterization of OEM embedded proteins facing the cytosol, as well as peripheral and soluble proteins associated via tight or lose interactions. Some stromal proteins were associated with biotinylated spots and analyzes are still needed to determine whether polypeptides were tagged prior import or if they co-migrated with OEM proteins. This method also suggests that some proteins associated with the inner envelope membrane (IEM) might need the integrity of a trans-envelope (IEM-OEM) protein complex (e.g., division ring-forming components) or at least an intact OEM partner. Following this evaluation, proteomic analyzes should be refined and the putative role of inter-membrane space components stabilizing trans-envelope complexes demonstrated. For future comprehensive studies, perspectives include the dynamic analyses of OEM proteins and IEM-OEM complexes in various physiological contexts and using virtually any other purified membrane organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hardré
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Albrieux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Daphné Seigneurin-Berny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Maryse A. Block
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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28
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Rossig C, Reinbothe C, Gray J, Valdes O, von Wettstein D, Reinbothe S. New functions of the chloroplast Preprotein and Amino acid Transporter (PRAT) family members in protein import. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e27693. [PMID: 24476934 PMCID: PMC4092311 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells contain distinct compartments such as the nucleus, the endomembrane system comprising the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, vacuoles, as well as mitochondria and chloroplasts. All of these compartments are surrounded by 1 or 2 limiting membranes and need to import proteins from the cytosol. Previous work led to the conclusion that mitochondria and chloroplasts use structurally different protein import machineries in their outer and inner membranes for the uptake of cytosolic precursor proteins. Our most recent data show that there is some unexpected overlap. Three members of the family of preprotein and amino acid transporters, PRAT, were identified in chloroplasts that mediate the uptake of transit sequence-less proteins into the inner plastid envelope membrane. By analogy, mitochondria contain with TIM22 a related PRAT protein that is involved in the import of transit sequence-less proteins into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts thus make use of similar import mechanisms to deliver some of their proteins to their final place. Because single homologs of HP20- and HP30-like proteins are present in algae such as Chlamydomonas, Ostreococcus, and Volvox, which diverged from land plants approximately 1 billion years ago, it is likely that the discovered PRAT-mediated mechanism of protein translocation evolved concomitantly with the secondary endosymbiotic event that gave rise to green plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rossig
- Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy); Université Joseph Fourier; LBFA; BP53F; Grenoble, France
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy); Université Joseph Fourier; LBFA; BP53F; Grenoble, France
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toledo; Toledo, OH USA
| | - Oscar Valdes
- Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy); Université Joseph Fourier; LBFA; BP53F; Grenoble, France
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences; School of Molecular Biosciences; Center for Reproductive Biology; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy); Université Joseph Fourier; LBFA; BP53F; Grenoble, France
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Jarvis P, López-Juez E. Biogenesis and homeostasis of chloroplasts and other plastids. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 14:787-802. [PMID: 24263360 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the organelles that define plants, and they are responsible for photosynthesis as well as numerous other functions. They are the ancestral members of a family of organelles known as plastids. Plastids are remarkably dynamic, existing in strikingly different forms that interconvert in response to developmental or environmental cues. The genetic system of this organelle and its coordination with the nucleocytosolic system, the import and routing of nucleus-encoded proteins, as well as organellar division all contribute to the biogenesis and homeostasis of plastids. They are controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is part of a network of regulatory mechanisms that integrate plastid development into broader programmes of cellular and organismal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Chang W, Soll J, Bölter B. A new member of the psToc159 family contributes to distinct protein targeting pathways in pea chloroplasts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:239. [PMID: 24904628 PMCID: PMC4036074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein import into chloroplasts relies on specific targeting of preproteins from the cytosol to the organelles and coordinated translocation processes across the double envelope membrane. Here, two complex machineries constitute the so called general import pathway, which consists of the TOC and TIC complexes (translocon at the outer envelope of chloroplasts and translocon at the inner envelope of chloroplasts, respectively). The majority of canonical preproteins feature an N-terminal cleavable transit peptide, which is necessary for targeting and recognition at the chloroplast surface by receptors of TOC, where Toc159 acts as the primary contact site. We identified a non-canonical preprotein without the classical transit peptide, the superoxide dismutase (FSD1), which was then used in chemical crosslinking approaches to find new interaction partners at the outer envelope from pea chloroplasts. In this way we could link FSD1 to members of the Toc159 family in pea, namely psToc132 and psToc120. Using deletion mutants as well as a peptide scanning approach we defined regions of the preprotein, which are involved in receptor binding. These are distributed across the entire sequence; however the extreme N-terminus as well as a C-proximal domain turned out to be essential for targeting and import. En route into the plastid FSD1 engages components of the general import pathway, implying that in spite of the non-canonical targeting information and recognition by a specific receptor this preprotein follows a similar way across the envelope as the majority of plastid preproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- WaiLing Chang
- Department Biology I, Plant Sciences, LMU MünchenMartinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSMünchen, Germany
- Lysando GmbHRegensburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department Biology I, Plant Sciences, LMU MünchenMartinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSMünchen, Germany
| | - Bettina Bölter
- Department Biology I, Plant Sciences, LMU MünchenMartinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSMünchen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bettina Bölter, Department Biology I, Plant Sciences, LMU München, Martinsried, Germany, Grosshadernerstr. 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany e-mail:
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Three proteins mediate import of transit sequence-less precursors into the inner envelope of chloroplasts in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19962-7. [PMID: 24248378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319648110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A family of 17 putative preprotein and amino acid transporters designated PRAT has been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, comprising PRAT proteins in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Although some PRAT proteins, such as the translocon of the mitochondrial inner membrane (TIM) proteins TIM22 and TIM23, play decisive roles for the translocation and import of mitochondrial inner membrane proteins, little is known about the role of the different PRAT members in chloroplasts. Here we report the identification of three distinct PRAT proteins as part of a unique protein import site. One of the identified PRAT proteins is identical with a previously characterized hypothetical protein (HP) of 20 kDa designated HP20 of the outer plastid envelope membrane. The second PRAT component is represented by HP30, and the third is identical to HP30-2, a close relative of HP30. Both HP30 and HP30-2 are inner plastid envelope membrane proteins of chloroplasts. Using biochemical, cell biological, and genetic approaches we demonstrate that all three PRAT proteins cooperate during import of transit sequence-less proteins, such as the quinone oxidoreductase homolog ceQORH used as model, into the inner chloroplast envelope membrane. Our data are reminiscent of findings reported for the TIM22 translocase, which is involved in the import of carrier proteins and other, hydrophobic membrane proteins lacking cleavable transit sequences into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Together our results establish the PRAT family as a widely used system of protein translocases in different membranes of endosymbiotic origin.
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32
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Li HM, Teng YS. Transit peptide design and plastid import regulation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:360-6. [PMID: 23688728 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Import of most nuclear encoded proteins into plastids is directed by an N-terminal transit peptide. Early studies suggested that transit peptides are interchangeable between precursor proteins. However, emerging evidence shows that different transit peptides contain different motifs specifying their preference for certain plastid types or ages. In this opinion article, we propose a 'multi-selection and multi-order' (M&M) model for transit peptide design, describing each transit peptide as an assembly of motifs for interacting with selected translocon components. These interactions determine the preference of the precursor for a particular plastid type or age. Furthermore, the order of the motifs varies among transit peptides, explaining why no consensus sequences have been identified through linear sequence comparison of all transit peptides as one group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsou-min Li
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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33
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New putative chloroplast vesicle transport components and cargo proteins revealed using a bioinformatics approach: an Arabidopsis model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59898. [PMID: 23573218 PMCID: PMC3613420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and lipids are known to be transported to targeted cytosolic compartments in vesicles. A similar system in chloroplasts is suggested to transfer lipids from the inner envelope to the thylakoids. However, little is known about both possible cargo proteins and the proteins required to build a functional vesicle transport system in chloroplasts. A few components have been suggested, but only one (CPSAR1) has a verified location in chloroplast vesicles. This protein is localized in the donor membrane (envelope) and vesicles, but not in the target membrane (thylakoids) suggesting it plays a similar role to a cytosolic homologue, Sar1, in the secretory pathway. Thus, we hypothesized that there may be more similarities, in addition to lipid transport, between the vesicle transport systems in the cytosol and chloroplast, i.e. similar vesicle transport components, possible cargo proteins and receptors. Therefore, using a bioinformatics approach we searched for putative chloroplast components in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, corresponding mainly to components of the cytosolic vesicle transport system that may act in coordination with previously proposed COPII chloroplast homologues. We found several additional possible components, supporting the notion of a fully functional vesicle transport system in chloroplasts. Moreover, we found motifs in thylakoid-located proteins similar to those of COPII vesicle cargo proteins, supporting the hypothesis that chloroplast vesicles may transport thylakoid proteins from the envelope to the thylakoid membrane. Several putative cargo proteins are involved in photosynthesis, thus we propose the existence of a novel thylakoid protein pathway that is important for construction and maintenance of the photosynthetic machinery.
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Mitra M, Kirst H, Dewez D, Melis A. Modulation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll antenna size in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by TLA1 gene over-expression and RNA interference. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:3430-43. [PMID: 23148270 PMCID: PMC3497077 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Truncated light-harvesting antenna 1 (TLA1) is a nuclear gene proposed to regulate the chlorophyll (Chl) antenna size in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The Chl antenna size of the photosystems and the chloroplast ultrastructure were manipulated upon TLA1 gene over-expression and RNAi downregulation. The TLA1 over-expressing lines possessed a larger chlorophyll antenna size for both photosystems and contained greater levels of Chl b per cell relative to the wild type. Conversely, TLA1 RNAi transformants had a smaller Chl antenna size for both photosystems and lower levels of Chl b per cell. Western blot analyses of the TLA1 over-expressing and RNAi transformants showed that modulation of TLA1 gene expression was paralleled by modulation in the expression of light-harvesting protein, reaction centre D1 and D2, and VIPP1 genes. Transmission electron microscopy showed that modulation of TLA1 gene expression impacts the organization of thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast. Over-expressing lines showed well-defined grana, whereas RNAi transformants possessed loosely held together and more stroma-exposed thylakoids. Cell fractionation suggested localization of the TLA1 protein in the inner chloroplast envelope and potentially in association with nascent thylakoid membranes, indicating a role in Chl antenna assembly and thylakoid membrane biogenesis. The results provide a mechanistic understanding of the Chl antenna size regulation by the TLA1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mautusi Mitra
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA 30118, USA
| | - Henning Kirst
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Dewez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anastasios Melis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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35
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Rolland N, Curien G, Finazzi G, Kuntz M, Maréchal E, Matringe M, Ravanel S, Seigneurin-Berny D. The Biosynthetic Capacities of the Plastids and Integration Between Cytoplasmic and Chloroplast Processes. Annu Rev Genet 2012; 46:233-64. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Rolland
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I/INRA/CEA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; , , , , , , ,
| | - Gilles Curien
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I/INRA/CEA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; , , , , , , ,
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I/INRA/CEA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; , , , , , , ,
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I/INRA/CEA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; , , , , , , ,
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I/INRA/CEA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; , , , , , , ,
| | - Michel Matringe
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I/INRA/CEA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; , , , , , , ,
| | - Stéphane Ravanel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I/INRA/CEA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; , , , , , , ,
| | - Daphné Seigneurin-Berny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I/INRA/CEA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; , , , , , , ,
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36
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Mackiewicz P, Bodył A, Gagat P. Possible import routes of proteins into the cyanobacterial endosymbionts/plastids of Paulinella chromatophora. Theory Biosci 2011; 131:1-18. [PMID: 22209953 PMCID: PMC3334493 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-011-0147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The rhizarian amoeba Paulinella chromatophora harbors two photosynthetically active and deeply integrated cyanobacterial endosymbionts acquired ~60 million years ago. Recent genomic analyses of P. chromatophora have revealed the loss of many essential genes from the endosymbiont's genome, and have identified more than 30 genes that have been transferred to the host cell's nucleus through endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT). This indicates that, similar to classical primary plastids, Paulinella endosymbionts have evolved a transport system to import their nuclear-encoded proteins. To deduce how these proteins are transported, we searched for potential targeting signals in genes for 10 EGT-derived proteins. Our analyses indicate that five proteins carry potential signal peptides, implying they are targeted via the host endomembrane system. One sequence encodes a mitochondrial-like transit peptide, which suggests an import pathway involving a channel protein residing in the outer membrane of the endosymbiont. No N-terminal targeting signals were identified in the four other genes, but their encoded proteins could utilize non-classical targeting signals contained internally or in C-terminal regions. Several amino acids more often found in the Paulinella EGT-derived proteins than in their ancestral set (proteins still encoded in the endosymbiont genome) could constitute such signals. Characteristic features of the EGT-derived proteins are low molecular weight and nearly neutral charge, which both could be adaptations to enhance passage through the peptidoglycan wall present in the intermembrane space of the endosymbiont's envelope. Our results suggest that Paulinella endosymbionts/plastids have evolved several different import routes, as has been shown in classical primary plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
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Bernaudat F, Frelet-Barrand A, Pochon N, Dementin S, Hivin P, Boutigny S, Rioux JB, Salvi D, Seigneurin-Berny D, Richaud P, Joyard J, Pignol D, Sabaty M, Desnos T, Pebay-Peyroula E, Darrouzet E, Vernet T, Rolland N. Heterologous expression of membrane proteins: choosing the appropriate host. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29191. [PMID: 22216205 PMCID: PMC3244453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Membrane proteins are the targets of 50% of drugs, although they only represent 1% of total cellular proteins. The first major bottleneck on the route to their functional and structural characterisation is their overexpression; and simply choosing the right system can involve many months of trial and error. This work is intended as a guide to where to start when faced with heterologous expression of a membrane protein. Methodology/Principal Findings The expression of 20 membrane proteins, both peripheral and integral, in three prokaryotic (E. coli, L. lactis, R. sphaeroides) and three eukaryotic (A. thaliana, N. benthamiana, Sf9 insect cells) hosts was tested. The proteins tested were of various origins (bacteria, plants and mammals), functions (transporters, receptors, enzymes) and topologies (between 0 and 13 transmembrane segments). The Gateway system was used to clone all 20 genes into appropriate vectors for the hosts to be tested. Culture conditions were optimised for each host, and specific strategies were tested, such as the use of Mistic fusions in E. coli. 17 of the 20 proteins were produced at adequate yields for functional and, in some cases, structural studies. We have formulated general recommendations to assist with choosing an appropriate system based on our observations of protein behaviour in the different hosts. Conclusions/Significance Most of the methods presented here can be quite easily implemented in other laboratories. The results highlight certain factors that should be considered when selecting an expression host. The decision aide provided should help both newcomers and old-hands to select the best system for their favourite membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Bernaudat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, Grenoble, France.
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Salvi D, Moyet L, Seigneurin-Berny D, Ferro M, Joyard J, Rolland N. Preparation of envelope membrane fractions from Arabidopsis chloroplasts for proteomic analysis and other studies. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 775:189-206. [PMID: 21863444 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-237-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are semiautonomous organelles restricted to plants and protists. These plastids are surrounded by a double membrane system, or envelope. These envelope membranes contain machineries to import nuclear-encoded proteins, and transporters for ions or metabolites, but are also essential for a range of plastid-specific metabolisms. Targeted semiquantitative proteomic investigations have revealed specific cross-contaminations by other cell or plastid compartments that may occur during chloroplast envelope purification. This article describes procedures developed to recover highly purified envelope fractions starting from Percoll-purified Arabidopsis chloroplasts, gives an overview of possible cross-contaminations, provides some tricks to limit these cross-contaminations, and lists immunological markers and methods that can be used to assess the purity of the envelope fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salvi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRA, Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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Agrawal GK, Bourguignon J, Rolland N, Ephritikhine G, Ferro M, Jaquinod M, Alexiou KG, Chardot T, Chakraborty N, Jolivet P, Doonan JH, Rakwal R. Plant organelle proteomics: collaborating for optimal cell function. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:772-853. [PMID: 21038434 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organelle proteomics describes the study of proteins present in organelle at a particular instance during the whole period of their life cycle in a cell. Organelles are specialized membrane bound structures within a cell that function by interacting with cytosolic and luminal soluble proteins making the protein composition of each organelle dynamic. Depending on organism, the total number of organelles within a cell varies, indicating their evolution with respect to protein number and function. For example, one of the striking differences between plant and animal cells is the plastids in plants. Organelles have their own proteins, and few organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast have their own genome to synthesize proteins for specific function and also require nuclear-encoded proteins. Enormous work has been performed on animal organelle proteomics. However, plant organelle proteomics has seen limited work mainly due to: (i) inter-plant and inter-tissue complexity, (ii) difficulties in isolation of subcellular compartments, and (iii) their enrichment and purity. Despite these concerns, the field of organelle proteomics is growing in plants, such as Arabidopsis, rice and maize. The available data are beginning to help better understand organelles and their distinct and/or overlapping functions in different plant tissues, organs or cell types, and more importantly, how protein components of organelles behave during development and with surrounding environments. Studies on organelles have provided a few good reviews, but none of them are comprehensive. Here, we present a comprehensive review on plant organelle proteomics starting from the significance of organelle in cells, to organelle isolation, to protein identification and to biology and beyond. To put together such a systematic, in-depth review and to translate acquired knowledge in a proper and adequate form, we join minds to provide discussion and viewpoints on the collaborative nature of organelles in cell, their proper function and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), P.O. Box 13265, Sanepa, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Breuers FKH, Bräutigam A, Weber APM. The Plastid Outer Envelope - A Highly Dynamic Interface between Plastid and Cytoplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:97. [PMID: 22629266 PMCID: PMC3355566 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are the defining organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes. They are the site of photosynthesis and of a large number of other essential metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid and amino acid biosyntheses, sulfur and nitrogen assimilation, and aromatic and terpenoid compound production, to mention only a few examples. The metabolism of plastids is heavily intertwined and connected with that of the surrounding cytosol, thus causing massive traffic of metabolic precursors, intermediates, and products. Two layers of biological membranes that are called the inner (IE) and the outer (OE) plastid envelope membranes bound the plastids of Archaeplastida. While the IE is generally accepted as the osmo-regulatory barrier between cytosol and stroma, the OE was considered to represent an unspecific molecular sieve, permeable for molecules of up to 10 kDa. However, after the discovery of small substrate specific pores in the OE, this view has come under scrutiny. In addition to controlling metabolic fluxes between plastid and cytosol, the OE is also crucial for protein import into the chloroplast. It contains the receptors and translocation channel of the TOC complex that is required for the canonical post-translational import of nuclear-encoded, plastid-targeted proteins. Further, the OE is a metabolically active compartment of the chloroplast, being involved in, e.g., fatty acid metabolism and membrane lipid production. Also, recent findings hint on the OE as a defense platform against several biotic and abiotic stress conditions, such as cold acclimation, freezing tolerance, and phosphate deprivation. Moreover, dynamic non-covalent interactions between the OE and the endomembrane system are thought to play important roles in lipid and non-canonical protein trafficking between plastid and endoplasmic reticulum. While proteomics and bioinformatics has provided us with comprehensive but still incomplete information on proteins localized in the plastid IE, the stroma, and the thylakoids, our knowledge of the protein composition of the plastid OE is far from complete. In this article, we report on the recent progress in discovering novel OE proteins to draw a conclusive picture of the OE. A "parts list" of the plastid OE will be presented, using data generated by proteomics of plastids isolated from various plant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine Universität DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine Universität DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas P. M. Weber, Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. e-mail:
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Aronsson H, Jarvis RP. Rapid isolation of Arabidopsis chloroplasts and their use for in vitro protein import assays. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 774:281-305. [PMID: 21822845 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-234-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In vitro chloroplast protein import assays have been performed since the late 1970s, initially with plant species (e.g., pea and spinach) that readily provide an abundant source of starting material and also, subsequently, a good yield of chloroplasts for import assays. However, the sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome paved the way for an additional model system that is more amenable to genetic analysis, as a complement to the more biochemically orientated models such as pea and spinach. A prerequisite for this change was an efficient and reliable protocol for the isolation of chloroplasts for use in protein import assays, enabling biochemical approaches to be combined with the genetic potential of the plant. The method described here was developed as a rapid and low-cost procedure that can be accessed by everyone due to its simplicity. Despite its rapidity and simplicity, the method yields highly pure chloroplasts, and in addition works well with mutant plants that exhibit pale or chlorotic phenotypes. The protocol is also optimized for work with material from young plants (10-14 days old), when protein import is believed to be at its peak, and so plant growth can be conducted in vitro on Murashige and Skoog medium. The isolation method has been used not only for protein import assays, but also for proteomic analysis and further subfractionation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Inaba T, Ito-Inaba Y. Versatile roles of plastids in plant growth and development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1847-1853. [PMID: 20889507 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plastids, found in plants and some parasites, are of endosymbiotic origin. The best-characterized plastid is the plant cell chloroplast. Plastids provide essential metabolic and signaling functions, such as the photosynthetic process in chloroplasts. However, the role of plastids is not limited to production of metabolites. Plastids affect numerous aspects of plant growth and development through biogenesis, varying functional states and metabolic activities. Examples include, but are not limited to, embryogenesis, leaf development, gravitropism, temperature response and plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we summarize the versatile roles of plastids in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Inaba
- Interdisciplinary Research Organization, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan.
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Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism for plant proteome research. J Proteomics 2010; 73:2239-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pudelski B, Kraus S, Soll J, Philippar K. The plant PRAT proteins - preprotein and amino acid transport in mitochondria and chloroplasts. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12 Suppl 1:42-55. [PMID: 20712620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The membrane proteins of the plant preprotein and amino acid transporter (PRAT) superfamily all share common structural elements, such as four membrane-spanning alpha-helices. Interestingly they display diverse localisation to outer and inner membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Furthermore, they fulfil different functions in preprotein translocation as well as amino acid transport across these membranes. This review summarises current knowledge on precursor protein import and amino acid transport in plastids and mitochondria and provides an overview of the distinct tasks and features of members of the PRAT superfamily in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pudelski
- Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Schwenkert S, Soll J, Bölter B. Protein import into chloroplasts--how chaperones feature into the game. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:901-11. [PMID: 20682282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts originated from an endosymbiotic event, in which an ancestral photosynthetic cyanobacterium was engulfed by a mitochondriate eukaryotic host cell. During evolution, the endosymbiont lost its autonomy by means of a massive transfer of genetic information from the prokaryotic genome to the host nucleus. Consequently, the development of protein import machineries became necessary for the relocation of proteins that are now nuclear-encoded and synthesized in the cytosol but destined for the chloroplast. Organelle biogenesis and maintenance requires a tight coordination of transcription, translation and protein import between the host cell and the organelle. This review focuses on the translocation complexes in the outer and inner envelope membrane with a special emphasis on the role of molecular chaperones. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Protein translocation across or insertion into membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Schwenkert
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhadernerstr 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Bandaranayake PC, Filappova T, Tomilov A, Tomilova NB, Jamison-McClung D, Ngo Q, Inoue K, Yoder JI. A single-electron reducing quinone oxidoreductase is necessary to induce haustorium development in the root parasitic plant Triphysaria. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1404-19. [PMID: 20424175 PMCID: PMC2879752 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.074831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae develop haustoria in response to contact with host roots or chemical haustoria-inducing factors. Experiments in this manuscript test the hypothesis that quinolic-inducing factors activate haustorium development via a signal mechanism initiated by redox cycling between quinone and hydroquinone states. Two cDNAs were previously isolated from roots of the parasitic plant Triphysaria versicolor that encode distinct quinone oxidoreductases. QR1 encodes a single-electron reducing NADPH quinone oxidoreductase similar to zeta-crystallin. The QR2 enzyme catalyzes two electron reductions typical of xenobiotic detoxification. QR1 and QR2 transcripts are upregulated in a primary response to chemical-inducing factors, but only QR1 was upregulated in response to host roots. RNA interference technology was used to reduce QR1 and QR2 transcripts in Triphysaria roots that were evaluated for their ability to form haustoria. There was a significant decrease in haustorium development in roots silenced for QR1 but not in roots silenced for QR2. The infrequent QR1 transgenic roots that did develop haustoria had levels of QR1 similar to those of nontransgenic roots. These experiments implicate QR1 as one of the earliest genes on the haustorium signal transduction pathway, encoding a quinone oxidoreductase necessary for the redox bioactivation of haustorial inducing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepa C.G. Bandaranayake
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 20400
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | - Tatiana Filappova
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | - Natalya B. Tomilova
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | | | - Quy Ngo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | - John I. Yoder
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
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Frelet-Barrand A, Boutigny S, Moyet L, Deniaud A, Seigneurin-Berny D, Salvi D, Bernaudat F, Richaud P, Pebay-Peyroula E, Joyard J, Rolland N. Lactococcus lactis, an alternative system for functional expression of peripheral and intrinsic Arabidopsis membrane proteins. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8746. [PMID: 20098692 PMCID: PMC2808337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their functional and biotechnological importance, the study of membrane proteins remains difficult due to their hydrophobicity and their low natural abundance in cells. Furthermore, into established heterologous systems, these proteins are frequently only produced at very low levels, toxic and mis- or unfolded. Lactococcus lactis, a Gram-positive lactic bacterium, has been traditionally used in food fermentations. This expression system is also widely used in biotechnology for large-scale production of heterologous proteins. Various expression vectors, based either on constitutive or inducible promoters, are available for this system. While previously used to produce bacterial and eukaryotic membrane proteins, the ability of this system to produce plant membrane proteins was until now not tested. Methodology/Principal Findings The aim of this work was to test the expression, in Lactococcus lactis, of either peripheral or intrinsic Arabidopsis membrane proteins that could not be produced, or in too low amount, using more classical heterologous expression systems. In an effort to easily transfer genes from Gateway-based Arabidopsis cDNA libraries to the L. lactis expression vector pNZ8148, we first established a cloning strategy compatible with Gateway entry vectors. Interestingly, the six tested Arabidopsis membrane proteins could be produced, in Lactococcus lactis, at levels compatible with further biochemical analyses. We then successfully developed solubilization and purification processes for three of these proteins. Finally, we questioned the functionality of a peripheral and an intrinsic membrane protein, and demonstrated that both proteins were active when produced in this system. Conclusions/Significance Altogether, these data suggest that Lactococcus lactis might be an attractive system for the efficient and functional production of difficult plant membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Frelet-Barrand
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Boutigny
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucas Moyet
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélien Deniaud
- CEA, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
| | - Daphné Seigneurin-Berny
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Salvi
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Florent Bernaudat
- CEA, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Richaud
- CEA, DSV, iBEB, Laboratoire des Echanges Membranaires et Signalisation, St Paul les Durance, France
- CNRS, UMR 6191, St Paul les Durance, France
- Université Aix-Marseille, St Paul les Durance, France
| | - Eva Pebay-Peyroula
- CEA, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Joyard
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
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Ferro M, Brugière S, Salvi D, Seigneurin-Berny D, Court M, Moyet L, Ramus C, Miras S, Mellal M, Le Gall S, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Bruley C, Garin J, Joyard J, Masselon C, Rolland N. AT_CHLORO, a comprehensive chloroplast proteome database with subplastidial localization and curated information on envelope proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1063-84. [PMID: 20061580 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900325-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the proteomics field have allowed a series of high throughput experiments to be conducted on chloroplast samples, and the data are available in several public databases. However, the accurate localization of many chloroplast proteins often remains hypothetical. This is especially true for envelope proteins. We went a step further into the knowledge of the chloroplast proteome by focusing, in the same set of experiments, on the localization of proteins in the stroma, the thylakoids, and envelope membranes. LC-MS/MS-based analyses first allowed building the AT_CHLORO database (http://www.grenoble.prabi.fr/protehome/grenoble-plant-proteomics/), a comprehensive repertoire of the 1323 proteins, identified by 10,654 unique peptide sequences, present in highly purified chloroplasts and their subfractions prepared from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. This database also provides extensive proteomics information (peptide sequences and molecular weight, chromatographic retention times, MS/MS spectra, and spectral count) for a unique chloroplast protein accurate mass and time tag database gathering identified peptides with their respective and precise analytical coordinates, molecular weight, and retention time. We assessed the partitioning of each protein in the three chloroplast compartments by using a semiquantitative proteomics approach (spectral count). These data together with an in-depth investigation of the literature were compiled to provide accurate subplastidial localization of previously known and newly identified proteins. A unique knowledge base containing extensive information on the proteins identified in envelope fractions was thus obtained, allowing new insights into this membrane system to be revealed. Altogether, the data we obtained provide unexpected information about plastidial or subplastidial localization of some proteins that were not suspected to be associated to this membrane system. The spectral counting-based strategy was further validated as the compartmentation of well known pathways (for instance, photosynthesis and amino acid, fatty acid, or glycerolipid biosynthesis) within chloroplasts could be dissected. It also allowed revisiting the compartmentation of the chloroplast metabolism and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Ferro
- INSERM, Laboratoire d'Etude de Dynamique des Protéomes, U880, France
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Abstract
Most proteins in chloroplasts are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesized as precursors with N-terminal targeting signals called transit peptides. Novel machinery has evolved to specifically import these proteins from the cytosol into chloroplasts. This machinery consists of more than a dozen components located in and around the chloroplast envelope, including a pair of GTPase receptors, a beta-barrel-type channel across the outer membrane, and an AAA(+)-type motor in the stroma. How individual components assemble into functional subcomplexes and the sequential steps of the translocation process are being mapped out. An increasing number of noncanonical import pathways, including a pathway with initial transport through the endomembrane system, is being revealed. Multiple levels of control on protein transport into chloroplasts have evolved, including the development of two receptor subfamilies, one for photosynthetic proteins and one for housekeeping proteins. The functions or expression levels of some translocon components are further adjusted according to plastid type, developmental stage, and metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsou-min Li
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Armbruster U, Hertle A, Makarenko E, Zühlke J, Pribil M, Dietzmann A, Schliebner I, Aseeva E, Fenino E, Scharfenberg M, Voigt C, Leister D. Chloroplast proteins without cleavable transit peptides: rare exceptions or a major constituent of the chloroplast proteome? MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:1325-35. [PMID: 19995733 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most chloroplast proteins (cp proteins) are nucleus-encoded, synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes as precursor proteins containing a presequence (cTP), and post-translationally imported via the Tic/Toc complex into the organelle, where the cTP is removed. Only a few unambiguous instances of cp proteins that do not require cTPs (non-canonical cp proteins) have been reported so far. However, the survey of data from large-scale proteomic studies presented here suggests that the fraction of such proteins in the total cp proteome might be as large as approximately 30%. To explore this discrepancy, we chose a representative set of 28 putative non-canonical cp proteins, and used in vitro import and Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP)-fusion assays to determine their sub-cellular destinations. Four proteins, including embryo defective 1211, glycolate oxidase 2, protein disulfide isomerase-like protein (PDII), and a putative glutathione S-transferase, could be unambiguously assigned to the chloroplast. Several others ('potential cp proteins') were found to be imported into chloroplasts in vitro, but failed to localize to the organelle when RFP was fused to their C-terminal ends. Extrapolations suggest that the fraction of cp proteins that enter the inner compartments of the organelle, although they lack a cTP, might be as large as 11.4% of the total cp proteome. Our data also support the idea that cytosolic proteins that associate with the cp outer membrane might account for false positive cp proteins obtained in earlier studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Armbruster
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638 München, Germany
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