1
|
Olanrewaju OS, Molale-Tom LG, Bezuidenhout CC. Genomic diversity, antibiotic resistance, and virulence in South African Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus lactis isolates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:289. [PMID: 39102038 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
This study presents the empirical findings of an in-depth genomic analysis of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus lactis isolates from South Africa. It offers valuable insights into their genetic characteristics and their significant implications for public health. The study uncovers nuanced variations in the gene content of these isolates, despite their similar GC contents, providing a comprehensive view of the evolutionary diversity within the species. Genomic islands are identified, particularly in E. faecalis, emphasizing its propensity for horizontal gene transfer and genetic diversity, especially in terms of antibiotic resistance genes. Pangenome analysis reveals the existence of a core genome, accounting for a modest proportion of the total genes, with 2157 core genes, 1164 shell genes, and 4638 cloud genes out of 7959 genes in 52 South African E. faecalis genomes (2 from this study, 49 south Africa genomes downloaded from NCBI, and E. faecalis reference genome). Detecting large-scale genomic rearrangements, including chromosomal inversions, underscores the dynamic nature of bacterial genomes and their role in generating genetic diversity. The study uncovers an array of antibiotic resistance genes, with trimethoprim, tetracycline, glycopeptide, and multidrug resistance genes prevalent, raising concerns about the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment. Virulence gene profiling unveils a diverse repertoire of factors contributing to pathogenicity, encompassing adhesion, biofilm formation, stress resistance, and tissue damage. These empirical findings provide indispensable insights into these bacteria's genomic dynamics, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and virulence potential, underlining the pressing need to address antibiotic resistance and implement robust control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseyi Samuel Olanrewaju
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Lesego G Molale-Tom
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Cornelius C Bezuidenhout
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ying JP, Wu G, Zhang YM, Zhang QL. Proteomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus exposed to bacteriocin XJS01 and its bio-preservative effect on raw pork loins. Meat Sci 2023; 204:109258. [PMID: 37379704 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial mechanism of bacteriocins against foodborne S. aureus is still to be explored, particularly in proteomics, and a deep and comprehensive study on application of bacteriocins for preservation of raw pork is required. Here, proteomic mechanism of Lactobacillus salivarius bacteriocin XJS01 against foodborne S. aureus 2612:1606BL1486 (S. aureus_26) and its preservation effect on raw pork loins stored at 4 °C for 12 days was investigated. The results showed that 301 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified between XJS01-treated and -free groups (control group) using Tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics technology, which were primarily involved in amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism, cytolysis, defense response, cell apoptosis, cell killing, adhesion, and oxygen utilization of S. aureus_26. Bacterial secretion system (SRP) and cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance may be key pathways to maintain protein secretion and counteract the deleterious effects on S. aureus_26 caused by XJS01. In addition, XJS01 could significantly improve the preservation of raw pork loins by the evaluation results of sensory and antibacterial activity on the meat surface. Overall, this study showed that XJS01 induced a complex organism response in S. aureus, and it could be potential pork preservative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Ying
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China; Department of Neurology, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Șchiopu P, Toc DA, Colosi IA, Costache C, Ruospo G, Berar G, Gălbău ȘG, Ghilea AC, Botan A, Pană AG, Neculicioiu VS, Todea DA. An Overview of the Factors Involved in Biofilm Production by the Enterococcus Genus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11577. [PMID: 37511337 PMCID: PMC10380289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus species are known for their ability to form biofilms, which contributes to their survival in extreme environments and involvement in persistent bacterial infections, especially in the case of multi-drug-resistant strains. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation in clinically important species such as Enterococcus faecalis and the less studied but increasingly multi-drug-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and explores potential strategies for their eradication. Biofilm formation in Enterococcus involves a complex interplay of genes and virulence factors, including gelatinase, cytolysin, Secreted antigen A, pili, microbial surface components that recognize adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs), and DNA release. Quorum sensing, a process of intercellular communication, mediated by peptide pheromones such as Cob, Ccf, and Cpd, plays a crucial role in coordinating biofilm development by targeting gene expression and regulation. Additionally, the regulation of extracellular DNA (eDNA) release has emerged as a fundamental component in biofilm formation. In E. faecalis, the autolysin N-acetylglucosaminidase and proteases such as gelatinase and serin protease are key players in this process, influencing biofilm development and virulence. Targeting eDNA may offer a promising avenue for intervention in biofilm-producing E. faecalis infections. Overall, gaining insights into the intricate mechanisms of biofilm formation in Enterococcus may provide directions for anti-biofilm therapeutic research, with the purpose of reducing the burden of Enterococcus-associated infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Șchiopu
- Department of Microbiology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Pneumology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400332 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Alexandru Toc
- Department of Microbiology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Alina Colosi
- Department of Microbiology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Costache
- Department of Microbiology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Giuseppe Ruospo
- Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - George Berar
- Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ștefan-Gabriel Gălbău
- Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Cristina Ghilea
- Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Botan
- Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian-Gabriel Pană
- Department of Microbiology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Sever Neculicioiu
- Department of Microbiology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Doina Adina Todea
- Department of Pneumology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400332 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Venkateswaran P, Lakshmanan PM, Muthukrishnan S, Bhagavathi H, Vasudevan S, Neelakantan P, Solomon AP. Hidden agenda of Enterococcus faecalis lifestyle transition: planktonic to sessile state. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1051-1069. [PMID: 35899477 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a human gastrointestinal tract commensal, is known to cause nosocomial infections. Interestingly, the pathogen's host colonization and persistent infections are possibly linked to its lifestyle changes from planktonic to sessile state. Also, the multidrug resistance and survival fitness acquired in the sessile stage of E. faecalis has challenged treatment regimes. This situation exists because of the critical role played by several root genes and their molecular branches, which are part of quorum sensing, aggregation substance, surface adhesions, stress-related response and sex pheromones in the sessile state. It is therefore imperative to decode the hidden agenda of E. faecalis and understand the significant factors influencing biofilm formation. This would, in turn, augment the development of novel strategies to tackle E. faecalis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Venkateswaran
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Priya M Lakshmanan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Sudhiksha Muthukrishnan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Hema Bhagavathi
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Sahana Vasudevan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | | | - Adline P Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou Z, Yang Y, He L, Wang J, Xiong J. Molecular docking reveals Chitosan nanoparticle protection mechanism for dentin against Collagen-binding bacteria. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2022; 33:43. [PMID: 35551510 PMCID: PMC9106623 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-022-06665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The medical application of chitosan (Cs) has been for about half a century, but the molecular mechanism has not been elucidated yet. This study is to explore the antibacterial mechanism of chitosan nanoparticles (Csnp) in dentin at the atomic resolution level. Extracted tooth specimen was prepared in three groups: A. control group; B. Csnp treatment under ultrasonic agitation (UA); C. Csnp treatment without UA. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the Csnp distribution on the dentin surface. The incubations of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were performed. Further, we explored the protection mechanism of chitosan polymers to collagen type I, using molecular docking technique and crystal structure superimposition analysis. We revealed that Csnp under UA was evenly distributed on the dental surface and the Csnp-pretreated dentin had great antibacterial activity for E. faecalis. Our work demonstrated that Csnp occupied the grooves of the triple-helical collagen surface, strengthened by crosslinking, and interfered with the bond of collagen adhesin through steric hindrance effect and interrupting hydrophobic interaction. Csnp protects dentin against E. faecalis by interacting and crosslinking with collagen type I and prevents bacterial collagen adhesin binding through steric hindrance effect and interrupting hydrophobic interaction. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Zhou
- Department of Oral Emergency and General Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Oral Emergency and General Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Oral Emergency and General Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Oral Emergency and General Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Oral Emergency and General Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maresca M, Alatou R, Pujol A, Nicoletti C, Perrier J, Giardina T, Simon G, Méjean V, Fons M. RadA, a MSCRAMM Adhesin of the Dominant Symbiote Ruminococcus gnavus E1, Binds Human Immunoglobulins and Intestinal Mucins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1613. [PMID: 34827611 PMCID: PMC8615915 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to the digestive mucosa is considered a key factor for bacterial persistence within the gut. In this study, we show that Ruminococcus gnavus E1 can express the radA gene, which encodes an adhesin of the MSCRAMMs family, only when it colonizes the gut. The RadA N-terminal region contains an all-β bacterial Ig-like domain known to interact with collagens. We observed that it preferentially binds human immunoglobulins (IgA and IgG) and intestinal mucins. Using deglycosylated substrates, we also showed that the RadA N-terminal region recognizes two different types of motifs, the protein backbone of human IgG and the glycan structure of mucins. Finally, competition assays with lectins and free monosaccharides identified Galactose and N-Acetyl-Galactosamine motifs as specific targets for the binding of RadA to mucins and the surface of human epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Maresca
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM2, IM2B, 13007 Marseille, France; (A.P.); (C.N.); (J.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Radia Alatou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, RN79 Constantine, Algeria;
| | - Ange Pujol
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM2, IM2B, 13007 Marseille, France; (A.P.); (C.N.); (J.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Cendrine Nicoletti
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM2, IM2B, 13007 Marseille, France; (A.P.); (C.N.); (J.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Josette Perrier
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM2, IM2B, 13007 Marseille, France; (A.P.); (C.N.); (J.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Thierry Giardina
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM2, IM2B, 13007 Marseille, France; (A.P.); (C.N.); (J.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Gwenola Simon
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13007 Marseille, France;
| | - Vincent Méjean
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, BIP UMR7281, IMM, IM2B, 13007 Marseille, France;
| | - Michel Fons
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, BIP UMR7281, IMM, IM2B, 13007 Marseille, France;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang Z, Nero T, Mukherjee S, Olson R, Yan J. Searching for the Secret of Stickiness: How Biofilms Adhere to Surfaces. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:686793. [PMID: 34305846 PMCID: PMC8295476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.686793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are communities of cells enclosed in an extracellular polymeric matrix in which cells adhere to each other and to foreign surfaces. The development of a biofilm is a dynamic process that involves multiple steps, including cell-surface attachment, matrix production, and population expansion. Increasing evidence indicates that biofilm adhesion is one of the main factors contributing to biofilm-associated infections in clinics and biofouling in industrial settings. This review focuses on describing biofilm adhesion strategies among different bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Techniques used to characterize biofilm adhesion are also reviewed. An understanding of biofilm adhesion strategies can guide the development of novel approaches to inhibit or manipulate biofilm adhesion and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Jiang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Thomas Nero
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sampriti Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rich Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Revtovich AV, Tjahjono E, Singh KV, Hanson BM, Murray BE, Kirienko NV. Development and Characterization of High-Throughput Caenorhabditis elegans - Enterococcus faecium Infection Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:667327. [PMID: 33996637 PMCID: PMC8116795 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.667327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Enterococcus includes two Gram-positive pathogens of particular clinical relevance: E. faecalis and E. faecium. Infections with each of these pathogens are becoming more frequent, particularly in the case of hospital-acquired infections. Like most other bacterial species of clinical importance, antimicrobial resistance (and, specifically, multi-drug resistance) is an increasing threat, with both species considered to be of particular importance by the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control. The threat of antimicrobial resistance is exacerbated by the staggering difference in the speeds of development for the discovery and development of the antimicrobials versus resistance mechanisms. In the search for alternative strategies, modulation of host-pathogen interactions in general, and virulence inhibition in particular, have drawn substantial attention. Unfortunately, these approaches require a fairly comprehensive understanding of virulence determinants. This requirement is complicated by the fact that enterococcal infection models generally require vertebrates, making them slow, expensive, and ethically problematic, particularly when considering the thousands of animals that would be needed for the early stages of experimentation. To address this problem, we developed the first high-throughput C. elegans-E. faecium infection model involving host death. Importantly, this model recapitulates many key aspects of murine peritonitis models, including utilizing similar virulence determinants. Additionally, host death is independent of peroxide production, unlike other E. faecium-C. elegans virulence models, which allows the assessment of other virulence factors. Using this system, we analyzed a panel of lab strains with deletions of targeted virulence factors. Although removal of certain virulence factors (e.g., Δfms15) was sufficient to affect virulence, multiple deletions were generally required to affect pathogenesis, suggesting that host-pathogen interactions are multifactorial. These data were corroborated by genomic analysis of selected isolates with high and low levels of virulence. We anticipate that this platform will be useful for identifying new treatments for E. faecium infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elissa Tjahjono
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kavindra V. Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Blake M. Hanson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Barbara E. Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Arora S, Gordon J, Hook M. Collagen Binding Proteins of Gram-Positive Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628798. [PMID: 33613497 PMCID: PMC7893114 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagens are the primary structural components of mammalian extracellular matrices. In addition, collagens regulate tissue development, regeneration and host defense through interaction with specific cellular receptors. Their unique triple helix structure, which requires a glycine residue every third amino acid, is the defining structural feature of collagens. There are 28 genetically distinct collagens in humans. In addition, several other unrelated human proteins contain a collagen domain. Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Bacillus express cell surface proteins that bind to collagen. These proteins of Gram-positive pathogens are modular proteins that can be classified into different structural families. This review will focus on the different structural families of collagen binding proteins of Gram-positive pathogen. We will describe how these proteins interact with the triple helix in collagens and other host proteins containing a collagenous domain and discuss how these interactions can contribute to the pathogenic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srishtee Arora
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jay Gordon
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Magnus Hook
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Streptococcus parasanguinis is a dominant isolate of dental plaque and an opportunistic pathogen associated with subacute endocarditis. As the expression of collagen binding proteins (CBPs) could promote the establishment of S. parasanguinis in the host, the functions of three putative CBP-encoding loci, Spaf_0420, Spaf_1570, and Spaf_1573, were analyzed using isogenic mutant strains. It was revealed that S. parasanguinis FW213 bound effectively to fibronectin and type I collagen, but the strain's affinity for laminin and type IV collagen was quite low. By using various deletion derivatives, it was found that these three loci mediated the binding of S. parasanguinis to multiple extracellular matrix molecules, with type I collagen as the common substrate. Derivative strains with a deletion in any of the three loci expressed reduced binding to trypsin-treated swine heart valves. The deletion of these loci also reduced the viable count of S. parasanguinis bacteria within macrophages, especially the loss of Spaf_0420, but only strains with deletions in Spaf_0420 and Spaf_1570 expressed reduced virulence in the Galleria mellonella larva model. The deletion of Spaf_1570 and Spaf_1573 affected mainly the structure, but not the overall mass, of biofilm cultures in a flow cell system. Thus, CBPs are likely to be more critical for the initial colonization of S. parasanguinis on host tissues during the development of endocarditis.IMPORTANCE Bacteria generally can utilize multiple adhesins to establish themselves in the host. We found that Streptococcus parasanguinis, a dominant oral commensal and an opportunistic pathogen for subacute endocarditis, possesses at least three collagen-binding proteins that enable S. parasanguinis to successfully colonize damaged heart tissues and escape innate immune clearance. The binding specificities of these three proteins for extracellular matrix molecules differ, although all three proteins participate in biofilm formation by S. parasanguinis The "multiligand for multisubstrate" feature of these adhesins may explain the high adaptability of this microbe to different tissue sites.
Collapse
|
11
|
A comprehensive review of bacterial osteomyelitis with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104431. [PMID: 32801004 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis, a significant infection of bone tissue, gives rise to two main groups of infection: acute and chronic. These groups are further categorized in terms of the duration of infection. Usually, children and adults are more susceptible to acute and chronic infections, respectively. The aforementioned groups of osteomyelitis share almost 80% of the corresponding bacterial pathogens. Among all bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a significant pathogen and is associated with a high range of osteomyelitis symptoms. S. aureus has many strategies for interacting with host cells including Small Colony Variant (SCV), biofilm formation, and toxin secretion. In addition, it induces an inflammatory response and causes host cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. However, any possible step to take in this respect is dependent on the conditions and host responses. In the absence of any immune responses and antibiotics, bacteria actively duplicate themselves; however, in the presence of phagocytic cell and harassing conditions, they turn into a SCV, remaining sustainable for a long time. SCV is characterized by notable advantages such as (a) intracellular life that mediates a dam against immune cells and (b) low ATP production that mediates resistance against antibiotics.
Collapse
|
12
|
The MSCRAMM Family of Cell-Wall-Anchored Surface Proteins of Gram-Positive Cocci. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:927-941. [PMID: 31375310 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) are a family of proteins that are defined by the presence of two adjacent IgG-like folded subdomains. These promote binding to ligands by mechanisms that involve major conformational changes exemplified by the binding to fibrinogen by the 'dock-lock-latch' mechanism or to collagen by the 'collagen hug'. Clumping factors A and B are two such MSCRAMMs that have several important roles in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections. MSCRAMM architecture, ligand binding, and roles in infection and colonization are examined with a focus on recent developments with clumping factors.
Collapse
|
13
|
Madani A, Garakani K, Mofrad MRK. Molecular mechanics of Staphylococcus aureus adhesin, CNA, and the inhibition of bacterial adhesion by stretching collagen. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179601. [PMID: 28665944 PMCID: PMC5493303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion to collagen, the most abundant protein in humans, is a critical step in the initiation and persistence of numerous bacterial infections. In this study, we explore the collagen binding mechanism of the multi-modular cell wall anchored collagen adhesin (CNA) in Staphylococcus aureus and examine how applied mechanical forces can modulate adhesion ability. The common structural-functional elements and domain organization of CNA are present across over 50 genera of bacteria. Through the use of molecular dynamics models and normal mode analysis, we shed light on the CNA's structural and conformational dynamics and its interactions with collagen that lead to collagen binding. Our results suggest that the linker region, CNA165-173, acts as a hinge exhibiting bending, extensional, and torsional modes of structural flexibility and its residues are key in the interaction of the CNA-collagen complex. Steered molecular dynamics simulations were conducted with umbrella sampling. During the course of these simulations, the 'locking' latch from the CNA N2 domain was dissociated from its groove in the CNA N1 domain, implying the importance of the latch for effective ligand binding. Finally, we observed that the binding efficiency of the CNA N1-N2 domains to collagen decreases greatly with increasing tensile force application to the collagen peptides. Thus, CNA and similar adhesins might preferentially bind to sites in which collagen fibers are cleaved, such as in wounded, injured, or inflamed tissues, or in which the collagenous tissue is less mature. As alternative techniques for control of bacterial infection are in-demand due to the rise of bacterial antibiotic resistance, results from our computational studies with respect to the mechanoregulation of the collagen binding site may inspire new therapeutics and engineering solutions by mechanically preventing colonization and/or further pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Madani
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kiavash Garakani
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Mohammad R. K. Mofrad
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Valotteau C, Prystopiuk V, Pietrocola G, Rindi S, Peterle D, De Filippis V, Foster TJ, Speziale P, Dufrêne YF. Single-Cell and Single-Molecule Analysis Unravels the Multifunctionality of the Staphylococcus aureus Collagen-Binding Protein Cna. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2160-2170. [PMID: 28151647 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The collagen-binding protein Cna is a prototype cell surface protein from Staphylococcus aureus which fulfils important physiological functions during pathogenesis. While it is established that Cna binds to collagen (Cn) via the high-affinity collagen hug mechanism, whether this protein is engaged in other ligand-binding mechanisms is poorly understood. Here, we use atomic force microscopy to demonstrate that Cna mediates attachment to two structurally and functionally different host proteins, i.e., the complement system protein C1q and the extracellular matrix protein laminin (Lam), through binding mechanisms that differ from the collagen hug. We show that single Cna-C1q and Cna-Lam bonds are much weaker than the high-affinity Cna-Cn bond and that their formation does not require the B-region of Cna. At the whole cell level, we find that bacterial adhesion to C1q-substrates involves only one (or two) molecular bond(s), while adhesion to Lam is mediated by multiple bonds, thus suggesting that multivalent or cooperative interactions may enhance the strength of adhesion. Both C1q and Lam interactions can be efficiently blocked by monoclonal antibodies directed against the minimal Cn-binding domain of Cna. These results show that Cna is a multifunctional protein capable of binding to multiple host ligands through mechanisms that differ from the classical collagen hug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Valotteau
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain , Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Valeria Prystopiuk
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain , Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 3/b, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Simonetta Rindi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 3/b, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Daniele Peterle
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua , via F. Marzolo 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua , via F. Marzolo 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Timothy J Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 3/b, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain , Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO) , Liège 4000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Isopeptide bond in collagen- and fibrinogen-binding MSCRAMMs. Biophys Rev 2016; 8:75-83. [PMID: 28510145 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-015-0191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal isopeptide bonds are amide bonds formed autocatalytically between the side chains of Lys and Asn/Asp residues and have been discovered recently. These bonds are well conserved in Gram-positive bacterial pilin proteins and are also observed over a wide range of Gram-positive bacterial surface proteins. The presence of these bonds confers the pilus subunits with remarkable properties in terms of thermal stability and resistance to proteases. Like pili, microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) are also surface proteins found only in Gram-positive bacteria. They specifically interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules like collagen, fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, etc. Many biophysical and biochemical studies have been carried out to characterize the isopeptide bonds in pili proteins from Gram-positive bacteria, but no attempts have been made to study the isopeptide bonds in MSCRAMMs. This short review aims to study the significance of the isopeptide bonds in relation to their function, by analyzing the crystal structures of collagen- and fibrinogen-binding MSCRAMMs. In this analysis, interestingly, we observed that the putative isopeptide bonds are restricted to the collagen-binding MSCRAMMs. Based on analogy with bacterial pilus subunits, we hypothesize that the collagen-binding MSCRAMMs possessing putative isopeptide bonds exhibit similar structural properties, which could help the bacteria in colonizing the host and provide resistance against host-defense mechanisms.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chahales P, Thanassi DG. Structure, Function, and Assembly of Adhesive Organelles by Uropathogenic Bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0018-2013. [PMID: 26542038 PMCID: PMC4638162 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.uti-0018-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria assemble a wide range of adhesive proteins, termed adhesins, to mediate binding to receptors and colonization of surfaces. For pathogenic bacteria, adhesins are critical for early stages of infection, allowing the bacteria to initiate contact with host cells, colonize different tissues, and establish a foothold within the host. The adhesins expressed by a pathogen are also critical for bacterial-bacterial interactions and the formation of bacterial communities, including biofilms. The ability to adhere to host tissues is particularly important for bacteria that colonize sites such as the urinary tract, where the flow of urine functions to maintain sterility by washing away non-adherent pathogens. Adhesins vary from monomeric proteins that are directly anchored to the bacterial surface to polymeric, hair-like fibers that extend out from the cell surface. These latter fibers are termed pili or fimbriae, and were among the first identified virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Studies since then have identified a range of both pilus and non-pilus adhesins that contribute to bacterial colonization of the urinary tract, and have revealed molecular details of the structures, assembly pathways, and functions of these adhesive organelles. In this review, we describe the different types of adhesins expressed by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive uropathogens, what is known about their structures, how they are assembled on the bacterial surface, and the functions of specific adhesins in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chahales
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - David G Thanassi
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Differences between endocarditis caused by Streptococcus bovis and Enterococcus spp. and their association with colorectal cancer. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1657-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
18
|
Salzillo M, Vastano V, Capri U, Muscariello L, Sacco M, Marasco R. Identification and characterization of enolase as a collagen-binding protein in Lactobacillus plantarum. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:890-7. [PMID: 25721875 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is a target of pathogens for adhesion, colonization, and invasion of host tissue. Probiotic bacteria can mimic the same mechanism as used by the pathogens in the colonization process, expressing cell surface proteins that specifically interact with extracellular matrix component proteins. The capability to bind collagen is expressed by several Lactobacillus isolates, including some Lactobacillus plantarum strains. In this study we report the involvement of the L. plantarum EnoA1 alfa-enolase in type I collagen (CnI) binding. By adhesion assays, we show that the mutant strain LM3-CC1, carrying a null mutation in the enoA1 gene, binds to immobilized collagen less efficiently than wild type strain. CnI overlay assay and Elisa tests, performed on the purified EnoA1, show that this protein can bind collagen both under denaturing and native conditions. By using truncated recombinant enolase proteins, we also show that the region spanning from 73rd to the 140th amino acid residues is involved in CnI binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Salzillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Valeria Vastano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Ugo Capri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Lidia Muscariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Margherita Sacco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosangela Marasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhi H, Weening EH, Barbu EM, Hyde JA, Höök M, Skare JT. The BBA33 lipoprotein binds collagen and impacts Borrelia burgdorferi pathogenesis. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:68-83. [PMID: 25560615 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, adapts to the mammalian hosts by differentially expressing several genes in the BosR and Rrp2-RpoN-RpoS dependent pathways, resulting in a distinct protein profile relative to that seen for survival in the Ixodes spp. tick. Previous studies indicate that a putative lipoprotein, BBA33, is produced in an RpoS-dependent manner under conditions that mimic the mammalian component of the borrelial lifecycle. However, the significance and function for BBA33 is not known. Given its linkage to the BosR/Rrp2-RpoN-RpoS regulatory cascade, we hypothesized that BBA33 facilitates B. burgdorferi infection in the mammalian host. The deletion of bba33 eliminated B. burgdorferi infectivity in C3H mice, which was rescued by genetic complementation with intact bba33. With regard to function, a combinatorial peptide approach, coupled with subsequent in vitro binding assays, indicated that BBA33 binds to collagen type VI and, to a lesser extent, collagen type IV. Whole cell binding assays demonstrated BBA33-dependent binding to human collagen type VI. Taken together, these results suggest that BBA33 interacts with collagenous structures and may function as an adhesin in a process that is required to prevent bacterial clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
The Genus Streptococcus – Part I: Emerging Pathogens in the “Pyogenic Cocci” and the “Streptococcus bovis” Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Hendrickx APA, van Schaik W, Willems RJL. The cell wall architecture of Enterococcus faecium: from resistance to pathogenesis. Future Microbiol 2014; 8:993-1010. [PMID: 23902146 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria functions as a surface organelle that continuously interacts with its environment through a plethora of cell wall-associated molecules. Enterococcus faecium is a normal inhabitant of the GI tract of mammals, but has recently become an important etiological agent of hospital-acquired infections in debilitated patients. Insights into the assembly and function of enterococcal cell wall components and their interactions with the host during colonization and infection are essential to explain the worldwide emergence of E. faecium as an important multiantibiotic-resistant nosocomial pathogen. Understanding the biochemistry of cell wall biogenesis and principles of antibiotic resistance at the molecular level may open up new frontiers in research on enterococci, particularly for the development of novel antimicrobial strategies. In this article, we outline the current knowledge on the most important antimicrobial resistance mechanisms that involve peptidoglycan synthesis and the role of cell wall constituents, including lipoteichoic acid, wall teichoic acid, capsular polysaccharides, LPxTG cell wall-anchored surface proteins, WxL-type surface proteins and pili, in the pathogenesis of E. faecium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni P A Hendrickx
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin H, Zhang T, Wu Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Wang Q. Related genes and potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary study based on DNA microarray. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:90-5. [PMID: 24381135 PMCID: PMC11008138 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513506774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to extend our understanding of the molecular mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We downloaded the gene expression profile GSE18309 from Gene Expression Omnibus database, which includes 3 genechips from patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 3 genechips from patients with AD, and 3 genechips from normal controls (NC). Linear Models for Microarray Data package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MCI versus NC group and AD versus NC group. Then, we extracted the overlapping DEGs of 2 groups for functional and pathway enrichment analysis using FuncAssociate software accompanied by gene ontology and expressing analysis systematic explorer, respectively. Further, AutoDock4 (http://autodock.scripps.edu/) was used to predict the docking site between small molecule ligands and proteins of a key DEG. RESULTS A total of 60 DEGs were identified. Biological processes associated with nutrient response and muscle development were significantly dysregulated in AD and MCI. In addition, we identified 2 active binding sites (A5 and L30) on protein structure of cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR) for drug design. CONCLUSION The DEGs including CCKAR might be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis of AD. However, further experimental studies are needed to confirm our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxian Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Berisio R, Vitagliano L. Polyproline and triple helix motifs in host-pathogen recognition. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2013; 13:855-65. [PMID: 23305370 PMCID: PMC3707005 DOI: 10.2174/138920312804871157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Secondary structure elements often mediate protein-protein interactions. Despite their low abundance in folded proteins, polyproline II (PPII) and its variant, the triple helix, are frequently involved in protein-protein interactions, likely due to their peculiar propensity to be solvent-exposed. We here review the role of PPII and triple helix in mediating host-pathogen interactions, with a particular emphasis to the structural aspects of these processes. After a brief description of the basic structural features of these elements, examples of host-pathogen interactions involving these motifs are illustrated. Literature data suggest that the role played by PPII motif in these processes is twofold. Indeed, PPII regions may directly mediate interactions between proteins of the host and the pathogen. Alternatively, PPII may act as structural spacers needed for the correct positioning of the elements needed for adhesion and infectivity. Recent investigations have highlighted that collagen triple helix is also a common target for bacterial adhesins. Although structural data on complexes between adhesins and collagen models are rather limited, experimental and theoretical studies have unveiled some interesting clues of the recognition process. Interestingly, very recent data show that not only is the triple helix used by pathogens as a target in the host-pathogen interaction but it may also act as a bait in these processes since bacterial proteins containing triple helix regions have been shown to interact with host proteins. As both PPII and triple helix expose several main chain non-satisfied hydrogen bond acceptors and donors, both elements are highly solvated. The preservation of the solvation state of both PPII and triple helix upon protein-protein interaction is an emerging aspect that will be here thoroughly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Berisio
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Napoli, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kang M, Ko YP, Liang X, Ross CL, Liu Q, Murray BE, Höök M. Collagen-binding microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) of Gram-positive bacteria inhibit complement activation via the classical pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20520-31. [PMID: 23720782 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.454462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of a family of collagen-binding microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) from Gram-positive bacteria are established virulence factors in several infectious diseases models. Here, we report that these adhesins also can bind C1q and act as inhibitors of the classical complement pathway. Molecular analyses of Cna from Staphylococcus aureus suggested that this prototype MSCRAMM bound to the collagenous domain of C1q and interfered with the interactions of C1r with C1q. As a result, C1r2C1s2 was displaced from C1q, and the C1 complex was deactivated. This novel function of the Cna-like MSCRAMMs represents a potential immune evasion strategy that could be used by numerous Gram-positive pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingsong Kang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ross CL, Liang X, Liu Q, Murray BE, Höök M, Ganesh VK. Targeted protein engineering provides insights into binding mechanism and affinities of bacterial collagen adhesins. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34856-65. [PMID: 22865854 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.371054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The collagen-binding bacterial proteins, Ace and Cna, are well characterized on the biochemical and structural level. Despite overall structural similarity, recombinant forms of the Ace and Cna ligand-binding domains exhibit significantly different affinities and binding kinetics for collagen type I (CI) in vitro. In this study, we sought to understand, in submolecular detail, the bases for these differences. Using a structure-based approach, we engineered Cna and Ace variants by altering specific structural elements within the ligand-binding domains. Surface plasmon resonance-based binding analysis demonstrated that mutations that are predicted to alter the orientation of the Ace and Cna N(1) and N(2) subdomains significantly affect the interaction between the MSCRAMM (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule) and CI in vitro, including affinity, association/dissociation rates and binding ratio. Moreover, we utilized this information to engineer an Ace variant with an 11,000-fold higher CI affinity than the parent protein. Finally, we noted that several engineered proteins that exhibited a weak interaction with CI recognized more sites on CI, suggesting an inverse correlation between affinity and specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caná L Ross
- Center for Inflammatory and Infectious Disease, Institute for Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Singh B, Fleury C, Jalalvand F, Riesbeck K. Human pathogens utilize host extracellular matrix proteins laminin and collagen for adhesion and invasion of the host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:1122-80. [PMID: 22537156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminin (Ln) and collagen are multifunctional glycoproteins that play an important role in cellular morphogenesis, cell signalling, tissue repair and cell migration. These proteins are ubiquitously present in tissues as a part of the basement membrane (BM), constitute a protective layer around blood capillaries and are included in the extracellular matrix (ECM). As a component of BMs, both Lns and collagen(s), thus function as major mechanical containment molecules that protect tissues from pathogens. Invasive pathogens breach the basal lamina and degrade ECM proteins of interstitial spaces and connective tissues using various ECM-degrading proteases or surface-bound plasminogen and matrix metalloproteinases recruited from the host. Most pathogens associated with the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or urogenital tracts, as well as with the central nervous system or the skin, have the capacity to bind and degrade Lns and collagen(s) in order to adhere to and invade host tissues. In this review, we focus on the adaptability of various pathogens to utilize these ECM proteins as enhancers for adhesion to host tissues or as a targets for degradation in order to breach the cellular barriers. The major pathogens discussed are Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Yersinia, Treponema, Mycobacterium, Clostridium, Listeria, Porphyromonas and Haemophilus; Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus and Coccidioides; Acanthamoeba, Trypanosoma and Trichomonas; retrovirus and papilloma virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birendra Singh
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Devi AS, Ogawa Y, Shimoji Y, Balakumar S, Ponnuraj K. Collagen adhesin-nanoparticle interaction impairs adhesin's ligand binding mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:819-28. [PMID: 22538248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic bacteria specifically recognize extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules of the host (e.g. collagen, fibrinogen and fibronectin) through their surface proteins known as MSCRAMMs (Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules) and initiate colonization. On implantation, biomaterials easily get coated with these ECM molecules and the MSCRAMMs mediate bacterial adherence to biomaterials. With the rapid rise in antibiotic resistance, designing alternative strategies to reduce/eliminate bacterial colonization is absolutely essential. METHODS The Rhusiopathiae surface protein B (RspB) is a collagen-binding MSCRAMM of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. It also binds to abiotic surfaces. The crystal structure of the collagen-binding region of RspB (rRspB31-348) reported here revealed that RspB also binds collagen by a unique ligand binding mechanism called "Collagen Hug" which is a common theme for collagen-binding MSCRAMMs of many Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report the interaction studies between rRspB31-348 and silver nanoparticles using methods like gel shift assay, gel permeation chromatography and circular dichroism spectroscopy. RESULTS The "Collagen Hug" mechanism was inhibited in the presence of silver nanoparticles as rRspB31-348 was unable to bind to collagen. The total loss of binding was likely because of rRspB31-348 and silver nanoparticle protein corona formation and not due to the loss of the structural integrity of rRspB31-348 on binding with nanoparticles as observed from circular dichroism experiments. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Interaction of rRspB31-348 with silver nanoparticle impaired its ligand binding mechanism. Details of this inhibition mechanism may be useful for the development of antimicrobial materials and antiadhesion drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aribam Swarmistha Devi
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The genus Enterococcus includes some of the most important nosocomial multidrug-resistant organisms, and these pathogens usually affect patients who are debilitated by other, concurrent illnesses and undergoing prolonged hospitalization. This Review discusses the factors involved in the changing epidemiology of enterococcal infections, with an emphasis on Enterococcus faecium as an emergent and challenging nosocomial problem. The effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota and on colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci are highlighted, including how enterococci benefit from the antibiotic-mediated eradication of gram-negative members of the gut microbiota. Analyses of enterococcal genomes indicate that there are certain genetic lineages, including an E. faecium clade of ancient origin, with the ability to succeed in the hospital environment, and the possible virulence determinants that are found in these genetic lineages are discussed. Finally, we review the most important mechanisms of resistance to the antibiotics that are used to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
Collapse
|
29
|
Steukers L, Glorieux S, Vandekerckhove AP, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ. Diverse microbial interactions with the basement membrane barrier. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:147-55. [PMID: 22300759 PMCID: PMC7127156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
During primary contact with susceptible hosts, microorganisms face an array of barriers that thwart their invasion process. Passage through the basement membrane (BM), a 50-100-nm-thick crucial barrier underlying epithelia and endothelia, is a prerequisite for successful host invasion. Such passage allows pathogens to reach nerve endings or blood vessels in the stroma and to facilitate spread to internal organs. During evolution, several pathogens have developed different mechanisms to cross this dense matrix of sheet-like proteins. To breach the BM, some microorganisms have developed independent mechanisms, others hijack host cells that are able to transverse the BM (e.g. leukocytes and dendritic cells) and oncogenic microorganisms might even trigger metastatic processes in epithelial cells to penetrate the underlying BM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennert Steukers
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Danne C, Entenza JM, Mallet A, Briandet R, Débarbouillé M, Nato F, Glaser P, Jouvion G, Moreillon P, Trieu-Cuot P, Dramsi S. Molecular characterization of a Streptococcus gallolyticus genomic island encoding a pilus involved in endocarditis. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1960-70. [PMID: 22043018 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus gallolyticus is a causative agent of infective endocarditis associated with colon cancer. Genome sequence of strain UCN34 revealed the existence of 3 pilus loci (pil1, pil2, and pil3). Pili are long filamentous structures playing a key role as adhesive organelles in many pathogens. The pil1 locus encodes 2 LPXTG proteins (Gallo2178 and Gallo2179) and 1 sortase C (Gallo2177). Gallo2179 displaying a functional collagen-binding domain was referred to as the adhesin, whereas Gallo2178 was designated as the major pilin. METHODS S. gallolyticus UCN34, Pil1(+) and Pil1(-), expressing various levels of pil1, and recombinant Lactococcus lactis strains, constitutively expressing pil1, were studied. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the putative pilin subunits Gallo2178 and Gallo2179 were used in immunoblotting and immunogold electron microscopy. The role of pil1 was tested in a rat model of endocarditis. RESULTS We showed that the pil1 locus (gallo2179-78-77) forms an operon differentially expressed among S. gallolyticus strains. Short pilus appendages were identified both on the surface of S. gallolyticus UCN34 and recombinant L. lactis-expressing pil1. We demonstrated that Pil1 pilus is involved in binding to collagen, biofilm formation, and virulence in experimental endocarditis. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies Pil1 as the first virulence factor characterized in S. gallolyticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Danne
- Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram-Positif, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zähner D, Gandhi AR, Stuchlik O, Reed M, Pohl J, Stephens DS. Pilus backbone protein PitB of Streptococcus pneumoniae contains stabilizing intramolecular isopeptide bonds. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:526-31. [PMID: 21600877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae type 2 pili are recently identified fimbrial structures extending from the bacterial surface and formed by polymers of the structural protein PitB. Intramolecular isopeptide bonds are a characteristic of the related pilus backbone protein Spy0128 of group A streptococci. Based on the identification of conserved residues in PitB, we predicted two intramolecular isopeptide bonds in PitB. Using a combination of tandem mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing, we show that these bonds were formed between Lys(63)-Asn(214) and Lys(243)-Asn(372) in PitB. Mutant proteins lacking the intramolecular isopeptide bonds retained the proteolytic stability observed with the wild type protein. However, absence of these bonds substantially decreased the melting temperature of the PitB-derivatives, indicating a stabilizing function of these bonds in PitB of the pneumococcal type 2 pilus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Zähner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Dr., Suite 2101, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen J, Lee SK, Abd-Elgaliel WR, Liang L, Galende EY, Hajjar RJ, Tung CH. Assessment of cardiovascular fibrosis using novel fluorescent probes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19097. [PMID: 21533060 PMCID: PMC3080412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular fibrosis resulted from pressure overload or ischemia could alter myocardial stiffness and lead to ventricular dysfunction. Fluorescently labeled collagen-binding protein CNA 35, derived from the surface component of Staphylococcus aureus, and a novel synthetic biphenylalanine containing peptide are applied to stain fibrosis associated collagen and myocytes, respectively. Detailed pathological characteristics of cardiovascular fibrosis could be identified clearly in 2 hours. This staining pair requires only simple staining and brief washing, generating less than 10 ml of waste. The image information collected by this novel fluorescent staining pair is compatible with it collected by the traditional Masson's Trichrome and Picrosirius Red staining which are widely used to stain cardiovascular fibrosis and isolated cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiqiu Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Seung Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wael R. Abd-Elgaliel
- Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lifan Liang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elisa-Yaniz Galende
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roger J. Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJH); (CHT)
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJH); (CHT)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vengadesan K, Narayana SVL. Structural biology of Gram-positive bacterial adhesins. Protein Sci 2011; 20:759-72. [PMID: 21404359 DOI: 10.1002/pro.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The structural biology of Gram-positive cell surface adhesins is an emerging field of research, whereas Gram-negative pilus assembly and anchoring have been extensively investigated and are well understood. Gram-positive surface proteins known as MSCRAMMs (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules) and individual proteins that assemble into long, hair-like organelles known as pili have similar features at the primary sequence level as well as at the tertiary structural level. Some of these conserved features are essential for their transportation from the cytoplasm and for cell wall anchoring. More importantly, the MSCRAMMs and the individual pilins are assembled with building blocks that are variants of structural modules used for human immunoglobulins. MSCRAMMs target the host's extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen, fibrinogen, and fibronectin, and they have received considerable attention from structural biologists in the last decade, who have primarily been interested in understanding their interactions with host tissue. The recent focus is on the newly discovered pili of Gram-positive bacteria, and in this review, we highlight the advances in understanding of the individual pilus constituents and their associations and stress the similarities between the individual pilins and surface proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Vengadesan
- School of Optometry and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Intramolecular isopeptide bonds: protein crosslinks built for stress? Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:229-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
35
|
Vengadesan K, Ma X, Dwivedi P, Ton-That H, Narayana SVL. A model for group B Streptococcus pilus type 1: the structure of a 35-kDa C-terminal fragment of the major pilin GBS80. J Mol Biol 2011; 407:731-43. [PMID: 21333654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae, known as group B Streptococcus (GBS), is the leading cause of bacterial septicemia, pneumonia, and meningitis among neonates. GBS assembles two types of pili-pilus islands (PIs) 1 and 2-on its surface to adhere to host cells and to initiate colonization for pathogenesis. The GBS PI-1 pilus is made of one major pilin, GBS80, which forms the pilus shaft, and two secondary pilins, GBS104 and GBS52, which are incorporated into the pilus at various places. We report here the crystal structure of the 35-kDa C-terminal fragment from GBS80, which is composed of two IgG-like domains (N2-N3). The structure was solved by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion using sodium-iodide-soaked crystals and diffraction data collected at the home source. The N2 domain exhibits a cnaA/DEv-IgG fold with two calcium-binding sites, while the N3 domain displays a cnaB/IgG-rev fold. We have built a model for full-length GBS80 (N1, N2, and N3) with the help of available homologous major pilin structures, and we propose a model for the GBS PI-1 pilus shaft. The N2 and N3 domains are arranged in tandem along the pilus shaft, whereas the respective N1 domain is tilted by approximately 20° away from the pilus axis. We have also identified a pilin-like motif in the minor pilin GBS52, which might aid its incorporation at the pilus base.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Vengadesan
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Crystallography of gram-positive bacterial adhesins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 715:175-95. [PMID: 21557064 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0940-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens display a multitude of proteins and protein assemblies (pili or fimbriae) on their cell surfaces, which are often used for adherence and initiate colonization and pathogenesis. Adhesive proteins known as MSCRAMMs (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules), anchored by a specific enzyme called sortase in Gram-positive bacteria, target the host's extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) like collagen, fibrinogen and fibronectin. In the past decade, structural analysis by X-ray crystallography has enhanced our understanding of the interactions between MSCRAMMs and the host ECM by revealing several novel structural features that dictate surface protein assembly and the mode of their adhesion to host tissue. The latest focus is on the recently discovered Gram-positive bacterial pili, assembly of which is assisted by yet another specific sortase. Novel features like inter- and intra-molecular isopeptide bonds that facilitate the stability of the pilins, and intra-molecular donor strand complementation to stabilize the adhesin-target interactions are specific to Gram-positive bacteria. This chapter describes and discusses the common structural details between surface proteins and pilins of Gram-positive bacteria and biological implications emanating from these structures.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ramboarina S, Garnett JA, Zhou M, Li Y, Peng Z, Taylor JD, Lee WC, Bodey A, Murray JW, Alguel Y, Bergeron J, Bardiaux B, Sawyer E, Isaacson R, Tagliaferri C, Cota E, Nilges M, Simpson P, Ruiz T, Wu H, Matthews S. Structural insights into serine-rich fimbriae from Gram-positive bacteria. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32446-57. [PMID: 20584910 PMCID: PMC2952246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.128165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine-rich repeat family of fimbriae play important roles in the pathogenesis of streptococci and staphylococci. Despite recent attention, their finer structural details and precise adhesion mechanisms have yet to be determined. Fap1 (Fimbriae-associated protein 1) is the major structural subunit of serine-rich repeat fimbriae from Streptococcus parasanguinis and plays an essential role in fimbrial biogenesis, adhesion, and the early stages of dental plaque formation. Combining multidisciplinary, high resolution structural studies with biological assays, we provide new structural insight into adhesion by Fap1. We propose a model in which the serine-rich repeats of Fap1 subunits form an extended structure that projects the N-terminal globular domains away from the bacterial surface for adhesion to the salivary pellicle. We also uncover a novel pH-dependent conformational change that modulates adhesion and likely plays a role in survival in acidic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Ramboarina
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Garnett
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Meixian Zhou
- the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007
| | - Yuebin Li
- the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007
| | - Zhixiang Peng
- the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007
| | - Jonathan D. Taylor
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-chao Lee
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bodey
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Murray
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yilmaz Alguel
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Bergeron
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Bardiaux
- the Structural Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, FMP Robert-Rossle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Sawyer
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rivka Isaacson
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Tagliaferri
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ernesto Cota
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Nilges
- the Institut Pasteur Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, and
| | - Peter Simpson
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Ruiz
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Hui Wu
- the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007
| | - Stephen Matthews
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
El Mortaji L, Terrasse R, Dessen A, Vernet T, Di Guilmi AM. Stability and assembly of pilus subunits of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12405-15. [PMID: 20147289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.082776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pili are surface-exposed virulence factors involved in bacterial adhesion to host cells. The Streptococcus pneumoniae pilus is composed of three structural proteins, RrgA, RrgB, and RrgC and three transpeptidase enzymes, sortases SrtC-1, SrtC-2, and SrtC-3. To gain insights into the mechanism of pilus formation we have exploited biochemical approaches using recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. Using site-directed mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, limited proteolysis, and thermal stability measurements, we have identified isopeptide bonds in RrgB and RrgC and demonstrate their role in protein stabilization. Co-expression in E. coli of RrgB together with RrgC and SrtC-1 leads to the formation of a covalent RrgB-RrgC complex. Inactivation of SrtC-1 by mutation of the active site cysteine impairs RrgB-RrgC complex formation, indicating that the association between RrgB and RrgC is specifically catalyzed by SrtC-1. Mass spectrometry analyses performed on purified samples of the RrgB-RrgC complex show that the complex has 1:1 stoichiometry. The deletion of the IPQTG RrgB sorting signal, but not the corresponding sequence in RrgC, abolishes complex formation, indicating that SrtC-1 recognizes exclusively the sorting motif of RrgB. Finally, we show that the intramolecular bonds that stabilize RrgB may play a role in its efficient recognition by SrtC-1. The development of a methodology to generate covalent pilin complexes in vitro, facilitating the study of sortase specificity and the importance of isopeptide bond formation for pilus biogenesis, provide key information toward the understanding of this complex macromolecular process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamya El Mortaji
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Macromolécules, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR 5075 (CEA, CNRS, UJF), Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Singh KV, Nallapareddy SR, Sillanpää J, Murray BE. Importance of the collagen adhesin ace in pathogenesis and protection against Enterococcus faecalis experimental endocarditis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000716. [PMID: 20072611 PMCID: PMC2798748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ace is an adhesin to collagen from Enterococcus faecalis expressed conditionally after growth in serum or in the presence of collagen. Here, we generated an ace deletion mutant and showed that it was significantly attenuated versus wild-type OG1RF in a mixed infection rat endocarditis model (P<0.0001), while no differences were observed in a peritonitis model. Complemented OG1RFΔace (pAT392::ace) enhanced early (4 h) heart valve colonization versus OG1RFΔace (pAT392) (P = 0.0418), suggesting that Ace expression is important for early attachment. By flow cytometry using specific anti-recombinant Ace (rAce) immunoglobulins (Igs), we showed in vivo expression of Ace by OG1RF cells obtained directly from infected vegetations, consistent with our previous finding of anti-Ace antibodies in E. faecalis endocarditis patient sera. Finally, rats actively immunized against rAce were less susceptible to infection by OG1RF than non-immunized (P = 0.0004) or sham-immunized (P = 0.0475) by CFU counts. Similarly, animals given specific anti-rAce Igs were less likely to develop E. faecalis endocarditis (P = 0.0001) and showed fewer CFU in vegetations (P = 0.0146). In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that Ace is involved in pathogenesis of, and is useful for protection against, E. faecalis experimental endocarditis. Enterococcus faecalis was recognized as a common cause of infective endocarditis (IE) by the early 1900s. It is still third in community-onset IE, but is the second most common cause of hospital-associated IE. Complications due to E. faecalis IE include congestive heart failure, septic emboli and death and current management involves a combination of antimicrobials, often with surgery. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance has created the need for alternative strategies (such as immunoprophylaxis) that target in vivo expressed virulence-associated surface proteins. One such E. faecalis protein is Ace, which is antigenic during human IE and mediates attachment of E. faecalis cells to host extracellular matrix proteins collagen and laminin. Using a rat model, we now show that ace contributes to E. faecalis IE pathogenesis and demonstrate that Ace is expressed at high levels during IE even though produced at low levels under laboratory conditions; both active and passive immunization based on the collagen-binding domain of Ace conferred significant protection against IE. These observations, along with data that human antibodies against Ace inhibit collagen adherence of E. faecalis, indicate that Ace is an important virulence-associated factor and a promising target for prophylactic and possibly therapeutic strategies against E. faecalis IE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavindra V. Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens; University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sreedhar R. Nallapareddy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens; University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jouko Sillanpää
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens; University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens; University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kang HJ, Middleditch M, Proft T, Baker EN. Isopeptide bonds in bacterial pili and their characterization by X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry. Biopolymers 2009; 91:1126-34. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
41
|
Sillanpää J, Nallapareddy SR, Qin X, Singh KV, Muzny DM, Kovar CL, Nazareth LV, Gibbs RA, Ferraro MJ, Steckelberg JM, Weinstock GM, Murray BE. A collagen-binding adhesin, Acb, and ten other putative MSCRAMM and pilus family proteins of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (Streptococcus bovis Group, biotype I). J Bacteriol 2009; 191:6643-53. [PMID: 19717590 PMCID: PMC2795296 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00909-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Streptococcus bovis group are important causes of endocarditis. However, factors associated with their pathogenicity, such as adhesins, remain uncharacterized. We recently demonstrated that endocarditis-derived Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus isolates frequently adhere to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Here, we generated a draft genome sequence of an ECM protein-adherent S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus strain and found, by genome-wide analyses, 11 predicted LPXTG-type cell wall-anchored proteins with characteristics of MSCRAMMs, including a modular architecture of domains predicted to adopt immunoglobulin (Ig)-like folding. A recombinant segment of one of these, Acb, showed high-affinity binding to immobilized collagen, and cell surface expression of Acb correlated with the presence of acb and collagen adherence of isolates. Three of the 11 proteins have similarities to major pilus subunits and are organized in separate clusters, each including a second Ig-fold-containing MSCRAMM and a class C sortase, suggesting that the sequenced strain encodes three distinct types of pili. Reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated that all three genes of one cluster, acb-sbs7-srtC1, are cotranscribed, consistent with pilus operons of other gram-positive bacteria. Further analysis detected expression of all 11 genes in cells grown to mid to late exponential growth phases. Wide distribution of 9 of the 11 genes was observed among S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus isolates with fewer genes present in other S. bovis group species/subspecies. The high prevalence of genes encoding putative MSCRAMMs and pili, including a collagen-binding MSCRAMM, among S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus isolates may play an important role in the predominance of this subspecies in S. bovis endocarditis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jouko Sillanpää
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Sreedhar R. Nallapareddy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Xiang Qin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Kavindra V. Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Christie L. Kovar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Lynne V. Nazareth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Mary J. Ferraro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - James M. Steckelberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - George M. Weinstock
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Barbara E. Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The Corynebacterium diphtheriae shaft pilin SpaA is built of tandem Ig-like modules with stabilizing isopeptide and disulfide bonds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:16967-71. [PMID: 19805181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906826106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface pili are important virulence factors that enable bacterial pathogens to adhere to specific host tissues and modulate host immune response. Relatively little is known about the structure of Gram-positive bacterial pili, which are built by the sortase-catalyzed covalent crosslinking of individual pilin proteins. Here we report the 1.6-A resolution crystal structure of the shaft pilin component SpaA from Corynebacterium diphtheriae, revealing both common and unique features. The SpaA pilin comprises 3 tandem Ig-like domains, with characteristic folds related to those typically found in non-pilus adhesins. Whereas both the middle and the C-terminal domains contain an intramolecular Lys-Asn isopeptide bond, previously detected in the shaft pilins of Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus cereus, the middle Ig-like domain also harbors a calcium ion, and the C-terminal domain contains a disulfide bond. By mass spectrometry, we show that the SpaA monomers are cross-linked in the assembled pili by a Lys-Thr isopeptide bond, as predicted by previous genetic studies. Together, our results reveal that despite profound dissimilarities in primary sequences, the shaft pilins of Gram-positive pathogens have strikingly similar tertiary structures, suggesting a modular backbone construction, including stabilizing intermolecular and intramolecular isopeptide bonds.
Collapse
|
43
|
LPxTG surface proteins of enterococci. Trends Microbiol 2009; 17:423-30. [PMID: 19726195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci have become an important cause of nosocomial infections since the late 1980s. Several surface proteins have been implicated in contributing to infections caused by Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Understanding the in vivo function of enterococcal surface proteins, particularly their role in directing interactions with the host during infection, is essential to explain the success of enterococci as nosocomial pathogens. Here we review current knowledge of enterococcal LPxTG surface proteins, including aggregation substance, enterococcal surface protein, three collagen-binding microbial surface components that recognize adhesive matrix molecules (Ace, Acm, Scm) and pili (Ebp, PilA and PilB), their interactions with host molecules and their role in pathogenicity and biofilm development.
Collapse
|
44
|
Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:355-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
45
|
Sillanpää J, Nallapareddy SR, Prakash VP, Qin X, Hook M, Weinstock GM, Murray BE. Identification and phenotypic characterization of a second collagen adhesin, Scm, and genome-based identification and analysis of 13 other predicted MSCRAMMs, including four distinct pilus loci, in Enterococcus faecium. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2008; 154:3199-3211. [PMID: 18832325 PMCID: PMC2677164 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/017319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention has recently been drawn to Enterococcus faecium because of an increasing number of nosocomial infections caused by this species and its resistance to multiple antibacterial agents. However, relatively little is known about the pathogenic determinants of this organism. We have previously identified a cell-wall-anchored collagen adhesin, Acm, produced by some isolates of E. faecium, and a secreted antigen, SagA, exhibiting broad-spectrum binding to extracellular matrix proteins. Here, we analysed the draft genome of strain TX0016 for potential microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs). Genome-based bioinformatics identified 22 predicted cell-wall-anchored E. faecium surface proteins (Fms), of which 15 (including Acm) had characteristics typical of MSCRAMMs, including predicted folding into a modular architecture with multiple immunoglobulin-like domains. Functional characterization of one [Fms10; redesignated second collagen adhesin of E. faecium (Scm)] revealed that recombinant Scm(65) (A- and B-domains) and Scm(36) (A-domain) bound to collagen type V efficiently in a concentration-dependent manner, bound considerably less to collagen type I and fibrinogen, and differed from Acm in their binding specificities to collagen types IV and V. Results from far-UV circular dichroism measurements of recombinant Scm(36) and of Acm(37) indicated that these proteins were rich in beta-sheets, supporting our folding predictions. Whole-cell ELISA and FACS analyses unambiguously demonstrated surface expression of Scm in most E. faecium isolates. Strikingly, 11 of the 15 predicted MSCRAMMs clustered in four loci, each with a class C sortase gene; nine of these showed similarity to Enterococcus faecalis Ebp pilus subunits and also contained motifs essential for pilus assembly. Antibodies against one of the predicted major pilus proteins, Fms9 (redesignated EbpC(fm)), detected a 'ladder' pattern of high-molecular-mass protein bands in a Western blot analysis of cell surface extracts from E. faecium, suggesting that EbpC(fm) is polymerized into a pilus structure. Further analysis of the transcripts of the corresponding gene cluster indicated that fms1 (ebpA(fm)), fms5 (ebpB(fm)) and ebpC(fm) are co-transcribed, a result consistent with those for pilus-encoding gene clusters of other Gram-positive bacteria. All 15 genes occurred frequently in 30 clinically derived diverse E. faecium isolates tested. The common occurrence of MSCRAMM- and pilus-encoding genes and the presence of a second collagen-binding protein may have important implications for our understanding of this emerging pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jouko Sillanpää
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sreedhar R. Nallapareddy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vittal P. Prakash
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang Qin
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Magnus Hook
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George M. Weinstock
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barbara E. Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Leo JC, Elovaara H, Brodsky B, Skurnik M, Goldman A. The Yersinia adhesin YadA binds to a collagenous triple-helical conformation but without sequence specificity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 21:475-84. [PMID: 18467342 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a collagen-binding trimeric autotransporter of Yersinia enterocolitica, an enteropathogen that causes a range of gastroenteric and systemic diseases, and YadA is essential for Y. enterocolitica virulence. Although previous studies suggest a specific binding site in collagen for YadA, we found that recombinant YadA binds to both major cyanogen bromide fragments of collagen type II and the collagen-like model peptide (Pro-Hyp-Gly)(10) [(POG)(10)]. To further characterise the YadA-collagen interaction, we investigated the binding of YadA to (POG)(10) and three other model peptides, (Pro-Pro-Gly)(10) which lacks the hydroxyl groups of (POG)(10), T3-785 which contains a stretch of the collagen type III sequence and Gly(-) which is similar to (POG)(10) but lacks the central glycine. All the peptides except Gly(-) adopt a collagen-like triple-helical conformation at room temperature. All three triple-helical peptides bound to YadA, with (POG)(10) being the tightest, whereas binding of Gly(-) was hardly detectable. The affinity of (POG)(10) for YadA was 0.28 microM by isothermal titration calorimetry and 0.17 microM by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), similar to that of collagen type I. Our results show that a collagen-like triple-helical conformation, strengthened by the presence of hydroxyproline residues, is both necessary and sufficient for YadA binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Leo
- Macromolecular X-ray Crystallography Group, Structural Biology and Biophysics, Haartman Institute and Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bowden MG, Heuck AP, Ponnuraj K, Kolosova E, Choe D, Gurusiddappa S, Narayana SVL, Johnson AE, Höök M. Evidence for the "dock, lock, and latch" ligand binding mechanism of the staphylococcal microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMM) SdrG. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:638-647. [PMID: 17991749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706252200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of foreign body infections. The S. epidermidis fibrinogen (Fg)-binding adhesin SdrG is necessary and sufficient for the attachment of this pathogen to Fg-coated materials. Based largely on structural analyses of the ligand binding domain of SdrG as an apo-protein and in complex with a Fg-like peptide, we proposed that SdrG follows a "dock, lock, and latch" mechanism to bind to Fg. This binding mechanism involves the docking of the ligand in a pocket formed between two SdrG subdomains followed by the movement of a C-terminal extension of one subdomain to cover the ligand and to insert and complement a beta-sheet in a neighboring subdomain. These proposed events result in a greatly stabilized closed conformation of the MSCRAMM-ligand complex. In this report, we describe a biochemical analysis of the proposed conformational changes that SdrG undergoes upon binding to its ligand. We have introduced disulfide bonds into SdrG to stabilize the open and closed forms of the apo-form of the MSCRAMM. We show that the stabilized closed form does not bind to the ligand and that binding can be restored in the presence of reducing agents such as dithiothreitol. We have also used Förster resonance energy transfer to dynamically show the conformational changes of SdrG upon binding to its ligand. Finally, we have used isothermic calorimetry to determine that hydrophobic interactions between the ligand and the protein are responsible for re-directing the C-terminal extension of the second subdomain required for triggering the beta-strand complementation event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriela Bowden
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
| | - Alejandro P Heuck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Karthe Ponnuraj
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; Center of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Elena Kolosova
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Damon Choe
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sivashankarappa Gurusiddappa
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sthanam V L Narayana
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Arthur E Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Magnus Höök
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| |
Collapse
|