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Zhou M, Li K, Luo KQ. Shear Stress Drives the Cleavage Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 by PRSS3/Mesotrypsin to Promote Invasion and Metastasis of Circulating Lung Cancer Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301059. [PMID: 37395651 PMCID: PMC10477893 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
When circulating tumor cells (CTCs) travel in circulation, they can be killed by detachment-induced anoikis and fluidic shear stress (SS)-mediated apoptosis. Circulatory treatment, which can make CTCs detached but also generate SS, can increase metastasis of cancer cells. To identify SS-specific mechanosensors without detachment impacts, a microfluidic circulatory system is used to generate arteriosus SS and compare transcriptome profiles of circulating lung cancer cells with suspended cells. Half of the cancer cells can survive SS damage and show higher invasion ability. Mesotrypsin (PRSS3), protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), and the subunit of activating protein 1, Fos-related antigen 1 (FOSL1), are upregulated by SS, and their high expression is responsible for promoting invasion and metastasis. SS triggers PRSS3 to cleave the N-terminal inhibitory domain of PAR2 within 2 h. As a G protein-coupled receptor, PAR2 further activates the Gαi protein to turn on the Src-ERK/p38/JNK-FRA1/cJUN axis to promote the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, and also PRSS3, which facilitates metastasis. Enriched PRSS3, PAR2, and FOSL1 in human tumor samples and their correlations with worse outcomes reveal their clinical significance. PAR2 may serve as an SS-specific mechanosensor cleavable by PRSS3 in circulation, which provides new insights for targeting metastasis-initiating CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muya Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
| | - Koukou Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
- Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
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Koistinen H, Kovanen RM, Hollenberg MD, Dufour A, Radisky ES, Stenman UH, Batra J, Clements J, Hooper JD, Diamandis E, Schilling O, Rannikko A, Mirtti T. The roles of proteases in prostate cancer. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:493-513. [PMID: 36598826 PMCID: PMC10159896 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the proposition of the pro-invasive activity of proteolytic enzymes over 70 years ago, several roles for proteases in cancer progression have been established. About half of the 473 active human proteases are expressed in the prostate and many of the most well-characterized members of this enzyme family are regulated by androgens, hormones essential for development of prostate cancer. Most notably, several kallikrein-related peptidases, including KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA), the most well-known prostate cancer marker, and type II transmembrane serine proteases, such as TMPRSS2 and matriptase, have been extensively studied and found to promote prostate cancer progression. Recent findings also suggest a critical role for proteases in the development of advanced and aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Perhaps the most intriguing evidence for this role comes from studies showing that the protease-activated transmembrane proteins, Notch and CDCP1, are associated with the development of CRPC. Here, we review the roles of proteases in prostate cancer, with a special focus on their regulation by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ruusu-Maaria Kovanen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D. Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eleftherios Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Hara T, Sata M, Fukuda D. Emerging roles of protease-activated receptors in cardiometabolic disorders. J Cardiol 2023; 81:337-346. [PMID: 36195252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity-related insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, share sterile chronic inflammation as a major cause; however, the precise underlying mechanisms of chronic inflammation in cardiometabolic disorders are not fully understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that several coagulation proteases, including thrombin and activated factor X (FXa), play an important role not only in the coagulation cascade but also in the proinflammatory responses through protease-activated receptors (PARs) in many cell types. Four members of the PAR family have been cloned (PAR 1-4). For instance, thrombin activates PAR-1, PAR-3, and PAR-4. FXa activates both PAR-1 and PAR-2, while it has no effect on PAR-3 or PAR-4. Previous studies demonstrated that PAR-1 and PAR-2 activated by thrombin or FXa promote gene expression of inflammatory molecules mainly via the NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways. In obese adipose tissue and atherosclerotic vascular tissue, various stresses increase the expression of tissue factor and procoagulant activity. Recent studies indicated that the activation of PARs in adipocytes and vascular cells by coagulation proteases promotes inflammation in these tissues, which leads to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. This review briefly summarizes the role of PARs and coagulation proteases in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and describes recent findings (including ours) on the potential participation of this system in the development of cardiometabolic disorders. New insights into PARs may ensure a better understanding of cardiometabolic disorders and suggest new therapeutic options for these major health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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Lin S, Xu H, Qin L, Pang M, Wang Z, Gu M, Zhang L, Zhao C, Hao X, Zhang Z, Ding W, Ren J, Huang J. UHRF1/DNMT1–MZF1 axis-modulated intragenic site-specific CpGI methylation confers divergent expression and opposing functions of PRSS3 isoforms in lung cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2086-2106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
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Peach CJ, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Bunnett NW, Schmidt BL. Protease-activated receptors in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:717-785. [PMID: 35901239 PMCID: PMC9662810 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors. These transmembrane receptors control most physiological and pathological processes and are the target of a large proportion of therapeutic drugs. Signaling proteases include enzymes from the circulation; from immune, inflammatory epithelial, and cancer cells; as well as from commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of PARs provide insights into how diverse proteases activate these receptors to regulate physiological and pathological processes in most tissues and organ systems. The realization that proteases and PARs are key mediators of disease, coupled with advances in understanding the atomic level structure of PARs and their mechanisms of signaling in subcellular microdomains, has spurred the development of antagonists, some of which have advanced to the clinic. Herein we review the discovery, structure, and function of this receptor system, highlight the contribution of PARs to homeostatic control, and discuss the potential of PAR antagonists for the treatment of major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Peach
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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De bruyn M, Ceuleers H, Hanning N, Berg M, De Man JG, Hulpiau P, Hermans C, Stenman UH, Koistinen H, Lambeir AM, De Winter BY, De Meester I. Proteolytic Cleavage of Bioactive Peptides and Protease-Activated Receptors in Acute and Post-Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10711. [PMID: 34639054 PMCID: PMC8509398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome has been studied extensively using synthetic fluorogenic substrates targeting specific sets of proteases. We explored activities in colonic tissue from a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis rat model by investigating the cleavage of bioactive peptides. Pure trypsin- and elastase-like proteases on the one hand and colonic tissue from rats with TNBS-induced colitis in the acute or post-inflammatory phase on the other, were incubated with relevant peptides to identify their cleavage pattern by mass spectrometry. An increased cleavage of several peptides was observed in the colon from acute colitis rats. The tethered ligand (TL) sequences of peptides mimicking the N-terminus of protease-activated receptors (PAR) 1 and 4 were significantly unmasked by acute colitis samples and these cleavages were positively correlated with thrombin activity. Increased cleavage of β-endorphin and disarming of the TL-sequence of the PAR3-based peptide were observed in acute colitis and linked to chymotrypsin-like activity. Increased processing of the enkephalins points to the involvement of proteases with specificities different from trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like enzymes. In conclusion, our results suggest thrombin, chymotrypsin-like proteases and a set of proteases with different specificities as potential therapeutic targets in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle De bruyn
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (A.-M.L.)
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.C.); (N.H.); (M.B.); (J.G.D.M.); (B.Y.D.W.)
| | - Hannah Ceuleers
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.C.); (N.H.); (M.B.); (J.G.D.M.); (B.Y.D.W.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nikita Hanning
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.C.); (N.H.); (M.B.); (J.G.D.M.); (B.Y.D.W.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maya Berg
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.C.); (N.H.); (M.B.); (J.G.D.M.); (B.Y.D.W.)
| | - Joris G. De Man
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.C.); (N.H.); (M.B.); (J.G.D.M.); (B.Y.D.W.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Paco Hulpiau
- Bioinformatics Knowledge Center (BiKC), Howest University of Applied Sciences, 8000 Bruges, Belgium; (P.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Cedric Hermans
- Bioinformatics Knowledge Center (BiKC), Howest University of Applied Sciences, 8000 Bruges, Belgium; (P.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (U.-H.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (U.-H.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (A.-M.L.)
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.C.); (N.H.); (M.B.); (J.G.D.M.); (B.Y.D.W.)
| | - Benedicte Y. De Winter
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.C.); (N.H.); (M.B.); (J.G.D.M.); (B.Y.D.W.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (A.-M.L.)
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.C.); (N.H.); (M.B.); (J.G.D.M.); (B.Y.D.W.)
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Zhang Q, Wang J, Huang D, Liu G. High Expression of PRSS3 Indicates Unfavorable Clinical Outcomes in Colon Adenocarcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:564-569. [PMID: 33758142 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serine proteases have been implicated as key drivers and facilitators of cancer malignancy. Protease, serine, 3 (PRSS3), which belongs to the serine proteases family, is reported to be abundantly expressed in a variety of types of tumor and contributes to the initiation and development of cancers. However, the clinical role of PRSS3 in colon adenocarcinoma (CAC) was not clarified yet. In the present study, we explored the potential effect of PRSS3 in CAC and whether it is related to the poor survival of CAC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mRNA and protein levels of PRSS3 were examined in CAC samples and connective noncancerous colon samples through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and immunohistochemistry staining. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to estimate the prognostic role of PRSS3 in enrolled CAC patients. RESULTS PRSS3 expression in CAC samples was significantly increased compared with connective noncancerous samples. Moreover, a higher level of PRSS3 was found to be correlated with the larger tumor size, advanced T stage, and positive lymph node metastasis. In addition, PRSS3 was also defined as an unfavorable prognosis factor for CAC patients. CONCLUSIONS High expression of PRSS3 was significantly related to the unfavorable clinical features and poor prognosis in CAC patients. It suggested that PRSS3 might serve as a novel prognostic indicator and potential drug target for CAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shan Dong Medical College
| | | | - Di Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin
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Mouse model suggests limited role for human mesotrypsin in pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2021; 21:342-352. [PMID: 33526384 PMCID: PMC7969449 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesotrypsin is a low-abundance human trypsin isoform with a unique evolutionary mutation that conferred resistance to trypsin inhibitors and restricted substrate specificity. Mesotrypsin degrades the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) and thereby might increase risk for pancreatitis. Here, we report a mouse model designed to test the role of mesotrypsin in pancreatitis. We introduced the human mesotrypsin evolutionary signature mutation into mouse cationic trypsinogen (isoform T7), resulting in a Gly to Arg change at the corresponding position 199. In biochemical experiments using purified proteins, the p.G199R T7 mutant recapitulated all salient features of human mesotrypsin. T7G199R mice developed normally with no spontaneous pancreatitis or other obvious phenotypic changes. Cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in C57BL/6N and T7G199R mice showed similar severity with respect to inflammatory parameters and acinar cell necrosis while plasma amylase activity was higher in T7G199R mice. Neither SPINK1 degradation nor elevated intrapancreatic trypsin activation was apparent in T7G199R mice. The results indicate that in T7G199R mice the newly created mesotrypsin-like activity has no significant impact on cerulein-induced pancreatitis. The observations suggest that human mesotrypsin is unimportant for pancreatitis; a notion that is consistent with published human genetic studies.
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Coutinho ML, Bizzarro B, Tirloni L, Berger M, Freire Oliveira CJ, Sá-Nunes A, Silva Vaz I. Rhipicephalus microplus serpins interfere with host immune responses by specifically modulating mast cells and lymphocytes. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101425. [PMID: 32335011 PMCID: PMC11000276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus ticks feed on a bovine host for three weeks. At the attachment site, inflammatory and immune responses are triggered resulting in the recruitment of cells and production of a set of immunological mediators. To oppose the host's immune responses, ticks inoculate bioactive salivary molecules capable of interfering with these defense mechanisms. Serpins are among the most frequent molecules present in tick saliva and have been shown to negatively affect the host's anti-tick immunity. R. microplus has at least eighteen full-length serpins (RmS) and eleven are transcribed during blood feeding. Among them, RmS-3, RmS-6, and RmS-17 are present in the saliva of engorged females. Here, the effect of these serpins on the immune responses was evaluated in cells involved in innate/inflammatory (mast cells and macrophages) and adaptive (T cells) immunity. RmS-3 modulated mast cells due to its inhibitory activity on peritoneal rat chymase and on vascular permeability in acute inflammation. In addition, both RmS-6 and RmS-17 inhibited vascular permeability. Of the three serpins studied, neither affected activation nor inflammatory cytokine production by murine macrophages. On the other hand, RmS-3 and RmS-17 presented an inhibitory effect on the metabolic activity of lymphocytes, with the latter being the most potent, while RmS-6 had no effect on it. This activity was associated with a decrease in lymphocyte proliferation, but not with induction of cell death. The present study highlights the powerful modulatory role of tick salivary serpins in the host's immune system and inspire the discovery of targets for the treatment of inflammatory/immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L Coutinho
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Bizzarro
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Markus Berger
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-007, Brazil.
| | - Carlo Jose Freire Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-180, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Anderson Sá-Nunes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Itabajara Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
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Amblyomma americanum serpin 27 (AAS27) is a tick salivary anti-inflammatory protein secreted into the host during feeding. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007660. [PMID: 31449524 PMCID: PMC6730956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks successfully feed and transmit pathogens by injecting pharmacological compounds in saliva to thwart host defenses. We have previously used LC-MS/MS to identify proteins that are present in saliva of unfed Amblyomma americanum ticks that were exposed to different hosts. Here we show that A. americanum serine protease inhibitor (serpin) 27 (AAS27) is an immunogenic saliva protein that is injected into the host within the first day of tick feeding and is an anti-inflammatory protein that might act by blocking plasmin and trypsin functions. Although AAS27 is injected into the host throughout tick feeding, qRT-PCR and western blotting analyses indicate that the respective transcript and protein are present in high amounts within the first 24 h of tick feeding. Biochemical screening of Pichia pastoris-expressed recombinant (r) AAS27 against mammalian proteases related to host defense shows it is an inhibitor of trypsin and plasmin, with stoichiometry of inhibition indices of 3.5 and 3.8, respectively. Consistent with typical inhibitory serpins, rAAS27 formed heat- and SDS-stable irreversible complexes with both proteases. We further demonstrate that rAAS27 inhibits trypsin with ka of 6.46 ± 1.24 x 104 M-1 s-1, comparable to serpins of other tick species. We show that native AAS27 is part of the repertoire of proteins responsible for the inhibitory activity against trypsin in crude tick saliva. AAS27 is likely utilized by the tick to evade the hosts inflammation defense since rAAS27 blocks both formalin and compound 48/80-induced inflammation in rats. Tick immune sera of rabbits that had acquired resistance against tick feeding following repeated infestations with A. americanum or Ixodes scapularis ticks reacts with rAAS27. Of significant interest, antibody to rAAS27 blocks this serpin inhibitory functions. Taken together, we conclude that AAS27 is an anti-inflammatory protein secreted into the host during feeding and may represent a potential candidate for development of an anti-tick vaccine.
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Li S, Zhang D, Lu K, Wu Y, Sheng L, Tang Q. Activation of calcium signaling in human gingival fibroblasts by recombinant Porphyromonas gingivalis RgpB protein. Eur J Oral Sci 2019; 127:287-293. [PMID: 31175838 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arginine-specific cysteine proteinases, such as Arg-gingipain B (RgpB), mediate inflammation by activating protease-activated receptors (PARs). Arg-gingipain B is produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, and is implicated in the causation of periodontal disease. The purpose of the present study was to observe the influence of recombinant RgpB protein (rRgpB) on PAR activation by monitoring intracellular Ca2+ ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) levels in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Our findings showed that rRgpB could cause a transient increase in [Ca2+]i. This increase in [Ca2+]i was completely suppressed by vorapaxar, a PAR-1 antagonist. Recombinant Arg-gingipain B increased the concentration of IP3, reaching a maximum at 60 s after treatment; this was completely inhibited by vorapaxar. We therefore conclude that rRgpB-induced calcium signaling in HGFs is mainly caused by PAR-1 activation. This suggests that PAR-1 activation plays a significant role in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease induced by P. gingivalis RgpB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Diya Zhang
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Lu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Wu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lieping Sheng
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Schilling O, Biniossek ML, Mayer B, Elsässer B, Brandstetter H, Goettig P, Stenman UH, Koistinen H. Specificity profiling of human trypsin-isoenzymes. Biol Chem 2019; 399:997-1007. [PMID: 29883318 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In humans, three different trypsin-isoenzymes have been described. Of these, trypsin-3 appears to be functionally different from the others. In order to systematically study the specificity of the trypsin-isoenzymes, we utilized proteome-derived peptide libraries and quantitative proteomics. We found similar specificity profiles dominated by the well-characterized preference for cleavage after lysine and arginine. Especially, trypsin-1 slightly favored lysine over arginine in this position, while trypsin-3 did not discriminate between them. In the P1' position, which is the residue C-terminal to the cleavage site, we noticed a subtle enrichment of alanine and glycine for all three trypsins and for trypsin-3 there were additional minor P1' and P2' preferences for threonine and aspartic acid, respectively. These findings were confirmed by FRET peptide substrates showing different susceptibility to cleavage by different trypsins. The preference of trypsin-3 for aspartic acid in P2' is explained by salt bridge formation with the unique Arg193. This salt bridge enables and stabilizes a canonical oxyanion conformation by the amides of Ser195 and Arg193, thus manifesting a selective substrate-assisted catalysis. As trypsin-3 has been proposed to be a therapeutic target and marker for cancers, our results may aid the development of specific inhibitors for cancer therapy and diagnostic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Mayer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brigitta Elsässer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Goettig
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Groeger S, Meyle J. Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:208. [PMID: 30837987 PMCID: PMC6383680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular Phenotype and Apoptosis: The function of epithelial tissues is the protection of the organism from chemical, microbial, and physical challenges which is indispensable for viability. To fulfill this task, oral epithelial cells follow a strongly regulated scheme of differentiation that results in the formation of structural proteins that manage the integrity of epithelial tissues and operate as a barrier. Oral epithelial cells are connected by various transmembrane proteins with specialized structures and functions. Keratin filaments adhere to the plasma membrane by desmosomes building a three-dimensional matrix. Cell-Cell Contacts and Bacterial Influence: It is known that pathogenic oral bacteria are able to affect the expression and configuration of cell-cell junctions. Human keratinocytes up-regulate immune-modulatory receptors upon stimulation with bacterial components. Periodontal pathogens including P. gingivalis are able to inhibit oral epithelial innate immune responses through various mechanisms and to escape from host immune reaction, which supports the persistence of periodontitis and furthermore is able to affect the epithelial barrier function by altering expression and distribution of cell-cell interactions including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). In the pathogenesis of periodontitis a highly organized biofilm community shifts from symbiosis to dysbiosis which results in destructive local inflammatory reactions. Cellular Receptors: Cell-surface located toll like receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmatic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs recognize microbial parts that represent pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A multimeric complex of proteins known as inflammasome, which is a subset of NLRs, assembles after activation and proceeds to pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Cytokine Production and Release: Cytokines and bacterial products may lead to host cell mediated tissue destruction. Keratinocytes are able to produce diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Infection by pathogenic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) can induce a differentiated production of these cytokines. Immuno-modulation, Bacterial Infection, and Cancer Cells: There is a known association between bacterial infection and cancer. Bacterial components are able to up-regulate immune-modulatory receptors on cancer cells. Interactions of bacteria with tumor cells could support malignant transformation an environment with deficient immune regulation. The aim of this review is to present a set of molecular mechanisms of oral epithelial cells and their reactions to a number of toxic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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14
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PRSS3/Mesotrypsin and kallikrein-related peptidase 5 are associated with poor prognosis and contribute to tumor cell invasion and growth in lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1844. [PMID: 30755669 PMCID: PMC6372636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases have been implicated as key drivers and facilitators of lung cancer malignancy, and while these proteins represent straightforward targets for therapeutic inhibitors, identification of optimal points for intervention has been complicated by the complex networks in which these enzymes function. Here we implicate a signaling pathway consisting of PRSS3/mesotrypsin and kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5) in lung adenocarcinoma malignancy. We show that elevated PRSS3/mesotrypsin expression is prognostic for poor outcome for patients with lung adenocarcinoma, and that genetic or pharmacologic targeting of PRSS3/mesotrypsin reduces lung adenocarcinoma cell invasiveness and proliferation. We further show that genetic targeting of KLK5, a known target of PRSS3/mesotrypsin, phenocopies the effect of PRSS3/mesotrypsin knockdown, and also that elevated expression of KLK5 is similarly prognostic for outcome in lung adenocarcinoma. Finally, we use transcriptional profiling experiments to show that PRSS3/mesotrypsin and KLK5 control a common malignancy-promoting pathway. These experiments implicate a potential PRSS3/mesotrypsin-KLK5 signaling module in lung adenocarcinoma and reveal the potential therapeutic benefit of selectively targeting these pathways.
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15
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Posma JJ, Grover SP, Hisada Y, Owens AP, Antoniak S, Spronk HM, Mackman N. Roles of Coagulation Proteases and PARs (Protease-Activated Receptors) in Mouse Models of Inflammatory Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:13-24. [PMID: 30580574 PMCID: PMC6310042 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the blood coagulation cascade leads to fibrin deposition and platelet activation that are required for hemostasis. However, aberrant activation of coagulation can lead to thrombosis. Thrombi can cause tissue ischemia, and fibrin degradation products and activated platelets can enhance inflammation. In addition, coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of PARs (protease-activated receptors), including PAR1 and PAR2. Direct oral anticoagulants have recently been developed to specifically inhibit the coagulation proteases FXa (factor Xa) and thrombin. Administration of these inhibitors to wild-type mice can be used to determine the roles of FXa and thrombin in different inflammatory diseases. These results can be compared with the phenotypes of mice with deficiencies of either Par1 (F2r) or Par2 (F2rl1). However, inhibition of coagulation proteases will have effects beyond reducing PAR signaling, and a deficiency of PARs will abolish signaling from all proteases that activate these receptors. We will summarize studies that examine the roles of coagulation proteases, particularly FXa and thrombin, and PARs in different mouse models of inflammatory disease. Targeting FXa and thrombin or PARs may reduce inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Posma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven P Grover
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yohei Hisada
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - A. Phillip Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henri M Spronk
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Widera D, Martínez Aguilar R, Cottrell GS. Toll-like receptor 4 and protease-activated receptor 2 in physiology and pathophysiology of the nervous system: more than just receptor cooperation? Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1196-1201. [PMID: 30804245 PMCID: PMC6425834 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.251290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) play pivotal roles in the mammalian innate immune response. Notably, in addition to their involvement in detection of invading pathogens, PAR2 and TLR4 modulate the levels of cell death-induced sterile inflammation by activating pro- or anti-inflammatory downstream signaling cascades. Within the central nervous system, there is emerging evidence that both receptors are involved in synaptic transmission and brain plasticity. Furthermore, due to their prominent role in mediating neuroinflammation, PAR2 and TLR4 are associated with development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders including but not limited to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis. In this article, we summarise the current knowledge on the cooperation between PAR2 and TLR4, discuss the potential cross-talk levels and highlight the impact of the cross-coupling on neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Widera
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights campus, Reading, UK
| | - Rocío Martínez Aguilar
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights campus, Reading, UK; Unidad de Inmunología, IBIMER, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Graeme S Cottrell
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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17
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Sébert M, Sola-Tapias N, Mas E, Barreau F, Ferrand A. Protease-Activated Receptors in the Intestine: Focus on Inflammation and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:717. [PMID: 31708870 PMCID: PMC6821688 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Compared to other GPCRs, the specificity of the four PARs is the lack of physiologically soluble ligands able to induce their activation. Indeed, PARs are physiologically activated after proteolytic cleavage of their N-terminal domain by proteases. The resulting N-terminal end becomes a tethered activation ligand that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and thus induce PAR signal. PARs expression is ubiquitous and these receptors have been largely described in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this review, after describing their discovery, structure, mechanisms of activation, we then focus on the roles of PARs in the intestine and the two main diseases affecting the organ, namely inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer.
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18
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Sébert M, Denadai-Souza A, Quaranta M, Racaud-Sultan C, Chabot S, Lluel P, Monjotin N, Alric L, Portier G, Kirzin S, Bonnet D, Ferrand A, Vergnolle N. Thrombin modifies growth, proliferation and apoptosis of human colon organoids: a protease-activated receptor 1- and protease-activated receptor 4-dependent mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3656-3668. [PMID: 29959891 PMCID: PMC6109216 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Thrombin is massively released upon tissue damage associated with bleeding or chronic inflammation. The effects of this thrombin on tissue regrowth and repair has been scarcely addressed and only in cancer cell lines. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to determine thrombin's pharmacological effects on human intestinal epithelium growth, proliferation and apoptosis, using three-dimensional cultures of human colon organoids. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Crypts were isolated from human colonic resections and cultured for 6 days, forming human colon organoids. Cultured organoids were exposed to 10 and 50 mU·mL-1 of thrombin, in the presence or not of protease-activated receptor (PAR) antagonists. Organoid morphology, metabolism, proliferation and apoptosis were followed. KEY RESULTS Thrombin favoured organoid maturation leading to a decreased number of immature cystic structures and a concomitant increased number of larger structures releasing cell debris and apoptotic cells. The size of budding structures, metabolic activity and proliferation were significantly reduced in organoid cultures exposed to thrombin, while apoptosis was dramatically increased. Both PAR1 and PAR4 antagonists inhibited apoptosis regardless of thrombin doses. Thrombin-induced inhibition of proliferation and metabolic activity were reversed by PAR4 antagonist for thrombin's lowest dose and by PAR1 antagonist for thrombin's highest dose. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, our data suggest that the presence of thrombin in the vicinity of human colon epithelial cells favours their maturation at the expense of their regenerative capacities. Our data point to thrombin and its two receptors PAR1 and PAR4 as potential molecular targets for epithelial repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Sébert
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Muriel Quaranta
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Alric
- Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Diseases, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Portier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sylvain Kirzin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Delphine Bonnet
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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19
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Lin B, Zhou X, Lin S, Wang X, Zhang M, Cao B, Dong Y, Yang S, Wang JM, Guo M, Huang J. Epigenetic silencing of PRSS3 provides growth and metastasis advantage for human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1237-1249. [PMID: 28844099 PMCID: PMC8171496 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protease, serine, 3 (PRSS3), a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases, has been shown to be aberrantly expressed in several cancer types and to play important roles in tumor progression and metastasis. However, the expression and function of PRSS3 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Here we found that PRSS3 expression was decreased in human HCC cell lines and HCC surgical specimens. This was associated with intragenic methylation of PRSS3 gene. Treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and/or histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A restored PRSS3 expression in HCC cell lines. Ectopic overexpression of PRSS3 gene in HCC cell lines significantly suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation and arrested cell cycle at G1/S phase, accompanied with downregulation of cyclin D1 (CCND1)/CDK4 and cyclin E1 (CCNE1)/CDK2 complexes. Moreover, PRSS3 overexpression in HCC cells inhibited HCC cell migration and invasion with downregulation of matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2). Further study showed that PRSS3 overexpression diminished the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signaling protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MEK2) and extracellular-signal related kinase 1 (ERK1)/extracellular-signal related kinase 2 (ERK2), in HCC cells. In contrast, knockdown of PRSS3 by small interfering RNA resulted in opposite effects on an HCC cell line SNU-387 which constitutively expresses PRSS3. These results demonstrate that downregulation of PRSS3 by intragenic hypermethylation provides growth and metastasis advantage to HCC cells. The clinical relevance of PRSS3 to human HCC was shown by the intragenic methylation of PRSS3 in HCC specimens and its association with poor tumor differentiation in patients with HCC. Thus, PRSS3 is a potential prognostic biomarker and an epigenetic target for intervention of human HCC. KEY MESSAGES • PRSS3 is downregulated by intragenic hypermethylation in HCC. • Epigenetic silencing of PRSS3 facilitates growth, migration, and invasion of HCC. • PRSS3 intragenic methylation has implication in diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonan Lin
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhou
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Shuye Lin
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Baoping Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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20
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Rolland-Fourcade C, Denadai-Souza A, Cirillo C, Lopez C, Jaramillo JO, Desormeaux C, Cenac N, Motta JP, Larauche M, Taché Y, Berghe PV, Neunlist M, Coron E, Kirzin S, Portier G, Bonnet D, Alric L, Vanner S, Deraison C, Vergnolle N. Epithelial expression and function of trypsin-3 in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2017; 66:1767-1778. [PMID: 28096305 PMCID: PMC5595105 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proteases are key mediators of pain and altered enteric neuronal signalling, although the types and sources of these important intestinal mediators are unknown. We hypothesised that intestinal epithelium is a major source of trypsin-like activity in patients with IBS and this activity signals to primary afferent and enteric nerves and induces visceral hypersensitivity. DESIGN Trypsin-like activity was determined in tissues from patients with IBS and in supernatants of Caco-2 cells stimulated or not. These supernatants were also applied to cultures of primary afferents. mRNA isoforms of trypsin (PRSS1, 2 and 3) were detected by reverse transcription-PCR, and trypsin-3 protein expression was studied by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Electrophysiological recordings and Ca2+ imaging in response to trypsin-3 were performed in mouse primary afferent and in human submucosal neurons, respectively. Visceromotor response to colorectal distension was recorded in mice administered intracolonically with trypsin-3. RESULTS We showed that stimulated intestinal epithelial cells released trypsin-like activity specifically from the basolateral side. This activity was able to activate sensory neurons. In colons of patients with IBS, increased trypsin-like activity was associated with the epithelium. We identified that trypsin-3 was the only form of trypsin upregulated in stimulated intestinal epithelial cells and in tissues from patients with IBS. Trypsin-3 was able to signal to human submucosal enteric neurons and mouse sensory neurons, and to induce visceral hypersensitivity in vivo, all by a protease-activated receptor-2-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS In IBS, the intestinal epithelium produces and releases the active protease trypsin-3, which is able to signal to enteric neurons and to induce visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carla Cirillo
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience (LENS), TARGID, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cintya Lopez
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, , General Hospital, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josue Obed Jaramillo
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, , General Hospital, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cleo Desormeaux
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Larauche
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience (LENS), TARGID, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, UMR913, Nantes, France,Nantes University, Nantes, France,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hopital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuel Coron
- Inserm, UMR913, Nantes, France,Nantes University, Nantes, France,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hopital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Sylvain Kirzin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Pole Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Portier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Pole Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Bonnet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Pole Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Alric
- Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Pole Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Stephen Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, , General Hospital, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celine Deraison
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Kayode O, Huang Z, Soares AS, Caulfield TR, Dong Z, Bode AM, Radisky ES. Small molecule inhibitors of mesotrypsin from a structure-based docking screen. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176694. [PMID: 28463992 PMCID: PMC5413004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PRSS3/mesotrypsin is an atypical isoform of trypsin, the upregulation of which has been implicated in promoting tumor progression. To date there are no mesotrypsin-selective pharmacological inhibitors which could serve as tools for deciphering the pathological role of this enzyme, and could potentially form the basis for novel therapeutic strategies targeting mesotrypsin. A virtual screen of the Natural Product Database (NPD) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Drug Database was conducted by high-throughput molecular docking utilizing crystal structures of mesotrypsin. Twelve high-scoring compounds were selected for testing based on lowest free energy docking scores, interaction with key mesotrypsin active site residues, and commercial availability. Diminazene (CID22956468), along with two similar compounds presenting the bis-benzamidine substructure, was validated as a competitive inhibitor of mesotrypsin and other human trypsin isoforms. Diminazene is the most potent small molecule inhibitor of mesotrypsin reported to date with an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 3.6±0.3 μM. Diminazene was subsequently co-crystalized with mesotrypsin and the crystal structure was solved and refined to 1.25 Å resolution. This high resolution crystal structure can now offer a foundation for structure-guided efforts to develop novel and potentially more selective mesotrypsin inhibitors based on similar molecular substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide Kayode
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zunnan Huang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alexei S. Soares
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Caulfield
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Polley DJ, Mihara K, Ramachandran R, Vliagoftis H, Renaux B, Saifeddine M, Daines MO, Boitano S, Hollenberg MD. Cockroach allergen serine proteinases: Isolation, sequencing and signalling via proteinase-activated receptor-2. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:946-960. [PMID: 28317204 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) is a significant asthma risk factor for inner-city communities. Cockroach, like other allergens, contains trypsin-like enzyme activity that contributes to allergenicity and airway inflammation by activating proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). To date, the enzymes responsible for the proteolytic activity of German cockroach allergen have not been characterized. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify, isolate and characterize the trypsin-like proteinases in German cockroach allergen extracts used for clinical skin tests. For each enzyme, we sought to determine (1) its substrate and inhibitor enzyme kinetics (Km and IC50), (2) its amino acid sequence and (3) its ability to activate calcium signalling and/or ERK1/2 phosphorylation via PAR2. METHODS Using a trypsin-specific activity-based probe, we detected three distinct enzymes that were isolated using ion-exchange chromatography. Each enzyme was sequenced by mass spectometery (deconvoluted with an expressed sequence tag library), evaluated kinetically for its substrate/inhibitor profile and assessed for its ability to activate PAR2 signalling. FINDINGS Each of the three serine proteinase activity-based probe-labelled enzymes isolated was biochemically distinct, with different enzyme kinetic profiles and primary amino acid sequences. The three enzymes showed a 57%-71% sequence identity with a proteinase previously cloned from the American cockroach (Per a 10). Each enzyme was found to activate both Ca++ and MAPK signalling via PAR2. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We have identified three different serine proteinases from the German cockroach that may, via PAR2 activation, play different roles for allergen sensitization in vivo and may represent attractive therapeutic targets for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Polley
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Mihara
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - H Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - B Renaux
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Saifeddine
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M O Daines
- Asthma & Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S Boitano
- Asthma & Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Waasdorp M, Duitman J, Spek CA. Plasmin reduces fibronectin deposition by mesangial cells in a protease-activated receptor-1 independent manner. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:152-156. [PMID: 29114573 PMCID: PMC5637235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) potentiates diabetic nephropathy (DN) as evident from reduced kidney injury in diabetic PAR-1 deficient mice. Although thrombin is the prototypical PAR-1 agonist, anticoagulant treatment does not limit DN in experimental animal models suggesting that thrombin is not the endogenous PAR-1 agonist driving DN. Objectives To identify the endogenous PAR-1 agonist potentiating diabetes-induced nephropathy. Methods Unbiased protease expression profiling in glomeruli from human kidneys with DN was performed using publically available microarray data. The identified prime candidate PAR-1 agonist was subsequently analysed for PAR-1-dependent induction of fibrosis in vitro. Results Of the 553 proteases expressed in the human genome, 247 qualified as potential PAR-1 agonists of which 71 were significantly expressed above background in diabetic glomeruli. The recently identified PAR-1 agonist plasmin(ogen), together with its physiological activator tissue plasminogen activator, were among the highest expressed proteases. Plasmin did however not induce mesangial proliferation and/or fibronectin deposition in vitro. In a PAR-1 independent manner, plasmin even reduced fibronectin deposition. Conclusion Expression profiling identified plasmin as potential endogenous PAR-1 agonist driving DN. Instead of inducing fibronectin expression, plasmin however reduced mesangial fibronectin deposition in vitro. Therefore we conclude that plasmin may not be the endogenous PAR-1 agonist potentiating DN. Plasmin is highly expressed in kidneys of diabetic nephropathy patients. Plasmin limits fibronectin deposition by mesangial cells. Plasmin-dependent PAR-1 activation does not drive diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Waasdorp
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - JanWillem Duitman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.,INSERM, UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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Shi K, Damhofer H, Daalhuisen J, Ten Brink M, Richel DJ, Spek CA. Dabigatran potentiates gemcitabine-induced growth inhibition of pancreatic cancer in mice. Mol Med 2017; 23:13-23. [PMID: 28182192 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal solid malignancies with little treatment options. We have recently shown that expression of protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 in the tumor microenvironment drives progression and induces chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer. As thrombin is the prototypical PAR-1 agonist, here we addressed the effect of the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran on pancreatic cancer growth and drug resistance in an orthotropic pancreatic cancer model. We show that dabigatran treatment did not affect primary tumor growth whereas it significantly increased tumor dissemination throughout the peritoneal cavity. Increased dissemination was accompanied by intratumoral bleeding and increased numbers of aberrant and/or collapsed blood vessels in the primary tumors. In combination with gemcitabine, dabigatran treatment limited primary tumor growth, did not induce bleeding complications and prevented tumor cell dissemination. Dabigatran was however not as efficient as genetic ablation of PAR-1 in our previous study suggesting that thrombin is not the main PAR-1 agonist in the setting of pancreatic cancer. Overall, we show that dabigatran potentiates gemcitabine-induced growth inhibition of pancreatic cancer but does not affect primary tumor growth when used as a monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shi
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helene Damhofer
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Daalhuisen
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Ten Brink
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick J Richel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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Camilleri M, Oduyebo I, Halawi H. Chemical and molecular factors in irritable bowel syndrome: current knowledge, challenges, and unanswered questions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G777-G784. [PMID: 27609770 PMCID: PMC5130552 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00242.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several chemical and molecular factors in the intestine are reported to be altered and to have a potentially significant role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), particularly in IBS with diarrhea. These include bile acids; short-chain fatty acids; mucosal barrier proteins; mast cell products such as histamine, proteases, and tryptase; enteroendocrine cell products; and mucosal mRNAs, proteins, and microRNAs. This article reviews the current knowledge and unanswered questions in the pathobiology of the chemical and molecular factors in IBS. Evidence continues to point to significant roles in pathogenesis of these chemical and molecular mechanisms, which may therefore constitute potential targets for future research and therapy. However, it is still necessary to address the interaction between these factors in the gut and to appraise how they may influence hypervigilance in the central nervous system in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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26
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Protease-activated receptor-1 deficiency protects against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33030. [PMID: 27618774 PMCID: PMC5020504 DOI: 10.1038/srep33030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenously administered activated protein C ameliorates diabetic nephropathy (DN) in a protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1)-dependent manner, suggesting that PAR-1 activation limits the progression of DN. Activation of PAR-1 in fibroblast-like cells, however, induces proliferation and extracellular matrix production, thereby driving fibrotic disease. Considering the key role of mesangial proliferation and extracellular matrix production during DN, PAR-1 may in fact potentiate diabetes-induced kidney injury. To determine the net effect of PAR-1 in DN, streptozotocin-induced DN was studied in wild type and PAR-1 deficient mice. Subsequent mechanistic insight was obtained by assessing profibrotic responses of mesangial and tubular epithelial cells in vitro, following PAR-1 stimulation and inhibition. Despite having similar glucose levels, PAR-1 deficient mice developed less kidney damage after induction of diabetes, as evidenced by diminished proteinuria, plasma cystatin C levels, expansion of the mesangial area, and tubular atrophy. In vitro, PAR-1 signaling in mesangial cells led to increased proliferation and expression of matrix proteins fibronectin and collagen IV. Conversely, a reduction in both proliferation and fibronectin deposition was observed in diabetic PAR-1 deficient mice. Overall, we show that PAR-1 plays an important role in the development of DN and PAR-1 might therefore be an attractive therapeutic target to pursue in DN.
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27
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Abstract
The GI tract is the most exposed organ to proteases, both in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. For digestive purposes, the lumen of the upper GI tract contains large amounts of pancreatic proteases, but studies have also demonstrated increased proteolytic activity into mucosal tissues (both in the upper and lower GI tract), associated with pathological conditions. This review aims at outlining the evidences for dysregulated proteolytic homeostasis in GI diseases and the pathogenic mechanisms of increased proteolytic activity. The therapeutic potential of protease inhibition in GI diseases is discussed, with a particular focus on IBDs, functional GI disorders and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vergnolle
- Inserm, U1220, Toulouse, France,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Toulouse, France,Inra, U1416, Toulouse, France,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), France,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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28
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Bao Y, Gao Y, Yang L, Kong X, Zheng H, Hou W, Hua B. New insights into protease-activated receptor 4 signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of inflammation and neuropathic pain: a literature review. Channels (Austin) 2015; 9:5-13. [PMID: 25664811 DOI: 10.4161/19336950.2014.995001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is commonly associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Despite decades of pain research, many patients continue to suffer from chronic pain that is refractory to current treatments. Accumulating evidence has indicated an important role of protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) in the pathogenesis of inflammation and neuropathic pain. Here we reviewed PAR4 expression and activation via intracellular signaling pathways and the role of PAR4 signaling pathways in the development and maintenance of pain. Understanding PAR4 and its corresponding signaling pathways will provide insight to further explore the molecular basis of pain, which will also help to identify new targets for pharmacological intervention for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Bao
- a Department of Oncology ; Guang'anmen Hospital ; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beixiange 5 ; Xicheng District , Beijing , P. R. China
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29
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Zhang D, Li S, Hu L, Sheng L, Chen L. Modulation of protease-activated receptor expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis in human gingival epithelial cells. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:128. [PMID: 26476532 PMCID: PMC4609475 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors with an active role in mediating inflammation, pain and other functions. The oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) secretes proteases that activate PARs. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of PARs in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis by expression analysis of PARs in human gingival epithelial cells (GECs) before and after P. gingivalis supernatants treatment. Methods GECs were isolated from healthy human gingival tissue samples. The expression of PARs in GECs was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. The effect of P. gingivalis proteases was investigated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) and flow cytometry. Results PAR-1, PAR-2, and PAR-3 were expressed in GECs. PAR-4 was not found by both RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Analysis of gene expression using QRT-PCR showed an up-regulation of PAR-2 mRNA in comparison to the untreated control cells (P < 0.05). In contrast, the mRNA expressions of PAR-1 and PAR-3 were significantly down-regulated (P > 0.05) in response to P. gingivalis supernatant compared to that in unstimulated control cells. This effect was abrogated by the protease inhibitor TLCK (P < 0.05). The results of flow cytometry indicated PARs protein levels consistent with mRNA levels in the results of QRT-PCR. Conclusions Our study shows that PAR-1, PAR-2 and PAR-3 are expressed in GECs. P. gingivalis proteases play a role in the regulation of innate immune responses in GECs. GECs use PARs to recognize P. gingivalis and mediate cell responses involved in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Zhang
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Shenglai Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Lingjing Hu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Lieping Sheng
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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30
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Muley MM, Reid AR, Botz B, Bölcskei K, Helyes Z, McDougall JJ. Neutrophil elastase induces inflammation and pain in mouse knee joints via activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:766-77. [PMID: 26140667 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neutrophil elastase plays a crucial role in arthritis. Here, its potential in triggering joint inflammation and pain was assessed, and whether these effects were mediated by proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Neutrophil elastase (5 μg) was injected into the knee joints of mice and changes in blood perfusion, leukocyte kinetics and paw withdrawal threshold were assessed. Similar experiments were performed in animals pretreated with the neutrophil elastase inhibitor sivelestat, the PAR2 antagonist GB83, the p44/42 MAPK inhibitor U0126 and in PAR2 receptor knockout (KO) mice. Neutrophil elastase activity was also evaluated in arthritic joints by fluorescent imaging and sivelestat was assessed for anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. KEY RESULTS Intra-articular injection of neutrophil elastase caused an increase in blood perfusion, leukocyte kinetics and a decrease in paw withdrawal threshold. Sivelestat treatment suppressed this effect. The PAR2 antagonist GB83 reversed neutrophil elastase-induced synovitis and pain and these responses were also attenuated in PAR2 KO mice. The MAPK inhibitor U0126 also blocked neutrophil elastase-induced inflammation and pain. Active neutrophil elastase was increased in acutely inflamed knees as shown by an activatable fluorescent probe. Sivelestat appeared to reduce neutrophil elastase activity, but had only a moderate anti-inflammatory effect in this model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Neutrophil elastase induced acute inflammation and pain in knee joints of mice. These changes are PAR2-dependent and appear to involve activation of a p44/42 MAPK pathway. Blocking neutrophil elastase, PAR2 and p44/42 MAPK activity can reduce inflammation and pain, suggesting their utility as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Muley
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Allison R Reid
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Bálint Botz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA NAP B Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jason J McDougall
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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31
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Alloy AP, Kayode O, Wang R, Hockla A, Soares AS, Radisky ES. Mesotrypsin Has Evolved Four Unique Residues to Cleave Trypsin Inhibitors as Substrates. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21523-35. [PMID: 26175157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesotrypsin is highly homologous to other mammalian trypsins, and yet it is functionally unique in possessing resistance to inhibition by canonical serine protease inhibitors and in cleaving these inhibitors as preferred substrates. Arg-193 and Ser-39 have been identified as contributors to the inhibitor resistance and cleavage capability of mesotrypsin, but it is not known whether these residues fully account for the unusual properties of mesotrypsin. Here, we use human cationic trypsin as a template for engineering a gain of catalytic function, assessing mutants containing mesotrypsin-like mutations for resistance to inhibition by bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor (APPI), and for the ability to hydrolyze these inhibitors as substrates. We find that Arg-193 and Ser-39 are sufficient to confer mesotrypsin-like resistance to inhibition; however, compared with mesotrypsin, the trypsin-Y39S/G193R double mutant remains 10-fold slower at hydrolyzing BPTI and 2.5-fold slower at hydrolyzing APPI. We identify two additional residues in mesotrypsin, Lys-74 and Asp-97, which in concert with Arg-193 and Ser-39 confer the full catalytic capability of mesotrypsin for proteolysis of BPTI and APPI. Novel crystal structures of trypsin mutants in complex with BPTI suggest that these four residues function cooperatively to favor conformational dynamics that assist in dissociation of cleaved inhibitors. Our results reveal that efficient inhibitor cleavage is a complex capability to which at least four spatially separated residues of mesotrypsin contribute. These findings suggest that inhibitor cleavage represents a functional adaptation of mesotrypsin that may have evolved in response to positive selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Alloy
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Olumide Kayode
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Ruiying Wang
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Alexei S Soares
- the Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Evette S Radisky
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
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Zhao P, Lieu T, Barlow N, Sostegni S, Haerteis S, Korbmacher C, Liedtke W, Jimenez-Vargas NN, Vanner SJ, Bunnett NW. Neutrophil Elastase Activates Protease-activated Receptor-2 (PAR2) and Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) to Cause Inflammation and Pain. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13875-87. [PMID: 25878251 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.642736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases that cleave protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) at Arg(36)↓Ser(37) reveal a tethered ligand that binds to the cleaved receptor. PAR(2) activates transient receptor potential (TRP) channels of nociceptive neurons to induce neurogenic inflammation and pain. Although proteases that cleave PAR(2) at non-canonical sites can trigger distinct signaling cascades, the functional importance of the PAR(2)-biased agonism is uncertain. We investigated whether neutrophil elastase, a biased agonist of PAR(2), causes inflammation and pain by activating PAR2 and TRP vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). Elastase cleaved human PAR(2) at Ala(66)↓Ser(67) and Ser(67)↓Val(68). Elastase stimulated PAR(2)-dependent cAMP accumulation and ERK1/2 activation, but not Ca(2+) mobilization, in KNRK cells. Elastase induced PAR(2) coupling to Gαs but not Gαq in HEK293 cells. Although elastase did not promote recruitment of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK(2)) or β-arrestin to PAR(2), consistent with its inability to promote receptor endocytosis, elastase did stimulate GRK6 recruitment. Elastase caused PAR(2)-dependent sensitization of TRPV4 currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes by adenylyl cyclase- and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent mechanisms. Elastase stimulated PAR(2)-dependent cAMP formation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and a PAR(2)- and TRPV4-mediated influx of extracellular Ca(2+) in mouse nociceptors. Adenylyl cyclase and PKA-mediated elastase-induced activation of TRPV4 and hyperexcitability of nociceptors. Intraplantar injection of elastase to mice caused edema and mechanical hyperalgesia by PAR(2)- and TRPV4-mediated mechanisms. Thus, the elastase-biased agonism of PAR(2) causes Gαs-dependent activation of adenylyl cyclase and PKA, which activates TRPV4 and sensitizes nociceptors to cause inflammation and pain. Our results identify a novel mechanism of elastase-induced activation of TRPV4 and expand the role of PAR(2) as a mediator of protease-driven inflammation and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishen Zhao
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | | | - Silvia Sostegni
- the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Silke Haerteis
- the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Liedtke
- the Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Nestor N Jimenez-Vargas
- the Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada, and
| | - Stephen J Vanner
- the Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada, and
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia, the Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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Cattaruzza F, Amadesi S, Carlsson JF, Murphy JE, Lyo V, Kirkwood K, Cottrell GS, Bogyo M, Knecht W, Bunnett NW. Serine proteases and protease-activated receptor 2 mediate the proinflammatory and algesic actions of diverse stimulants. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3814-26. [PMID: 24749982 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although serine proteases and agonists of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) cause inflammation and pain, the spectrum of proteases that are activated by proinflammatory and algesic stimuli and their contribution to inflammatory pain are uncertain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Enzymic assays and selective inhibitors were used to characterize protease activity in mice after intraplantar injections of formalin, bradykinin, PAR2 activating peptide (AP) or vehicle. The capacity of these proteases and of recombinant mouse trypsin 4 to cleave fragments of PAR2 and to activate PAR2 in cell lines was determined. Protease inhibitors and par2 (-/-) mice were used to assess the contributions of proteases and PAR2 to pain and inflammation. KEY RESULTS Intraplantar injection of formalin, bradykinin or PAR2-AP led to the activation of proteases that were susceptible to the serine protease inhibitor melagatran but resistant to soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). Melagatran inhibited mouse trypsin 4, which degraded SBTI. Proteases generated in inflamed tissues cleaved PAR2-derived peptides. These proteases and trypsin 4 increased [Ca(2+) ]i in PAR2-transfected but not in untransfected cells, and melagatran suppressed this activity. Melagatran or PAR2 deletion suppressed oedema and mechanical hypersensitivity induced by intraplantar formalin, bradykinin and PAR2-AP, but had no effect on capsaicin-induced pain. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Diverse proinflammatory and algesic agents activate melagatran-sensitive serine proteases that cause inflammation and pain by a PAR2-mediated mechanism. By inducing self-activating proteases, PAR2 amplifies and sustains inflammation and pain. Serine protease inhibitors can attenuate the inflammatory and algesic effects of diverse stimuli, representing a useful therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cattaruzza
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Sensitisation of TRPV4 by PAR2 is independent of intracellular calcium signalling and can be mediated by the biased agonist neutrophil elastase. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:687-701. [PMID: 24906497 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) may represent a major mechanism of regulating the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) non-selective cation channel in pathophysiological conditions associated with protease activation (e.g. during inflammation). To provide electrophysiological evidence for PAR2-mediated TRPV4 regulation, we characterised the properties of human TRPV4 heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes in the presence and absence of co-expressed human PAR2. In outside-out patches from TRPV4 expressing oocytes, we detected single-channel activity typical for TRPV4 with a single-channel conductance of about 100 pS for outward and 55 pS for inward currents. The synthetic TRPV4 activator GSK1016790A stimulated TRPV4 mainly by converting previously silent channels into active channels with an open probability of nearly one. In oocytes co-expressing TRPV4 and PAR2, PAR2 activation by trypsin or by specific PAR2 agonist SLIGRL-NH2 potentiated the GSK1016790A-stimulated TRPV4 whole-cell currents several fold, indicative of channel sensitisation. Pre-incubation of oocytes with the calcium chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA)-AM did not reduce the stimulatory effect of PAR2 activation on TRPV4, which indicates that the effect is independent of intracellular calcium signalling. Neutrophil elastase, a biased agonist of PAR2 that does not induce intracellular calcium signalling, also caused a PAR2-dependent sensitisation of TRPV4. The Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27362 abolished elastase-stimulated sensitisation of TRPV4, which indicates that Rho-kinase signalling plays a critical role in PAR2-mediated TRPV4 sensitisation by the biased agonist neutrophil elastase. During acute inflammation, neutrophil elastase may sensitise TRPV4 by a mechanism involving biased agonism of PAR2 and activation of Rho-kinase.
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Li SM, Jiang P, Xiang Y, Wang WW, Zhu YC, Feng WY, Li SD, Yu GY. Protease-activated receptor (PAR)1, PAR2 and PAR4 expressions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 35:420-5. [PMID: 25297082 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2014.5.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Here, we used reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and western blot to detect protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1, PAR 2 and PAR 4 expression in cancer tissues and cell lines of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and investigated the co-relationship between PAR expression and clinic-pathological data for esophageal cancer. The methylation of PAR4 gene promoter involved in esophageal carcinoma was also analyzed. By comparing the mRNA expressions of normal esophageal tissue and human esophageal epithelial cells (HEEpiC), we found that among the 28 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, PAR1 (60%) and PAR2 (71%) were elevated in 17 and 20 cases, respectively, and PAR4 (68%) expression was lowered in 19 cases. Whereas, in human esophageal squamous cells (TE-1 and TE-10), PAR1 and PAR2 expression was increased but PAR4 was decreased. Combined with clinical data, the expression of PAR1 in poorly differentiated (P=0.016) and middle and lower parts of the esophagus (P=0.016) was higher; expression of PAR4 in poorly differentiated carcinoma was lower (P=0.049). Regarding TE-1 and TE-10 protein expression, we found that in randomized esophageal carcinoma, PAR1 (P=0.027) and PAR2 (P=0.039) expressions were increased, but lowered for PAR4 (P=0.0001). In HEEpiC, TE-1, TE-10, esophageal and normal esophagus tissue samples (case No. 7), the frequency of methylation at the 19 CpG loci of PAR4 was 35.4%, 95.2%, 83.8%, 62.6% and 48.2%, respectively. Our results indicate that the expression of PAR1 and PAR2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is increased but PAR4 is decreased. Hypermethylation of the promoter of the PAR4 gene may contribute to reduced expression of PAR4 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Man Li
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yue-Chun Zhu
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | | | - Shu-De Li
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yu
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
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Zhao P, Lieu T, Barlow N, Metcalf M, Veldhuis NA, Jensen DD, Kocan M, Sostegni S, Haerteis S, Baraznenok V, Henderson I, Lindström E, Guerrero-Alba R, Valdez-Morales EE, Liedtke W, McIntyre P, Vanner SJ, Korbmacher C, Bunnett NW. Cathepsin S causes inflammatory pain via biased agonism of PAR2 and TRPV4. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27215-27234. [PMID: 25118282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases such as trypsin and mast cell tryptase cleave protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) at R(36)↓S(37) and reveal a tethered ligand that excites nociceptors, causing neurogenic inflammation and pain. Whether proteases that cleave PAR2 at distinct sites are biased agonists that also induce inflammation and pain is unexplored. Cathepsin S (Cat-S) is a lysosomal cysteine protease of antigen-presenting cells that is secreted during inflammation and which retains activity at extracellular pH. We observed that Cat-S cleaved PAR2 at E(56)↓T(57), which removed the canonical tethered ligand and prevented trypsin activation. In HEK and KNRK cell lines and in nociceptive neurons of mouse dorsal root ganglia, Cat-S and a decapeptide mimicking the Cat-S-revealed tethered ligand-stimulated PAR2 coupling to Gαs and formation of cAMP. In contrast to trypsin, Cat-S did not mobilize intracellular Ca(2+), activate ERK1/2, recruit β-arrestins, or induce PAR2 endocytosis. Cat-S caused PAR2-dependent activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in Xenopus laevis oocytes, HEK cells and nociceptive neurons, and stimulated neuronal hyperexcitability by adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms. Intraplantar injection of Cat-S caused inflammation and hyperalgesia in mice that was attenuated by PAR2 or TRPV4 deletion and adenylyl cyclase inhibition. Cat-S and PAR2 antagonists suppressed formalin-induced inflammation and pain, which implicates endogenous Cat-S and PAR2 in inflammatory pain. Our results identify Cat-S as a biased agonist of PAR2 that causes PAR2- and TRPV4-dependent inflammation and pain. They expand the role of PAR2 as a mediator of protease-driven inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishen Zhao
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew Metcalf
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | | | - Dane D Jensen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Martina Kocan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Silvia Sostegni
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Haerteis
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Guerrero-Alba
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Eduardo E Valdez-Morales
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Liedtke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Peter McIntyre
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Stephen J Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia,; Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia, and; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia.
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Differential proteomic analysis of the pancreas of diabetic db/db mice reveals the proteins involved in the development of complications of diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9579-93. [PMID: 24886809 PMCID: PMC4100111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin-resistance. Diabetes results from pancreatic inability to secrete the insulin needed to overcome this resistance. We analyzed the protein profile from the pancreas of ten-week old diabetic db/db and wild type mice through proteomics. Pancreatic proteins were separated in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and significant changes in db/db mice respect to wild type mice were observed in 27 proteins. Twenty five proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) and their interactions were analyzed using search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins (STRING) and database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID). Some of these proteins were Pancreatic α-amylase, Cytochrome b5, Lithostathine-1, Lithostathine-2, Chymotrypsinogen B, Peroxiredoxin-4, Aspartyl aminopeptidase, Endoplasmin, and others, which are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, as well as in oxidative stress, and inflammation. Remarkably, these are mostly endoplasmic reticulum proteins related to peptidase activity, i.e., they are involved in proteolysis, glucose catabolism and in the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. These results suggest mechanisms for insulin resistance, and the chronic inflammatory state observed in diabetes.
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Haerteis S, Krappitz A, Krappitz M, Murphy JE, Bertog M, Krueger B, Nacken R, Chung H, Hollenberg MD, Knecht W, Bunnett NW, Korbmacher C. Proteolytic activation of the human epithelial sodium channel by trypsin IV and trypsin I involves distinct cleavage sites. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19067-78. [PMID: 24841206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic activation is a unique feature of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the physiologically relevant proteases remain to be identified. The serine protease trypsin I can activate ENaC in vitro but is unlikely to be the physiologically relevant activating protease in ENaC-expressing tissues in vivo. Herein, we investigated whether human trypsin IV, a form of trypsin that is co-expressed in several extrapancreatic epithelial cells with ENaC, can activate human ENaC. In Xenopus laevis oocytes, we monitored proteolytic activation of ENaC currents and the appearance of γENaC cleavage products at the cell surface. We demonstrated that trypsin IV and trypsin I can stimulate ENaC heterologously expressed in oocytes. ENaC cleavage and activation by trypsin IV but not by trypsin I required a critical cleavage site (Lys-189) in the extracellular domain of the γ-subunit. In contrast, channel activation by trypsin I was prevented by mutating three putative cleavage sites (Lys-168, Lys-170, and Arg-172) in addition to mutating previously described prostasin (RKRK(178)), plasmin (Lys-189), and neutrophil elastase (Val-182 and Val-193) sites. Moreover, we found that trypsin IV is expressed in human renal epithelial cells and can increase ENaC-mediated sodium transport in cultured human airway epithelial cells. Thus, trypsin IV may regulate ENaC function in epithelial tissues. Our results show, for the first time, that trypsin IV can stimulate ENaC and that trypsin IV and trypsin I activate ENaC by cleavage at distinct sites. The presence of distinct cleavage sites may be important for ENaC regulation by tissue-specific proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Haerteis
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annabel Krappitz
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matteus Krappitz
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jane E Murphy
- the UCSF Center for the Neurobiology of Digestive Diseases, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Marko Bertog
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bettina Krueger
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Nacken
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hyunjae Chung
- the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Knecht
- Bioscience, CVGI iMed, AstraZeneca Research and Development, 43181 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany,
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Zhang D, Li S, Hu L, Sheng L, Cao Z, Wu Y, Chen L. Protease-activated receptors expression in gingiva in periodontal health and disease. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:393-9. [PMID: 24509446 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique class of receptors which are implicated in mediating inflammation, pain and other functions. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of PARs in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis by differential expression analysis of PARs in the gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis patients compared with those of healthy control individuals. DESIGN Gingival tissue specimens were collected from chronic periodontitis patients (n=20) and control individuals (n=20). The expression of PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 was determined in these tissues by immunohistochemistry and differential expression between the two groups was investigated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 were expressed in all gingival tissues. A significant overexpression of PAR-3 was detected in chronic periodontitis-affected tissues compared to healthy gingival tissues. However, expression of PAR-2 was decreased in periodontal lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 are expressed in both healthy and inflamed gingival tissues. Furthermore, PAR-2 and PAR-3 may contribute to the inflammatory responses associated with chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Zhang
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shenglai Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lingjing Hu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lieping Sheng
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yanmin Wu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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40
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Vergnolle N. TRPV4: new therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:157-61. [PMID: 24440740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 (TRPV4) belongs to a family of ion channels and can be activated by warm temperature, hypotonicity, cell swelling or lipid mediators of the arachidonic cascade. The metabolites or events responsible for TRPV4 activation are associated with inflammation, arguing in favor of a role for this receptor in inflammatory diseases. The first studies have focused their attention on the role of TRPV4 in neurons and endothelial cells but TRPV4 cellular distribution is widespread, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. Herein, we review a number of studies demonstrating the expression of TRPV4 in the gut, the regulation of its expression and functions by inflammatory mediators in that organ and the consequences of TRPV4 activation or inhibition in the intestine. We further discuss the relevance of considering this receptor as a potential target for therapeutic development in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vergnolle
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier,Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan(CPTP), Toulouse, France; INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France.
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41
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Zhao P, Metcalf M, Bunnett NW. Biased signaling of protease-activated receptors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:67. [PMID: 24860547 PMCID: PMC4026716 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their role in protein degradation and digestion, proteases can also function as hormone-like signaling molecules that regulate vital patho-physiological processes, including inflammation, hemostasis, pain, and repair mechanisms. Certain proteases can signal to cells by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs), a family of four G protein-coupled receptors. PARs are expressed by almost all cell types, control important physiological and disease-relevant processes, and are an emerging therapeutic target for major diseases. Most information about PAR activation and function derives from studies of a few proteases, for example thrombin in the case of PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4, and trypsin in the case of PAR2 and PAR4. These proteases cleave PARs at established sites with the extracellular N-terminal domains, and expose tethered ligands that stabilize conformations of the cleaved receptors that activate the canonical pathways of G protein- and/or β-arrestin-dependent signaling. However, a growing number of proteases have been identified that cleave PARs at divergent sites to activate distinct patterns of receptor signaling and trafficking. The capacity of these proteases to trigger distinct signaling pathways is referred to as biased signaling, and can lead to unique patho-physiological outcomes. Given that a different repertoire of proteases are activated in various patho-physiological conditions that may activate PARs by different mechanisms, signaling bias may account for the divergent actions of proteases and PARs. Moreover, therapies that target disease-relevant biased signaling pathways may be more effective and selective approaches for the treatment of protease- and PAR-driven diseases. Thus, rather than mediating the actions of a few proteases, PARs may integrate the biological actions of a wide spectrum of proteases in different patho-physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishen Zhao
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Metcalf
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel W. Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Nigel W. Bunnett, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia e-mail:
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Mihara K, Ramachandran R, Renaux B, Saifeddine M, Hollenberg MD. Neutrophil elastase and proteinase-3 trigger G protein-biased signaling through proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32979-90. [PMID: 24052258 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.483123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil proteinases released at sites of inflammation can affect tissue function by either activating or disarming signal transduction mediated by proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). Because PAR1 is expressed at sites where abundant neutrophil infiltration occurs, we hypothesized that neutrophil-derived enzymes might also regulate PAR1 signaling. We report here that both neutrophil elastase and proteinase-3 cleave the human PAR1 N terminus at sites distinct from the thrombin cleavage site. This cleavage results in a disarming of thrombin-activated calcium signaling through PAR1. However, the distinct non-canonical tethered ligands unmasked by neutrophil elastase and proteinase-3, as well as synthetic peptides with sequences derived from these novel exposed tethered ligands, selectively stimulated PAR1-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. This signaling was blocked by pertussis toxin, implicating a Gαi-triggered signal pathway. We conclude that neutrophil proteinases trigger biased PAR1 signaling and we describe a novel set of tethered ligands that are distinct from the classical tethered ligand revealed by thrombin. We further demonstrate the function of this biased signaling in regulating endothelial cell barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Mihara
- From the Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, and
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Mao Y, Kunapuli SP. Trypsin causes platelet activation independently of known protease-activated receptors. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110:1241-9. [PMID: 24030758 DOI: 10.1160/th13-03-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To identify a physiological agonist of PAR3, we used PAR4 null murine platelets, which were known to express only PAR3. In this study, we tested several proteases and found that trypsin, but not heat-inactivated trypsin, activated PAR4 null murine platelets. Even at high concentrations, trypsin caused shape change without increasing intracellular calcium levels in PAR4 null murine platelets. Consistent with this result, the Gq inhibitor YM-254890 had no effect on trypsin-induced shape change. However, trypsin-induced platelet shape change was abolished by either p160ROCK inhibitor, Y27632 or H1152. Furthermore, trypsin caused phosphorylation of myosin light chain (Thr18), but not Akt or Erk. Surprisingly, trypsin caused a similar shape change in PAR4-desensitised PAR3 null murine platelets as in PAR4null murine platelets, indicating that trypsin did not activate PAR3 to cause shape change. More interestingly, the Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor PP2 abolished trypsin-induced, but not AYPGKF-induced, shape change. Hence, trypsin activated a novel signalling pathway through RhoA/p160ROCK and was regulated by SFKs. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a novel protease signalling pathway in platelets that is independent of PARs. This protease-induced novel signalling pathway regulates platelet shape change through SFKs and p160ROCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Mao
- Satya P. Kunapuli, PhD, Department of Physiology, Temple University, 217MRS, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA, Tel.: +1 215 707 4615, Fax: +1 215 707 4003, E-mail:
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Hockla A, Miller E, Salameh MA, Copland JA, Radisky DC, Radisky ES. PRSS3/mesotrypsin is a therapeutic target for metastatic prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 10:1555-66. [PMID: 23258495 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PRSS3/mesotrypsin is an atypical isoform of trypsin that has been associated with breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer cell malignancy. In analyses of open source transcriptional microarray data, we find that PRSS3 expression is upregulated in metastatic prostate cancer tissue, and that expression of PRSS3 in primary prostate tumors is prognostic of systemic progression following prostatectomy. Using a mouse orthotopic model with bioluminescent imaging, we show that PRSS3/mesotrypsin is critical for prostate cancer metastasis. Silencing of PRSS3 inhibits anchorage-independent growth of prostate cancer cells in soft agar assays, and suppresses invasiveness in Matrigel transwell assays and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models. We further show that treatment with recombinant mesotrypsin directly promotes an invasive cellular phenotype in prostate cancer cells and find that these effects are specific and require the proteolytic activity of mesotrypsin, because neither cationic trypsin nor a mesotrypsin mutant lacking activity can drive the invasive phenotype. Finally, we show that a newly developed, potent inhibitor of mesotrypsin activity can suppress prostate cancer cell invasion to a similar extent as PRSS3 gene silencing. This study defines mesotrypsin as an important mediator of prostate cancer progression and metastasis, and suggests that inhibition of mesotrypsin activity may provide a novel modality for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hockla
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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45
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Yau MK, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Toward drugs for protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). J Med Chem 2013; 56:7477-97. [PMID: 23895492 DOI: 10.1021/jm400638v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PAR2 has a distinctive functional phenotype among an unusual group of GPCRs called protease activated receptors, which self-activate after cleavage of their N-termini by mainly serine proteases. PAR2 is the most highly expressed PAR on certain immune cells, and it is activated by multiple proteases (but not thrombin) in inflammation. PAR2 is expressed on many types of primary human cells and cancer cells. PAR2 knockout mice and PAR2 agonists and antagonists have implicated PAR2 as a promising target in inflammatory conditions; respiratory, gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological dysfunction; and cancers. This article summarizes salient features of PAR2 structure, activation, and function; opportunities for disease intervention via PAR2; pharmacological properties of published or patented PAR2 modulators (small molecule agonists and antagonists, pepducins, antibodies); and some personal perspectives on limitations of assessing their properties and on promising new directions for PAR2 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Rowlan JS, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Fang Y, Shi W. New quantitative trait loci for carotid atherosclerosis identified in an intercross derived from apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse strains. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:332-42. [PMID: 23463770 PMCID: PMC3633429 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00099.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid atherosclerosis is the primary cause of ischemic stroke. To identify genetic factors contributing to carotid atherosclerosis, we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using female mice derived from an intercross between C57BL/6J (B6) and BALB/cJ (BALB) apolipoprotein E (Apoe−/−) mice. We started 266 F2 mice on a Western diet at 6 wk of age and fed them the diet for 12 wk. Atherosclerotic lesions in the left carotid bifurcation and plasma lipid levels were measured. We genotyped 130 microsatellite markers across the entire genome. Three significant QTLs, Cath1 on chromosome (Chr) 12, Cath2 on Chr5, and Cath3 on Chr13, and four suggestive QTLs on Chr6, Chr9, Chr17, and Chr18 were identified for carotid lesions. The Chr6 locus replicated a suggestive QTL and was named Cath4. Six QTLs for HDL, three QTLs for non-HDL cholesterol, and three QTLs for triglyceride were found. Of these, a significant QTL for non-HDL on Chr1 at 60.3 cM, named Nhdl13, and a suggestive QTL for HDL on ChrX were new. A significant locus for HDL (Hdlq5) was overlapping with a suggestive locus for carotid lesions on Chr9. A significant correlation between carotid lesion sizes and HDL cholesterol levels was observed in the F2 population (R = −0.153, P = 0.0133). Thus, we have identified several new QTLs for carotid atherosclerosis and the locus on Chr9 may exert effect through interactions with HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Rowlan
- Departments of Radiology & Medical Imaging and Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Fernández-Blanco JA, Hollenberg MD, Martínez V, Vergara P, Vergara P. PAR-2-mediated control of barrier function and motility differs between early and late phases of postinfectious gut dysfunction in the rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G390-400. [PMID: 23238933 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00387.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) and mast cell (MC) mediators contribute to inflammatory and functional gastrointestinal disorders. We aimed to characterize jejunal PAR-2-mediated responses and the potential MC involvement in the early and late phases of a rat model of postinfectious gut dysfunction. Jejunal tissues of control and Trichinella spiralis-infected (14 and 30 days postinfection) rats, treated or not with the MC stabilizer, ketotifen, were used. Histopathology and immunostaining were used to characterize inflammation, PAR-2 expression, and mucosal and connective tissue MCs. Epithelial barrier function (hydroelectrolytic transport and permeability) and motility were assessed in vitro in basal conditions and after PAR-2 activation. Intestinal inflammation on day 14 postinfection (early phase) was significantly resolved by day 30 (late phase) although MC counts and epithelial permeability remained increased. PAR-2-mediated ion transport (Ussing chambers, in vitro) and epithelial surface PAR-2 expression were reduced in the early phase, with a trend toward normalization during the late phase. In control conditions, PAR-2 activation (organ bath) induced biphasic motor responses (relaxation followed by excitation). At 14 days postinfection, spontaneous contractility and PAR-2-mediated relaxations were enhanced; motor responses were normalized on day 30. Postinfectious changes in PAR-2 functions were not affected by ketotifen treatment. We concluded that, in the rat model of Trichinella spiralis infection, alterations of intestinal PAR-2 function and expression depend on the inflammatory phase considered. A lack of a ketotifen effect suggests no interplay between MCs and PAR-2-mediated motility and ion transport alterations. These observations question the role of MC mediators in PAR-2-modulating postinfectious gut dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Antoni Fernández-Blanco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Le Gars M, Descamps D, Roussel D, Saussereau E, Guillot L, Ruffin M, Tabary O, Hong SS, Boulanger P, Paulais M, Malleret L, Belaaouaj A, Edelman A, Huerre M, Chignard M, Sallenave JM. Neutrophil Elastase Degrades Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator via Calpains and Disables Channel FunctionIn VitroandIn Vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:170-9. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201205-0875oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Salameh MA, Soares AS, Alloy A, Radisky ES. Presence versus absence of hydrogen bond donor Tyr-39 influences interactions of cationic trypsin and mesotrypsin with protein protease inhibitors. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1103-12. [PMID: 22610453 PMCID: PMC3537232 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesotrypsin displays unusual resistance to inhibition by polypeptide trypsin inhibitors and cleaves some such inhibitors as substrates, despite a high degree of conservation with other mammalian trypsins. Substitution of Arg for the generally conserved Gly-193 has been implicated as a critical determinant of the unusual behavior of mesotrypsin toward protein protease inhibitors. Another relatively conserved residue near the trypsin active site, Tyr-39, is substituted by Ser-39 in mesotrypsin. Tyr-39, but not Ser-39, forms a hydrogen bond with the main chain amide nitrogen of the P(4) ' residue of a bound protease inhibitor. To investigate the role of the Tyr-39 H-bond in trypsin-inhibitor interactions, we reciprocally mutated position 39 in mesotrypsin and human cationic trypsin to Tyr-39 and Ser-39, respectively. We assessed inhibition constants and cleavage rates of canonical protease inhibitors bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and the amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor domain by mesotrypsin and cationic trypsin variants, finding that the presence of Ser-39 relative to Tyr-39 results in a 4- to 13-fold poorer binding affinity and a 2- to 18-fold increase in cleavage rate. We also report the crystal structure of the mesotrypsin-S39Y•BPTI complex, in which we observe an H-bond between Tyr-39 OH and BPTI Ile-19 N. Our results indicate that the presence of Ser-39 in mesotrypsin, and corresponding absence of a single H-bond to the inhibitor backbone, makes a small but significant functional contribution to the resistance of mesotrypsin to inhibition and the ability of mesotrypsin to proteolyze inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moh'd A Salameh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer CenterJacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Alexei S Soares
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, New York 11973
| | - Alexandre Alloy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer CenterJacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer CenterJacksonville, Florida 32224
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Karle M, Knecht W, Xue Y. Discovery of benzothiazole guanidines as novel inhibitors of thrombin and trypsin IV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4839-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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