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Huang Y, Liao J, Vlashi R, Chen G. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK): its structure, characteristics, and signaling in skeletal system. Cell Signal 2023; 111:110852. [PMID: 37586468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and distributes important regulatory functions in skeletal system. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) possesses significant migration and differentiation capacity, is an important source of distinctive bone cells production and a prominent bone development pathway. MSC has a wide range of applications in tissue bioengineering and regenerative medicine, and is frequently employed for hematopoietic support, immunological regulation, and defect repair, although current research is insufficient. FAK has been identified to cross-link with many other keys signaling pathways in bone biology and is considered as a fundamental "crossroad" on the signal transduction pathway and a "node" in the signal network to mediate MSC lineage development in skeletal system. In this review, we summarized the structure, characteristics, cellular signaling, and the interactions of FAK with other signaling pathways in the skeletal system. The discovery of FAK and its mediated molecules will lead to a new knowledge of bone development and bone construction as well as considerable potential for therapeutic use in the treatment of bone-related disorders such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Huang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Junguang Liao
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rexhina Vlashi
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guiqian Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Xu R, Zhang F, Lu J, Wang K, Pan P, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Secreted frizzled-related protein 3 was genetically and functionally associated with developmental dysplasia of the hip. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11281-11295. [PMID: 33820867 PMCID: PMC8109121 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the most common joint disease in child orthopedics. Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 3 (FRZB) plays an important role in joint development. however, no direct association between FRZB and DDH has been demonstrated. Methods: Analysis of genotype distribution and allele frequency for detected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of FRZB was performed. FRZB expression was assayed in DDH joint tissues. Further experiments to identify the chondrogenic properties of FRZB were conducted. Potential upstream miRNAs for FRZB were assayed in DDH. Results: Significant difference in genotype distribution for rs3768842 (OR=1.46, P=0.0081) and rs2242040 (OR=0.65, P=0.0067) was found. DDH joint tissues showed significantly higher FRZB expression. FRZB demonstrated chondrogenic and anti-hypertrophic properties in vitro. FRZB modulated cell adhesion pathway and cell spreading by regulating integrins expressions. Upstream miRNAs regulating FRZB expression were identified in DDH synovial fluid. Experiments indicated that downregulated miRNA-454 caused FRZB upregulation in DDH joint. Conclusion: Dysregulated FRZB and its loci were associated with DDH. As a Wnt antagonist with chondrogenic properties, FRZB modulated cell adhesion pathway and cell spreading by regulating integrins expressions. FRZB in multiple DDH joint tissues might be mediated by the dysregulated miRNA expression profiles in the joint synovial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kunshan Rehabilitation Hospital, Suzhou 215300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huai'An People's Hospital Of Hongze, Hongze 223100, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlan Lu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu 200438, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu 200438, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, KunShan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Huangpu 200011, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Enhanced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic endocrine cells in 3D culture by inhibition of focal adhesion kinase. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:488. [PMID: 33198821 PMCID: PMC7667734 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Generation of insulin-producing cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in vitro would be useful for drug discovery and cell therapy in diabetes. Three-dimensional (3D) culture is important for the acquisition of mature insulin-producing cells from hPSCs, but the mechanism by which it promotes β cell maturation is poorly understood. Methods We established a stepwise method to induce high-efficiency differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into mature monohormonal pancreatic endocrine cells (PECs), with the last maturation stage in 3D culture. To comprehensively compare two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cultures, we examined gene expression, pancreas-specific markers, and functional characteristics in 2D culture-induced PECs and 3D culture-induced PECs. The mechanisms were considered from the perspectives of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions which are fundamentally different between 2D and 3D cultures. Results The expression of the pancreatic endocrine-specific transcription factors PDX1, NKX6.1, NGN3, ISL1, and PAX6 and the hormones INS, GCG, and SST was significantly increased in 3D culture-induced PECs. 3D culture yielded monohormonal endocrine cells, while 2D culture-induced PECs co-expressed INS and GCG or INS and SST or even expressed all three hormones. We found that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation was significantly downregulated in 3D culture-induced PECs, and treatment with the selective FAK inhibitor PF-228 improved the expression of β cell-specific transcription factors in 2D culture-induced PECs. We further demonstrated that 3D culture may promote endocrine commitment by limiting FAK-dependent activation of the SMAD2/3 pathway. Moreover, the expression of the gap junction protein Connexin 36 was much higher in 3D culture-induced PECs than in 2D culture-induced PECs, and inhibition of the FAK pathway in 2D culture increased Connexin 36 expression. Conclusion We developed a strategy to induce differentiation of monohormonal mature PECs from hPSCs and found limited FAK-dependent activation of the SMAD2/3 pathway and unregulated expression of Connexin 36 in 3D culture-induced PECs. This study has important implications for the generation of mature, functional β cells for drug discovery and cell transplantation therapy for diabetes and sheds new light on the signaling events that regulate endocrine specification. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-020-02003-z.
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Song EK, Jeon J, Jang DG, Kim HE, Sim HJ, Kwon KY, Medina-Ruiz S, Jang HJ, Lee AR, Rho JG, Lee HS, Kim SJ, Park CY, Myung K, Kim W, Kwon T, Yang S, Park TJ. ITGBL1 modulates integrin activity to promote cartilage formation and protect against arthritis. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/462/eaam7486. [PMID: 30305454 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Developing and mature chondrocytes constantly interact with and remodel the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Recent research indicates that integrin-ECM interaction is differentially regulated during cartilage formation (chondrogenesis). Integrin signaling is also a key source of the catabolic reactions responsible for joint destruction in both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, we do not understand how chondrocytes dynamically regulate integrin signaling in such an ECM-rich environment. Here, we found that developing chondrocytes express integrin-β-like 1 (Itgbl1) at specific stages, inhibiting integrin signaling and promoting chondrogenesis. Unlike cytosolic integrin inhibitors, ITGBL1 is secreted and physically interacts with integrins to down-regulate activity. We observed that Itgbl1 expression was strongly reduced in the damaged articular cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Ectopic expression of Itgbl1 protected joint cartilage against OA development in the destabilization of the medial meniscus-induced OA mouse model. Our results reveal ITGBL1 signaling as an underlying mechanism of protection against destructive cartilage disorders and suggest the potential therapeutic utility of targeting ITGBL1 to modulate integrin signaling in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyung Song
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gil Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Eun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Sim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Yeong Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sofia Medina-Ruiz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Reum Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Gi Rho
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jung Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Park
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Park
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Schreiber C, Saraswati S, Harkins S, Gruber A, Cremers N, Thiele W, Rothley M, Plaumann D, Korn C, Armant O, Augustin HG, Sleeman JP. Loss of ASAP1 in mice impairs adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells through dysregulation of FAK/Src and AKT signaling. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008216. [PMID: 31246957 PMCID: PMC6619832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ASAP1 is a multi-domain adaptor protein that regulates cytoskeletal dynamics, receptor recycling and intracellular vesicle trafficking. Its expression is associated with poor prognosis for a variety of cancers, and promotes cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Little is known about its physiological role. In this study, we used mice with a gene-trap inactivated ASAP1 locus to study the functional role of ASAP1 in vivo, and found defects in tissues derived from mesenchymal progenitor cells. Loss of ASAP1 led to growth retardation and delayed ossification typified by enlarged hypertrophic zones in growth plates and disorganized chondro-osseous junctions. Furthermore, loss of ASAP1 led to delayed adipocyte development and reduced fat depot formation. Consistently, deletion of ASAP1 resulted in accelerated chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells in vitro, but suppressed osteo- and adipogenic differentiation. Mechanistically, we found that FAK/Src and PI3K/AKT signaling is compromised in Asap1GT/GT MEFs, leading to impaired adipogenic differentiation. Dysregulated FAK/Src and PI3K/AKT signaling is also associated with attenuated osteogenic differentiation. Together these observations suggest that ASAP1 plays a decisive role during the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. Mesenchymal progenitor cells are capable of differentiating into a number of lineages including osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes, and have therefore attracted interest for their potential application in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, defects in mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation are considered to contribute to various diseases including metabolic syndrome, obesity and osteoporosis. In this study, we analyzed mice deficient in the multi-adaptor protein ASAP1, which has been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. These mice display growth retardation, and a delayed development of bone and fat tissue. Consistently, mesenchymal progenitor cells deficient in ASAP1 exhibited enhanced differentiation into chondrocytes, but impaired differentiation into adipocytes and osteoblasts. Together these observations suggest that ASAP1 plays a decisive role during the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, which may be relevant for a number of diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schreiber
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Supriya Saraswati
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shannon Harkins
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Annette Gruber
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Natascha Cremers
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, KIT Campus Nord, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wilko Thiele
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, KIT Campus Nord, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Melanie Rothley
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, KIT Campus Nord, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Diana Plaumann
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, KIT Campus Nord, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Korn
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, KIT Campus Nord, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hellmut G. Augustin
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan P. Sleeman
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, KIT Campus Nord, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Abstract
During cartilage development chondrocytes undergo a multi-step process characterized by consecutive changes in cell morphology and gene expression. Cell proliferation, polarity, differentiation, and migration are influenced by chemical and mechanical signaling between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cell. Several structurally diverse transmembrane receptors such as integrins, discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR 2), and CD44 mediate the crosstalk between cells and their ECM. However, the contribution of cell-matrix interactions during early chondrogenesis and further cartilage development through cell receptors and their signal transduction pathways is still not fully understood. Determination of receptor signaling pathways and the function of downstream targets will aid in a better understanding of musculoskeletal pathologies such as chondrodysplasia, and the development of new approaches for the treatment of cartilage disorders. We will summarize recent findings, linking cell receptors and their potential signaling pathways to the control of chondrocyte behavior during early chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Prein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Western University Bone and Joint Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Western University Bone and Joint Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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8
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Focal adhesion signaling affects regeneration by human nucleus pulposus cells in collagen- but not carbohydrate-based hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2018; 66:238-247. [PMID: 29174589 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based 3D cell cultures are an emerging strategy for the regeneration of cartilage. In an attempt to regenerate dysfunctional intervertebral discs, nucleus pulposus (NP) cells can be cultured in hydrogels of various kinds and physical properties. Stiffness sensing through focal adhesions is believed to direct chondrogenesis, but the mechanisms by which this works are largely unknown. In this study we compared focal adhesion formation and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition by NP cells in a range of hydrogels. Using a focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor, we demonstrated that focal adhesion signaling is involved in the response of NP cells in hydrogels that contain integrin binding sites (i.e. methacrylated gelatin (gelMA) and type II collagen), but not in hydrogels deplete from integrin binding sites such as alginate and agarose, or CD44-binding hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid. As a result of FAK inhibition we observedenhanced proteoglycan production in gelMA, but decreased production in type II collagen hydrogels, which could be explained by alteration in cell fate as supported by the increase in the adipogenic marker peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARy). Furthermore, GAG deposition was inversely proportional to polymer concentration in integrin-binding gelMA, while no direct relationship was found for the non-integrin binding gels alginate and agarose. This corroborates our finding that focal adhesion formation plays an important role in NP cell response to its surrounding matrix. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biomaterials are increasingly being investigated for regenerative medicine applications, including regeneration of the nucleus pulposus. Cells interact with their environment and are influenced by extracellular matrix or polymer properties. Insight in these interactions can improve regeneration and helps to understand degeneration processes. The role of focal adhesion formation in the regenerative response of nucleus pulposus cells is largely unknown. Therefore, the relation between materials, stiffness and focal adhesion formation is studied here.
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Wan Q, TruongVo T, Steele HE, Ozcelikkale A, Han B, Wang Y, Oh J, Yokota H, Na S. Subcellular domain-dependent molecular hierarchy of SFK and FAK in mechanotransduction and cytokine signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9033. [PMID: 28831165 PMCID: PMC5567257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src family kinases (SFK) are known to play critical roles in mechanotransduction and other crucial cell functions. Recent reports indicate that they reside in different microdomains of the plasma membrane. However, little is known about their subcellular domain-dependent roles and responses to extracellular stimuli. Here, we employed fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors in conjunction with collagen-coupled agarose gels to detect subcellular activities of SFK and FAK in three-dimensional (3D) settings. We observed that SFK and FAK in the lipid rafts and nonrafts are differently regulated by fluid flow and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of FAK in the lipid rafts blocked SFK response to fluid flow, while inhibition of SFK in the non-rafts blocked FAK activation by the cytokines. Ex-vivo FRET imaging of mouse cartilage explants showed that intermediate level of interstitial fluid flow selectively decreased cytokine-induced SFK/FAK activation. These findings suggest that SFK and FAK exert distinctive molecular hierarchy depending on their subcellular location and extracellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - ThucNhi TruongVo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Hannah E Steele
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Altug Ozcelikkale
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Junghwan Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Sungsoo Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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Kara N, Wei C, Commanday AC, Patton JG. miR-27 regulates chondrogenesis by suppressing focal adhesion kinase during pharyngeal arch development. Dev Biol 2017. [PMID: 28625871 PMCID: PMC5582384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cranial neural crest cells are a multipotent cell population that generate all the elements of the pharyngeal cartilage with differentiation into chondrocytes tightly regulated by temporal intracellular and extracellular cues. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for miR-27, a highly enriched microRNA in the pharyngeal arches, as a positive regulator of chondrogenesis. Knock down of miR-27 led to nearly complete loss of pharyngeal cartilage by attenuating proliferation and blocking differentiation of pre-chondrogenic cells. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key regulator in integrin-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion and has been proposed to function as a negative regulator of chondrogenesis. We show that FAK is downregulated in the pharyngeal arches during chondrogenesis and is a direct target of miR-27. Suppressing the accumulation of FAK in miR-27 morphants partially rescued the severe pharyngeal cartilage defects observed upon knock down of miR-27. These data support a crucial role for miR-27 in promoting chondrogenic differentiation in the pharyngeal arches through regulation of FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergis Kara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Chunyao Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alexander C Commanday
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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Rajshankar D, Wang Y, McCulloch CA. Osteogenesis requires FAK-dependent collagen synthesis by fibroblasts and osteoblasts. FASEB J 2016; 31:937-953. [PMID: 27881487 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600645r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is critical in adhesion-dependent signaling, but its role in osteogenesis in vivo is ill defined. We deleted Fak in fibroblasts and osteoblasts in Floxed-Fak mice bred with those expressing Cre-recombinase driven by 3.6-kb α1(I)-collagen promoter. Compared with wild-type (WT), conditional FAK-knockout (CFKO) mice were shorter (2-fold; P < 0.0001) and had crooked, shorter tails (50%; P < 0.0001). Microcomputed tomography analysis showed reduced bone volume (4-fold in tails; P < 0.0001; 2-fold in mandibles; P < 0.0001), whereas bone surface area/bone volume increased (3-fold in tails; P < 0.0001; 2.5-fold in mandibles; P < 0.001). Collagen density and fiber alignment in periodontal ligament were reduced by 4-fold (P < 0.0001) and 30% (P < 0.05), respectively, in CFKO mice. In cultured CFKO osteoblasts, mineralization at d 7 and mineralizing colony-forming units at d 21 were 30% (P < 0.0001) and >3-fold less than WT, respectively. Disruptions of FAK function in osteoblasts by conditional knockout, siRNA-knockdown, or FAK inhibitor reduced mRNA and protein expression of Runx2 (>30%), Osterix (>25%), and collagen-1 (2-fold). Collagen synthesis was abrogated in WT osteoblasts with Runx2 knockdown and in Fak-null fibroblasts transfected with an FAK kinase domain mutant or a kinase-impaired mutant (Y397F). These data indicate that FAK regulates osteogenesis through transcription factors that regulate collagen synthesis.-Rajshankar, D., Wang, Y., McCulloch, C. A. Osteogenesis requires FAK-dependent collagen synthesis by fibroblasts and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaarmini Rajshankar
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher A McCulloch
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shin H, Lee MN, Choung JS, Kim S, Choi BH, Noh M, Shin JH. Focal Adhesion Assembly Induces Phenotypic Changes and Dedifferentiation in Chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:1822-31. [PMID: 26661891 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of autologous chondrocytes in vitro is used to generate sufficient populations for cell-based therapies. However, during monolayer culture, chondrocytes lose inherent characteristics and shift to fibroblast-like cells as passage number increase. Here, we investigated passage-dependent changes in cellular physiology, including cellular morphology, motility, and gene and protein expression, as well as the role of focal adhesion and cytoskeletal regulation in the dedifferentiation process. We found that the gene and protein expression levels of both the focal adhesion complex and small Rho GTPases are upregulated with increasing passage number and are closely linked to chondrocyte dedifferentiation. The inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) but not small Rho GTPases induced the loss of fibroblastic traits and the recovery of collagen type II, aggrecan, and SOX9 expression levels in dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Based on these findings, we propose a strategy to suppress chondrogenic dedifferentiation by inhibiting the identified FAK or Src pathways while maintaining the expansion capability of chondrocytes in a 2D environment. These results highlight a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of skeletal diseases and the generation of cartilage in tissue-engineering approaches. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1822-1831, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Shin
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Nam Lee
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seung Choung
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyune Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, Jung-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer H Shin
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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13
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Steward AJ, Kelly DJ. Mechanical regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. J Anat 2014; 227:717-31. [PMID: 25382217 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical cues play a key role in directing the lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent stromal cells (MSCs), but the mechanotransductive mechanisms at play are still not fully understood. This review article first describes the roles of both substrate mechanics (e.g. stiffness and topography) and extrinsic mechanical cues (e.g. fluid flow, compression, hydrostatic pressure, tension) on the differentiation of MSCs. A specific focus is placed on the role of such factors in regulating the osteogenic, chondrogenic, myogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. Next, the article focuses on the cellular components, specifically integrins, ion channels, focal adhesions and the cytoskeleton, hypothesized to be involved in MSC mechanotransduction. This review aims to illustrate the strides that have been made in elucidating how MSCs sense and respond to their mechanical environment, and also to identify areas where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Steward
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Chen CY, Su CM, Huang YL, Tsai CH, Fuh LJ, Tang CH. CCN1 induces oncostatin M production in osteoblasts via integrin-dependent signal pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106632. [PMID: 25187949 PMCID: PMC4154729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response and articular destruction are common symptoms of osteoarthritis. Cysteine-rich 61 (CCN1 or Cyr61), a secreted protein from the CCN family, is associated with the extracellular matrix involved in many cellular activities like growth and differentiation. Yet the mechanism of CCN1 interacting with arthritic inflammatory response is unclear. This study finds CCN1 increasing expression of oncostatin m (OSM) in human osteoblastic cells. Pretreatment of αvβ3 monoclonal antibody and inhibitors of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), c-Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and NF-κB inhibited CCN1-induced OSM expression in osteoblastic cells. Stimulation of cells with CCN1 increased phosphorylation of FAK, c-Src, PI3K, and NF-κB via αvβ3 receptor; CCN1 treatment of osteoblasts increased NF-κB-luciferase activity and p65 binding to NF-κB element on OSM promoter. Results indicate CCN1 heightening OSM expression via αvβ3 receptor, FAK, c-Src, PI3K, and NF-κB signal pathway in osteoblastic cells, suggesting CCN1 as a novel target in arthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ming Su
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Jyh Fuh
- Department of Prosthodontics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CHT); (LJF)
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CHT); (LJF)
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15
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Wan Q, Xu W, Yan JL, Yokota H, Na S. Distinctive subcellular inhibition of cytokine-induced SRC by salubrinal and fluid flow. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105699. [PMID: 25157407 PMCID: PMC4144888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-receptor protein kinase Src plays a crucial role in fundamental cell functions such as proliferation, migration, and differentiation. While inhibition of Src is reported to contribute to chondrocyte homeostasis, its regulation at a subcellular level by chemical inhibitors and mechanical stimulation has not been fully understood. In response to inflammatory cytokines and stress to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that increase proteolytic activities in chondrocytes, we addressed two questions: Do cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) induce location-dependent Src activation? Can cytokine-induced Src activation be suppressed by chemically alleviating ER stress or by applying fluid flow? Using live cell imaging with two Src biosensors (i.e., cytosolic, and plasma membrane-bound biosensors) for a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique, we determined cytosolic Src activity as well as membrane-bound Src activity in C28/I2 human chondrocytes. In response to TNFα and IL1β, both cytosolic and plasma membrane-bound Src proteins were activated, but activation in the cytosol occurred earlier than that in the plasma membrane. Treatment with salubrinal or guanabenz, two chemical agents that attenuate ER stress, significantly decreased cytokine-induced Src activities in the cytosol, but not in the plasma membrane. In contrast, fluid flow reduced Src activities in the plasma membrane, but not in the cytosol. Collectively, the results demonstrate that Src activity is differentially regulated by salubrinal/guanabenz and fluid flow in the cytosol and plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Wenxiao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing-long Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sungsoo Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Docheva D, Popov C, Alberton P, Aszodi A. Integrin signaling in skeletal development and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:13-36. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - Cvetan Popov
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - Paolo Alberton
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - Attila Aszodi
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
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17
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Thompson K, Murphy-Marshman H, Leask A. ALK5 inhibition blocks TGFβ-induced CCN1 expression in human foreskin fibroblasts. J Cell Commun Signal 2014; 8:59-63. [PMID: 24567145 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-014-0229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potent profibrotic cytokine TGFβ induces connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) is induced in fibroblasts in a fashion sensitive to SB-431542, a specific pharmacological inhibitor of TGFβ type I receptor (ALK5). In several cell types, TGFβ induces CCN1 but suppresses CCN3, which opposes CCN1/CCN2 activities. However, whether SB-431542 alters TGFβ-induced CCN1 or CCN3 in human foreskin fibroblasts in unclear. Here we show that TGFβ induces CCN1 but suppresses CCN3 expression in human foreskin fibroblasts in a SB-431542-sensitive fashion. These results emphasize that CCN1/CCN2 and CCN3 are reciprocally regulated and support the notion that blocking ALK5 or addition of CCN3 may be useful anti-fibrotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Thompson
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
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18
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Integrin β1 is required for maintenance of vascular tone in postnatal mice. J Cell Commun Signal 2012; 6:175-80. [PMID: 22766837 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue is required for maintaining the integrity of tissues. Integrins are the cell surface receptors responsible for cell attachment to extracellular matrix; however, their tissue-specific role in this process is poorly understood. Here, we test whether integrin β1 is required for blood vessel maintenance and integrity in adult mice. We show that adult mice containing a fibroblast/smooth muscle cell-specific deletion of integrin β1 exhibit impaired bleeding time and maintenance of vessel architecture, including progressively reduced levels of extracellular matrix (ECM). Vessels also possessed diminished levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and cells derived from vessels showed reduced production of mRNAs encoding ECM and α-SMA as well as reduced α-SMA protein and stress fibers and ECM contraction. Integrin β1 in adult fibroblasts/smooth muscle cells/pericytes is required for vasoconstriction and vascular maintenance.
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19
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Arnott JA, Lambi AG, Mundy C, Hendesi H, Pixley RA, Owen TA, Safadi FF, Popoff SN. The role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in skeletogenesis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2012; 21:43-69. [PMID: 21967332 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v21.i1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a 38 kDa, cysteine rich, extracellular matrix protein composed of 4 domains or modules. CTGF has been shown to regulate a diverse array of cellular functions and has been implicated in more complex biological processes such as angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. A role for CTGF in the development and maintenance of skeletal tissues first came to light in studies demonstrating its expression in cartilage and bone cells, which was dramatically increased during skeletal repair or regeneration. The physiological significance of CTGF in skeletogenesis was confirmed in CTGF-null mice, which exhibited multiple skeletal dysmorphisms as a result of impaired growth plate chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and bone formation/mineralization. Given the emerging importance of CTGF in osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, this review will focus on its expression in skeletal tissues, its effects on osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation and function, and the skeletal implications of ablation or over-expression of CTGF in knockout or transgenic mouse models, respectively. In addition, this review will examine the role of integrin-mediated signaling and the regulation of CTGF expression as it relates to skeletogenesis. We will emphasize CTGF studies in bone or bone cells, and will identify opportunities for future investigations concerning CTGF and chondrogenesis/osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Arnott
- Basic Sciences Department, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA, USA
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20
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Defining the earliest transcriptional steps of chondrogenic progenitor specification during the formation of the digits in the embryonic limb. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24546. [PMID: 21931747 PMCID: PMC3172225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of genes involved in the formation of cartilage is of key importance to improve cell-based cartilage regenerative therapies. Here, we have developed a suitable experimental model to identify precocious chondrogenic events in vivo by inducing an ectopic digit in the developing embryo. In this model, only 12 hr after the implantation of a Tgfβ bead, in the absence of increased cell proliferation, cartilage forms in undifferentiated interdigital mesoderm and in the course of development, becomes a structurally and morphologically normal digit. Systematic quantitative PCR expression analysis, together with other experimental approaches allowed us to establish 3 successive periods preceding the formation of cartilage. The “pre-condensation stage”, occurring within the first 3 hr of treatment, is characterized by the activation of connective tissue identity transcriptional factors (such as Sox9 and Scleraxis) and secreted factors (such as Activin A and the matricellular proteins CCN-1 and CCN-2) and the downregulation of the galectin CG-8. Next, the “condensation stage” is characterized by intense activation of Smad 1/5/8 BMP-signaling and increased expression of extracellular matrix components. During this period, the CCN matricellular proteins promote the expression of extracellular matrix and cell adhesion components. The third period, designated the “pre-cartilage period”, precedes the formation of molecularly identifiable cartilage by 2–3 hr and is characterized by the intensification of Sox 9 gene expression, along with the stimulation of other pro-chondrogenic transcription factors, such as HifIa. In summary, this work establishes a temporal hierarchy in the regulation of pro-chondrogenic genes preceding cartilage differentiation and provides new insights into the relative roles of secreted factors and cytoskeletal regulators that direct the first steps of this process in vivo.
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21
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Afrikanova I, Yebra M, Simpkinson M, Xu Y, Hayek A, Montgomery A. Inhibitors of Src and focal adhesion kinase promote endocrine specification: impact on the derivation of β-cells from human pluripotent stem cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36042-36052. [PMID: 21852242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.290825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stepwise approaches for the derivation of β-cells from human embryonic stem cells have been described. However, low levels of endocrine specification limit the final yield of insulin-producing β-cells. In this study, we show that the pyrrolo-pyrimidine Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor PP2 effectively promotes the endocrine specification of human embryonic stem cell derivatives based on its capacity to induce the expression of proendocrine transcription factors (NGN3, NEUROD1, NKX2.2, and PAX4) and to significantly increase the final yield of insulin-positive cells. We further demonstrate that PP2 inhibits the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and selective inhibition of this kinase is also sufficient to induce early endocrine commitment based on increased expression of NGN3, NEUROD1, and NKX2.2. Additional studies using dominant negative constructs and isolated human fetal pancreata suggest that c-Src is at least partially responsible for inhibiting early endocrine specification. Mechanistically, we propose that inhibition of SFK/FAK signaling can promote endocrine specification by limiting activation of the TGFβR/Smad2/3 pathway. Moreover, we show that inhibition of SFK/FAK signaling suppresses cell growth, increases the expression of the β-cell-associated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57kip2, and simultaneously suppresses the expression of Id1 and Id2. This study has important implications for the derivation of β-cells for the cell-based therapy of diabetes and sheds new light on the signaling events that regulate early endocrine specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivka Afrikanova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Mayra Yebra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Megan Simpkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Yang Xu
- Division of Biological Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Alberto Hayek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Anthony Montgomery
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121.
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22
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Parapuram SK, Shi-wen X, Elliott C, Welch ID, Jones H, Baron M, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Leask A. Loss of PTEN expression by dermal fibroblasts causes skin fibrosis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1996-2003. [PMID: 21654839 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis represents a common pathway leading to organ failure and death in many diseases and has no effective therapy. Dysregulated repair and excessive tissue scarring provides a unifying mechanism for pathological fibrosis. The protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) acts to dephosphorylate proteins, which promotes tissue repair and thus could be a key fibrogenic mediator. To test this hypothesis, we first showed that PTEN expression was reduced in skin fibroblasts from patients with the fibrotic autoimmune disease diffuse systemic sclerosis (dSSc). To evaluate whether this deficiency could be sufficient for fibrogenesis in vivo, we deleted PTEN in adult mouse fibroblasts. Compared with littermate control mice, loss of PTEN resulted in a 3-fold increase in dermal thickness due to excess deposition of collagen. PTEN-deleted fibroblasts showed elevated Akt phosphorylation and increased expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2). Selective inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway reduced the overexpression of collagen and CCN2 by PTEN-deficient fibroblasts. Overexpression of PTEN reduced the overexpression of type I collagen and CCN2 by dSSc fibroblasts. Thus, PTEN appears to be a potential in vivo master regulator of fibrogenesis; PTEN agonists may represent anti-fibrotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Parapuram
- Department of Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Lauzier A, Charbonneau M, Harper K, Jilaveanu-Pelmus M, Dubois CM. Formation of invadopodia-like structures by synovial cells promotes cartilage breakdown in collagen-induced arthritis: Involvement of the protein tyrosine kinase Src. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1591-602. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Rojo LE, Villano CM, Joseph G, Schmidt B, Shulaev V, Shuman JL, Lila MA, Raskin I. Wound-healing properties of nut oil from Pouteria lucuma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2011; 9:185-95. [PMID: 20883291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2010.00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling are key events in wound healing. Natural products, including fatty acids (FAs), can accelerate wound healing by modulating the aforementioned events. AIMS
This study aims to evaluate the effect of lucuma (Pouteria lucuma O Kezte) nut oil (LNO) on fibroblasts migration, angiogenesis, inflammation, bacterial and fungal growth, and wound healing. Methods GC-MS analysis of FAs methyl esters (FAMES) was used for chemical characterization of LNO. In vitro studies were carried out with LNO investigating the induction of cell migration, cytoskeleton remodeling of human fibroblasts, inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages, and antibacterial and antifungal effects. Two in vivo studies were carried out to study LNO's effect on angiogenesis and wound healing: (i) tail fin regeneration in transgenic zebrafish larvae expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in vascular endothelial cells was used to study vessel sprouting and wound healing and (ii) the closure of wounds was evaluated in CD-1 mice after topical applications of LNO-containing formulations. RESULTS Lucuma nut oil is a mixture of FAs, 99.7% of which were characterized. Major components of LNO (w/w) are linoleic acid (38.9%), oleic acid (27.9%), palmitic acid (18.6%), stearic acid (8.9%), and γ linolenic acid (2.9%). In vitro studies showed that LNO significantly promoted migration and vinculin expression in human fibroblasts. LNO decreased LPS-induced nitric oxide production and did not display significant antibacterial or antifungal effects. LNO induced tail fin regeneration in transgenic zebrafish larvae 48 h after tail fin amputation and significantly accelerated cutaneous wound closure in CD-1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Natural FAs from P. lucuma nut promote skin regeneration and, thus, may have applications in medicine and skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel E Rojo
- Rutgers University, Biotech Center, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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25
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Liu S, Shi-wen X, Blumbach K, Eastwood M, Denton CP, Eckes B, Krieg T, Abraham DJ, Leask A. Expression of integrin β1 by fibroblasts is required for tissue repair in vivo. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3674-82. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In tissue repair, fibroblasts migrate into the wound to produce and remodel extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrins are believed to be crucial for tissue repair, but their tissue-specific role in this process is poorly understood. Here, we show that mice containing a fibroblast-specific deletion of integrin β1 exhibit delayed cutaneous wound closure and less granulation tissue formation, including reduced production of new ECM and reduced expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Integrin-β1-deficient fibroblasts showed reduced expression of type I collagen and connective tissue growth factor, and failed to differentiate into myofibroblasts as a result of reduced α-SMA stress fiber formation. Loss of integrin β1 in adult fibroblasts reduced their ability to adhere to, to spread on and to contract ECM. Within stressed collagen matrices, integrin-β1-deficient fibroblasts showed reduced activation of latent TGFβ. Addition of active TGFβ alleviated the phenotype of integrin-β1-deficient mice. Thus integrin β1 is essential for normal wound healing, where it acts, at least in part, through a TGFβ-dependent mechanism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxi Liu
- The Canadian Institute of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Dental Sciences Building, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Xu Shi-wen
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, UCL-Medical School (Royal Free Campus), University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Katrin Blumbach
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Street 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mark Eastwood
- Division of Biosciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Christopher P. Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, UCL-Medical School (Royal Free Campus), University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Beate Eckes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Street 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Street 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - David J. Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, UCL-Medical School (Royal Free Campus), University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Andrew Leask
- The Canadian Institute of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Dental Sciences Building, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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26
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Thompson K, Hamilton DW, Leask A. ALK5 inhibition blocks TGFß-induced CCN2 expression in gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1450-4. [PMID: 20924066 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510379020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) is not normally expressed in gingival fibroblasts, but is induced by the potent profibrotic cytokine TGFβ and is overexpressed in gingival fibrosis. Since CCN2 is a marker and mediator of fibrosis, targeting CCN2 expression in gingival fibroblasts may provide new insights into the future development of novel therapeutic opportunities to treat oral fibrosis. Herein we used real-time polymerase chain-reaction, Western blot, and indirect immunofluorescence analysis to evaluate whether SB-431542, a specific pharmacological inhibitor of TGFβ type I receptor (ALK5), blocks the ability of TGFβ to induce CCN2 mRNA and protein expression in human gingival fibroblasts. Our results indicate that CCN2 mRNA and protein are induced by TGFβ in gingival fibroblasts in a SB-431542-sensitive fashion. These results suggest that blocking ALK5 may be useful in blocking the profibrotic effects of TGFβ in gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Thompson
- Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Dental Sciences Building, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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27
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Lee GS, Liao X, Shimizu H, Collins MD. Genetic and pathologic aspects of retinoic acid-induced limb malformations in the mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:863-82. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Masuko K, Murata M, Yudoh K, Shimizu H, Beppu M, Nakamura H, Kato T. Prostaglandin E2 regulates the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes via the EP4 receptor. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:5. [PMID: 20205862 PMCID: PMC2826353 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The regulatory mechanisms of the expression of connective tissue growth factor/CCN family member 2 (CTGF/CCN2) in human articular chondrocytes have not been clarified. We investigated the effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on CTGF/CCN2 expression in chondrocytes. Findings Articular cartilage samples were obtained from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro. Chondrocytes were stimulated with PGE2, PGE receptor (EP)-specific agonists, or interleukin (IL)-1. CTGF expression was analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The inhibitory effects of EP receptor antagonists (for EP2 and EP4) against PGE2 stimulation were also investigated. Stimulation of chondrocytes with PGE2 or IL-1 significantly suppressed CTGF expression. The suppressive effect of PGE2 was reproduced by EP2/EP4 receptor agonists but not by EP1/EP3 receptor agonists, and was partially blocked by an EP4 receptor antagonist, suggesting that the EP4 receptor has a dominant role. Conclusions PGE2 may be involved in the regulation of CTGF/CCN2 expression in human articular chondrocytes via the EP4 receptor. Elucidation of EP4-mediated signaling in chondrocytes may contribute to a better understanding of the effects of PGE2 in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Masuko
- Department of Biochemistry, St, Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
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Kapoor M, McCann M, Liu S, Huh K, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Leask A. Loss of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in mouse fibroblasts results in increased susceptibility to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2822-9. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rockel JS, Grol M, Bernier SM, Leask A. Cyclic AMP regulates extracellular matrix gene expression and metabolism in cultured primary rat chondrocytes. Matrix Biol 2009; 28:354-64. [PMID: 19505573 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis, the synovial fluid surrounding chondrocytes contains increased levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), an agent known to elevate intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP). However, the effect of PGE(2)/cAMP on mRNA expression in chondrocytes is largely unknown. In this report, we assess the effect of the cell-permeable cAMP analog adenosine 8-(4-chloro-phenylthio)-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (CPT-cAMP) and PGE(2) on mRNA expression in primary neonatal rat chondrocytes. CPT-cAMP decreased type II collagen, link protein, parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor and alkaline phosphatase, increased glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA and lactate efflux, but did not alter type X collagen or aggrecan mRNA. The effect of CPT-cAMP on type II collagen and link protein mRNAs and chondrocyte metabolism were attenuated by the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D, indicating that the ability of CPT-cAMP to suppress mRNA expression was not due to alterations in mRNA stability, but were instead likely due to transcriptional mechanisms. CPT-cAMP-treatment induced GSK3 beta phosphorylation and beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 beta paralleled the effects of CPT-cAMP on type II collagen, link protein and chondrocyte metabolism, suggesting that the effect of CPT-cAMP on chondrocytes may be GSK3 beta/beta-catenin-dependent. The effects of CPT-cAMP on beta-catenin-mediated transcription, cell metabolism and mRNA expression were mimicked by the cAMP-elevating agent PGE(2), providing a physiologically relevant context for our studies. Collectively, these results suggest that agents that elevate cAMP signaling may impair chondrocyte function in conditions such as arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Rockel
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Gressner OA, Lahme B, Siluschek M, Rehbein K, Weiskirchen R, Gressner AM. Connective tissue growth factor is a Smad2 regulated amplifier of transforming growth factor beta actions in hepatocytes--but without modulating bone morphogenetic protein 7 signaling. Hepatology 2009; 49:2021-30. [PMID: 19309720 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In vivo knockdown of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) was recently shown to attenuate the formation of experimental liver fibrosis. The secreted, cysteine-rich growth factor is proposed to adversely modulate the binding of profibrogenic transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and its natural antagonist bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to their cognate receptors in several cellular systems, but the functionality of CTGF in modulation of the TGF-beta/BMP signaling pathways is still unknown. This study aims at characterizing a potentially differential modulating role of CTGF on TGF-beta- and BMP7-dependent transactivation of reporter gene [Ad-(CAGA)(12)-MLP-luc, Ad-hCTGF-luc, and Ad-(BRE)(2)-luc reporter gene] expression in rat hepatocytes. In this context, emphasis is also placed on the differential roles of Smad2 and Smad3 in the TGF-beta-dependent transactivation of the endogenous CTGF gene and the CTGF gene reporter, as investigated following adenoviral infection of wild-type and dominant negative Smad2/3 or treatment with the specific inhibitor of Smad3 or ALK5-specific (SB-431542) inhibitor. In this analysis, we found (1) a selective transcriptional activation of the CTGF promoter by Smad2 (but not Smad3); (2) the failure of BMP7 to inhibit the transcriptional activation of the Smad3-selective (CAGA)(12)-luc reporter by TGF-beta, as well as the failure of TGF-beta to inhibit the transcriptional activation of the Smad5-selective (BRE)(2)-luc reporter by BMP7; and (3) the sensitization of hepatocytes toward TGF-beta type I receptor (ALK5)/Smad2 and Smad3-mediated TGF-beta signaling by CTGF, whereas BMP type I receptor (ALK1)/Smad5-mediated BMP7 signaling is not modulated. CONCLUSION CTGF acts as a Smad2-dependent sensitizer of TGF-beta actions that does not influence BMP7 signaling in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav A Gressner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH-University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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Abstract
As the cellular component of articular cartilage, chondrocytes are responsible for maintaining in a low-turnover state the unique composition and organization of the matrix that was determined during embryonic and postnatal development. In joint diseases, cartilage homeostasis is disrupted by mechanisms that are driven by combinations of biological mediators that vary according to the disease process, including contributions from other joint tissues. In osteoarthritis (OA), biomechanical stimuli predominate with up-regulation of both catabolic and anabolic cytokines and recapitulation of developmental phenotypes, whereas in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammation and catabolism drive cartilage loss. In vitro studies in chondrocytes have elucidated signaling pathways and transcription factors that orchestrate specific functions that promote cartilage damage in both OA and RA. Thus, understanding how the adult articular chondrocyte functions within its unique environment will aid in the development of rational strategies to protect cartilage from damage resulting from joint disease. This review will cover current knowledge about the specific cellular and biochemical mechanisms that regulate cartilage homeostasis and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Goldring
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, Affiliated with Weill College of Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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33
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Bais M, McLean J, Sebastiani P, Young M, Wigner N, Smith T, Kotton DN, Einhorn TA, Gerstenfeld LC. Transcriptional analysis of fracture healing and the induction of embryonic stem cell-related genes. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5393. [PMID: 19415118 PMCID: PMC2673045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractures are among the most common human traumas. Fracture healing represents a unique temporarily definable post-natal process in which to study the complex interactions of multiple molecular events that regulate endochondral skeletal tissue formation. Because of the regenerative nature of fracture healing, it is hypothesized that large numbers of post-natal stem cells are recruited and contribute to formation of the multiple cell lineages that contribute to this process. Bayesian modeling was used to generate the temporal profiles of the transcriptome during fracture healing. The temporal relationships between ontologies that are associated with various biologic, metabolic, and regulatory pathways were identified and related to developmental processes associated with skeletogenesis, vasculogenesis, and neurogenesis. The complement of all the expressed BMPs, Wnts, FGFs, and their receptors were related to the subsets of transcription factors that were concurrently expressed during fracture healing. We further defined during fracture healing the temporal patterns of expression for 174 of the 193 genes known to be associated with human genetic skeletal disorders. In order to identify the common regulatory features that might be present in stem cells that are recruited during fracture healing to other types of stem cells, we queried the transcriptome of fracture healing against that seen in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Approximately 300 known genes that are preferentially expressed in ESCs and approximately 350 of the known genes that are preferentially expressed in MSCs showed induction during fracture healing. Nanog, one of the central epigenetic regulators associated with ESC stem cell maintenance, was shown to be associated in multiple forms or bone repair as well as MSC differentiation. In summary, these data present the first temporal analysis of the transcriptome of an endochondral bone formation process that takes place during fracture healing. They show that neurogenesis as well as vasculogenesis are predominant components of skeletal tissue formation and suggest common pathways are shared between post-natal stem cells and those seen in ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Bais
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jody McLean
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paola Sebastiani
- School of Public Health, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Megan Young
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nathan Wigner
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Temple Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University School of Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Einhorn
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Louis C. Gerstenfeld
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Brigstock DR. Strategies for blocking the fibrogenic actions of connective tissue growth factor (CCN2): From pharmacological inhibition in vitro to targeted siRNA therapy in vivo. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:5-18. [PMID: 19294531 PMCID: PMC2686750 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is a major pro-fibrotic factor that frequently acts downstream of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-mediated fibrogenic pathways. Much of our knowledge of CCN2 in fibrosis has come from studies in which its production or activity have been experimentally attenuated. These studies, performed both in vitro and in animal models, have demonstrated the utility of pharmacological inhibitors (e.g. tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), prostaglandins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists, statins, kinase inhibitors), neutralizing antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, or small interfering RNA (siRNA) to probe the role of CCN2 in fibrogenic pathways. These investigations have allowed the mechanisms regulating CCN2 production to be more clearly defined, have shown that CCN2 is a rational anti-fibrotic target, and have established a framework for developing effective modalities of therapeutic intervention in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Brigstock
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,
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35
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Kim YH, Lee JW. Targeting of focal adhesion kinase by small interfering RNAs reduces chondrocyte redifferentiation capacity in alginate beads culture with type II collagen. J Cell Physiol 2009; 218:623-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Woods A, Pala D, Kennedy L, McLean S, Rockel JS, Wang G, Leask A, Beier F. Rac1 signaling regulates CTGF/CCN2 gene expression via TGFbeta/Smad signaling in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:406-13. [PMID: 18760941 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been implicated in regulation of chondrocyte differentiation at multiple steps and has been implicated in the progression of diseases such as scleroderma and osteoarthritis. However, the pathways mediating the expression of CTGF/CCN2 and related factors in cartilage are not fully understood. We have previously shown that the Rho family of proteins and the actin cytoskeleton regulate both early and late chondrocyte differentiation. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that several CTGF/Cyr61/Nov (CCN) family members are differentially affected by either inhibition of actin polymerization (cytochalasin D treatment), promotion of actin polymerization (jasplakinolide treatment), inhibition of RhoA/rho kinase (ROCK) signaling (Y27632 treatment) and Rac1 signaling. We also show that the Smad site in the CTGF/CCN2 promoter is responsive to both Rac1 inhibition and cytochalasin D treatment, suggesting a role of TGFbeta/Smad signaling in mediating the effects of actin dynamics and Rac1. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data show that Rac1 and actin pathways control CTGF/CCN2 expression in chondrocytes which might be relevant to both skeletal development and associated diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Woods
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Tanaka K, Arao T, Maegawa M, Matsumoto K, Kaneda H, Kudo K, Fujita Y, Yokote H, Yanagihara K, Yamada Y, Okamoto I, Nakagawa K, Nishio K. SRPX2 is overexpressed in gastric cancer and promotes cellular migration and adhesion. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1072-80. [PMID: 19065654 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SRPX2 (Sushi repeat containing protein, X-linked 2) was first identified as a downstream molecule of the E2A-HLF fusion gene in t(17;19)-positive leukemia cells and the biological function of this gene remains unknown. We found that SRPX2 is overexpressed in gastric cancer and the expression and clinical features showed that high mRNA expression levels were observed in patients with unfavorable outcomes using real-time RT-PCR. The cellular distribution of SRPX2 protein showed the secretion of SRPX2 into extracellular regions and its localization in the cytoplasm. The introduction of the SRPX2 gene into HEK293 cells did not modulate the cellular proliferative activity but did enhance the cellular migration activity, as shown using migration and scratch assays. The conditioned-medium obtained from SRPX2-overexpressing cells increased the cellular migration activity of a gastric cancer cell line, SNU-16. In addition, SRPX2 protein remarkably enhanced the cellular adhesion of SNU-16 and HSC-39 and increased the phosphorylation levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), as shown using western blotting, suggesting that SRPX2 enhances cellular migration and adhesion through FAK signaling. In conclusion, the overexpression of SRPX2 enhances cellular migration and adhesion in gastric cancer cells. Here, we report that the biological functions of SRPX2 include cellular migration and adhesion to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tanaka
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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38
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Shi-Wen X, Parapuram SK, Pala D, Chen Y, Carter DE, Eastwood M, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Leask A. Requirement of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 for transforming growth factor β-induced α-smooth muscle actin expression and extracellular matrix contraction in fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:234-41. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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39
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Holbourn KP, Acharya KR, Perbal B. The CCN family of proteins: structure-function relationships. Trends Biochem Sci 2008; 33:461-473. [PMID: 18789696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.07.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The CCN proteins are key signalling and regulatory molecules involved in many vital biological functions, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tumourigenesis and wound healing. How these proteins influence such a range of functions remains incompletely understood but is probably related to their discrete modular nature and a complex array of intra- and inter-molecular interactions with a variety of regulatory proteins and ligands. Although certain aspects of their biology can be attributed to the four individual modules that constitute the CCN proteins, recent results suggest that some of their biological functions require cooperation between modules. Indeed, the modular structure of CCN proteins provides important insight into their structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Holbourn
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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40
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Leask A, Chen S, Pala D, Brigstock DR. Regulation of CCN2 mRNA expression and promoter activity in activated hepatic stellate cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2008; 2:49-56. [PMID: 18798011 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-008-0029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The matricellular protein connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is considered a faithful marker of fibroblast activation in wound healing and in fibrosis. CCN2 is induced during activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Here, we investigate the molecular basis of CCN2 gene expression in HSC. Fluoroscence activated cell sorting was used to investigate CCN2 expression in HSC in vivo in mice treated with CCl(4). CCN2 and TGF-beta mRNA expression were assessed by polymerase chain reaction as a function of culture-induced activation of HSC. CCN2 promoter/reporter constructs were used to map cis-acting elements required for basal and TGFbeta-induced CCN2 promoter activity. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to further clarify signaling pathways required for CCN2 expression in HSC. CCl(4) administration in vivo increased CCN2 production by HSC. In vitro, expression of CCN2 and TGF-beta mRNA were concommitantly increased in mouse HSC between days 0 and 14 of culture. TGFbeta-induced CCN2 promoter activity required the Smad and Ets-1 elements in the CCN2 promoter and was reduced by TGFbeta type I receptor (ALK4/5/7) inhibition. CCN2 overexpression in activated HSC was ALK4/5/7-dependent. As CCN2 overexpression is a faithful marker of fibrogenesis, our data are consistent with the notion that signaling through TGFbeta type I receptors such as ALK5 contributes to the activation of HSC and hence ALK4/5/7 inhibition would be expected to be an appropriate treatment for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Dental Sciences Building, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada,
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41
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Holbourn KP, Acharya KR, Perbal B. The CCN family of proteins: structure-function relationships. Trends Biochem Sci 2008; 33:461-73. [PMID: 18789696 PMCID: PMC2683937 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The CCN proteins are key signalling and regulatory molecules involved in many vital biological functions, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tumourigenesis and wound healing. How these proteins influence such a range of functions remains incompletely understood but is probably related to their discrete modular nature and a complex array of intra- and inter-molecular interactions with a variety of regulatory proteins and ligands. Although certain aspects of their biology can be attributed to the four individual modules that constitute the CCN proteins, recent results suggest that some of their biological functions require cooperation between modules. Indeed, the modular structure of CCN proteins provides important insight into their structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Holbourn
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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42
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Leask A. CCN3: A novel function in vivo. J Cell Commun Signal 2008; 1:227-8. [PMID: 18506600 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-008-0019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Dental Sciences Building, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada,
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Gill KS, Beier F, Goldberg HA. Rho-ROCK signaling differentially regulates chondrocyte spreading on fibronectin and bone sialoprotein. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C38-49. [PMID: 18463228 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00548.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian growth plate is a dynamic structure rich in extracellular matrix (ECM). Interactions of growth plate chondrocytes with ECM proteins regulate cell behavior. In this study, we compared chondrocyte adhesion and spreading dynamics on fibronectin (FN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP). Chondrocyte adhesion and spreading were also compared with fibroblasts to analyze potential cell-type-specific effects. Chondrocyte adhesion to BSP is independent of posttranslational modifications but is dependent on the RGD sequence in BSP. Whereas chondrocytes and fibroblasts adhered at similar levels on FN and BSP, cells displayed more actin-dependent spread on FN despite a 16x molar excess of BSP adsorbed to plastic. To identify intracellular mediators responsible for this difference in spreading, we investigated focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-Src and Rho-Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling. Although activated FAK localized to the vertices of adhered chondrocytes, levels of FAK activation did not correlate with the extent of spreading. Furthermore, Src inhibition reduced chondrocyte spreading on both FN and BSP, suggesting that FAK-Src signaling is not responsible for less cell spreading on BSP. In contrast, inhibition of Rho and ROCK in chondrocytes increased cell spreading on BSP and membrane protrusiveness on FN but did not affect cell adhesion. In fibroblasts, Rho inhibition increased fibroblast spreading on BSP while ROCK inhibition changed membrane protrusiveness of FN and BSP. In summary, we identify a novel role for Rho-ROCK signaling in regulating chondrocyte spreading and demonstrate both cell- and matrix molecule-specific mechanisms controlling cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal S Gill
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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