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Nair AV, Singh A, Rajmani RS, Chakravortty D. Salmonella Typhimurium employs spermidine to exert protection against ROS-mediated cytotoxicity and rewires host polyamine metabolism to ameliorate its survival in macrophages. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103151. [PMID: 38593631 PMCID: PMC11015157 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection entails a cascade of attacks and defence measures. After breaching the intestinal epithelial barrier, Salmonella is phagocytosed by macrophages, where the bacteria encounter multiple stresses, to which it employs relevant countermeasures. Our study shows that, in Salmonella, the polyamine spermidine activates a stress response mechanism by regulating critical antioxidant genes. Salmonella Typhimurium mutants for spermidine transport and synthesis cannot mount an antioxidative response, resulting in high intracellular ROS levels. These mutants are also compromised in their ability to be phagocytosed by macrophages. Furthermore, it regulates a novel enzyme in Salmonella, Glutathionyl-spermidine synthetase (GspSA), which prevents the oxidation of proteins in E. coli. Moreover, the spermidine mutants and the GspSA mutant show significantly reduced survival in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in vitro and reduced organ burden in the mouse model of Salmonella infection. Conversely, in macrophages isolated from gp91phox-/- mice, we observed a rescue in the attenuated fold proliferation previously observed upon infection. We found that Salmonella upregulates polyamine biosynthesis in the host through its effectors from SPI-1 and SPI-2, which addresses the attenuated proliferation observed in spermidine transport mutants. Thus, inhibition of this pathway in the host abrogates the proliferation of Salmonella Typhimurium in macrophages. From a therapeutic perspective, inhibiting host polyamine biosynthesis using an FDA-approved chemopreventive drug, D, L-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), reduces Salmonella colonisation and tissue damage in the mouse model of infection while enhancing the survival of infected mice. Therefore, our work provides a mechanistic insight into the critical role of spermidine in stress resistance of Salmonella. It also reveals a bacterial strategy in modulating host metabolism to promote their intracellular survival and shows the potential of DFMO to curb Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Vijay Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anmol Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - R S Rajmani
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India; Adjunct Faculty, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
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2
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Li B, Liang J, Baniasadi HR, Kurihara S, Phillips MA, Michael AJ. Functional identification of bacterial spermine, thermospermine, norspermine, norspermidine, spermidine, and N 1-aminopropylagmatine synthases. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107281. [PMID: 38588807 PMCID: PMC11107197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Spermine synthase is an aminopropyltransferase that adds an aminopropyl group to the essential polyamine spermidine to form tetraamine spermine, needed for normal human neural development, plant salt and drought resistance, and yeast CoA biosynthesis. We functionally identify for the first time bacterial spermine synthases, derived from phyla Bacillota, Rhodothermota, Thermodesulfobacteriota, Nitrospirota, Deinococcota, and Pseudomonadota. We also identify bacterial aminopropyltransferases that synthesize the spermine same mass isomer thermospermine, from phyla Cyanobacteriota, Thermodesulfobacteriota, Nitrospirota, Dictyoglomota, Armatimonadota, and Pseudomonadota, including the human opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Most of these bacterial synthases were capable of synthesizing spermine or thermospermine from the diamine putrescine and so possess also spermidine synthase activity. We found that most thermospermine synthases could synthesize tetraamine norspermine from triamine norspermidine, that is, they are potential norspermine synthases. This finding could explain the enigmatic source of norspermine in bacteria. Some of the thermospermine synthases could synthesize norspermidine from diamine 1,3-diaminopropane, demonstrating that they are potential norspermidine synthases. Of 18 bacterial spermidine synthases identified, 17 were able to aminopropylate agmatine to form N1-aminopropylagmatine, including the spermidine synthase of Bacillus subtilis, a species known to be devoid of putrescine. This suggests that the N1-aminopropylagmatine pathway for spermidine biosynthesis, which bypasses putrescine, may be far more widespread than realized and may be the default pathway for spermidine biosynthesis in species encoding L-arginine decarboxylase for agmatine production. Some thermospermine synthases were able to aminopropylate N1-aminopropylagmatine to form N12-guanidinothermospermine. Our study reveals an unsuspected diversification of bacterial polyamine biosynthesis and suggests a more prominent role for agmatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jue Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Hamid R Baniasadi
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shin Kurihara
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Margaret A Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony J Michael
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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3
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Long Q, Zhou W, Zhou H, Tang Y, Chen W, Liu Q, Bian X. Polyamine-containing natural products: structure, bioactivity, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:525-564. [PMID: 37873660 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00087c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2005 to August, 2023Polyamine-containing natural products (NPs) have been isolated from a wide range of terrestrial and marine organisms and most of them exhibit remarkable and diverse activities, including antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antiangiogenic, antitumor, antiviral, iron-chelating, anti-depressive, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antiobesity, and antioxidant properties. Their extraordinary activities and potential applications in human health and agriculture attract increasing numbers of studies on polyamine-containing NPs. In this review, we summarized the source, structure, classification, bioactivities and biosynthesis of polyamine-containing NPs, focusing on the biosynthetic mechanism of polyamine itself and representative polyamine alkaloids, polyamine-containing siderophores with catechol/hydroxamate/hydroxycarboxylate groups, nonribosomal peptide-(polyketide)-polyamine (NRP-(PK)-PA), and NRP-PK-long chain poly-fatty amine (lcPFAN) hybrid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Long
- Hunan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Microbiology Application, Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, 410009, China.
| | - Wen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Ying Tang
- Hunan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Microbiology Application, Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, 410009, China.
| | - Wu Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Qingshu Liu
- Hunan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Microbiology Application, Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, 410009, China.
| | - Xiaoying Bian
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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4
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Prentice JA, van de Weerd R, Bridges AA. Cell-lysis sensing drives biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2018. [PMID: 38443393 PMCID: PMC10914755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Matrix-encapsulated communities of bacteria, called biofilms, are ubiquitous in the environment and are notoriously difficult to eliminate in clinical and industrial settings. Biofilm formation likely evolved as a mechanism to protect resident cells from environmental challenges, yet how bacteria undergo threat assessment to inform biofilm development remains unclear. Here we find that population-level cell lysis events induce the formation of biofilms by surviving Vibrio cholerae cells. Survivors detect threats by sensing a cellular component released through cell lysis, which we identify as norspermidine. Lysis sensing occurs via the MbaA receptor with genus-level specificity, and responsive biofilm cells are shielded from phage infection and attacks from other bacteria. Thus, our work uncovers a connection between bacterial lysis and biofilm formation that may be broadly conserved among microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojo A Prentice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert van de Weerd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew A Bridges
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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5
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Xie C, Gu W, Chen Z, Liang Z, Huang S, Zhang LH, Chen S. Polyamine signaling communications play a key role in regulating the pathogenicity of Dickeya fangzhongdai. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0196523. [PMID: 37874149 PMCID: PMC10715095 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01965-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Dickeya fangzhongdai is a newly identified plant bacterial pathogen with a wide host range. A clear understanding of the cell-to-cell communication systems that modulate the bacterial virulence is of key importance for elucidating its pathogenic mechanisms and for disease control. In this study, we present evidence that putrescine molecules from the pathogen and host plants play an essential role in regulating the bacterial virulence. The significance of this study is in (i) demonstrating that putrescine signaling system regulates D. fangzhongdai virulence mainly through modulating the bacterial motility and production of PCWD enzymes, (ii) outlining the signaling and regulatory mechanisms with which putrescine signaling system modulates the above virulence traits, and (iii) validating that D. fangzhongdai could use both arginine and ornithine pathways to synthesize putrescine signals. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that putrescine signaling system plays a key role in modulating the pathogenicity of D. fangzhongdai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihan Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqiao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shufen Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Xi H, Nie X, Gao F, Liang X, Li H, Zhou H, Cai Y, Yang C. A bacterial spermidine biosynthetic pathway via carboxyaminopropylagmatine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj9075. [PMID: 37878710 PMCID: PMC10599626 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Spermidine, a ubiquitous polyamine, is known to be required for critical physiological functions in bacteria. Two principal pathways are known for spermidine biosynthesis, both of which involve aminopropylation of putrescine. Here, we identified a spermidine biosynthetic pathway via a previously unknown metabolite, carboxyaminopropylagmatine (CAPA), in a model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 through an approach combining 13C and 15N tracers, metabolomics, and genetic and biochemical characterization. The CAPA pathway starts with reductive condensation of agmatine and l-aspartate-β-semialdehyde into CAPA by a previously unknown CAPA dehydrogenase, followed by decarboxylation of CAPA to form aminopropylagmatine, and ends with conversion of aminopropylagmatine to spermidine by an aminopropylagmatine ureohydrolase. Thus, the pathway does not involve putrescine and depends on l-aspartate-β-semialdehyde as the aminopropyl group donor. Genomic, biochemical, and metagenomic analyses showed that the CAPA-pathway genes are widespread in 15 different phyla of bacteria distributed in marine, freshwater, and other ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachao Xi
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqun Nie
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Gao
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Yang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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7
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Kalia VC, Patel SKS, Lee JK. Bacterial biofilm inhibitors: An overview. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115389. [PMID: 37634478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria that cause infectious diseases adopt biofilms as one of their most prevalent lifestyles. Biofilms enable bacteria to tolerate environmental stress and evade antibacterial agents. This bacterial defense mechanism has rendered the use of antibiotics ineffective for the treatment of infectious diseases. However, many highly drug-resistant microbes have rapidly emerged owing to such treatments. Different signaling mechanisms regulate bacterial biofilm formation, including cyclic dinucleotide (c-di-GMP), small non-coding RNAs, and quorum sensing (QS). A cell density-dependent phenomenon, QS is associated with c-di-GMP (a global messenger), which regulates gene expression related to adhesion, extracellular matrix production, the transition from the planktonic to biofilm stage, stability, pathogenicity, virulence, and acquisition of nutrients. The article aims to provide information on inhibiting biofilm formation and disintegrating mature/preformed biofilms. This treatment enables antimicrobials to target the free-living/exposed bacterial cells at lower concentrations than those needed to treat bacteria within the biofilm. Therefore, a complementary action of antibiofilm and antimicrobial agents can be a robust strategic approach to dealing with infectious diseases. Taken together, these molecules have broad implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Chandra Kalia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjay K S Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Lee DF, Atencio N, Bouchey S, Shoemaker MR, Dodd JS, Satre M, Miller KA, McFarlane JS. Kinetic and structural characterization of carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase of polyamine biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105033. [PMID: 37437886 PMCID: PMC10413350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are positively charged alkylamines ubiquitous among eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea. Humans obtain polyamines through dietary intake, metabolic production, or uptake of polyamines made by gut microbes. The polyamine biosynthetic pathway used by most gut microbes differs from that used by human cells. This alternative pathway employs carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase (CASDH), an enzyme with limited characterization. Here, we solved a 1.94 Å X-ray crystal structure of Bacteroides fragilis CASDH by molecular replacement. BfCASDH is composed of three domains with a fold similar to saccharopine dehydrogenase but with a distinct active site arrangement. Using steady-state methods, we determined kcat and kcat/Km for BfCASDH and Clostridium leptum CASDH using putrescine, diaminopropane, aspartate semi-aldehyde, NADH, and NADPH as substrates. These data revealed evidence of cooperativity in BfCASDH. Putrescine is the likely polyamine substrate and NADPH is the coenzyme used to complete the reaction, forming carboxyspermidine as a product. These data provide the first kinetic characterization of CASDH-a key enzyme in the production of microbial polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle F Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA
| | - Niko Atencio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA
| | - Shade Bouchey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA
| | - Madeline R Shoemaker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua S Dodd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA
| | - Meredith Satre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth A Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeffrey S McFarlane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA.
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9
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Walton MG, Cubillejo I, Nag D, Withey JH. Advances in cholera research: from molecular biology to public health initiatives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1178538. [PMID: 37283925 PMCID: PMC10239892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1178538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquatic bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, which has plagued the world for centuries. This pathogen has been the subject of studies in a vast array of fields, from molecular biology to animal models for virulence activity to epidemiological disease transmission modeling. V. cholerae genetics and the activity of virulence genes determine the pathogenic potential of different strains, as well as provide a model for genomic evolution in the natural environment. While animal models for V. cholerae infection have been used for decades, recent advances in this area provide a well-rounded picture of nearly all aspects of V. cholerae interaction with both mammalian and non-mammalian hosts, encompassing colonization dynamics, pathogenesis, immunological responses, and transmission to naïve populations. Microbiome studies have become increasingly common as access and affordability of sequencing has improved, and these studies have revealed key factors in V. cholerae communication and competition with members of the gut microbiota. Despite a wealth of knowledge surrounding V. cholerae, the pathogen remains endemic in numerous countries and causes sporadic outbreaks elsewhere. Public health initiatives aim to prevent cholera outbreaks and provide prompt, effective relief in cases where prevention is not feasible. In this review, we describe recent advancements in cholera research in these areas to provide a more complete illustration of V. cholerae evolution as a microbe and significant global health threat, as well as how researchers are working to improve understanding and minimize impact of this pathogen on vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey H. Withey
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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10
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Harrison SA, Webb WL, Rammu H, Lane N. Prebiotic Synthesis of Aspartate Using Life's Metabolism as a Guide. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051177. [PMID: 37240822 DOI: 10.3390/life13051177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A protometabolic approach to the origins of life assumes that the conserved biochemistry of metabolism has direct continuity with prebiotic chemistry. One of the most important amino acids in modern biology is aspartic acid, serving as a nodal metabolite for the synthesis of many other essential biomolecules. Aspartate's prebiotic synthesis is complicated by the instability of its precursor, oxaloacetate. In this paper, we show that the use of the biologically relevant cofactor pyridoxamine, supported by metal ion catalysis, is sufficiently fast to offset oxaloacetate's degradation. Cu2+-catalysed transamination of oxaloacetate by pyridoxamine achieves around a 5% yield within 1 h, and can operate across a broad range of pH, temperature, and pressure. In addition, the synthesis of the downstream product β-alanine may also take place in the same reaction system at very low yields, directly mimicking an archaeal synthesis route. Amino group transfer supported by pyridoxal is shown to take place from aspartate to alanine, but the reverse reaction (alanine to aspartate) shows a poor yield. Overall, our results show that the nodal metabolite aspartate and related amino acids can indeed be synthesised via protometabolic pathways that foreshadow modern metabolism in the presence of the simple cofactor pyridoxamine and metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Harrison
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution (CLOE), Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - William L Webb
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution (CLOE), Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hanadi Rammu
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution (CLOE), Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nick Lane
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution (CLOE), Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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11
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Solmi L, Rossi FR, Romero FM, Bach-Pages M, Preston GM, Ruiz OA, Gárriz A. Polyamine-mediated mechanisms contribute to oxidative stress tolerance in Pseudomonas syringae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4279. [PMID: 36922543 PMCID: PMC10017717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial phytopathogens living on the surface or within plant tissues may experience oxidative stress because of the triggered plant defense responses. Although it has been suggested that polyamines can defend bacteria from this stress, the mechanism behind this action is not entirely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of oxidative stress on the polyamine homeostasis of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the functions of these compounds in bacterial stress tolerance. We demonstrated that bacteria respond to H2O2 by increasing the external levels of the polyamine putrescine while maintaining the inner concentrations of this compound as well as the analogue amine spermidine. In line with this, adding exogenous putrescine to media increased bacterial tolerance to H2O2. Deletion of arginine decarboxylase (speA) and ornithine decarboxylate (speC), prevented the synthesis of putrescine and augmented susceptibility to H2O2, whereas targeting spermidine synthesis alone through deletion of spermidine synthase (speE) increased the level of extracellular putrescine and enhanced H2O2 tolerance. Further research demonstrated that the increased tolerance of the ΔspeE mutant correlated with higher expression of H2O2-degrading catalases and enhanced outer cell membrane stability. Thus, this work demonstrates previously unrecognized connections between bacterial defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and the polyamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Solmi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.2, Chascomús, CP7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franco R Rossi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.2, Chascomús, CP7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando M Romero
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.2, Chascomús, CP7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gail M Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oscar A Ruiz
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.2, Chascomús, CP7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Gárriz
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.2, Chascomús, CP7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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12
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Cruz-Pulido YE, Mounce BC. Good cop, bad cop: Polyamines play both sides in host immunity and viral replication. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 146:70-79. [PMID: 36604249 PMCID: PMC10101871 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses rely on host cells for energy and synthesis machinery required for genome replication and particle assembly. Due to the dependence of viruses on host cells, viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms by which they can induce metabolic changes in the host cell to suit their specific requirements. The host immune response also involves metabolic changes to be able to react to viral insult. Polyamines are small ubiquitously expressed polycations, and their metabolism is critical for viral replication and an adequate host immune response. This is due to the variety of functions that polyamines have, ranging from condensing DNA to enhancing the translation of polyproline-containing proteins through the hypusination of eIF5A. Here, we review the diverse mechanisms by which viruses exploit polyamines, as well as the mechanisms by which immune cells utilize polyamines for their functions. Furthermore, we highlight potential avenues for further study of the host-virus interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin E Cruz-Pulido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Bryan C Mounce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA; Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
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13
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Ko KY, Park SC, Cho SY, Yoon SI. Structural analysis of carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase from Helicobacter pylori. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 635:210-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Liang X, Deng H, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zheng X, Cai Y. Highly efficient biosynthesis of spermidine from L-homoserine and putrescine using an engineered Escherichia coli with NADPH self-sufficient system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5479-5493. [PMID: 35931895 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine is an important polyamine that can be used for the synthesis of various bioactive compounds in the food and pharmaceutical fields. In this study, a novel efficient whole-cell biocatalytic method with an NADPH self-sufficient cycle for spermidine biosynthesis was designed and constructed by co-expressing homoserine dehydrogenase (HSD), carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase (CASDH), and carboxyspermidine decarboxylase (CASDC). First, the enzyme-substrate coupled cofactor regeneration system from co-expression of NADP+-dependent ScHSD and NADPH-dependent AfCASDH exactly provides an efficient method for cofactor cycling. Second, we identified and characterized a putative CASDC with high decarboxylase activity from Butyrivibrio crossotus DSM 2876; it showed an optimum temperature of 35 °C and an optimum pH of 7.0, which make it better suited for the designed synthetic route. Subsequently, the protein expression level of each enzyme was optimized through the variation of the gene copy number, and a whole-cell catalyst with high catalytic efficiency was constructed successfully. Finally, a yield of 28.6 mM of spermidine was produced in a 1-L scale of E. coli whole-cell catalytic system with a 95.3% molar conversion rate after optimization of temperature, the ratio of catalyst-to-substrate, and the amount of NADP+, and a productivity of 0.17 g·L-1·h-1 was achieved. In summary, this novel pathway of constructing a whole-cell catalytic system from L-homoserine and putrescine could provide a green alternative method for the efficient synthesis of spermidine. KEY POINTS: • A novel pathway for spermidine biosynthesis was developed in Escherichia coli. • The enzyme-substrate coupled system provides an NADPH self-sufficient cycle. • Spermidine with 28.6 mM was obtained using an optimized whole-cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaxiang Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1T, UK
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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15
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Vibrio splendidus infection induces dysbiosis in the blue mussel and favors pathobiontic bacteria. Microbiol Res 2022; 261:127078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Krysenko S, Wohlleben W. Polyamine and Ethanolamine Metabolism in Bacteria as an Important Component of Nitrogen Assimilation for Survival and Pathogenicity. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:40. [PMID: 35997332 PMCID: PMC9397018 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential element required for bacterial growth. It serves as a building block for the biosynthesis of macromolecules and provides precursors for secondary metabolites. Bacteria have developed the ability to use various nitrogen sources and possess two enzyme systems for nitrogen assimilation involving glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Microorganisms living in habitats with changeable availability of nutrients have developed strategies to survive under nitrogen limitation. One adaptation is the ability to acquire nitrogen from alternative sources including the polyamines putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine, as well as the monoamine ethanolamine. Bacterial polyamine and monoamine metabolism is not only important under low nitrogen availability, but it is also required to survive under high concentrations of these compounds. Such conditions can occur in diverse habitats such as soil, plant tissues and human cells. Strategies of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria to survive in the presence of poly- and monoamines offer the possibility to combat pathogens by using their capability to metabolize polyamines as an antibiotic drug target. This work aims to summarize the knowledge on poly- and monoamine metabolism in bacteria and its role in nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Krysenko
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections’, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections’, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Liang X, Deng H, Xiong T, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zheng X, Cai Y. Overexpression and biochemical characterization of a carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium fabrum str. C58 and its application to carboxyspermidine production. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3858-3868. [PMID: 34932223 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carboxyspermidine (C-Spd) is a potentially valuable polyamine carboxylate compound and an excellent building block for spermidine synthesis, which is a critical polyamine with significant implications for human health and longevity. C-Spd can also be used to prepare multivalent cationic lipids and modify nucleoside probes. Because of these positive effects on human health, C-Spd is of considerable interest as a food additive and pharmaceutical target. RESULTS A putative gene afcasdh from Agrobacterium fabrum str. C58, encoding carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase with C-Spd biosynthesis activity, was synthesized and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for overexpression. The recombinant AfCASDH was purified and fully characterized. The optimum temperature and pH for the recombinant enzyme were 30 °C and 7.5, respectively. The coupled catalytic strategy of AfCASDH and various NADPH regeneration systems were developed to enhance the efficient production of C-Spd compound. Finally, the maximum titer of C-Spd production successfully achieved 1.82 mmol L-1 with a yield of 91% by optimizing the catalytic conditions. CONCLUSION A novel AfCASDH from A. fabrum str. C58 was characterized that could catalyze the formation of C-Spd from putrescine and l-aspartate-β-semialdehyde (L-Asa). A whole-cell catalytic strategy coupled with NADPH regeneration was established successfully for C-Spd biosynthesis for the first time. The coupled system indicated that AfCASDH might provide a feasible method for the industrial production of C-Spd. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huaxiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tianzhen Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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18
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Perchat N, Dubois C, Mor-Gautier R, Duquesne S, Lechaplais C, Roche D, Fouteau S, Darii E, Perret A. Characterization of a novel β-alanine biosynthetic pathway consisting of promiscuous metabolic enzymes. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102067. [PMID: 35623386 PMCID: PMC9213253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria adapt to utilize the nutrients available in their environment through a sophisticated metabolic system composed of highly specialized enzymes. Although these enzymes can metabolize molecules other than those for which they evolved, their efficiency toward promiscuous substrates is considered too low to be of physiological relevance. Herein, we investigated the possibility that these promiscuous enzymes are actually efficient enough at metabolizing secondary substrates to modify the phenotype of the cell. For example, in the bacterium Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 (ADP1), panD (coding for l-aspartate decarboxylase) encodes the only protein known to catalyze the synthesis of β-alanine, an obligate intermediate in CoA synthesis. However, we show that the ADP1 ΔpanD mutant could also form this molecule through an unknown metabolic pathway arising from promiscuous enzymes and grow as efficiently as the wildtype strain. Using metabolomic analyses, we identified 1,3-diaminopropane and 3-aminopropanal as intermediates in this novel pathway. We also conducted activity screening and enzyme kinetics to elucidate candidate enzymes involved in this pathway, including 2,4-diaminobutyrate aminotransferase (Dat) and 2,4-diaminobutyrate decarboxylase (Ddc) and validated this pathway in vivo by analyzing the phenotype of mutant bacterial strains. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate that this novel metabolic route is not restricted to ADP1. We propose that the occurrence of conserved genes in hundreds of genomes across many phyla suggests that this previously undescribed pathway is widespread in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Perchat
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Christelle Dubois
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Rémi Mor-Gautier
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Christophe Lechaplais
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - David Roche
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Stéphanie Fouteau
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Ekaterina Darii
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Alain Perret
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.
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19
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Bridges AA, Prentice JA, Fei C, Wingreen NS, Bassler BL. Quantitative input-output dynamics of a c-di-GMP signal transduction cascade in Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001585. [PMID: 35302986 PMCID: PMC8967002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are multicellular communities that collectively overcome environmental threats and clinical treatments. To regulate the biofilm lifecycle, bacteria commonly transduce sensory information via the second messenger molecule cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP). Using experimental and modeling approaches, we quantitatively capture c-di-GMP signal transmission via the bifunctional polyamine receptor NspS-MbaA, from ligand binding to output, in the pathogen Vibrio cholerae. Upon binding of norspermidine or spermidine, NspS-MbaA synthesizes or degrades c-di-GMP, respectively, which, in turn, drives alterations specifically to biofilm gene expression. A long-standing question is how output specificity is achieved via c-di-GMP, a diffusible molecule that regulates dozens of effectors. We show that NspS-MbaA signals locally to specific effectors, sensitizing V. cholerae to polyamines. However, local signaling is not required for specificity, as changes to global cytoplasmic c-di-GMP levels can selectively regulate biofilm genes. This work establishes the input-output dynamics underlying c-di-GMP signaling, which could be useful for developing bacterial manipulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Bridges
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jojo A. Prentice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Chenyi Fei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ned S. Wingreen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NSW); (BLB)
| | - Bonnie L. Bassler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NSW); (BLB)
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20
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Liu F, Hu M, Zhang Z, Xue Y, Chen S, Hu A, Zhang LH, Zhou J. Dickeya Manipulates Multiple Quorum Sensing Systems to Control Virulence and Collective Behaviors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:838125. [PMID: 35211146 PMCID: PMC8860905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.838125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP), typical of Pectobacterium and Dickeya, are a class of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that cause devastating diseases on a wide range of crops and ornamental plants worldwide. Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-cell communication mechanism regulating the expression of specific genes by releasing QS signal molecules associated with cell density, in most cases, involving in the vital process of virulence and infection. In recent years, several types of QS systems have been uncovered in Dickeya pathogens to control diverse biological behaviors, especially bacterial pathogenicity and transkingdom interactions. This review depicts an integral QS regulation network of Dickeya, elaborates in detail the regulation of specific QS system on different biological functions of the pathogens and hosts, aiming at providing a systematic overview of Dickeya pathogenicity and interactions with hosts, and, finally, expects the future prospective of effectively controlling the bacterial soft rot disease caused by Dickeya by quenching the key QS signal.
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21
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Enhancement of Bacterial Anti−Adhesion Properties on Robust PDMS Micro−Structure Using a Simple Flame Treatment Method. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030557. [PMID: 35159902 PMCID: PMC8839957 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections caused by an accumulation of micro-organisms and pathogens significantly impact the environment, health risks, and the global economy. Currently, a non-biocide-releasing superhydrophobic surface is a potential solution for antibacterial purposes. This research demonstrated a well-designed robust polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro-structure and a flame treatment process with improved hydrophobicity and bacterial anti-adhesion properties. After the flame treatment at 700 ± 20 °C for 15 s, unique flower-petal re-entrant nano-structures were formed on pillars (PIL-F, width: 1.87 ± 0.30 μm, height: 7.76 ± 0.13 μm, aspect ratio (A.R.): 4.14) and circular rings with eight stripe supporters (C-RESS-F, width: 0.50 ± 0.04 μm, height: 3.55 ± 0.11 μm, A.R.: 7.10) PDMS micro-patterns. The water contact angle (WCA) and ethylene glycol contact angle (EGCA) of flame-treated flat-PDMS (FLT-F), PIL–F, and C–RESS-F patterns were (133.9 ± 3.8°, 128.6 ± 5.3°), (156.1 ± 1.5°, 151.5 ± 2.1°), and (146.3 ± 3.5°, 150.7 ± 1.8°), respectively. The Escherichia coli adhesion on the C-RESS-F micro-pattern with hydrophobicity and superoleophobicity was 42.6%, 31.8%, and 2.9% less than FLT-F, PIL-F, and Teflon surfaces. Therefore, the flame-treated C-RESS-F pattern is one of the promising bacterial anti-adhesion micro-structures in practical utilization for various applications.
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22
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Mattioli R, Pascarella G, D'Incà R, Cona A, Angelini R, Morea V, Tavladoraki P. Arabidopsis N-acetyltransferase activity 2 preferentially acetylates 1,3-diaminopropane and thialysine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 170:123-132. [PMID: 34871830 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine acetylation has an important regulatory role in polyamine metabolism. It is catalysed by GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases, which transfer acetyl groups from acetyl-coenzyme A to the primary amino groups of spermidine, spermine (Spm), or other polyamines and diamines, as was shown for the human Spermidine/Spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (HsSSAT1). SSAT homologues specific for thialysine, a cysteine-derived lysine analogue, were also identified (e.g., HsSSAT2). Two HsSSAT1 homologues are present in Arabidopsis, namely N-acetyltransferase activity (AtNATA) 1 and 2. AtNATA1 was previously shown to be specific for 1,3-diaminopropane, ornithine, putrescine and thialysine, rather than Spm and spermidine. In the present study, in an attempt to find a plant Spm-specific SSAT, AtNATA2 was expressed in a heterologous bacterial system and catalytic properties of the recombinant protein were determined. Data indicate that recombinant AtNATA2 preferentially acetylates 1,3-diaminopropane and thialysine, throwing further light on AtNATA1 substrate specificity. Structural analyses evidenced that the preference of AtNATA1, AtNATA2 and HsSSAT2 for short amine substrates can be ascribed to different main-chain conformation or substitution of HsSSAT1 residues interacting with Spm distal regions. Moreover, gene expression studies evidenced that AtNATA1 gene, but not AtNATA2, is up-regulated by cytokinins, thermospermine and Spm, suggesting the existence of a link between AtNATAs and N1-acetyl-Spm metabolism. This study provides insights into polyamine metabolism and structural determinants of substrate specificity of non Spm-specific SSAT homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mattioli
- Department of Science, University 'Roma Tre', Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Pascarella
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', 'Sapienza' University, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Riccardo D'Incà
- Department of Science, University 'Roma Tre', Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cona
- Department of Science, University 'Roma Tre', Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, 00136, Italy
| | - Riccardo Angelini
- Department of Science, University 'Roma Tre', Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, 00136, Italy
| | - Veronica Morea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, The National Research Council of Italy, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Paraskevi Tavladoraki
- Department of Science, University 'Roma Tre', Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, 00136, Italy.
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23
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Khazaal S, Al Safadi R, Osman D, Hiron A, Gilot P. Investigation of the polyamine biosynthetic and transport capability of Streptococcus agalactiae: the non-essential PotABCD transporter. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34910617 PMCID: PMC8744998 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines constitute a group of organic polycations positively charged at physiological pH. They are involved in a large variety of biological processes, including the protection against physiological stress. In this study, we show that the genome of Streptococcus agalactiae, a commensal bacterium of the intestine and the vagina and one of the most common agents responsible of neonate infections, does not encode proteins homologous to the specific enzymes involved in the known polyamine synthetic pathways. This lack of biosynthetic capability was verified experimentally by TLC analysis of the intracellular content of S. agalactiae grown in the absence of polyamines. However, similar analyses showed that the polyamines spermidine, spermine and putrescine can be imported from the growth media into the bacteria. We found that all strains of S. agalactiae possess the genes encoding the polyamine ABC transporter PotABCD. We demonstrated that these genes form an operon with folK, a gene involved in folate biosynthesis, murB, a gene involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and with clc, a gene encoding a Cl−/H+ antiporter involved in resistance to acid stress in Escherichia coli. Transcription of the potABCD operon is induced by peroxide-induced oxidative stress but not by acidic stress. Spermidine and spermine were found to be inducers of potABCD transcription at pH 7.4 whereas putrescine induces this expression only during peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Using a deletion mutant of potABCD, we were nevertheless unable to associate phenotypic traits to the PotABCD transporter, probably due to the existence of one or more as yet identified transporters with a redundant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Khazaal
- ISP, Bactéries et Risque Materno-Foetal, Université de Tours, INRAE, 37032 Tours, France.,Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli, 1300, Lebanon
| | - Rim Al Safadi
- Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli, 1300, Lebanon
| | - Dani Osman
- Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli, 1300, Lebanon
| | - Aurélia Hiron
- ISP, Bactéries et Risque Materno-Foetal, Université de Tours, INRAE, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gilot
- ISP, Bactéries et Risque Materno-Foetal, Université de Tours, INRAE, 37032 Tours, France
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24
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Mantas MJQ, Nunn PB, Ke Z, Codd GA, Barker D. Genomic insights into the biosynthesis and physiology of the cyanobacterial neurotoxin 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid (2,4-DAB). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 192:112953. [PMID: 34598041 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are an ancient clade of photosynthetic prokaryotes, whose worldwide occurrence, especially in water, presents health hazards to humans and animals due to the production of a range of toxins (cyanotoxins). These include the sometimes co-occurring, non-encoded diaminoacid neurotoxins 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid (2,4-DAB) and its structural analogue β-N-methylaminoalanine (BMAA). Knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway for 2,4-DAB, and its role in cyanobacteria, is lacking. The aspartate 4-phosphate pathway is a known route of 2,4-DAB biosynthesis in other bacteria and in some plant species. Another pathway to 2,4-DAB has been described in Lathyrus species. Here, we use bioinformatics analyses to investigate hypotheses concerning 2,4-DAB biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. We assessed the presence or absence of each enzyme in candidate biosynthesis routes, the aspartate 4-phosphate pathway and a pathway to 2,4-DAB derived from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), in 130 cyanobacterial genomes using sequence alignment, profile hidden Markov models, substrate specificity/active site identification and the reconstruction of gene phylogenies. In the aspartate 4-phosphate pathway, for the 18 species encoding diaminobutanoate-2-oxo-glutarate transaminase, the co-localisation of genes encoding the transaminase with the downstream decarboxylase or ectoine synthase - often within hybrid non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-polyketide synthases (PKS) clusters, NRPS-independent siderophore (NIS) clusters and incomplete ectoine clusters - is compatible with the hypothesis that some cyanobacteria use the aspartate 4-phosphate pathway for 2,4-DAB production. Through this route, in cyanobacteria, 2,4-DAB may be functionally associated with environmental iron-scavenging, via the production of siderophores of the schizokinen/synechobactin type and of some polyamines. In the pathway to 2,4-DAB derived from SAM, eight cyanobacterial species encode homologs of SAM-dependent 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl transferases. Other enzymes in this pathway have not yet been purified or sequenced. Ultimately, the biosynthesis of 2,4-DAB appears to be either restricted to some cyanobacterial species, or there may be multiple and additional routes, and roles, for the synthesis of this neurotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Q Mantas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter B Nunn
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Ziying Ke
- School of Biological Sciences, Roger Land Building, The King's Buildings, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel Barker
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
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Yan S, Zhen J, Li Y, Huang Y, Ai X, Li Y, Stojkoska A, Huang X, Ruan C, Li J, Fan L, Xie J. Mycobacterium Lrp/AsnC family transcriptional factor modulates the arginase pathway as both a sensor and a transcriptional repressor. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:1020-1031. [PMID: 34696992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
L-Arginine is the precursor of nitric oxide (NO), a host immune effector against intracellular pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Pathogens including M. tb have evolved various strategies targeting arginine to block the production of NO for better survival and proliferation. However, L-arginine metabolism and regulation in Mycobacterium are poorly understood. Here, we report the identification of M. smegmatis MSMEG_1415 (homolog of M. tb Rv2324) as an arginine-responsive transcriptional factor regulating the arginase pathway. In the absence of L-arginine, MSMEG_1415 acts as a repressor to inhibit the transcription of the roc (for arginine, ornithine catabolism) gene cluster, thereby switching off the arginase pathway. Treatment with L-arginine relieves the transcriptional inhibition of MSMEG_1415 on the roc gene cluster to activate the arginase pathway. Moreover, the L-arginine-MSMEG_1415 complex activates the transcription of the roc gene cluster by recognizing and binding a 15-bp palindrome motif, thereby preventing the excess accumulation of L-arginine in M. smegmatis. Physiologically, MSMEG_1415 confers mycobacteria resistance to starvation and fluoroquinolones exposure, suggestive of its important role in M. smegmatis persistence. The results uncover a unique regulatory mechanism of arginine metabolism in mycobacteria and identify M. tb Rv2324 as an attractive candidate target for the design of drugs against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangquan Yan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junfeng Zhen
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuzhu Li
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuefeng Ai
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Andrea Stojkoska
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xue Huang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cao Ruan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Hyperglycemic conditions proliferate triple negative breast cancer cells: role of ornithine decarboxylase. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 190:255-264. [PMID: 34529197 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several cancer subtypes (pancreatic, breast, liver, and colorectal) rapidly advance to higher aggressive stages in diabetes. Though hyperglycemia has been considered as a fuel for growth of cancer cells, pathways leading to this condition are still under investigation. Cellular polyamines can modulate normal and cancer cell growth, and inhibitors of polyamine synthesis have been approved for treating colon cancer, however the role of polyamines in diabetes-mediated cancer advancement is unclear as yet. We hypothesized that polyamine metabolic pathway is involved with increased proliferation of breast cancer cells under high glucose (HG) conditions. METHODS Studies were performed with varying concentrations of glucose (5-25 mM) exposure in invasive, triple negative breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231; non-invasive, estrogen/progesterone receptor positive breast cancer cells, MCF-7; and non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells, MCF-10A. RESULTS There was a significant increase in proliferation with HG (25 mM) at 48-72 h in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A cells but no such effect was observed in MCF-7 cells. This was correlated to higher activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis pathway. Inhibitor of polyamine synthesis (difluoromethylornithine, DFMO, 5 mM) was quite effective in suppressing HG-mediated cell proliferation and ODC activity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A cells. Polyamine (putrescine) levels were significantly elevated with HG treatment in MDA-MB-231 cells. HG exposure also increased the metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our cellular findings indicate that polyamine inhibition should be explored in patient population as a target for future chemotherapeutics in diabetic breast cancer.
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Sahebi M, Tarighi S, Taheri P. The Arac-like transcriptional regulator YqhC is involved in pathogenicity of Erwinia amylovora. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1319-1329. [PMID: 34480830 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to identify virulence-associated genes and functions that affect disease development on pear caused by Erwinia amylovora EaUMG3 isolated from Iran. METHODS AND RESULTS A mini-Tn5 transposon library was generated in EaUMG3. An E. amylovora mutant that had lost its ability to cause lesions on immature pear fruits, was selected for further analysis. This mutant was shown to have a transposon insertion in yqhC, a gene belongs to the AraC family of transcriptional regulators. A mutant of the wild-type EaUMG3 carrying an unmarked deletion of the yqhC gene was created using pDMS197. The Ea∆yqhC mutant showed reduced disease progression on immature pear fruits and pear plants, reduced motility and significantly lower levels of the virulence factors siderophore and amylovoran. Complementation with yqhC cloned in pBBR1MCS restored disease progression and the level of virulence factors to near wild type. CONCLUSION YqhC transcriptional regulator is necessary for full virulence of E. amylovora. In addition, this regulator affects virulence factors such as siderophore production, amylovoran production, and motility. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The identification of a novel transcriptional regulator with strong impact in the pathogenesis of E. amylovora, an organism causing significant economic losses in fruit production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Sahebi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Tarighi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parissa Taheri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
In the ocean surface layer and cell culture, the polyamine transport protein PotD of SAR11 bacteria is often one of the most abundant proteins detected. Polyamines are organic cations at seawater pH produced by all living organisms and are thought to be an important component of dissolved organic matter (DOM) produced in planktonic ecosystems. We hypothesized that SAR11 cells uptake and metabolize multiple polyamines and use them as sources of carbon and nitrogen. Metabolic footprinting and fingerprinting were used to measure the uptake of five polyamine compounds (putrescine, cadaverine, agmatine, norspermidine, and spermidine) in two SAR11 strains that represent the majority of SAR11 cells in the surface ocean environment, “Candidatus Pelagibacter” strain HTCC7211 and “Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique” strain HTCC1062. Both strains took up all five polyamines and concentrated them to micromolar or millimolar intracellular concentrations. Both strains could use most of the polyamines to meet their nitrogen requirements, but polyamines did not fully substitute for their requirements of glycine (or related compounds) or pyruvate (or related compounds). Our data suggest that potABCD transports all five polyamines and that spermidine synthase, speE, is reversible, catalyzing the breakdown of spermidine and norspermidine, in addition to its usual biosynthetic role. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that enzyme multifunctionality enables streamlined cells in planktonic ecosystems to increase the range of DOM compounds they metabolize.
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29
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Bunse C, Koch H, Breider S, Simon M, Wietz M. Sweet spheres: succession and CAZyme expression of marine bacterial communities colonizing a mix of alginate and pectin particles. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:3130-3148. [PMID: 33876546 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide particles are important substrates and microhabitats for marine bacteria. However, substrate-specific bacterial dynamics in mixtures of particle types with different polysaccharide composition, as likely occurring in natural habitats, are undescribed. Here, we studied the composition, functional diversity and gene expression of marine bacterial communities colonizing a mix of alginate and pectin particles. Amplicon, metagenome and metatranscriptome sequencing revealed that communities on alginate and pectin particles significantly differed from their free-living counterparts. Unexpectedly, microbial dynamics on alginate and pectin particles were similar, with predominance of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) from Tenacibaculum, Colwellia, Psychrobium and Psychromonas. Corresponding metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) expressed diverse alginate lyases, several colocalized in polysaccharide utilization loci. Only a single, low-abundant MAG showed elevated transcript abundances of pectin-degrading enzymes. One specific Glaciecola ASV dominated the free-living fraction, possibly persisting on particle-derived oligomers through different glycoside hydrolases. Elevated ammonium uptake and metabolism signified nitrogen as an important factor for degrading carbon-rich particles, whereas elevated methylcitrate and glyoxylate cycles suggested nutrient limitation in surrounding waters. The bacterial preference for alginate, whereas pectin primarily served as colonization scaffold, illuminates substrate-driven dynamics within mixed polysaccharide pools. These insights expand our understanding of bacterial niche specialization and the biological carbon pump in macroalgae-rich habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Bunse
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hanna Koch
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Department of Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Breider
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Meinhard Simon
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wietz
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.,Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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30
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Effect of Spermidine on Biofilm Formation in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00652-20. [PMID: 33685971 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00652-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are essential for biofilm formation in Escherichia coli, but it is still unclear which polyamines are primarily responsible for this phenomenon. To address this issue, we constructed a series of E. coli K-12 strains with mutations in genes required for the synthesis and metabolism of polyamines. Disruption of the spermidine synthase gene (speE) caused a severe defect in biofilm formation. This defect was rescued by the addition of spermidine to the medium but not by putrescine or cadaverine. A multidrug/spermidine efflux pump membrane subunit (MdtJ)-deficient strain was anticipated to accumulate more spermidine and result in enhanced biofilm formation compared to the MdtJ+ strain. However, the mdtJ mutation did not affect intracellular spermidine or biofilm concentrations. E. coli has the spermidine acetyltransferase (SpeG) and glutathionylspermidine synthetase/amidase (Gss) to metabolize intracellular spermidine. Under biofilm-forming conditions, not Gss but SpeG plays a major role in decreasing the too-high intracellular spermidine concentrations. Additionally, PotFGHI can function as a compensatory importer of spermidine when PotABCD is absent under biofilm-forming conditions. Last, we report here that, in addition to intracellular spermidine, the periplasmic binding protein (PotD) of the spermidine preferential ABC transporter is essential for stimulating biofilm formation.IMPORTANCE Previous reports have speculated on the effect of polyamines on bacterial biofilm formation. However, the regulation of biofilm formation by polyamines in Escherichia coli has not yet been assessed. The identification of polyamines that stimulate biofilm formation is important for developing novel therapies for biofilm-forming pathogens. This study sheds light on biofilm regulation in E. coli Our findings provide conclusive evidence that only spermidine can stimulate biofilm formation in E. coli cells, not putrescine or cadaverine. Last, ΔpotD inhibits biofilm formation even though the spermidine is synthesized inside the cells from putrescine. Since PotD is significant for biofilm formation and there is no ortholog of the PotABCD transporter in humans, PotD could be a target for the development of biofilm inhibitors.
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Bridges AA, Bassler BL. Inverse regulation of Vibrio cholerae biofilm dispersal by polyamine signals. eLife 2021; 10:65487. [PMID: 33856344 PMCID: PMC8079147 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pathogen Vibrio cholerae undergoes cycles of biofilm formation and dispersal in the environment and the human host. Little is understood about biofilm dispersal. Here, we show that MbaA, a periplasmic polyamine sensor, and PotD1, a polyamine importer, regulate V. cholerae biofilm dispersal. Spermidine, a commonly produced polyamine, drives V. cholerae dispersal, whereas norspermidine, an uncommon polyamine produced by vibrios, inhibits dispersal. Spermidine and norspermidine differ by one methylene group. Both polyamines control dispersal via MbaA detection in the periplasm and subsequent signal relay. Our results suggest that dispersal fails in the absence of PotD1 because endogenously produced norspermidine is not reimported, periplasmic norspermidine accumulates, and it stimulates MbaA signaling. These results suggest that V. cholerae uses MbaA to monitor environmental polyamines, blends of which potentially provide information about numbers of ‘self’ and ‘other’. This information is used to dictate whether or not to disperse from biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Bridges
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Bonnie L Bassler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
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Cleto S, Haslinger K, Prather KLJ, Lu TK. Natural combinatorial genetics and prolific polyamine production enable siderophore diversification in Serratia plymuthica. BMC Biol 2021; 19:46. [PMID: 33722216 PMCID: PMC7962358 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00971-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is essential for bacterial survival. Bacterial siderophores are small molecules with unmatched capacity to scavenge iron from proteins and the extracellular milieu, where it mostly occurs as insoluble Fe3+. Siderophores chelate Fe3+ for uptake into the cell, where it is reduced to soluble Fe2+. Siderophores are key molecules in low soluble iron conditions. The ability of bacteria to synthesize proprietary siderophores may have increased bacterial evolutionary fitness; one way that bacteria diversify siderophore structure is by incorporating different polyamine backbones while maintaining the catechol moieties. RESULTS We report that Serratia plymuthica V4 produces a variety of siderophores, which we term the siderome, and which are assembled by the concerted action of enzymes encoded in two independent gene clusters. Besides assembling serratiochelin A and B with diaminopropane, S. plymuthica utilizes putrescine and the same set of enzymes to assemble photobactin, a siderophore found in the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. The enzymes encoded by one of the gene clusters can independently assemble enterobactin. A third, independent operon is responsible for biosynthesis of the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin, initially described in Enterobacter aerogenes. Mutant strains not synthesizing polyamine-siderophores significantly increased enterobactin production levels, though lack of enterobactin did not impact the production of serratiochelins. Knocking out SchF0, an enzyme involved in the assembly of enterobactin alone, significantly reduced bacterial fitness. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the natural occurrence of serratiochelins, photobactin, enterobactin, and aerobactin in a single bacterial species and illuminates the interplay between siderophore biosynthetic pathways and polyamine production, indicating routes of molecular diversification. Given its natural yields of diaminopropane (97.75 μmol/g DW) and putrescine (30.83 μmol/g DW), S. plymuthica can be exploited for the industrial production of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cleto
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristina Haslinger
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristala L J Prather
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Arulkumar A, Paramithiotis S, Paramasivam S. Biogenic amines in fresh fish and fishery products and emerging control. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Dunbar KL, Dell M, Molloy EM, Büttner H, Kumpfmüller J, Hertweck C. An Unexpected Split-Merge Pathway in the Assembly of the Symmetric Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotic Closthioamide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4104-4109. [PMID: 33119936 PMCID: PMC7898593 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Closthioamide (CTA) is a symmetric nonribosomal peptide (NRP) comprised of two diaminopropane-linked polythioamidated monomers. CTA is biosynthesized by Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum via an atypical NRP synthetase (NRPS)-independent biosynthetic pathway. Although the logic for monomer assembly was recently elucidated, the strategy for the biosynthesis and incorporation of the diamine linker remained a mystery. By means of genome editing, synthesis, and in vitro biochemical assays, we demonstrate that the final steps in CTA maturation proceed through a surprising split-merge pathway involving the dual use of a thiotemplated intermediate. This pathway includes the first examples of an aldo-keto reductase catalyzing the reductive release of a thiotemplated product, and of a transthioamidating transglutaminase. In addition to clarifying the remaining steps in CTA assembly, our data shed light on largely unexplored pathways for NRPS-independent peptide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. Dunbar
- Dept. of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Maria Dell
- Dept. of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Evelyn M. Molloy
- Dept. of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Hannah Büttner
- Dept. of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Jana Kumpfmüller
- Dept. of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Dept. of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
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35
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Coclet C, Garnier C, D’Onofrio S, Durrieu G, Pasero E, Le Poupon C, Omanović D, Mullot JU, Misson B, Briand JF. Trace Metal Contamination Impacts Predicted Functions More Than Structure of Marine Prokaryotic Biofilm Communities in an Anthropized Coastal Area. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:589948. [PMID: 33679628 PMCID: PMC7933014 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.589948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace metal (TM) contamination in marine coastal areas is a worldwide threat for aquatic communities. However, little is known about the influence of a multi-chemical contamination on both marine biofilm communities' structure and functioning. To determine how TM contamination potentially impacted microbial biofilms' structure and their functions, polycarbonate (PC) plates were immerged in both surface and bottom of the seawater column, at five sites, along strong TM contamination gradients, in Toulon Bay. The PC plates were incubated during 4 weeks to enable colonization by biofilm-forming microorganisms on artificial surfaces. Biofilms from the PC plates, as well as surrounding seawaters, were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon gene sequencing to describe prokaryotic community diversity, structure and functions, and to determine the relationships between bacterioplankton and biofilm communities. Our results showed that prokaryotic biofilm structure was not significantly affected by the measured environmental variables, while the functional profiles of biofilms were significantly impacted by Cu, Mn, Zn, and salinity. Biofilms from the contaminated sites were dominated by tolerant taxa to contaminants and specialized hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. Functions related to major xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, such as methane metabolism, degradation of aromatic compounds, and benzoate degradation, as well as functions involved in quorum sensing signaling, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix, and biofilm formation were significantly over-represented in the contaminated site relative to the uncontaminated one. Taken together, our results suggest that biofilms may be able to survive to strong multi-chemical contamination because of the presence of tolerant taxa in biofilms, as well as the functional responses of biofilm communities. Moreover, biofilm communities exhibited significant variations of structure and functional profiles along the seawater column, potentially explained by the contribution of taxa from surrounding sediments. Finally, we found that both structure and functions were significantly distinct between the biofilm and bacterioplankton, highlighting major differences between the both lifestyles, and the divergence of their responses facing to a multi-chemical contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Coclet
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire MAPIEM, EA 4323, Toulon, France
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Cédric Garnier
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Sébastien D’Onofrio
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Gaël Durrieu
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Emilie Pasero
- Microbia Environnement Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Christophe Le Poupon
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Dario Omanović
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruðer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Benjamin Misson
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
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Dunbar KL, Dell M, Molloy EM, Büttner H, Kumpfmüller J, Hertweck C. An Unexpected Split‐Merge Pathway in the Assembly of the Symmetric Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotic Closthioamide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. Dunbar
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Maria Dell
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Evelyn M. Molloy
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Hannah Büttner
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jana Kumpfmüller
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
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37
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Qu D, Hou Z, Li J, Luo L, Su S, Ye Z, Bai Y, Zhang X, Chen G, Li Z, Wang Y, Xue X, Luo X, Li M. A new coumarin compound DCH combats methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm by targeting arginine repressor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay9597. [PMID: 32832655 PMCID: PMC7439407 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infection is difficult to eradicate because of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. The increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection necessitates the development of a new agent against bacterial biofilms. We report a new coumarin compound, termed DCH, that effectively combats MRSA in vitro and in vivo and exhibits potent antibiofilm activity without detectable resistance. Cellular proteome analysis suggests that the molecular mechanism of action of DCH involves the arginine catabolic pathway. Using molecular docking and binding affinity assays of DCH, and comparison of the properties of wild-type and ArgR-deficient MRSA strains, we demonstrate that the arginine repressor ArgR, an essential regulator of the arginine catabolic pathway, is the target of DCH. These findings indicate that DCH is a promising lead compound and validate bacterial ArgR as a potential target in the development of new drugs against MRSA biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Zheng Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory for Surface Engineering and Remanufacturing in Shaanxi province, School of Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Liyang Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Shan Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Zichen Ye
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Yinlan Bai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Xinlei Zhang
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Zhoupeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Yikun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoxing Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Mingkai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
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38
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Cui Z, Overbay J, Wang X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Bhardwaj M, Lemke A, Wiegmann D, Niro G, Thorson JS, Ducho C, Van Lanen SG. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent alkyl transfer in nucleoside antibiotic biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:904-911. [PMID: 32483377 PMCID: PMC7377962 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several nucleoside antibiotics are structurally characterized by a 5′′-amino-5′′-deoxyribose (ADR) appended via a glycosidic bond to a high-carbon sugar nucleoside, (5′S,6′S)-5′-C-glycyluridine (GlyU). GlyU is further modified with an N-alkylamine linker, the biosynthetic origins of which have yet to be established. By using a combination of feeding experiments with isotopically labeled precursors and characterization of recombinant proteins from multiple pathways, the biosynthetic mechanism for N-alkylamine installation for ADR-GlyU-containing nucleoside antibiotics has been uncovered. The data reveal S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) as the direct precursor of the N-alkylamine, but unlike conventional AdoMet- or decarboxylated AdoMet-dependent alkyltransferases, the reaction is catalyzed by a pyridoxal-5′-phophosate (PLP)-dependent aminobutyryltransferase (ABTase) using a stepwise γ-replacement mechanism that couples γ-elimination of AdoMet with aza-γ-addition onto the disaccharide alkyl acceptor. In addition to utilizing a conceptually different strategy for AdoMet-dependent alkylation, the newly discovered ABTases require a phosphorylated disaccharide alkyl acceptor, revealing a cryptic intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jonathan Overbay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xiachang Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minakshi Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anke Lemke
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel Wiegmann
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Giuliana Niro
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christian Ducho
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Steven G Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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McAvoy AC, Jaiyesimi O, Threatt PH, Seladi T, Goldberg JB, da Silva RR, Garg N. Differences in Cystic Fibrosis-Associated Burkholderia spp. Bacteria Metabolomes after Exposure to the Antibiotic Trimethoprim. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1154-1168. [PMID: 32212725 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Burkholderia cepacia complex is a group of closely related bacterial species with large genomes that infect immunocompromised individuals and those living with cystic fibrosis. Some of these species are found more frequently and cause more severe disease than others, yet metabolomic differences between these have not been described. Furthermore, our understanding of how these species respond to antibiotics is limited. We investigated the metabolomics differences between three most prevalent Burkholderia spp. associated with cystic fibrosis: B. cenocepacia, B. multivorans, and B. dolosa in the presence and absence of the antibiotic trimethoprim. Using a combination of supervised and unsupervised metabolomics data visualization and analysis tools, we describe the overall differences between strains of the same species and between species. Specifically, we report, for the first time, the role of the pyomelanin pathway in the metabolism of trimethoprim. We also report differences in the detection of known secondary metabolites such as fragin, ornibactin, and N-acylhomoserine lactones and their analogs in closely related strains. Furthermore, we highlight the potential for the discovery of new secondary metabolites in clinical strains of Burkholderia spp. The metabolomics differences described in this study highlight the personalized nature of closely related Burkholderia strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. McAvoy
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
| | - Olakunle Jaiyesimi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
| | - Paxton H. Threatt
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
| | - Tyler Seladi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Suite 3009, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Emory-Children’s Cystic Fibrosis Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ricardo R. da Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Av. do Café - Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Neha Garg
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Suite 3009, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, ES&T, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, ES&T, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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40
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Luengo JM, Olivera ER. Catabolism of biogenic amines in Pseudomonas species. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1174-1192. [PMID: 31912965 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic amines (BAs; 2-phenylethylamine, tyramine, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, octopamine, histamine, tryptamine, serotonin, agmatine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine and certain aliphatic amines) are widely distributed organic molecules that play basic physiological functions in animals, plants and microorganisms. Pseudomonas species can grow in media containing different BAs as carbon and energy sources, a reason why these bacteria are excellent models for studying such catabolic pathways. In this review, we analyse most of the routes used by different species of Pseudomonas (P. putida, P. aeruginosa, P. entomophila and P. fluorescens) to degrade BAs. Analysis of these pathways has led to the identification of a huge number of genes, catabolic enzymes, transport systems and regulators, as well as to understanding of their hierarchy and functional evolution. Knowledge of these pathways has allowed the design and collection of genetically manipulated microbes useful for eliminating BAs from different sources, highlighting the biotechnological applications of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Luengo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultades de Veterinaria y de Biología, Universidad de León, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Elías R Olivera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultades de Veterinaria y de Biología, Universidad de León, 24007, León, Spain
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41
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Effects of Norspermidine on Dual-Species Biofilms Composed of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1950790. [PMID: 31781595 PMCID: PMC6874952 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1950790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the influence of norspermidine on the formation of dual-species biofilms composed of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis). Crystal violet assay was conducted to assess the formation of single-species biofilms of S. mutans and S. sanguinis, and the growth curve was carefully observed to monitor the growth of these two species of bacteria. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and MTT array were used to analyze the composition and metabolic activity of the dual-species biofilms, respectively. Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)/bacteria staining, anthrone method, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging were conducted to study the synthesis of EPS by dual-species biofilms. Lactic acid assay and pH were measured to detect dual-species biofilm acid production. We found that norspermidine had different effects on S. mutans and S. sanguinis including their growth and biofilm formation. Norspermidine regulated the composition of the dual-species biofilms, decreased the ratio of S. mutans in dual-species biofilms, and reduced the metabolic activity, EPS synthesis, and acid production of dual-species biofilms. Norspermidine regulated dual-species biofilms in an ecological way, suggesting that it may be a potent reagent for controlling dental biofilms and managing dental caries.
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42
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Arginine Biosynthesis Modulates Pyoverdine Production and Release in Pseudomonas putida as Part of the Mechanism of Adaptation to Oxidative Stress. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00454-19. [PMID: 31451546 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00454-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for most life forms. Under iron-limiting conditions, many bacteria produce and release siderophores-molecules with high affinity for iron-which are then transported into the cell in their iron-bound form, allowing incorporation of the metal into a wide range of cellular processes. However, free iron can also be a source of reactive oxygen species that cause DNA, protein, and lipid damage. Not surprisingly, iron capture is finely regulated and linked to oxidative-stress responses. Here, we provide evidence indicating that in the plant-beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440, the amino acid l-arginine is a metabolic connector between iron capture and oxidative stress. Mutants defective in arginine biosynthesis show reduced production and release of the siderophore pyoverdine and altered expression of certain pyoverdine-related genes, resulting in higher sensitivity to iron limitation. Although the amino acid is not part of the siderophore side chain, addition of exogenous l-arginine restores pyoverdine release in the mutants, and increased pyoverdine production is observed in the presence of polyamines (agmatine and spermidine), of which arginine is a precursor. Spermidine also has a protective role against hydrogen peroxide in P. putida, whereas defects in arginine and pyoverdine synthesis result in increased production of reactive oxygen species.IMPORTANCE The results of this study show a previously unidentified connection between arginine metabolism, siderophore turnover, and oxidative stress in Pseudomonas putida Although the precise molecular mechanisms involved have yet to be characterized in full detail, our data are consistent with a model in which arginine biosynthesis and the derived pathway leading to polyamine production function as a homeostasis mechanism that helps maintain the balance between iron uptake and oxidative-stress response systems.
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Production of Norspermidine Contributes to Aminoglycoside Resistance in pmrAB Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01044-19. [PMID: 31383668 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01044-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of resistance to polymyxins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is mainly due to mutations in two-component systems that promote the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through upregulation of operon arnBCADTEF-ugd (arn) expression. Here, we demonstrate that mutations occurring in different domains of histidine kinase PmrB or in response regulator PmrA result in coresistance to aminoglycosides and colistin. All seventeen clinical strains tested exhibiting such a cross-resistance phenotype were found to be pmrAB mutants. As shown by gene deletion experiments, the decreased susceptibility of the mutants to aminoglycosides was independent from operon arn but required the efflux system MexXY-OprM and the products of three genes, PA4773-PA4774-PA4775, that are cotranscribed and activated with genes pmrAB Gene PA4773 (annotated as speD2 in the PAO1 genome) and PA4774 (speE2) are predicted to encode enzymes involved in biosynthesis of polyamines. Comparative analysis of cell surface extracts of an in vitro selected pmrAB mutant, called AB16.2, and derivatives lacking PA4773, PA4774, and PA4775 revealed that these genes were needed for norspermidine production via a pathway that likely uses 1,3-diaminopropane, a precursor of polyamines. Altogether, our results suggest that norspermidine decreases the self-promoted uptake pathway of aminoglycosides across the outer membrane and, thereby, potentiates the activity of efflux pump MexXY-OprM.
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Becerra-Rivera VA, Bergström E, Thomas-Oates J, Dunn MF. Polyamines are required for normal growth in Sinorhizobium meliloti. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 164:600-613. [PMID: 29619919 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous polycations derived from basic l-amino acids whose physiological roles are still being defined. Their biosynthesis and functions in nitrogen-fixing rhizobia such as Sinorhizobium meliloti have not been extensively investigated. Thin layer chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses showed that S. meliloti Rm8530 produces the PAs, putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and homospermidine (HSpd), in their free forms and norspermidine (NSpd) in a form bound to macromolecules. The S. meliloti genome encodes two putative ornithine decarboxylases (ODC) for Put synthesis. Activity assays with the purified enzymes showed that ODC2 (SMc02983) decarboxylates both ornithine and lysine. ODC1 (SMa0680) decarboxylates only ornithine. An odc1 mutant was similar to the wild-type in ODC activity, PA production and growth. In comparison to the wild-type, an odc2 mutant had 45 % as much ODC activity and its growth rates were reduced by 42, 14 and 44 % under non-stress, salt stress or acid stress conditions, respectively. The odc2 mutant produced only trace levels of Put, Spd and HSpd. Wild-type phenotypes were restored when the mutant was grown in cultures supplemented with 1 mM Put or Spd or when the odc2 gene was introduced in trans. odc2 gene expression was increased under acid stress and reduced under salt stress and with exogenous Put or Spd. An odc1 odc2 double mutant had phenotypes similar to the odc2 mutant. These results indicate that ODC2 is the major enzyme for Put synthesis in S. meliloti and that PAs are required for normal growth in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Becerra-Rivera
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Ed Bergström
- Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry and Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jane Thomas-Oates
- Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry and Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Michael F Dunn
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
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Shi Z, Wang Q, Li Y, Liang Z, Xu L, Zhou J, Cui Z, Zhang LH. Putrescine Is an Intraspecies and Interkingdom Cell-Cell Communication Signal Modulating the Virulence of Dickeya zeae. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1950. [PMID: 31497009 PMCID: PMC6712546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The infections caused by Dickeya zeae become a severe problem in recent years, but the regulatory mechanisms that govern the bacterial virulence remain to be fragmental. Here we report the investigation of potential involvement of polyamines in regulation of D. zeae virulence. We showed that null mutation of speA encoding arginine decarboxylase dramatically decreased the bacterial swimming motility, swarming motility and biofilm formation, and exogenous addition of putrescine effectively rescues the defective phenotypes of D. zeae. HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis validated that speA was essential for production of putrescine in D. zeae. In addition, we demonstrated that D. zeae EC1 could detect and response to putrescine molecules produced by itself or from host plant through specific transporters. Among the two transporters identified, the one represented by PotF played a dominated role over the other represented by PlaP in modulation of putrescine-dependent biological functions. Furthermore, we provided evidence that putrescine signal is critical for D. zeae EC1 bacterial invasion and virulence against rice seeds. Our data depict a novel function of putrescine signal in pathogen-host communication and in modulation of the virulence of an important plant bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurong Shi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agricluture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yasheng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibing Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linghui Xu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianuan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zining Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Becerra-Rivera VA, Dunn MF. Polyamine biosynthesis and biological roles in rhizobia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5476500. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTPolyamines are ubiquitous molecules containing two or more amino groups that fulfill varied and often essential physiological and regulatory roles in all organisms. In the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria known as rhizobia, putrescine and homospermidine are invariably produced while spermidine and norspermidine synthesis appears to be restricted to the alfalfa microsymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Studies with rhizobial mutants deficient in the synthesis of one or more polyamines have shown that these compounds are important for growth, stress resistance, motility, exopolysaccharide production and biofilm formation. In this review, we describe these studies and examine how polyamines are synthesized and regulated in rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Becerra-Rivera
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Michael F Dunn
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
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Sihag S, Brar B, Joshi UN. Salicylic acid induces amelioration of chromium toxicity and affects antioxidant enzyme activity in Sorghum bicolor L. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:293-304. [PMID: 30873848 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2018.1524827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM Chromium (Cr(VI)) would inflict serious morphological, metabolic, and physiological anomalies in plants ranging from chlorosis of shoot to lipid peroxidation and protein degradation. Cr(VI) toxicity is often associated with oxidative stress, caused by the excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In response, plants are equipped with a repertoire of mechanisms to counteract heavy metal (HM) toxicity. Salicylic acid (SA) plays a key role in the signal transduction pathways of various stress responses, demonstrating the protective effect of SA against abiotic stress factors. So, the present investigation was carried out to study the amelioration of pernicious effects of different concentration of Cr(VI) (0.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg Cr(VI) kg-1 soil in the form of potassium dichromate) by treatments of salicylic acid solution viz. pretreatment and foliar spray via antioxidative enzymes and their metabolites. RESULTS With different treatments of salicylic acid solution, the reinstatement from ill effects of Cr(VI) toxicity was contemplated but the most conspicuous effect was observed when salicylic acid solution was supplied through the foliar spray (0.50 mM). This was accompanied with an increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide content and decrease in peroxidase activity and ascorbic acid content. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study suggests that salicylic acid when applied through pre-treatment of seeds or through a foliar spray can be used to ameliorate the toxic effects of chromium (VI). Salicylic acid has the great potential for reducing the toxicity of heavy metals without negatively impacting the growth of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Sihag
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , CCS Haryana Agricultural University , Hisar , Haryana , India
| | - Basanti Brar
- b Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , CCS Haryana Agricultural University , Hisar , Haryana , India
| | - U N Joshi
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , CCS Haryana Agricultural University , Hisar , Haryana , India
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Guerra PR, Herrero-Fresno A, Ladero V, Redruello B, Dos Santos TP, Spiegelhauer MR, Jelsbak L, Olsen JE. Putrescine biosynthesis and export genes are essential for normal growth of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:226. [PMID: 30587122 PMCID: PMC6307189 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the infectious agent of a wide variety of avian diseases, which causes substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Polyamines contribute to the optimal synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in bacteria. The objectives of this study were to investigate; i) whether APEC E. coli encodes the same systems for biosynthesis and uptake as described for E. coli K12 and ii) the role of polyamines during in vitro growth of an avian pathogenic E. coli strain (WT-ST117- O83:H4T). RESULTS Following whole genome sequencing, polyamine biosynthesis and export genes present in E. coli MG1655 (K-12) were found to be identical in WT-ST117. Defined mutants were constructed in putrescine and spermidine biosynthesis pathways (ΔspeB, ΔspeC, ΔspeF, ΔspeB/C and ΔspeD/E), and in polyamines transport systems (ΔpotE, ΔyeeF, ΔpotABCD and ΔpotFGHI). Contrary to what was observed for MG1655, the ΔpotE-ST117 mutant was growth attenuated, regardless of putrescine supplementation. The addition of spermidine or orthinine restored the growth to the level of WT-ST117. Growth attenuation after induction of membrane stress by SDS suggested that PotE is involved in protection against this stress. The ΔspeB/C-ST117 mutant was also growth attenuated in minimal medium. The addition of putrescine or spermidine to the media restored growth rate to the wild type level. The remaining biosynthesis and transport mutants showed a growth similar to that of WT-ST117. Analysis by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography revealed that the ΔspeB/C mutant was putrescine-deficient, despite that the gene speF, which is also involved in the synthesis of putrescine, was expressed. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of the putrescine transport system, PotE, or the putrescine biosynthesis pathway genes speB/C affected in vitro growth of APEC (ST117- O83:H4) strain, but not E. coli MG1655, despite the high similarity of the genetic make-up of biosynthesis and transport genes. Therefore, blocking these metabolic reactions may be a suitable way to prevent APEC growth in the host without disturbing the commensal E. coli population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila R Guerra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ana Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Victor Ladero
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Begoña Redruello
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Teresa Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Malene R Spiegelhauer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lotte Jelsbak
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Polyamines in Microalgae: Something Borrowed, Something New. Mar Drugs 2018; 17:md17010001. [PMID: 30577419 PMCID: PMC6356823 DOI: 10.3390/md17010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae of different evolutionary origins are typically found in rivers, lakes, and oceans, providing more than 45% of global primary production. They provide not only a food source for animals, but also affect microbial ecosystems through symbioses with microorganisms or secretion of some metabolites. Derived from amino acids, polyamines are present in almost all types of organisms, where they play important roles in maintaining physiological functions or against stress. Microalgae can produce a variety of distinct polyamines, and the polyamine content is important to meet the physiological needs of microalgae and may also affect other species in the environment. In addition, some polyamines produced by microalgae have medical or nanotechnological applications. Previous studies on several types of microalgae have indicated that the putative polyamine metabolic pathways may be as complicated as the genomes of these organisms, which contain genes originating from plants, animals, and even bacteria. There are also several novel polyamine synthetic routes in microalgae. Understanding the nature of polyamines in microalgae will not only improve our knowledge of microalgal physiology and ecological function, but also provide valuable information for biotechnological applications.
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Sayas E, Pérez-Benavente B, Manzano C, Farràs R, Alejandro S, Del Pozo JC, Ferrando A, Serrano R. Polyamines interfere with protein ubiquitylation and cause depletion of intracellular amino acids: a possible mechanism for cell growth inhibition. FEBS Lett 2018; 593:209-218. [PMID: 30447065 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine is a polyamine present in eukaryotes with essential functions in protein synthesis. At high concentrations spermidine and norspermidine inhibit growth by unknown mechanisms. Transcriptomic analysis of the effect of norspermidine on the plant Arabidopsis thaliana indicates upregulation of the response to heat stress and denatured proteins. Accordingly, these polyamines inhibit protein ubiquitylation, both in vivo (in yeast, Arabidopsis, and human Hela cells) and in vitro (with recombinant ubiquitin ligase). This interferes with protein degradation by the proteasome, a situation known to deplete cells of amino acids. Norspermidine treatment of yeast cells induces amino acid depletion, and supplementation of media with amino acids counteracts growth inhibition and cellular amino acid depletion but not inhibition of protein polyubiquitylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Sayas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Spain
| | | | - Concepción Manzano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, U.P.M.-I.N.I.A., Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Farràs
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Alejandro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Ferrando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Spain
| | - Ramón Serrano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Spain
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