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Hofmann C, Aghajani M, Alcock CD, Blackwood EA, Sandmann C, Herzog N, Groß J, Plate L, Wiseman RL, Kaufman RJ, Katus HA, Jakobi T, Völkers M, Glembotski CC, Doroudgar S. ATF6 protects against protein misfolding during cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 189:12-24. [PMID: 38401179 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) transcription factor ATF6 during pressure overload-induced hypertrophic growth. The UPR is thought to increase ER protein folding capacity and maintain proteostasis. ATF6 deficiency during pressure overload leads to heart failure, suggesting that ATF6 protects against myocardial dysfunction by preventing protein misfolding. However, conclusive evidence that ATF6 prevents toxic protein misfolding during cardiac hypertrophy is still pending. Here, we found that activation of the UPR, including ATF6, is a common response to pathological cardiac hypertrophy in mice. ATF6 KO mice failed to induce sufficient levels of UPR target genes in response to chronic isoproterenol infusion or transverse aortic constriction (TAC), resulting in impaired cardiac growth. To investigate the effects of ATF6 on protein folding, the accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins as well as soluble amyloid oligomers were directly quantified in hypertrophied hearts of WT and ATF6 KO mice. Whereas only low levels of protein misfolding was observed in WT hearts after TAC, ATF6 KO mice accumulated increased quantities of misfolded protein, which was associated with impaired myocardial function. Collectively, the data suggest that ATF6 plays a critical adaptive role during cardiac hypertrophy by protecting against protein misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany; SDSU Heart Institute and Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marjan Aghajani
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, USA
| | - Cecily D Alcock
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, USA
| | - Erik A Blackwood
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, USA
| | - Clara Sandmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Herzog
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Groß
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Jakobi
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and the Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, USA
| | - Mirko Völkers
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher C Glembotski
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, USA
| | - Shirin Doroudgar
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and the Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, USA.
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Fu X, Murakami M, Hashimoto O, Matsui T, Funaba M. Regulatory mechanisms underlying interleukin-6 expression in murine brown adipocytes. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3915. [PMID: 38269513 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Three types of adipocytes, white, brown, and beige, regulate the systemic energy balance through the storage and expenditure of chemical energy. In addition, adipocytes produce various bioactive molecules known as adipokines. In contrast to white adipocyte-derived molecules, less information is available on the adipokines produced by brown adipocytes (batokine). This study explored the regulatory expression of interleukin (IL)-6 in cell culture studies. Norepinephrine or a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor agonist increased the expression of IL-6 in primary brown adipocytes and HB2 brown adipocytes. Treatment with forskolin (Fsk), an activator of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway (downstream signaling of the β-adrenergic receptor), efficiently stimulated IL-6 expression in brown adipocytes and myotubes. Phosphorylated CREB and phosphorylated p38 MAP kinase levels were increased in Fsk-treated brown adipocytes within 5 min. In contrast, a long-term (∼60 min and ∼4 h) treatment with Fsk was required for increase in STAT3 phosphorylation and C/EBPβ expression, respectively. The PKA, p38 MAP kinase, STAT3, and C/EBPβ pathways are required for the maximal IL-6 expression induced by Fsk, which were verified by use of various inhibitors of these signal pathways. Vitamin C enhanced Fsk-induced IL-6 expression through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity. The present study provides basic information on the regulatory expression of IL-6 in activated brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiajie Fu
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Osamu Hashimoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsui
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Funaba
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Sun H, Gao W, Chen R, Chen S, Gu X, Wang F, Li Q. CircRNAs in BALF exosomes and plasma as diagnostic biomarkers in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by severe pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1194495. [PMID: 37674577 PMCID: PMC10477665 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1194495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transcriptomic studies targeting circular RNAs (circRNAs) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) exosomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients caused by severe pneumonia have rarely been reported. This study aimed to screen and validate abnormally expressed circRNAs in exosomes from BALF of patients with ARDS caused by severe pneumonia and then evaluate the diagnostic values of these circRNAs for ARDS. Method BALF was collected from four patients with ARDS caused by severe pneumonia and four healthy subjects. CircRNA expression profile was obtained by microarray analysis in BALF exosomes of the discovery cohort. The differentially expressed circRNAs in BALF exosomes were verified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and underwent competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network construction and functional enrichment analysis. Results A total of 629 circRNAs were differentially expressed in BALF exosomes between ARDS patients and healthy subjects. Nine differentially expressed circRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR, and seven were consistent with the results of microarray analysis. CeRNA network analysis was performed for hsa_circRNA_002809, hsa_circRNA_042882, and hsa_circRNA_104034. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the target genes were mainly associated with hypoxia-induced damage, inflammatory response, and the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Hsa_circRNA_042882 and hsa_circRNA_104034 can be regarded as promising diagnostic biomarkers for patients with ARDS caused by severe pneumonia, with remarkable sensitivity and specificity of the area under the curve of 0.8050 and 1 or 0.835 and 0.799, respectively. Conclusion This study obtained circRNA expression profiles of ARDS patients, and hsa_circRNA_042882 and hsa_circRNA_104034 were regarded as promising diagnostic biomarkers for patients with ARDS caused by severe pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- *Correspondence: Qiang Li, ; Feilong Wang, ; He Sun,
| | | | | | | | | | - Feilong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Xiao Y, Powell DW, Liu X, Li Q. Cardiovascular manifestations of inflammatory bowel diseases and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R193-R211. [PMID: 37335014 PMCID: PMC10979804 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00300.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, mainly affects the gastrointestinal tract but is also known to have extraintestinal manifestations because of long-standing systemic inflammation. Several national cohort studies have found that IBD is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms by which IBD impairs the cardiovascular system are not fully understood. Although the gut-heart axis is attracting more attention in recent years, our knowledge of the organ-to-organ communication between the gut and the heart remains limited. In patients with IBD, upregulated inflammatory factors, altered microRNAs and lipid profiles, as well as dysbiotic gut microbiota, may induce adverse cardiac remodeling. In addition, patients with IBD have a three- to four times higher risk of developing thrombosis than people without IBD, and it is believed that the increased risk of thrombosis is largely due to increased procoagulant factors, platelet count/activity, and fibrinogen concentration, in addition to decreased anticoagulant factors. The predisposing factors for atherosclerosis are present in IBD and the possible mechanisms may involve oxidative stress system, overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases, and changes in vascular smooth muscle phenotype. This review focuses mainly on 1) the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases associated with IBD, 2) the potential pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases in patients with IBD, and 3) adverse effects of IBD drugs on the cardiovascular system. Also, we introduce here a new paradigm for the gut-heart axis that includes exosomal microRNA and the gut microbiota as a cause for cardiac remodeling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Don W Powell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingjie Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States
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Jung YJ, Lee Y, Kwon H, Kim HP, Kwon HS, Park E, Lee J, Kim YH, Maeng YS, Kwon JY. Decidual lymphatic endothelial cell-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces M1 macrophage polarization via the NF-κB pathway in severe pre-eclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 90:e13744. [PMID: 37491916 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Direct interactions between macrophages and lymphatic vessels have been shown previously. In pre-eclampsia (PE), macrophages are dominantly polarized into a proinflammatory M1 phenotype and lymphangiogenesis is defective in the decidua. Here, we investigated whether decidual lymphatic endothelial cells (dLECs) affect macrophage polarization in PE. METHOD OF STUDY THP-1 macrophages were cocultured with dLECs or cultured in the conditioned medium (CM) of dLECs. Macrophage polarization was measured using flow cytometry. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression in dLECs was measured using qRT-PCR and ELISA. The activation of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κ (NF-κB), an upstream signaling molecule of GM-CSF, was assessed by immunocytochemical localization of p65. Through GM-CSF knockdown and NF-κB inhibition in dLEC, we evaluated whether the GM-CSF/NF-κB pathway of PE dLEC affects decidual macrophage polarization. RESULTS The ratio of inflammatory M1 macrophages with HLA-DR+ /CD80+ markers significantly increased following coculturing with PE dLECs or culturing in PE dLEC CM, indicating that the PE dLEC-derived soluble factor acts in a paracrine manner. GM-CSF expression was significantly upregulated in PE dLECs. Recombinant human GM-CSF induced macrophage polarization toward an M1-like phenotype, whereas its knockdown in PE dLECs suppressed it, suggesting PE dLECs induce M1 macrophage polarization by secreting GM-CSF. The NF-κB p65 significantly increased in PE dLECs compared to the control, and pretreatment with an NF-κB inhibitor significantly suppressed GM-CSF production from PE dLECs. CONCLUSIONS In PE, dLECs expressing high levels of GM-CSF via the NF-κB-dependent pathway play a role in inducing decidual M1 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji Jung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Medical Life Science, Placenta-derived Stem Cell and Genomic Research Lab, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Medical Life Science, Placenta-derived Stem Cell and Genomic Research Lab, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Hayan Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Medical Life Science, Placenta-derived Stem Cell and Genomic Research Lab, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sung Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhyang Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - JoonHo Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Medical Life Science, Placenta-derived Stem Cell and Genomic Research Lab, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Han Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Medical Life Science, Placenta-derived Stem Cell and Genomic Research Lab, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Maeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Medical Life Science, Placenta-derived Stem Cell and Genomic Research Lab, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Young Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Medical Life Science, Placenta-derived Stem Cell and Genomic Research Lab, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
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Lin W, Song H, Shen J, Wang J, Yang Y, Yang Y, Cao J, Xue L, Zhao F, Xiao T, Lin R. Functional role of skeletal muscle-derived interleukin-6 and its effects on lipid metabolism. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1110926. [PMID: 37555019 PMCID: PMC10405179 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1110926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The detrimental impact of obesity on human health is increasingly evident with the rise in obesity-related diseases. Skeletal muscle, the crucial organ responsible for energy balance metabolism, plays a significant role as a secretory organ by releasing various myokines. Among these myokines, interleukin 6 (IL-6) is closely associated with skeletal muscle contraction. IL-6 triggers the process of lipolysis by mobilizing energy-storing adipose tissue, thereby providing energy for physical exercise. This phenomenon also elucidates the health benefits of regular exercise. However, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue maintain a constant interaction, both directly and indirectly. Direct interaction occurs through the accumulation of excess fat within skeletal muscle, known as ectopic fat deposition. Indirect interaction takes place when adipose tissue is mobilized to supply the energy for skeletal muscle during exercise. Consequently, maintaining a functional balance between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue becomes paramount in regulating energy metabolism and promoting overall health. IL-6, as a representative cytokine, participates in various inflammatory responses, including non-classical inflammatory responses such as adipogenesis. Skeletal muscle influences adipogenesis through paracrine mechanisms, primarily by secreting IL-6. In this research paper, we aim to review the role of skeletal muscle-derived IL-6 in lipid metabolism and other physiological activities, such as insulin resistance and glucose tolerance. By doing so, we provide valuable insights into the regulatory function of skeletal muscle-derived myokines in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Lin
- *Correspondence: Weimin Lin, ; Ruiyi Lin,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruiyi Lin
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Yang JL, Lin WL, Tai SB, Ciou YS, Chung CL, Chen JJ, Liu PF, Lin MW, Chen CL. Suppression of TGFβ-Induced Interleukin-6 Secretion by Sinulariolide from Soft Corals through Attenuation of the p38-NF-kB Pathway in Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11656. [PMID: 37511415 PMCID: PMC10380600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinulariolide (SC-1) is a natural product extracted from the cultured-type soft coral Sinularia flexibilis and possesses anti-inflammation, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory in several types of cancer cells. However, the molecular pathway behind its effects on inflammation remains poorly understood. Since inflammatory cytokines such as TGFβ, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 activate transcription factors such as Smads, NF-κB, STAT3, Snail, Twist, and Zeb that drive the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in this study, we focus on the investigation in effects of SC-1 on TGFβ-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) releases in an in vitro cell culture model. We showed that both intracellular IL-6 expression and secretion were stimulated by TGFβ and associated with strong upregulation of IL-6 mRNA and increased transcription in A549 cells. SC-1 blocked TGFβ-induced secretion of IL-6 while showing no effect on the induction of fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 genes, indicating that SC-1 interferes with only a subset of TGFβ activities. In addition, SC-1 inhibits TGFβ-induced IL-6 by suppressing p38 MAPK signaling and subsequently inhibits NF-κB and its nuclear translocation without affecting the canonical Smad pathway and receptor turnover. Overall, these data suggest that p38 may involve in the inhibition of SC-1 in IL-6 release, thus illustrating an inhibitory effect for SC-1 in the suppression of inflammation, EMT phenotype, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenq-Lin Yang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Weng-Ling Lin
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ban Tai
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81342, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Siang Ciou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ling Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
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Hara A, Tallquist MD. Fibroblast and Immune Cell Cross-Talk in Cardiac Fibrosis. Curr Cardiol Rep 2023; 25:485-493. [PMID: 37074566 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-023-01877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The intricate interplay between inflammatory and reparative responses in the context of heart injury is central to the pathogenesis of heart failure. Recent clinical studies have shown the therapeutic benefits of anti-inflammatory strategies in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cross-talk between immune cells and fibroblasts in the diseased heart. RECENT FINDINGS The role of inflammatory cells in fibroblast activation after cardiac injury is well-documented, but recent single-cell transcriptomics studies have identified putative pro-inflammatory fibroblasts in the infarcted heart, suggesting that fibroblasts, in turn, can modify inflammatory cell behavior. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory immune cells and fibroblasts have been described. The use of spatial and temporal-omics analyses may provide additional insights toward a better understanding of disease-specific microenvironments, where activated fibroblasts and inflammatory cells are in proximity. Recent studies focused on the interplay between fibroblasts and immune cells have brought us closer to the identification of cell type-specific targets for intervention. Further exploration of these intercellular communications will provide deeper insights toward the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Hara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96825, USA.
| | - Michelle D Tallquist
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96825, USA
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Wei W, Wang J, Huang P, Gou S, Yu D, Zong L. Tumor necrosis factor-α induces proliferation and reduces apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells through STAT3 activation. Immunogenetics 2023; 75:161-169. [PMID: 36933092 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-023-01302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a potent pro-inflammatory factor that plays an important role in establishing a complicated connection between inflammation and cancer. TNF-α promotes tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis according to numerous studies. Studies have shown the significant role of STAT3, a downstream transcription factor of another important inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 in the development and progression of different tumors especially colorectal cancer. In the present study, we investigated whether TNF-α has a role in proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells through STAT3 activation. HCT116 cell line as human colorectal cancer cells was used in this study. Major assays were MTT assay, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), flow cytometric analysis, and ELISA. Results showed that TNF-α significantly increased the phosphorylation of STAT3 and expression of all the STAT3 target genes related to cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis compared with control. Moreover, our data showed that the STAT3 phosphorylation and expression of its target genes significantly were reduced in the presence of TNF-α + STA-21 compared with TNF-α-treated group demonstrating that the increase in genes expression partially was due to the TNF-α-induced STAT3 activation. On the other hand, STAT3 phosphorylation and mRNA levels of its target genes were partially decreased in the presence of TNF-α + IL-6R supporting the indirect pathway of STAT3 activation by TNF-α through inducing IL-6 production in cancer cells. Given the growing evidence for STAT3 as a key mediator of inflammation-induced colon cancer, our findings support further investigation of STAT3 inhibitors as potential cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710018, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanhong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710018, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Gou
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710018, People's Republic of China
| | - Daihua Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710018, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Mashimo M, Kawashima K, Fujii T. Non-neuronal Cholinergic Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Regulation of Immune Function. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:675-683. [PMID: 35650095 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells such as T and B cells, monocytes and macrophages all express most of the cholinergic components of the nervous system, including acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), high affinity choline transporter, muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Because of its efficient cleavage by AChE, ACh synthesized and released from immune cells acts only locally in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion at mAChRs and nAChRs on themselves and other immune cells located in close proximity, leading to modification of immune function. Immune cells generally express all five mAChR subtypes (M1-M5) and neuron type nAChR subunits α2-α7, α9, α10, β2-β4. The expression pattern and levels of mAChR subtypes and nAChR subunits vary depending on the tissue involved and its immunological status. Immunological activation of T cells via T-cell receptor-mediated pathways and cell adhesion molecules upregulates ChAT expression, which facilitates the synthesis and release of ACh. At present, α7 nAChRs expressed in macrophages are receiving much attention because they play a central role in anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathways. However, it now appears that through modification of cytokine synthesis, Gq/11-coupled mAChRs play a prominent role in regulation of T cell proliferation and differentiation and B cell immunoglobulin class switching. It is anticipated that greater understanding of Gq/11-coupled mAChRs on immune cells will provide an opportunity to develop new and effective treatments for immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Mashimo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
| | - Koichiro Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
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11
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Chen J, Wu Q, Shi H, Zhang Y, Wang T, Yin R, Pan C. High Inflammatory Factor Levels Increase Cardiovascular Complications in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7151414. [PMID: 35637754 PMCID: PMC9148237 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7151414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the association between inflammation and clinical outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in diabetic patients. Methods A total of 300 diabetic patients with coronary heart disease who underwent CABG were selected. Patients were divided into a group with cardiovascular events (32 in the MACCE group) and a group without cardiovascular events (268 in the non-MACCE group) according to whether cardiovascular events occurred within 30 days. The differences in clinical parameters; serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β, and CRP; factors associated with the occurrence of MACCE; and risk factors affecting the midterm all-cause mortality of patients were compared between the two groups. Results The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, and CRP in the MACCE group were significantly higher than those in the non-MACCE group (p < 0.05). Gender, smoking, hyperlipidemia, duration of diabetes, and levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, and CRP were closely related to the occurrence of MACCE. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis evaluation results showed that the levels of IL-6 and CRP significantly affected the midterm all-cause mortality rate (p < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the advanced age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, long duration of diabetes, elevated serum IL-6, and CRP levels could be used as risk factors for midterm all-cause mortality. Conclusions Inflammation levels in diabetic patients are associated with complications and midterm all-cause mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qiyong Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Ruohan Yin
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Changjie Pan
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China
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12
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Miek L, Jordan PM, Günther K, Pace S, Beyer T, Kowalak D, Hoerr V, Löffler B, Tuchscherr L, Serhan CN, Gerstmeier J, Werz O. Staphylococcus aureus controls eicosanoid and specialized pro-resolving mediator production via lipoteichoic acid. Immunology 2022; 166:47-67. [PMID: 35143048 PMCID: PMC9426618 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes severe infections associated with inflammation, such as sepsis or osteomyelitis. Inflammatory processes are regulated by distinct lipid mediators (LMs) but how their biosynthetic pathways are orchestrated in S. aureus infections is elusive. We show that S. aureus strikingly not only modulates pro-inflammatory, but also inflammation-resolving LM pathways in murine osteomyelitis and osteoclasts as well as in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) with different phenotype. Targeted LM metabololipidomics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed massive generation of LM with distinct LM signature profiles in acute and chronic phases of S. aureus-induced murine osteomyelitis in vivo. In human MDM, S. aureus elevated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1), but impaired the levels of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1), with respective changes in LM signature profiles initiated by these enzymes, that is, elevated PGE2 and impaired specialized pro-resolving mediators, along with reduced M2-like phenotypic macrophage markers. The cell wall component, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), mimicked the impact of S. aureus elevating COX-2/mPGES-1 expression via NF-κB and p38 MAPK signalling in MDM, while the impairment of 15-LOX-1 correlates with reduced expression of Lamtor1. In conclusion, S. aureus dictates LM pathways via LTA resulting in a shift from anti-inflammatory M2-like towards pro-inflammatory M1-like LM signature profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miek
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Kerstin Günther
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Timo Beyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - David Kowalak
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Verena Hoerr
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCenter for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion InjuryBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
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13
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The COVID-19 Cell Signalling Problem: Spike, RAGE, PKC, p38, NFκB & IL-6 Hyper-Expression and the Human Ezrin Peptide, VIP, PKA-CREB Solution. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection inhibits interferon expression, while hyper-activating innate-immune signalling and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. SARS-CoV-2 proteins: Spike, M and nsp6, nsp12 and nsp13 inhibit IFR3-mediated Type-1-interferon defence, but hyper-activate intracellular signalling, which leads to dysfunctional expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-1β IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα. Ezrin, a sub-membrane adaptor-protein, organises multi-protein-complexes such as ezrin+NHERF1+NHE+CFTR, which control the density and location of ACE2 receptor expression on the luminal surface of airway-epithelial-cells, as well as determining susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This protein complex is vital for lung-surfactant production for efficient gas-exchange. Ezrin also forms multi-protein-complexes that regulate signalling kinases; Ras, PKC, PI3K, and PKA. m-RAGE is a pattern-recognition-receptor of the innate immune system that is triggered by AGEs, which are chemically modified proteins common in the elderly and obese. m-RAGE forms multi-protein complexes with ezrin and TIRAP, a toll-like-receptor adaptor-protein. The main cause of COVID-19 is not viral infection but pro-inflammatory p38MAPK signalling mediated by TLRs and RAGE. In contrast, it appears that activated ezrin+PKA signalling results in the activation of transcription-factor CREB, which suppresses NFκB mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. In addition, competition between ezrin and TIRAP to form multi-protein-complexes on membrane PIP2-lipid-rafts is a macromolecular-switch that changes the priority from innate immune activation programs to adaptive immune activation programs. Human Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), and Human Ezrin Peptides (HEP-1 and RepG3) probably inhibit COVID-19 by activating the ezrin+PKA and ras>Raf>MEK>ERK>RSK>CREB>IL-10 signalling, which favours activation of adaptive immunity programs and inhibition of the dysfunctional innate-inflammation, the cause of COVID-19. HEP-1, RepG3, and VIP in individual human volunteers and in small clinical studies have been shown to be effective COVID-19 therapies, and seem to have a closely related mechanism of action.
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14
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Al-Asmari SS, Rajapakse A, Ullah TR, Pépin G, Croft LV, Gantier MP. Pharmacological Targeting of STING-Dependent IL-6 Production in Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:709618. [PMID: 35087822 PMCID: PMC8787270 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the STING pathway upon genotoxic treatment of cancer cells has been shown to lead to anti-tumoral effects, mediated through the acute production of interferon (IFN)-β. Conversely, the pathway also correlates with the expression of NF-κB-driven pro-tumorigenic genes, but these associations are only poorly defined in the context of genotoxic treatment, and are thought to correlate with a chronic engagement of the pathway. We demonstrate here that half of the STING-expressing cancer cells from the NCI60 panel rapidly increased expression of pro-tumorigenic IL-6 upon genotoxic DNA damage, often independent of type-I IFN responses. While preferentially dependent on canonical STING, we demonstrate that genotoxic DNA damage induced by camptothecin (CPT) also drove IL-6 production through non-canonical STING signaling in selected cancer cells. Consequently, pharmacological inhibition of canonical STING failed to broadly inhibit IL-6 production induced by CPT, although this could be achieved through downstream ERK1/2 inhibition. Finally, prolonged inhibition of canonical STING signaling was associated with increased colony formation of MG-63 cells, highlighting the duality of STING signaling in also restraining the growth of selected cancer cells. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that genotoxic-induced DNA damage frequently leads to the rapid production of pro-tumorigenic IL-6 in cancer cells, independent of an IFN signature, through canonical and non-canonical STING activation; this underlines the complexity of STING engagement in human cancer cells, with frequent acute pro-tumorigenic activities induced by DNA damage. We propose that inhibition of ERK1/2 may help curb such pro-tumorigenic responses to DNA-damage, while preserving the anti-proliferative effects of the STING-interferon axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiah S Al-Asmari
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Rajapakse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Cancer and Ageing Research Program at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tomalika R Ullah
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Geneviève Pépin
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura V Croft
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Cancer and Ageing Research Program at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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15
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Mohamad EA, Mohamed ZN, Hussein MA, Elneklawi MS. GANE can Improve Lung Fibrosis by Reducing Inflammation via Promoting p38MAPK/TGF-β1/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Downregulation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3109-3120. [PMID: 35097306 PMCID: PMC8792938 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is a trend to use nanoparticles as distinct treatments for cancer treatment because they have overcome many of the limitations of traditional drug delivery systems. Gallic acid (GA) is an effective polyphenol in the treatment of tissue injuries. In this study, GA was loaded onto niosomes to produce gallic acid nanoemulsion (GANE) using a green synthesis technique. GANE's efficiency, morphology, UV absorption, release, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were evaluated. An in vitro study was conducted on the A549 lung carcinoma cell line to determine the GANE cytotoxicity. Also, our study was extended to evaluate the protective effect of GANE against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. GANE showed higher encapsulation efficiency and strong absorption at 280 nm. Transmission electron microscopy presented a spherical shape of the prepared nanoparticles, and FTIR demonstrated different spectra for the free gallic acid sample compared to GANE. GANE showed cytotoxicity for the A549 carcinoma lung cell line with a low IC50 value. It was found that oral administration of GANE at 32.8 and 82 mg/kg.b.w. and dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg) provided significant protection against LPS-induced pulmonary fibrosis. GANE enhanced production of superoxide dismutase, GPx, and GSH. It simultaneously reduced the MDA level. The GANE and dexamethasone, induced the production of IL-4, but suppressed TNF-α and IL-6. On the other hand, the lung p38MAPK, TGF-β1, and NF-κB gene expression was downregulated in rats administrated with GANE when compared with the LPS-treated rats. Histological studies confirmed the effective effect of GANE as it had a lung-protective effect against LPS-induced lung fibrosis. It was noticed that GANE can inhibit oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and cytokines and downregulate p38MAPK, TGF-β1, and NF-κB gene expression to suppress the proliferation and migration of lung fibrotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam A. Mohamad
- Biophysics
Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo University Street, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Zahraa N. Mohamed
- Medical
Laboratory Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, October 6 University, 6th of October City 28125, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. Hussein
- Biochemistry
Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, October 6 University, 6th of
October City 28125, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona S. Elneklawi
- Biomedical
Equipment Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, October 6 University, 6th of October City 28125, Giza, Egypt
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16
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Zhao T, Qi W, Yang P, Yang L, Shi Y, Zhou L, Ye L. Mechanisms of cardiovascular toxicity induced by PM 2.5: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65033-65051. [PMID: 34617228 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have shown that exposure to particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) could affect the onset and development of cardiovascular diseases. To explore the underlying mechanisms, the studies conducted in vitro investigations using different cell lines. In this review, we examined recently published reports cited by PubMed or Web of Science on the topic of cardiovascular toxicity induced by PM2.5 that carried the term in vitro. Here, we summarized the suggested mechanisms of PM2.5 leading to adverse effects and cardiovascular toxicity including oxidative stress; the increase of vascular endothelial permeability; the injury of vasomotor function and vascular reparative capacity in vascular endothelial cell lines; macrophage polarization and apoptosis in macrophage cell lines; and hypermethylation and apoptosis in the AC16 cell line and the related signaling pathways, which provided a new research direction of cardiovascular toxicity of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jilin Provincial Institute of Public Health), Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China
| | - Yanbin Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China.
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17
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Jung F, Liu J, Yang S, Tseng H, Chou SP, Lin J, Jow G. FJU-C28 inhibits the endotoxin-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines expression via suppressing JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00876. [PMID: 34669271 PMCID: PMC8527890 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite marked improvements in supportive care, the mortality rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome due to the excessive inflammatory response caused by direct or indirect lung injury induced by viral or bacterial infection is still high. In this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory effect of FJU-C28, a new 2-pyridone-based synthetic compound, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo models. FJU-C28 suppressed the LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression of iNOS, COX2 and proinflammatory cytokines. The cytokine protein array results showed that LPS stimulation enhanced the secretion of IL-10, IL-6, GCSF, Eotaxin, TNFα, IL-17, IL-1β, Leptin, sTNF RII, and RANTES. Conversely, the LPS-induced secretion of RANTES, TIMP1, IL-6, and IL-10 was dramatically suppressed by FJU-C28. FJU-C28 suppressed the LPS-induced expression of RANTES, but its parental compound FJU-C4 was unable to diminish RANTES in cell culture media or cell lysates. FJU-C28 blocked the secretion of IL-6 and RANTES in LPS-activated macrophages by regulating the activation of JNK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). FJU-C28 prevented the LPS-induced decreases in lung function including vital capacity (VC), lung compliance (C chord), forced expiratory volume at 100 ms (FEV100), and forced vital capacity (FVC) in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammatory responses. FJU-C28 also reduced neutrophil infiltration in the interstitium, lung damage and circulating levels of IL-6 and RANTES in mice with systemic inflammation. In conclusion, these findings suggest that FJU-C28 possesses anti-inflammatory activities to prevent endotoxin-induced lung function decrease and lung damages by down-regulating proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and RANTES via suppressing the JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jung
- Department of Respiratory TherapyFu‐Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- Deparment of ChemistryFu‐Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Jung‐Sen Liu
- Department of Respiratory TherapyFu‐Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- Department of SurgeryCathay General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shih‐Hsing Yang
- Department of Respiratory TherapyFu‐Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Hui‐Yun Tseng
- Department of Respiratory TherapyFu‐Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- Deparment of ChemistryFu‐Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical ScienceFu‐Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | | | - Jau‐Chen Lin
- Department of Respiratory TherapyFu‐Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Guey‐Mei Jow
- School of MedicineFu‐Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
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18
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Niu Y, Wang B, Zhou L, Ma C, Waterhouse GIN, Liu Z, Ahmed AF, Sun-Waterhouse D, Kang W. Nigella sativa: A Dietary Supplement as an Immune-Modulator on the Basis of Bioactive Components. Front Nutr 2021; 8:722813. [PMID: 34485368 PMCID: PMC8415885 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.722813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrients can be considered as functional foods, which exert physiological benefits on immune system. The seeds of Nigella sativa, which have many active constituents, are mainly used for medicine, food spice, and nutritional supplements in Egypt. Much attention has been paid to N. sativa seeds for their anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immune properties. However, their active constituents and mechanisms underlying functions from N. sativa seeds is unclear. Thus, the bioactive constituents with immune regulation in N. sativa seeds were systematically studied. A new compound (3-methoxythymol-6-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside 1) and 11 known compounds (2–12) were separated from the N. sativa seeds by chromatographic methods. Their structures were then elucidated by spectroscopic analysis of MS, UV, IR, 1H-, and 13C-NMR. Furthermore, immunomodulatory effects of those compounds in RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated by phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine release, related mRNA transcription, and key proteins expression in vitro. Monosaccharide derivatives, Ethyl-α-D-furaarabinose (5), and Ethyl-β-D-fructofuranoside (8) were shown to played bidirectional regulatory roles in immunity and anti-inflammation through the regulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. The results showed the active compounds and mechanisms of immune regulation in N. sativa, thus indicating that N. sativa seeds could be used as dietary supplements in immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Niu
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Baoguang Wang
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Li Zhou
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food and Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, China
| | - Changyang Ma
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food and Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, China
| | - Geoffrey I N Waterhouse
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food and Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, China
| | - Adel F Ahmed
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food and Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, China.,Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Researches Department, Agricultural Research Center, Horticulture Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wenyi Kang
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food and Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, China
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19
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Phytoglycoprotein isolated from Dioscorea batatas Decne promotes intestinal epithelial wound healing. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:738-748. [PMID: 33039053 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dioscorea batatas Decne (DBD) has been used to heal various illnesses of the kidney and intestine as an herbal medicine in Asia. As a source of therapeutic agents, many glycoproteins have been isolated from mushrooms and plants, but the functional role of glycoprotein in intestinal epithelial wound healing has not been understood yet. In the present study, we investigated the wound healing potentials of the 30 kDa glycoprotein (DBD glycoprotein) isolated from DBD in human intestinal epithelial (INT-407) cells. We found that DBD glycoprotein (100 μg·mL-1) significantly increased the motility of INT-407 cells for 24 h by activating protein kinase C (PKC). DBD glycoprotein stimulated the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is responsible for the phosphorylation of NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα). DBD glycoprotein increased the level of profilin-1 (PFN1), α-actinin and F-actin expression via activation of transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) during its promotion of cell migration. Experimental mouse colitis was induced by adding dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to the drinking water at a concentration of 4% (W/V) for 7 days. We figured out that administration of DBD glycoprotein (10 and 20 mg·kg-1) lowers the levels of disease activity index and histological inflammation in DSS-treated ICR mice. In this regard, we suggest that DBD glycoprotein has ability to promote the F-actin-related migration signaling events via activation of PKC and NF-κB in intestinal epithelial cells and prevent inflammatory bowel disease.
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20
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KLF15 negatively regulates cardiac fibrosis by which SDF-1β attenuates cardiac fibrosis in type 2 diabetic mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 427:115654. [PMID: 34310909 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious diabetic complication that lacks effective preventive or therapeutic approaches. Wild-type and Klf15 knockout (Klf15-KO) mice were fed with either high fat diet (HFD, 60% kcal from fat) or normal diet (ND, 10% kcal from fat) for 3 months and then injected with streptozotocin or vehicle, to induce type 2 diabetes (T2D). All T2D and age-matched control mice were treated with or without SDF-1β at 5 mg/kg body-weight twice a week and also continually received HFD or ND for 3 months. At the end of 6-month study, after cardiac functions were measured, mice were euthanized to collect heart tissue. For in vitro mechanistic study, H9c2 cells were exposed to palmitate to mimic in vivo condition of T2D. SDF-1β prevented T2D-induced cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis and T2D-down-regulated KLF15 expression in wild-type diabetic heart tissue. However, the preventive effects of SDF-1β on both KLF15 expression and fibrosis was abolished, with partial cardiac protection in Klf15-KO/T2D mice. These results demonstrate partial KLF15-dependence for SDF-1β's cardiac fibrotic protection from T2D, but not on SDF-1β's protective effects on T2D-induced cardiac dysfunction. Further study showed that SDF-1β inhibited palmitate-induced cardiomyocyte fibrosis through its receptor CXCR7-mediated activation of p38β MAPK signaling pathway.
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Sun S, Fu J, Liu K, Dai M, Li Y, Liu Y, Ma S, Qu J. Two New Iridoid Glucosides from the Whole Plant of Patrinia scabiosifolia Link. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144201. [PMID: 34299477 PMCID: PMC8304010 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a traditional Chinese medicine, Patrinia scabiosifolia Link has been used to treat various inflammatory-related diseases, and recent studies have shown that it possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, phytochemical investigation on whole plants of P. scabiosifolia were carried out, which led to the isolation of two new iridoid glucosides, patriniscabiosides A (1) and B (2), together with six known compounds (3–8). The structural elucidation of all compounds was performed by HRESIMS and extensive spectroscopic analyses including IR, 1D, 2D NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). All the isolated compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity using the NF-κB-Dependent Reporter Gene Expression Assay, and compound 3 displayed anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, with an inhibitory rate of 73.44% at a concentration of 10 μM.
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Yarmohammadi F, Hayes AW, Karimi G. Protective effects of curcumin on chemical and drug-induced cardiotoxicity: a review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:1341-1353. [PMID: 33666716 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is a major adverse effect that can be induced by both therapeutic agents and industrial chemicals. The pathogenesis of such cardiac damage is multifactorial, often injuring the cardiac tissue by generating free radicals, oxidative stress, and/or inflammation. Curcumin (CUR) is a bright yellow chemical produced by Curcuma longa plants. It is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. Administration of CUR has been reported to ameliorate the chemical and drug-induced cardiac injury in several studies. CUR has been suggested to act as an effective candidate against oxidative stress and inflammation in heart tissue via regulation of Nrf2 and suppression of p38 MAPK/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasomes. The anti-apoptotic properties of CUR have also been reported to modulate the AMPK, Akt, JNK, and ERK signaling pathways. This review explores the potential protective effects of CUR regarding the detrimental effects often observed in cardiac tissue following exposure to several chemicals including drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yarmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33617, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Regulation of Immune Functions by Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine (ACh) via Muscarinic and Nicotinic ACh Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136818. [PMID: 34202925 PMCID: PMC8268711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the classical neurotransmitter in the cholinergic nervous system. However, ACh is now known to regulate various immune cell functions. In fact, T cells, B cells, and macrophages all express components of the cholinergic system, including ACh, muscarinic, and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs), choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and choline transporters. In this review, we will discuss the actions of ACh in the immune system. We will first briefly describe the mechanisms by which ACh is stored in and released from immune cells. We will then address Ca2+ signaling pathways activated via mAChRs and nAChRs on T cells and B cells, highlighting the importance of ACh for the function of T cells, B cells, and macrophages, as well as its impact on innate and acquired (cellular and humoral) immunity. Lastly, we will discuss the effects of two peptide ligands, secreted lymphocyte antigen-6/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-related peptide-1 (SLURP-1) and hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide (HCNP), on cholinergic activity in T cells. Overall, we stress the fact that ACh does not function only as a neurotransmitter; it impacts immunity by exerting diverse effects on immune cells via mAChRs and nAChRs.
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Reis-Mendes A, Dores-Sousa JL, Padrão AI, Duarte-Araújo M, Duarte JA, Seabra V, Gonçalves-Monteiro S, Remião F, Carvalho F, Sousa E, Bastos ML, Costa VM. Inflammation as a Possible Trigger for Mitoxantrone-Induced Cardiotoxicity: An In Vivo Study in Adult and Infant Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060510. [PMID: 34073506 PMCID: PMC8229902 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitoxantrone (MTX) is a pharmaceutical drug used in the treatment of several cancers and refractory multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite its therapeutic value, adverse effects may be severe, namely the frequently reported cardiotoxicity, whose mechanisms need further research. This work aimed to assess if inflammation or oxidative stress-related pathways participate in the cardiotoxicity of MTX, using the mouse as an animal model, at two different age periods (infant or adult mice) using two therapeutic relevant cumulative doses. Histopathology findings showed that MTX caused higher cardiac toxicity in adults. In MTX-treated adults, at the highest dose, noradrenaline cardiac levels decreased, whereas at the lowest cumulative dose, protein carbonylation increased and the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 subunit and of M1 macrophage marker increased. Moreover, MTX-treated adult mice had enhanced expression of NF-κB p52 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), while decreasing interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, while catalase expression significantly increased in both adult and infant mice treated with the lowest MTX cumulative dose, the expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and glutathione peroxidase only significantly increased in infant animals. Nevertheless, the ratio of GAPDH to ATP synthase subunit beta decreased in adult animals. In conclusion, clinically relevant doses of MTX caused dissimilar responses in adult and infant mice, being that inflammation may be an important trigger to MTX-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Reis-Mendes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.D.-S.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (M.L.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.-M.); (V.M.C.); Tel.: +351-220-428-599 (A.R.-M.); +351-220-428-599 (V.M.C.)
| | - José Luís Dores-Sousa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.D.-S.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Ana Isabel Padrão
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.I.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Margarida Duarte-Araújo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Immune-Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alberto Duarte
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.I.P.); (J.A.D.)
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Paredes, Portugal;
| | - Vítor Seabra
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Paredes, Portugal;
| | - Salomé Gonçalves-Monteiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- MOREHealth, Outcomes Research Lab, Portuguese Institute of Oncology at Porto Francisco Gentil (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.D.-S.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.D.-S.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.D.-S.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.D.-S.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (M.L.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.-M.); (V.M.C.); Tel.: +351-220-428-599 (A.R.-M.); +351-220-428-599 (V.M.C.)
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Luo W, Li L, Xu W, Zhang J, Xu J. Toxic Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid Treatment in the Rat Liver BRL-3A Cell. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9050112. [PMID: 34065295 PMCID: PMC8160770 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on normal cells is still unclear. This study investigated the effects of DHA on the cytotoxicity and possible mechanism in the BRL-3A cell. The cultured rat liver BRL-3A cell line was treated with 50, 100 and 200 μM DHA for 24 h. The cell viability was increased in the 50 and 100 μM DHA treatments, but decreased in the 200 μM DHA treatment. The 50, 100 and 200 μM DHA treatments increased the proportion of the apoptotic cells, the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and IL-6 in the supernatant, and the ratio of the phosphonated p38MAPK to the p38MAPK (p-p38/p38) protein in the cells. The expression of TGF beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), nuclear transcription factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and the inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα) mRNA, and the ratio of the phosphonated IκBα (p-IκBα) to IκBα protein were increased in the 200 μM DHA treatment, while the ratio of phosphonated extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK) to ERK protein was decreased in the 200 μM DHA treatment. These results indicate that DHA-treated (50, 100 and 200 μM) BRL-3A cells for 24 h promotes cell apoptosis and inflammatory response, and the p38 MAPK, ERK and NF-κB signal pathways were involved in mediating the apoptosis and inflammatory response.
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Lee H, Jang JH, Kim SJ. Malonic acid suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglia cell activation by inhibiting the p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:110-118. [PMID: 34234892 PMCID: PMC8118420 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1901781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An inflammatory reaction caused by the activation of microglia in the brain can lead to neurodegeneration and cause diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The regulation of inflammation can aid in preventing the development of neurodegenerative disease. Malonic acid has a variety of biological activity. The effects of malonic acid on microglia are not currently well known. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the effects of inflammation of malonic acid in BV2 microglia cells. As a result, we demonstrated that malonic acid on LPS-treated microglia decreased pro-inflammatory responses and mechanisms of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Inflammatory mediators significantly decreased the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Pro-inflammatory cytokines of IL-6 suppressed gene expression. In addition, the protein expression of NF-κB decreased at the nucleus, as did the protein expression of activated phosphorylated IκB-α, which is an NF-κB regulator-related protein. The expression of phosphorylated p38, a mediator of inflammatory cytokines, was regulated. Therefore, our results indicate that malonic acid has anti-inflammatory effects and may be a potential therapeutic candidate for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Lee
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21 FOUR Educational Research Group for Age-associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jang
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21 FOUR Educational Research Group for Age-associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jun Kim
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21 FOUR Educational Research Group for Age-associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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27
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Hu Y, Li H, Li R, Wu Z, Yang W, Qu W. Puerarin protects vascular smooth muscle cells from oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced reductions in viability via inhibition of the p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:270. [PMID: 33199995 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin belongs to the family of flavonoids extracted from Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi, which exhibits antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, antitumor, anti-hypertensive and anti-atherosclerotic activities. In the present study, the effects of puerarin on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were explored to understand the mechanisms underlying the anti-atherosclerotic effects of puerarin. VSMCs were treated with various concentrations of puerarin (0, 20, 40 and 80 µM) prior to stimulation with ox-LDL (50 µg/ml). VSMC viability was evaluated by performing MTT and Cell Counting Kit-8 assays. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured by performing ELISAs. The mRNA expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Western blotting was conducted to assess the levels of p38-MAPK and JNK phosphorylation. The results indicated that puerarin inhibited ox-LDL-induced VSMC viability. Moreover, puerarin significantly decreased the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, significantly reduced the production of MDA and significantly increased SOD activity in ox-LDL-stimulated VSMCs. Puerarin also inhibited ox-LDL-induced phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in VSMCs. The results suggested that puerarin reduced ox-LDL-induced VSMC viability via inhibition of the p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways. The present study provided theoretical evidence that puerarin may serve as a therapeutic agent to reduce the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, Jilin 134002, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ruili Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zijing Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, Jilin 134002, P.R. China
| | - Wenxin Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, Jilin 134002, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
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Božinović K, Nestić D, Centa UG, Ambriović-Ristov A, Dekanić A, de Bisschop L, Remškar M, Majhen D. In-vitro toxicity of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles on human keratinocytes. Toxicology 2020; 444:152564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Luo J, Wang R, Tang C, Zhang Y. Virtual Screening Technique Used to Estimate the Mechanism of Adhatoda vasica Nees for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:5872980. [PMID: 33062015 PMCID: PMC7542480 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5872980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adhatoda vasica Nees (AVN) is commonly used to treat joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in ethnic minority areas of China, especially in Tibetan and Dai areas, and its molecular mechanisms on RA still remain unclear. Network pharmacology, a novel strategy, utilizes bioinformatics to predict and evaluate drug targets and interactions in disease. Here, network pharmacology was used to investigate the mechanism by which AVN acts in RA. The chemical compositions and functional targets of AVN were retrieved using the systematic pharmacological analysis platform PharmMapper. The targets of RA were queried through the DrugBank database. The protein-protein interaction network (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of key targets were constructed in the STRING database, and the network visualization analysis was performed in Cytoscape. Maestro 11.1, a type of professional software, was used for verifying prediction and analysis based on network pharmacology. By comparing the predicted target information with the targets of RA-related drugs, 25 potential targets may be related to the treatment of RA, among which MAPK1, TNF, DHODH, IL2, PTGS2, and JAK2 may be the main potential targets for the treatment of RA. Finally, the chemical components and potential target proteins were scored by molecular docking, and compared with the ligands of the protein, the prediction results of network pharmacology were preliminarily verified. The active ingredients and mechanism of AVN against RA were firstly investigated using network pharmacology. Additionally, this research provided a solid foundation for further experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Wang
- College Pharmacy of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yunsen Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rushan Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ce Tang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Yang J, Li Y, Wang L, Zhang Z, Li Z, Jia Q. LncRNA H19 aggravates TNF-α-induced inflammatory injury via TAK1 pathway in MH7A cells. Biofactors 2020; 46:813-820. [PMID: 32525617 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic autoimmune disease in women. This research aims to disclose the probable function of lncRNA H19 in MH7A cells. The influences of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammatory factor expression were, respectively, detected through cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay and Western Blot. The levels of H19 and TAK1 were, respectively, tested through qRT-PCR and Western blot. The expression of NF-κB and JNK/p38MAPK pathway-associated proteins was tested through Western blot. We found that TNF-α reduced MH7A cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner and facilitated apoptosis and IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-6 production. Besides, TNF-α treatment raised the level of H19 in MH7A cells. Moreover, H19 silence reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines, while overexpression of H19 reversed this effect. TNF-α treatment elevated the expression of inflammatory cytokines by up-regulating H19. Furthermore, overexpression of H19 promoted TAK1 phosphorylation. Following studies revealed that H19 activated NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK pathways by promoting TAK1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Zunzhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Jia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
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Physalis alkekengi L. Extract Reduces the Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Endothelial Vascular Cells Exposed to Hyperglycemia. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163747. [PMID: 32824505 PMCID: PMC7465244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To find new natural remedies in diabetes, this study investigated the biological activity of two extracts obtained from the fruits (PhyF) and herba (PhyH) of Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii L. on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to normo- and hyperglycemic conditions. The biological effect was quantified by malondialdehyde, IL-31 and IL-33 levels in correlation with physico-chemical characterization and antioxidant activity. Additionally, from PhyP extract, the caspase-3, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and nuclear transcription factor NFkB expressions were evaluated. HPLC analysis revealed a significant number of phenolic compounds, especially in PhyF extract, with a good antioxidant activity as highlighted by TEAC, CUPRAC or DPPH methods. On HUVECS cells, the extracts were not toxic even at high concentrations. Particularly PhyF extract, diminished lipid peroxidation and inhibited the IL-31 and IL-33 secretions induced by hyperglycemia. The inhibitory effect on proinflammatory cytokines was noticed after both doses of PhyF extract in parallel with the upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Moreover, PhyF, especially in a low dose, reduced caspase-3 active form. These experimental findings suggest that Physalis fruits extract exerted beneficial effects in hyperglycemia by inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis being a good adjuvant option in diabetes.
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Hu J, Wang H, Li X, Liu Y, Mi Y, Kong H, Xi D, Yan W, Luo X, Ning Q, Wang X. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 aggravates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via interaction with TLR4, eliciting inflammation in macrophages and inducing hepatic lipid metabolism disorder. Theranostics 2020; 10:9702-9720. [PMID: 32863955 PMCID: PMC7449923 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The functions of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (fgl2) have been studied in many inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, but the role of fgl2 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of fgl2 in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Methods: Hepatic fgl2 expression was tested in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) or NASH and controls. Wild-type and fgl2-/- C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish NASH models. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated with LPS or free fatty acids were used for the in vitro study. Results: In both humans and mice with NASH, macrophage accumulation was concomitant with significantly increased fgl2 expression in the liver. Fgl2 deficiency attenuated liver steatosis and inflammation in diet-induced murine models of NASH. In both liver tissues and BMDMs from NASH mice, fgl2 deficiency resulted in reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared with levels in wild-type controls. Activation of NF-κB, p38-MAPK and NLRP3 inflammasomes was also suppressed upon fgl2 disruption. Moreover, lipogenic genes (Fasn and SREBP-2) were downregulated while lipolytic genes (PPAR and CPT1A) were upregulated in the livers of fgl2-/- NASH mice. Primary hepatocytes incubated with the medium collected from fgl2-/- BMDMs showed less fat deposition than those incubated with WT BMDMs. Furthermore, we discovered that fgl2 combined with TLR4 mediates the activation of the Myd88-dependent signaling pathway, which may contribute to inflammation and lipid metabolism disorders. Conclusions: These data suggest that fgl2 aggravates the progression of NASH through activation of NF-κB, p38-MAPK and NLRP3 inflammasomes in macrophages, which consequently induces overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and lipid metabolism disorders. An interaction of fgl2 and TLR4 may in part contribute to the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Hu
- Department and institute of infectious diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department and institute of infectious diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xitang Li
- Department and institute of infectious diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Hepatology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuqiang Mi
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Hepatology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Kong
- Department and institute of infectious diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Xi
- Department and institute of infectious diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Department and institute of infectious diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department and institute of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department and institute of infectious diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department and institute of infectious diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Wang J, Zhang H, Wang H, Wang J, Sun-Waterhouse D, Waterhouse GIN, Ma C, Kang W. An immunomodulatory polysaccharide from blackberry seeds and its action on RAW 264.7 cells via activation of NF-κB/MAPK pathways. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2020.1747407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Wang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglin Wang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Wang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Functional Components in Health Food, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | - Changyang Ma
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Kang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Zhou S, Cai W, Han G, Li J, Chen M, Li H. Hypoxia/reoxygenation activates the JNK pathway and accelerates synovial senescence. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:265-276. [PMID: 32377698 PMCID: PMC7248463 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) may play an important role via senescence in the mechanism of osteoarthritis (OA) development. The synovial membrane is highly sensitive to H/R due to its oxygen consumption feature. Excessive mechanical loads and oxidative stress caused by H/R induce a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is related to the development of OA. The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences of SASP manifestation in synovial tissue masses between tissues from healthy controls and patients with OA. The present study used tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to pre-treat synovial tissue and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) to observe the effect of inflammatory cytokines on the synovial membrane before H/R. It was determined that H/R increased interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 expression levels in TNF-α-induced cell culture supernatants, increased the proportion of SA-β-gal staining, and increased the expression levels of high mobility group box 1, caspase-8, p16, p21, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-13 in the synovium. Furthermore, H/R opened the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, caused the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, H/R caused the expansion of the mitochondrial matrix and rupture of the mitochondrial extracorporeal membrane, with a decrease in the number of cristae. In addition, H/R induced activation of the JNK signaling pathway in FLS to induce cell senescence. Thus, the present results indicated that H/R may cause inflammation and escalate synovial inflammation induced by TNF-α, which may lead to the pathogenesis of OA by increasing changes in synovial SASP and activating the JNK signaling pathway. Therefore, further studies expanding on the understanding of the pathogenesis of H/R etiology in OA are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubiao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Weisong Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Guangtao Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Haohuan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Pettersen K, Andersen S, van der Veen A, Nonstad U, Hatakeyama S, Lambert C, Lach-Trifilieff E, Moestue S, Kim J, Grønberg BH, Schilb A, Jacobi C, Bjørkøy G. Autocrine activin A signalling in ovarian cancer cells regulates secretion of interleukin 6, autophagy, and cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:195-207. [PMID: 31436048 PMCID: PMC7015233 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of patients with advanced cancer develop cachexia, a weight loss syndrome that severely reduces quality of life and limits survival. Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that cause the condition is limited, and there are currently no treatment options that can completely reverse cachexia. Several tumour-derived factors and inflammatory mediators have been suggested to contribute to weight loss in cachectic patients. However, inconsistencies between studies are recurrent. Activin A and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are among the best studied factors that seem to be important, and several studies support their individual role in cachexia development. METHODS We investigated the interplay between activin A and IL-6 in the cachexia-inducing TOV21G cell line, both in culture and in tumours in mice. We previously found that the human TOV21G cells secrete IL-6 that induces autophagy in reporter cells and cachexia in mice. Using this established cachexia cell model, we targeted autocrine activin A by genetic, chemical, and biological approaches. The secretion of IL-6 from the cancer cells was determined in both culture and tumour-bearing mice by a species-specific ELISA. Autophagy reporter cells were used to monitor the culture medium for autophagy-inducing activities, and muscle mass changes were evaluated in tumour-bearing mice. RESULTS We show that activin A acts in an autocrine manner to promote the synthesis and secretion of IL-6 from cancer cells. By inhibiting activin A signalling, the production of IL-6 from the cancer cells is reduced by 40-50% (up to 42% reduction on protein level, P = 0.0048, and 48% reduction on mRNA level, P = 0.0308). Significantly reduced IL-6 secretion (P < 0.05) from the cancer cells is consistently observed when using biological, chemical, and genetic approaches to interfere with the autocrine activin A loop. Inhibiting activin signalling also reduces the ability of the cancer cells to accelerate autophagy in non-cancerous cells (up to 43% reduced autophagy flux, P = 0.0006). Coherent to the in vitro data, the use of an anti-activin receptor 2 antibody in cachectic tumour-bearing mice reduces serum levels of cancer cell-derived IL-6 by 62% (from 417 to 159 pg/mL, P = 0.03), and, importantly, it reverses cachexia and counteracts loss of all measured muscle groups (P < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS Our data support a functional link between activin A and IL-6 signalling pathways and indicate that interference with activin A-induced IL-6 secretion from the tumour has therapeutic potential for cancer-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Pettersen
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sonja Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna van der Veen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Unni Nonstad
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shinji Hatakeyama
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lambert
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Lach-Trifilieff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Siver Moestue
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jana Kim
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Henning Grønberg
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Oncology, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alain Schilb
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Jacobi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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36
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Yang X, Li Y, Lv R, Qian H, Chen X, Yang CF. Study on the Multitarget Mechanism and Key Active Ingredients of Herba Siegesbeckiae and Volatile Oil against Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:8957245. [PMID: 31885670 PMCID: PMC6899322 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8957245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herba Siegesbeckiae (HS, Xixiancao in Chinese) is widely used to treat inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and arthritis, and its molecular mechanisms and active ingredients have not been completely elucidated. METHODS In this study, the small molecule ligand library of HS was built based on Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP). The essential oil from HS was extracted through hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The target of RA was screened based on Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). The key genes were output by the four algorithms' maximum neighborhood component (MNC), degree, maximal clique centrality (MCC), and stress in cytoHubba in Cytoscape, while biological functions and pathways were also analyzed. The key active ingredients and mechanism of HS and essential oil against RA were verified by molecular docking technology (Sybyl 2.1.1) in treating RA. The interaction between 6 active ingredients (degree ≥ 5) and CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 was researched based on the software Ligplot. RESULTS There were 31 small molecule constituents of HS and 16 main chemical components of essential oil (relative content >1%) of HS. There were 47 chemical components in HS. Networks showed that 9 core targets (TNF, IL1β, CSF2, IFNG, CTLA4, IL18, CD26, CXCL8, and IL6) of RA were based on Venn diagrams. In addition, molecular docking simulation indicated that CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 had good binding activity with the corresponding compounds (degree > 10).The 6 compounds (degree ≥ 5) of HS and essential oil had good interaction with 5 or more targets. CONCLUSION This study validated and predicted the mechanism and key active ingredients of HS and volatile oil in treating RA. Additionally, this study provided a good foundation for further experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Runlin Lv
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haibing Qian
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiangyun Chen
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chang Fu Yang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
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Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Reduce Interleukin-6 Expression in Intervertebral Disc Cells Via Nuclear Factor-κβ and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase p38 Pathways. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2019; 44:E1290-E1297. [PMID: 31689248 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is an in vitro study of bovine disc cells exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) effects on the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression is mediated by two known inflammation regulators, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κβ) and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38-MAPK) signaling pathways SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: Inflammatory cytokines play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. Increasing evidence showed that PEMF, a noninvasive biophysical stimulation, can have physiologically beneficial effects on inflammation and tissue repair. Our previous research shows that PEMF treatment can reduce IL-6 expression by intervertebral disc cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of PEMF action are yet to be uncovered. METHODS Intervertebral disc nuclear pulposus cells were challenged with interleukin-1α (IL-1α) (for mimicking inflammatory microenvironment) and treated with PEMF simultaneously up to 4 hours. Cells were then collected for NF-κβ and phosphorylated p38-MAPK protein detection with Western blot. Additionally, the RelA (p65) subunit of NF-κβ was examined with immunostaining for assessment of NF-κβ activation. RESULTS As expected, Western blot results showed that both NF-κβ and phosphorylated p38 expression were significantly increased by IL-1α treatment. This induction was significantly inhibited to control condition levels by PEMF treatment. Immunostaining demonstrated similar trends, that PEMF treatment reduced the NF-κβ activation induced by IL-1α exposure. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the previously-reported inhibitory effect of PEMF treatment on disc inflammation is mediated by NF-κβ and phosphorylated p38-MAPK signaling pathways. These results further establish PEMFs anti-inflammatory activity, and may inform potential future clinical uses for management of inflammation associated with disc degeneration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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38
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Gong WX, Zhou YZ, Qin XM, DU GH. Involvement of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and MAPKs/NF-κ B inflammatory pathway in the neuroprotective effect of atractylenolide III in corticosterone-induced PC12 cells. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:264-274. [PMID: 31076130 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atractylenolide III (ATL-III), a sesquiterpene compound isolated from Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, has revealed a number of pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activity, and neuroprotective effect. This study aimed to evaluate the cytoprotective efficiency and potential mechanisms of ATL-III on corticosterone injured rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Our results demonstrate that ATL-III increases cell viability and reduces the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The results suggest that ATL-III protects PC12 cells from corticosterone-induced injury by inhibiting the intracellular Ca2+ overloading, inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and modulating the MAPK/NF-ΚB inflammatory pathways. These findings provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanism by which ATL-III protected the PC12 cells against corticosterone-induced injury for the first time. Our results provide the evidence that ATL-III may serve as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xia Gong
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yu-Zhi Zhou
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Guan-Hua DU
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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39
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Shin JY, Che DN, Cho BO, Kang HJ, Kim J, Jang SI. Commiphora myrrha inhibits itch-associated histamine and IL-31 production in stimulated mast cells. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1914-1920. [PMID: 31410154 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Commiphora myrrha (Myrrh) is widely recognized for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which are utilized for the treatment of oral ulcers, gingivitis, sinusitis, glomerulonephritis, brucellosis and a variety of skin disorders. The current study aimed to assess whether myrrh modulates itch-associated interleukin (IL)-31 cytokine production and histamine release in stimulated human mast cells (HMC-1). To realize this, molecular biology techniques including real-time quantitiative PCR, western blotting and ELISA were employed. The results indicated that Myrrh successfully suppressed phorbol myristate acetate and calcium ionophore-stimulated mRNA expression, and reduced the production of IL-31 in HMC-1 cells. In addition, myrrh served as a suppressor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NF-κB activation, indicating its mechanism in the prevention of HMC-1 cell IL-31 production. Myrrh also prevented the release of histamine in HMC-1 cells. Whilst the present study awaits in vivo support, the pharmacological actions of myrrh provide new indications as to its potential applicability for itch treatment, which cannot be treated with histamine receptor blockers alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Shin
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis Nchang Che
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 55069, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ok Cho
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 55069, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute, ATO Q&A Co., Ltd., Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54840, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kang
- Research Institute, ATO Q&A Co., Ltd., Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Il Jang
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 55069, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute, ATO Q&A Co., Ltd., Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54840, Republic of Korea
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Yan W, Abu-El-Rub E, Saravanan S, Kirshenbaum LA, Arora RC, Dhingra S. Inflammation in myocardial injury: mesenchymal stem cells as potential immunomodulators. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H213-H225. [PMID: 31125258 PMCID: PMC6732476 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00065.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a growing worldwide epidemic. Improvements in medical and surgical therapies have reduced early mortality after acute myocardial infarction and increased the number of patients living with chronic heart failure. The irreversible loss of functional cardiomyocytes puts these patients at significant risk of ongoing morbidity and mortality after their index event. Recent evidence suggests that inflammation is a key mediator of postinfarction adverse remodeling in the heart. In this review, we discuss the cardioprotective and deleterious effects of inflammation and its mediators during acute myocardial infarction. We also explore the role of mesenchymal stem cell therapy to limit secondary injury and promote myocardial healing after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiang Yan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Ejlal Abu-El-Rub
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Sekaran Saravanan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Bioengineering, SASTRA University , Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Lorrie A Kirshenbaum
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Rakesh C Arora
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Sanjiv Dhingra
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
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Zhang X, Fan L, Wu J, Xu H, Leung WY, Fu K, Wu J, Liu K, Man K, Yang X, Han J, Ren J, Yu J. Macrophage p38α promotes nutritional steatohepatitis through M1 polarization. J Hepatol 2019; 71:163-174. [PMID: 30914267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are important inflammatory factors. p38α alteration has been implicated in both human and mouse inflammatory disease models. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the cell type-specific role of p38α in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS Human liver tissues were obtained from 27 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and 20 control individuals. NASH was established and compared between hepatocyte-specific p38α knockout (p38αΔHep), macrophage-specific p38α knockout (p38αΔMΦ) and wild-type (p38αfl/fl) mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat/high-cholesterol diet (HFHC), or methionine-and choline-deficient diet (MCD). p38 inhibitors were administered to HFHC-fed wild-type mice for disease treatment. RESULTS p38α was significantly upregulated in the liver tissues of patients with NAFLD. Compared to p38αfl/fl littermates, p38αΔHep mice developed significant nutritional steatohepatitis induced by HFD, HFHC or MCD. Meanwhile, p38αΔMΦ mice exhibited less severe steatohepatitis and insulin resistance than p38αfl/fl mice in response to a HFHC or MCD. The effect of macrophage p38α in promoting steatohepatitis was mediated by the induction of pro-inflammatory factors (CXCL2, IL-1β, CXCL10 and IL-6) secreted by M1 macrophages and associated signaling pathways. p38αΔMΦ mice exhibited M2 anti-inflammatory polarization as demonstrated by increased CD45+F4/80+CD11b+CD206+ M2 macrophages and enhanced arginase activity in liver tissues. Primary hepatocytes from p38αΔMΦ mice showed decreased steatosis and inflammatory damage. In a co-culture system, p38α deleted macrophages attenuated steatohepatitic changes in hepatocytes through decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, CXCL10 and IL-6), which mediate M1 macrophage polarization in p38αΔMΦ mice. Restoration of TNF-α, CXCL10 or IL-6 induced lipid accumulation and inflammatory responses in p38αfl/fl hepatocytes co-cultured with p38αΔMΦ macrophages. Moreover, pharmacological p38 inhibitors suppressed HFHC-induced steatohepatitis. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage p38α promotes the progression of steatohepatitis by inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and M1 polarization. p38 inhibition protects against steatohepatitis. LAY SUMMARY: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are important inflammatory factors. In the present study, we demonstrated that p38α is upregulated in liver tissues of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Genetic deletion of p38α in macrophages led to ameliorated nutritional steatohepatitis in mice through decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and increased M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lina Fan
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wing Yan Leung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kaili Fu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jingtong Wu
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ken Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kwan Man
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Jiahuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianlin Ren
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Zhang C, Li C, Jia X, Wang K, Tu Y, Wang R, Liu K, Lu T, He C. In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Polyphyllin VII through Downregulating MAPK and NF-κB Pathways. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050875. [PMID: 30832224 PMCID: PMC6429153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polyphyllin VII (PP7), a steroidal saponin from Paris polyphylla, has been found to exert strong anticancer activity. Little is known about the anti-inflammatory property of PP7. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity and its underlying mechanisms of PP7 were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in multiple animal models. Methods: The content of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by spectrophotometry. The levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes was determined by qPCR. The total and phosphorylated protein levels were examined by Western blotting. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by using mouse and zebrafish models. Results: PP7 reduced the production of NO and PGE2 and the protein and mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and enzymes (inducible NO synthase [iNOS], cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2], and Matrix metalloproteinase-9 [MMP-9]) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by suppressing the NF-κB and MAPKs pathways. Notably, PP7 markedly inhibited xylene-induced ear edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in mice and suppressed LPS and CuSO4-induced inflammation and toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that PP7 exerts strong anti-inflammatory activities in multiple in vitro and in vivo models and suggests that PP7 is a potential novel therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Chaoying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Xuejing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Yanbei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Rongchun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biosensor, Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Kechun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biosensor, Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
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Scallop Extracts Inhibited LPS-Induced Inflammation by Suppressing MAPK and NF-κB Activation in RAW264.7 Macrophages. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1155:1069-1081. [PMID: 31468468 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Scallops belong to cosmopolitan family of bivalves which are found in any oceans. They are one of the most important marine fishery resources in the world. The shell, meat and pearl layer have a high utilization value and a lot of scallops are eaten as food. In this study, we established anti-inflammatory effect of Scallops water extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 mononuclear macrophage. Our results indicated that Scallop water extract effectively reduced the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). In addition, Scallop water extract suppressed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. Further investigation indicated that anti-inflammatory effect of Scallop water extract via suppressing downregulation of MAPK (JNK, p38 and ERK) and NF-κB signaling.
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Habibian J, Ferguson BS. The Crosstalk between Acetylation and Phosphorylation: Emerging New Roles for HDAC Inhibitors in the Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E102. [PMID: 30597863 PMCID: PMC6337125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately five million United States (U.S.) adults are diagnosed with heart failure (HF), with eight million U.S. adults projected to suffer from HF by 2030. With five-year mortality rates following HF diagnosis approximating 50%, novel therapeutic treatments are needed for HF patients. Pre-clinical animal models of HF have highlighted histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as efficacious therapeutics that can stop and potentially reverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction linked with HF development. HDACs remove acetyl groups from nucleosomal histones, altering DNA-histone protein electrostatic interactions in the regulation of gene expression. However, HDACs also remove acetyl groups from non-histone proteins in various tissues. Changes in histone and non-histone protein acetylation plays a key role in protein structure and function that can alter other post translational modifications (PTMs), including protein phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation is a well described PTM that is important for cardiac signal transduction, protein activity and gene expression, yet the functional role for acetylation-phosphorylation cross-talk in the myocardium remains less clear. This review will focus on the regulation and function for acetylation-phosphorylation cross-talk in the heart, with a focus on the role for HDACs and HDAC inhibitors as regulators of acetyl-phosphorylation cross-talk in the control of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Habibian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Bradley S Ferguson
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Quintans JSS, Shanmugam S, Heimfarth L, Araújo AAS, Almeida JRGDS, Picot L, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Monoterpenes modulating cytokines - A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:233-257. [PMID: 30389585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory response can be driven by cytokine production and is a pivotal target in the management of inflammatory diseases. Monoterpenes have shown that promising profile as agents which reduce the inflammatory process and also modulate the key chemical mediators of inflammation, such as pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The main interest focused on monoterpenes were to develop the analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this review, we summarized current knowledge on monoterpenes that produce anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the release of cytokines, as well as suggesting that which monoterpenoid molecules may be most effective in the treatment of inflammatory disease. Several different inflammatory markers were evaluated as a target of monoterpenes. The proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were found TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 IL-13, IL-17A, IFNγ, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ. Our review found evidence that NF-κB and MAPK signaling are important pathways for the anti-inflammatory action of monoterpenes. We found 24 monoterpenes that modulate the production of cytokines, which appears to be the major pharmacological mechanism these compounds possess in relation to the attenuation of inflammatory response. Despite the compelling evidence supporting the anti-inflammatory effect of monoterpenes, further studies are necessary to fully explore their potential as anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jullyana S S Quintans
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Saravanan Shanmugam
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Luana Heimfarth
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Jackson R G da S Almeida
- Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants (NEPLAME), Federal University of San Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Laurent Picot
- UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, University of La Rochelle, 17042, La Rochelle, France
| | - Lucindo J Quintans-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
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Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combat Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Sepsis in Rats via Amendment of P38-MAPK Signaling Cascade. Inflammation 2018; 41:541-554. [PMID: 29204871 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disorder which often occurs during extremely stressful conditions such as trauma, burn, shock, and infection. This study investigated the curative effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) against hepatic, renal, and pulmonary responses caused by a single administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/kg, i.p) in rats. Treatment with BM-MSCs (5 × 105 in 0.1 ml PBS, i.p.) 3 h after LPS antagonized the LPS-induced increment of the liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and kidney functions (BUN, sCr). BM-MSCs decreased tissue levels of P38-MAPK, NF-κB, STAT-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, Bax together with elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the anti-apoptotic biomarker Bcl-2. Meanwhile, rats exhibited marked reduction of the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ. Interestingly, BM-MSCs normalized both broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophils count and lung wet/dry ratios. Briefly, these findings may provide a preclinical platform for the management of LPS-induced sepsis using BM-MSCs via their ameliorative anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic potentials.
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Cardiac hypertrophy in sarcopenic obese C57BL/6J mice is independent of Akt/mTOR cellular signaling. Exp Gerontol 2018; 111:122-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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48
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Slevin M, Iemma RS, Zeinolabediny Y, Liu D, Ferris GR, Caprio V, Phillips N, Di Napoli M, Guo B, Zeng X, AlBaradie R, Binsaleh NK, McDowell G, Fang WH. Acetylcholine Inhibits Monomeric C-Reactive Protein Induced Inflammation, Endothelial Cell Adhesion, and Platelet Aggregation; A Potential Therapeutic? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2124. [PMID: 30319609 PMCID: PMC6168760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In this study, we examined the possibility of using targeted antibodies and the potential of small molecular therapeutics (acetylcholine, nicotine and tacrine) to block the pro-inflammatory and adhesion-related properties of monomeric C-reactive protein (mCRP). Methods: We used three established models (platelet aggregation assay, endothelial leucocyte binding assay and monocyte inflammation via ELISA and Western blotting) to assess the potential of these therapeutics. Results: The results of this study showed that monocyte induced inflammation (raised tumor necrosis factor-alpha-TNF-α) induced by mCRP was significantly blocked in the presence of acetylcholine and nicotine, whilst tacrine and targeted antibodies (clones 8C10 and 3H12) had less of or no significant effects. Western blotting confirmed the ability of acetylcholine to inhibit mCRP-induced cell signaling phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). There was no evidence of direct binding between small molecules and mCRP. mCRP also induced endothelial cell-monocyte adhesion in a dose dependent fashion, however, both acetylcholine and nicotine as well as targeting antibodies notably inhibited adhesion. Finally, we investigated their effects on mCRP-induced platelet aggregation. All three small molecules significantly attenuated platelet aggregation as did the antibody 8C10, although 3H12 had a weaker effect. Discussion: Acetylcholine and to a lesser extent nicotine show potential for therapeutic inhibition of mCRP-induced inflammation and cell and platelet adhesion. These results highlight the potential of targeted antibodies and small molecule therapeutics to inhibit the binding of mCRP by prevention of membrane interaction and subsequent activation of cellular cascade systems, which produce the pro-inflammatory effects associated with mCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Slevin
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute of Dementia and Neurolgical Aging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Rocco S Iemma
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Zeinolabediny
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Applied Medical Sciences College, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donghui Liu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Applied Medical Sciences College, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Glenn R Ferris
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Vittorio Caprio
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Phillips
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Di Napoli
- Neurological Service, Ospedale San Camillo de Lellis, Rieti, Italy
| | - Baoqiang Guo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute of Dementia and Neurolgical Aging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xianwei Zeng
- Institute of Dementia and Neurolgical Aging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Raid AlBaradie
- Applied Medical Sciences College, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif K Binsaleh
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Garry McDowell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wen-Hui Fang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Zaki OS, Safar MM, Ain-Shoka AA, Rashed LA. A Novel Role of a Chemotherapeutic Agent in a Rat Model of Endotoxemia: Modulation of the STAT-3 Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 41:20-32. [PMID: 28871508 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a life-threatening disease accompanied by multiple organ failure. This study investigated the curative effects of imatinib (IMA) against hepatic, renal, and pulmonary responses caused by a single administration of LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.) in rats. Treatment with IMA (15 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min after LPS antagonized the LPS-induced boost of liver enzymes (ALT, AST), kidney functions (BUN, sCr) as well as the elevated pulmonary vascular permeability and edema. IMA declined tissue contents of NF-κB, STAT-3, P38-MAPK, TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS. It also amplified the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 as well as the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, a cardinal indicator of the anti-apoptotic effect. Meanwhile, the rats exhibited marked reduction of the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and neutrophil count; however, they revealed prominent augmentation of the BALF content IL-10. In conclusion, these findings suggest that IMA is endowed with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties and hence may provide a novel agent for the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia S Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for technology & information (MTI), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Marwa M Safar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Afaf A Ain-Shoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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50
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Shin JS, Im HT, Lee KT. Saikosaponin B2 Suppresses Inflammatory Responses Through IKK/IκBα/NF-κB Signaling Inactivation in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Inflammation 2018; 42:342-353. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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