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Bokhove M, Kawamura T, Okumura H, Goto S, Kawano Y, Werner S, Jarczowski F, Klimyuk V, Saito A, Kumasaka T. The structure of the rat vitamin B 12 transporter TC and its complex with glutathionylcobalamin. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107289. [PMID: 38636663 PMCID: PMC11107200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin or Cbl) functions as a cofactor in two important enzymatic processes in human cells, and life is not sustainable without it. B12 is obtained from food and travels from the stomach, through the intestine, and into the bloodstream by three B12-transporting proteins: salivary haptocorrin (HC), gastric intrinsic factor, and transcobalamin (TC), which all bind B12 with high affinity and require proteolytic degradation to liberate Cbl. After intracellular delivery of dietary B12, Cbl in the aquo/hydroxocobalamin form can coordinate various nucleophiles, for example, GSH, giving rise to glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl), a naturally occurring form of vitamin B12. Currently, there is no data showing whether GSCbl is recognized and transported in the human body. Our crystallographic data shows for the first time the complex between a vitamin B12 transporter and GSCbl, which compared to aquo/hydroxocobalamin, binds TC equally well. Furthermore, sequence analysis and structural comparisons show that TC recognizes and transports GSCbl and that the residues involved are conserved among TCs from different organisms. Interestingly, haptocorrin and intrinsic factor are not structurally tailored to bind GSCbl. This study provides new insights into the interactions between TC and Cbl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bokhove
- Structural Biology Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kawamura
- Structural Biology Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideo Okumura
- Structural Biology Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sawako Goto
- Department of Applied Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kawano
- Advanced Photon Technology Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Akihiko Saito
- Department of Applied Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumasaka
- Structural Biology Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo, Japan.
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Mathew AR, Di Matteo G, La Rosa P, Barbati SA, Mannina L, Moreno S, Tata AM, Cavallucci V, Fidaleo M. Vitamin B12 Deficiency and the Nervous System: Beyond Metabolic Decompensation-Comparing Biological Models and Gaining New Insights into Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:590. [PMID: 38203763 PMCID: PMC10778862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (VitB12) is a micronutrient and acts as a cofactor for fundamental biochemical reactions: the synthesis of succinyl-CoA from methylmalonyl-CoA and biotin, and the synthesis of methionine from folic acid and homocysteine. VitB12 deficiency can determine a wide range of diseases, including nervous system impairments. Although clinical evidence shows a direct role of VitB12 in neuronal homeostasis, the molecular mechanisms are yet to be characterized in depth. Earlier investigations focused on exploring the biochemical shifts resulting from a deficiency in the function of VitB12 as a coenzyme, while more recent studies propose a broader mechanism, encompassing changes at the molecular/cellular levels. Here, we explore existing study models employed to investigate the role of VitB12 in the nervous system, including the challenges inherent in replicating deficiency/supplementation in experimental settings. Moreover, we discuss the potential biochemical alterations and ensuing mechanisms that might be modified at the molecular/cellular level (such as epigenetic modifications or changes in lysosomal activity). We also address the role of VitB12 deficiency in initiating processes that contribute to nervous system deterioration, including ROS accumulation, inflammation, and demyelination. Consequently, a complex biological landscape emerges, requiring further investigative efforts to grasp the intricacies involved and identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Rachel Mathew
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.M.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Giacomo Di Matteo
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Piergiorgio La Rosa
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Saviana Antonella Barbati
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy;
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopment, Neurogenetics and Neuromolecular Biology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.M.); (A.M.T.)
- Research Centre of Neurobiology “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Virve Cavallucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fidaleo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.M.); (A.M.T.)
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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3
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A robust pipeline for efficient knock-in of point mutations and epitope tags in zebrafish using fluorescent PCR based screening. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:810. [PMID: 36476416 PMCID: PMC9730659 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 has become a powerful tool in zebrafish to generate targeted gene knockouts models. However, its use for targeted knock-in remains challenging due to inefficient homology directed repair (HDR) pathway in zebrafish, highlighting the need for efficient and cost-effective screening methods. RESULTS: Here, we present our fluorescent PCR and capillary electrophoresis based screening approach for knock-in using a single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide donor (ssODN) as a repair template for the targeted insertion of epitope tags, or single nucleotide changes to recapitulate pathogenic human alleles. For the insertion of epitope tags, we took advantage of the expected change in size of the PCR product. For point mutations, we combined fluorescent PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to distinguish the fish with the knock-in allele. As a proof-of-principle, we present our data on the generation of fish lines with insertion of a FLAG tag at the tcnba locus, an HA tag at the gata2b locus, and a point mutation observed in Gaucher disease patients in the gba gene. Despite the low number of germline transmitting founders (1-5%), combining our screening methods with prioritization of founder fish by fin biopsies allowed us to establish stable knock-in lines by screening 12 or less fish per gene. CONCLUSIONS We have established a robust pipeline for the generation of zebrafish models with precise integration of small DNA sequences and point mutations at the desired sites in the genome. Our screening method is very efficient and easy to implement as it is PCR-based and only requires access to a capillary sequencer.
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Benoit CR, Walsh DJ, Mekerishvili L, Houerbi N, Stanton AE, McGaughey DM, Brody LC. Loss of the Vitamin B-12 Transport Protein Tcn2 Results in Maternally Inherited Growth and Developmental Defects in Zebrafish. J Nutr 2021; 151:2522-2532. [PMID: 34132337 PMCID: PMC8417929 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) transport involves 3 paralogous proteins: transcobalamin, haptocorrin, and intrinsic factor. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) express 3 genes that encode proteins homologous to known B-12 carrier proteins: tcn2 (a transcobalamin ortholog) and 2 atypical β-domain-only homologs, tcnba and tcnbb. OBJECTIVES Given the orthologous relation between zebrafish Tcn2 and human transcobalamin, we hypothesized that zebrafish carrying null mutations of tcn2 would exhibit phenotypes consistent with vitamin B-12 deficiency. METHODS First-generation and second-generation tcn2-/- zebrafish were characterized using phenotypic assessments, metabolic analyses, viability studies, and transcriptomics. RESULTS Homozygous tcn2-/- fish produced from a heterozygous cross are viable and fertile but exhibit reduced growth, which persists into adulthood. When first-generation female tcn2-/- fish are bred, their offspring exhibit gross developmental and metabolic defects. These phenotypes are observed in all offspring from a tcn2-/- female regardless of the genotype of the male mating partner, suggesting a maternal effect, and can be rescued with vitamin B-12 supplementation. Transcriptome analyses indicate that offspring from a tcn2-/- female exhibit expression profiles distinct from those of offspring from a tcn2+/+ female, which demonstrate dysregulation of visual perception, fatty acid metabolism, and neurotransmitter signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the deposition of vitamin B-12 in the yolk by tcn2-/- females may be insufficient to support the early development of their offspring. These data present a compelling model to study the effects of vitamin B-12 deficiency on early development, with a particular emphasis on transgenerational effects and gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Benoit
- Gene and Environment Interaction Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Darren J Walsh
- Gene and Environment Interaction Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA,School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Levan Mekerishvili
- Gene and Environment Interaction Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nadia Houerbi
- Gene and Environment Interaction Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abigail E Stanton
- Gene and Environment Interaction Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M McGaughey
- Gene and Environment Interaction Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Rzepka Z, Rok J, Kowalska J, Banach K, Hermanowicz JM, Beberok A, Sieklucka B, Gryko D, Wrześniok D. Astrogliosis in an Experimental Model of Hypovitaminosis B12: A Cellular Basis of Neurological Disorders due to Cobalamin Deficiency. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102261. [PMID: 33050187 PMCID: PMC7600008 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin deficiency affects human physiology with sequelae ranging from mild fatigue to severe neuropsychiatric abnormalities. The cellular and molecular aspects of the nervous system disorders associated with hypovitaminosis B12 remain largely unknown. Growing evidence indicates that astrogliosis is an underlying component of a wide range of neuropathologies. Previously, we developed an in vitro model of cobalamin deficiency in normal human astrocytes (NHA) by culturing the cells with c-lactam of hydroxycobalamin (c-lactam OH-Cbl). We revealed a non-apoptotic activation of caspases (3/7, 8, 9) in cobalamin-deficient NHA, which may suggest astrogliosis. The aim of the current study was to experimentally verify this hypothesis. We indicated an increase in the cellular expression of two astrogliosis markers: glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin in cobalamin-deficient NHA using Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry with confocal laser scanning microscopy. In the next step of the study, we revealed c-lactam OH-Cbl as a potential non-toxic vitamin B12 antagonist in an in vivo model using zebrafish embryos. We believe that the presented results will contribute to a better understanding of the cellular mechanism underlying neurologic pathology due to cobalamin deficiency and will serve as a foundation for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Rzepka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (Z.R.); (J.R.); (J.K.); (K.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (Z.R.); (J.R.); (J.K.); (K.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Justyna Kowalska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (Z.R.); (J.R.); (J.K.); (K.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Klaudia Banach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (Z.R.); (J.R.); (J.K.); (K.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (Z.R.); (J.R.); (J.K.); (K.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Beata Sieklucka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (Z.R.); (J.R.); (J.K.); (K.B.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-3-2364-1050
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6
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Bakke FK, Monte MM, Stead DA, Causey DR, Douglas A, Macqueen DJ, Dooley H. Plasma Proteome Responses in Salmonid Fish Following Immunization. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581070. [PMID: 33133099 PMCID: PMC7579410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination plays a critical role in the protection of humans and other animals from infectious diseases. However, the same vaccine often confers different protection levels among individuals due to variation in genetics and/or immunological histories. While this represents a well-recognized issue in humans, it has received little attention in fish. Here we address this knowledge gap in a proteomic study of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum), using non-lethal repeated blood sampling to establish the plasma protein response of individual fish following immunization. Six trout were immunized with adjuvanted hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) and peripheral blood sampled at ten time points from day 0 to day 84 post-injection. We confirm that an antigen-specific antibody response to HEL was raised, showing differences in timing and magnitude among individuals. Using label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we quantified the abundance of 278 plasma proteins across the timecourse. As part of the analysis, we show that this approach can distinguish many (but not all) duplicated plasma proteins encoded by paralogous genes retained from the salmonid-specific whole genome duplication event. Global variation in the plasma proteome was predominantly explained by individual differences among fish. However, sampling day explained a major component of variation in abundance for a statistically defined subset of 41 proteins, representing 15% of those detected. These proteins clustered into five groups showing distinct temporal responses to HEL immunization at the population level, and include classical immune (e.g. complement system members) and acute phase molecules (e.g. apolipoproteins, haptoglobins), several enzymes and other proteins supporting the immune response, in addition to evolutionarily conserved molecules that are as yet uncharacterized. Overall, this study improves our understanding of the fish plasma proteome, provides valuable marker proteins for different phases of the immune response, and has implications for vaccine development and the design of immune challenge experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Bakke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Milena M Monte
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - David A Stead
- Aberdeen Proteomics, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Dwight R Causey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Douglas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Macqueen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Dooley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Sloan JL, Achilly NP, Arnold ML, Catlett JL, Blake T, Bishop K, Jones M, Harper U, English MA, Anderson S, Trivedi NS, Elkahloun A, Hoffmann V, Brooks BP, Sood R, Venditti CP. The vitamin B12 processing enzyme, mmachc, is essential for zebrafish survival, growth and retinal morphology. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:2109-2123. [PMID: 32186706 PMCID: PMC7399538 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin C (cblC) deficiency, the most common inborn error of intracellular cobalamin metabolism, is caused by mutations in MMACHC, a gene responsible for the processing and intracellular trafficking of vitamin B12. This recessive disorder is characterized by a failure to metabolize cobalamin into adenosyl- and methylcobalamin, which results in the biochemical perturbations of methylmalonic acidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia and hypomethioninemia caused by the impaired activity of the downstream enzymes, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase. Cobalamin C deficiency can be accompanied by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, including progressive blindness, and, in mice, manifests with very early embryonic lethality. Because zebrafish harbor a full complement of cobalamin metabolic enzymes, we used genome editing to study the loss of mmachc function and to develop the first viable animal model of cblC deficiency. mmachc mutants survived the embryonic period but perished in early juvenile life. The mutants displayed the metabolic and clinical features of cblC deficiency including methylmalonic acidemia, severe growth retardation and lethality. Morphologic and metabolic parameters improved when the mutants were raised in water supplemented with small molecules used to treat patients, including hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, methionine and betaine. Furthermore, mmachc mutants bred to express rod and/or cone fluorescent reporters, manifested a retinopathy and thin optic nerves (ON). Expression analysis using whole eye mRNA revealed the dysregulation of genes involved in phototransduction and cholesterol metabolism. Zebrafish with mmachc deficiency recapitulate the several of the phenotypic and biochemical features of the human disorder, including ocular pathology, and show a response to established treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Sloan
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Nathan P Achilly
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Madeline L Arnold
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Jerrel L Catlett
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Trevor Blake
- Zebrafish Core Facility, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Zebrafish Core Facility, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Marypat Jones
- Genomics Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Ursula Harper
- Genomics Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Milton A English
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Stacie Anderson
- Flow Cytometry, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Niraj S Trivedi
- Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Victoria Hoffmann
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Raman Sood
- Zebrafish Core Facility, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Charles P Venditti
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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8
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Nieto-Orellana A, Li H, Rosiere R, Wauthoz N, Williams H, Monteiro CJ, Bosquillon C, Childerhouse N, Keegan G, Coghlan D, Mantovani G, Stolnik S. Targeted PEG-poly(glutamic acid) complexes for inhalation protein delivery to the lung. J Control Release 2019; 316:250-262. [PMID: 31678655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery is increasingly seen as an attractive, non-invasive route for the delivery of forthcoming protein therapeutics. In this context, here we describe protein complexes with a new 'complexing excipient' - vitamin B12-targeted poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(glutamic acid) copolymers. These form complexes in sub-200nm size with a model protein, suitable for cellular targeting and intracellular delivery. Initially we confirmed expression of vitamin B12-internalization receptor (CD320) by Calu-3 cells of the in vitro lung epithelial model used, and demonstrated enhanced B12 receptor-mediated cellular internalization of B12-targeted complexes, relative to non-targeted counterparts or protein alone. To develop an inhalation formulation, the protein complexes were spray dried adopting a standard protocol into powders with aerodynamic diameter within the suitable range for lower airway deposition. The cellular internalization of targeted complexes from dry powders applied directly to Calu-3 model was found to be 2-3 fold higher compared to non-targeted complexes. The copolymer complexes show no complement activation, and in vivo lung tolerance studies demonstrated that repeated administration of formulated dry powders over a 3 week period in healthy BALB/c mice induced no significant toxicity or indications of lung inflammation, as assessed by cell population count and quantification of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α pro-inflammatory markers. Importantly, the in vivo data appear to suggest that B12-targeted polymer complexes administered as dry powder enhance lung retention of their protein payload, relative to protein alone and non-targeted counterparts. Taken together, our data illustrate the potential developability of novel B12-targeted poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(glutamic acid) copolymers as excipients suitable to be formulated into a dry powder product for the inhalation delivery of proteins, with no significant lung toxicity, and with enhanced protein retention at their in vivo target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nieto-Orellana
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - H Li
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - R Rosiere
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics (ULBGAL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, BE, Belgium
| | - N Wauthoz
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics (ULBGAL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, BE, Belgium
| | - H Williams
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - C J Monteiro
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - C Bosquillon
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - G Keegan
- Vectura Group plc, Chippenhafm, UK
| | | | - G Mantovani
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - S Stolnik
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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9
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Tissue-Specific Transcriptomes Reveal Gene Expression Trajectories in Two Maturing Skin Epithelial Layers in Zebrafish Embryos. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:3439-3452. [PMID: 31431477 PMCID: PMC6778804 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are the building blocks of many organs, including skin. The vertebrate skin initially consists of two epithelial layers, the outer periderm and inner basal cell layers, which have distinct properties, functions, and fates. The embryonic periderm ultimately disappears during development, whereas basal cells proliferate to form the mature, stratified epidermis. Although much is known about mechanisms of homeostasis in mature skin, relatively little is known about the two cell types in pre-stratification skin. To define the similarities and distinctions between periderm and basal skin epithelial cells, we purified them from zebrafish at early development stages and deeply profiled their gene expression. These analyses identified groups of genes whose tissue enrichment changed at each stage, defining gene flow dynamics of maturing vertebrate epithelia. At each of 52 and 72 hr post-fertilization (hpf), more than 60% of genes enriched in skin cells were similarly expressed in both layers, indicating that they were common epithelial genes, but many others were enriched in one layer or the other. Both expected and novel genes were enriched in periderm and basal cell layers. Genes encoding extracellular matrix, junctional, cytoskeletal, and signaling proteins were prominent among those distinguishing the two epithelial cell types. In situ hybridization and BAC transgenes confirmed our expression data and provided new tools to study zebrafish skin. Collectively, these data provide a resource for studying common and distinguishing features of maturing epithelia.
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