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Li X, Lv Q, Liu P, Han G, Yu S. Understanding of Endomucin: a Multifaceted Glycoprotein Functionality in Vascular Inflammatory-Related Diseases, Bone Diseases and Cancers. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024:e2400061. [PMID: 38955667 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Endomucin (MUC14), encoded by EMCN gene, is an O-glycosylated transmembrane mucin that is mainly found in venous endothelial cells (ECs) and highly expressed in type H vessels of bone tissue. Its main biological functions include promoting endothelial generation and migration through the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway and inhibiting the adhesion of inflammatory cells to ECs. In addition, it induces angiogenesis and promotes bone formation. Due to the excellent functions of Endomucin in the above aspects, it provides a new research target for the treatment of vascular inflammatory-related diseases and bone diseases. Based on the current understanding of its function, the research of Endomucin mainly focuses on the above two diseases. As it is known, the progression of cancer is closely related to angiogenesis. Endomucin recently is found to be differentially expressed in a variety of tumors and correlated with survival rate. The biological role of Endomucin in cancer is opaque. This article introduces the research progress of Endomucin in vascular inflammatory-related diseases and bone diseases, discusses its application value and prospect in the treatment, and collects the latest research situation of Endomucin in tumors, to provide meaningful evidence for expanding the research field of Endomucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Guiping Han
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Mental Hospital, Harbin, 150036, China
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2
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Kršek A, Batičić L, Ćurko-Cofek B, Batinac T, Laškarin G, Miletić-Gršković S, Sotošek V. Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Endothelial Glycocalyx Dysfunction during Heart Surgery. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3794-3809. [PMID: 38785504 PMCID: PMC11119104 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (EGC) is a layer of proteoglycans (associated with glycosaminoglycans) and glycoproteins, which adsorbs plasma proteins on the luminal surface of endothelial cells. Its main function is to participate in separating the circulating blood from the inner layers of the vessels and the surrounding tissues. Physiologically, the EGC stimulates mechanotransduction, the endothelial charge, thrombocyte adhesion, leukocyte tissue recruitment, and molecule extravasation. Hence, severe impairment of the EGC has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including sepsis, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders, hypernatremia, hypervolemia, atherosclerosis, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Moreover, alterations in EGC have been associated with altered responses to therapeutic interventions in conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. Investigation into the function of the glycocalyx has expanded knowledge about vascular disorders and indicated the need to consider new approaches in the treatment of severe endothelial dysfunction. This review aims to present the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases and to elucidate the impact of heart surgery on EGC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antea Kršek
- Faculty of Rijeka, University of Medicine, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Lara Batičić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (B.Ć.-C.); (G.L.)
| | - Tanja Batinac
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (T.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Gordana Laškarin
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (B.Ć.-C.); (G.L.)
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism “Thalassotherapia-Opatija”, M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia;
| | - Silvija Miletić-Gršković
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism “Thalassotherapia-Opatija”, M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia;
| | - Vlatka Sotošek
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (T.B.); (V.S.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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3
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Zhang Y, Luo F, Dong K. Soluble NKG2D ligands impair CD8 + T cell antitumor function dependent of NKG2D downregulation in neuroblastoma. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:297. [PMID: 37274476 PMCID: PMC10236264 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell-based immunotherapy has achieved remarkable beneficial clinical outcomes. Tumor-derived NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) allow tumors to escape immunologic surveillance. However, the mechanism underlying NKG2DL-mediated immune escape in neuroblastoma (NB) remains incompletely understood. In the present study, first soluble NKG2DL, soluble major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I-related chain A and soluble UL-16 binding proteins expression levels were determined in both the serum from patients with NB and in NB cell line culture supernatants. NB cell-derived sNKG2DL was initially cleaved by ADAM10 and ADAM17. Furthermore, sNKG2DL expression levels were positively correlated with the immunosuppressive microenvironment and poor prognosis. Tumor-derived sNKG2DL induced degradation of NKG2D on CD8+ T cells and impaired CD8+ T cell proliferation, IFN-γ production, and CD107a translocation. More importantly, blockage of sNKG2DL increased the antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells. Thus, the results showed that NB-induced immunosuppression was achieved through tumor-derived sMICA and sULBP-2, and blockage of the tumor-derived sNKG2DLs with sNKG2DL neutralizing antibodies was a novel strategy to recover T-cell function and enhance antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Kuiran Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
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Knežević D, Ćurko-Cofek B, Batinac T, Laškarin G, Rakić M, Šoštarič M, Zdravković M, Šustić A, Sotošek V, Batičić L. Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review and Clinical Implications. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10050213. [PMID: 37233179 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10050213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac surgery is one of the highest-risk procedures, usually involving cardiopulmonary bypass and commonly inducing endothelial injury that contributes to the development of perioperative and postoperative organ dysfunction. Substantial scientific efforts are being made to unravel the complex interaction of biomolecules involved in endothelial dysfunction to find new therapeutic targets and biomarkers and to develop therapeutic strategies to protect and restore the endothelium. This review highlights the current state-of-the-art knowledge on the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx and mechanisms of endothelial glycocalyx shedding in cardiac surgery. Particular emphasis is placed on potential strategies to protect and restore the endothelial glycocalyx in cardiac surgery. In addition, we have summarized and elaborated the latest evidence on conventional and potential biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction to provide a comprehensive synthesis of crucial mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and to highlight their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijel Knežević
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tanja Batinac
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Laškarin
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
| | - Marijana Rakić
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
| | - Maja Šoštarič
- Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Therapy, Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Clinical Center Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Zdravković
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Alan Šustić
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Sotošek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lara Batičić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Hwang H, Liu R, Eldridge R, Hu X, Forghani P, Jones DP, Xu C. Chronic ethanol exposure induces mitochondrial dysfunction and alters gene expression and metabolism in human cardiac spheroids. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:643-658. [PMID: 36799338 PMCID: PMC10149610 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol consumption in adults can induce various cardiac toxicities such as arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Prenatal alcohol exposure can increase the risk of developing congenital heart defects among offspring. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying long-term alcohol exposure-induced cardiotoxicity can help guide the development of therapeutic strategies. METHODS Cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) were engineered into cardiac spheroids and treated with clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol (17 and 50 mM) for 5 weeks. The cells were then analyzed for changes in mitochondrial features, transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles, and integrated omics outcomes. RESULTS Following chronic ethanol treatment of hiPSC-CMs, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration and changes in expression of mitochondrial function-related genes were observed. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed changes in various metabolic processes, heart development, response to hypoxia, and extracellular matrix-related activities. Metabolomic analysis revealed dysregulation of energy metabolism and increased metabolites associated with the upregulation of inflammation. Integrated omics analysis further identified functional subclusters and revealed potentially affected pathways associated with cardiac toxicities. CONCLUSION Chronic ethanol treatment of hiPSC-CMs resulted in overall decreased mitochondrial function, increased glycolysis, disrupted fatty acid oxidation, and impaired cardiac structural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ronald Eldridge
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parvin Forghani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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6
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Liao S, Lin Y, Liu L, Yang S, Lin Y, He J, Shao Y. ADAM10-a "multitasker" in sepsis: focus on its posttranslational target. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:395-423. [PMID: 36565333 PMCID: PMC9789377 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis has a complex pathogenesis in which the uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response triggered by infection leads to vascular barrier disruption, microcirculation dysfunction and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Numerous recent studies reveal that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) acts as a "molecular scissor" playing a pivotal role in the inflammatory response during sepsis by regulating proteolysis by cleaving various membrane protein substrates, including proinflammatory cytokines, cadherins and Notch, which are involved in intercellular communication. ADAM10 can also act as the cellular receptor for Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin, leading to lethal sepsis. However, its substrate-specific modulation and precise targets in sepsis have not yet to be elucidated. METHODS We performed a computer-based online search using PubMed and Google Scholar for published articles concerning ADAM10 and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we focus on the functions of ADAM10 in sepsis-related complex endothelium-immune cell interactions and microcirculation dysfunction through the diversity of its substrates and its enzymatic activity. In addition, we highlight the posttranslational mechanisms of ADAM10 at specific subcellular sites, or in multimolecular complexes, which will provide the insight to intervene in the pathophysiological process of sepsis caused by ADAM10 dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglin Liao
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
| | - Yao Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Organ Dysfunction and Protection Translational Medicine, Jieyang Medical Research Center, Jieyang People’s Hospital, Tianfu Road 107, Rongcheng District, Jieyang, 522000 Guangdong China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
| | - Shuai Yang
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
| | - YingYing Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Organ Dysfunction and Protection Translational Medicine, Jieyang Medical Research Center, Jieyang People’s Hospital, Tianfu Road 107, Rongcheng District, Jieyang, 522000 Guangdong China
| | - Junbing He
- The Key Laboratory of Organ Dysfunction and Protection Translational Medicine, Jieyang Medical Research Center, Jieyang People’s Hospital, Tianfu Road 107, Rongcheng District, Jieyang, 522000 Guangdong China
| | - Yiming Shao
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong China
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7
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Kearns JD, Wassmann P, Olgac U, Fichter M, Christen B, Rubic-Schneider T, Koepke S, Cochin de Billy B, Ledieu D, Andre C, Hawtin S, Fischer B, Moretti F, Hug C, Bepperling A, Brannetti B, Mendez-Garcia C, Littlewood-Evans A, Clemens A, Grosskreutz CL, Mehan P, Schmouder RL, Sasseville V, Brees D, Karle AC. A root cause analysis to identify the mechanistic drivers of immunogenicity against the anti-VEGF biotherapeutic brolucizumab. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabq5068. [PMID: 36724241 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq5068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity against intravitreally administered brolucizumab has been previously described and associated with cases of severe intraocular inflammation, including retinal vasculitis/retinal vascular occlusion (RV/RO). The presence of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) in these patients led to the initial hypothesis that immune complexes could be key mediators. Although the formation of ADAs and immune complexes may be a prerequisite, other factors likely contribute to some patients having RV/RO, whereas the vast majority do not. To identify and characterize the mechanistic drivers underlying the immunogenicity of brolucizumab and the consequence of subsequent ADA-induced immune complex formation, a translational approach was performed to bridge physicochemical characterization, structural modeling, sequence analysis, immunological assays, and a quantitative systems pharmacology model that mimics physiological conditions within the eye. This approach revealed that multiple factors contributed to the increased immunogenic potential of brolucizumab, including a linear epitope shared with bacteria, non-natural surfaces due to the single-chain variable fragment format, and non-native drug species that may form over prolonged time in the eye. Consideration of intraocular drug pharmacology and disease state in a quantitative systems pharmacology model suggested that immune complexes could form at immunologically relevant concentrations modulated by dose intensity. Assays using circulating immune cells from treated patients or treatment-naïve healthy volunteers revealed the capacity of immune complexes to trigger cellular responses such as enhanced antigen presentation, platelet aggregation, endothelial cell activation, and cytokine release. Together, these studies informed a mechanistic understanding of the clinically observed immunogenicity of brolucizumab and associated cases of RV/RO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Kearns
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paul Wassmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Ufuk Olgac
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marie Fichter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Christen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Koepke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | - David Ledieu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Andre
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Stuart Hawtin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Fischer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Moretti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hug
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Barbara Brannetti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Andreas Clemens
- Medical Affairs Region Europe, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Pawan Mehan
- TRD Biologics and CGT, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Robert L Schmouder
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Vito Sasseville
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dominique Brees
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Anette C Karle
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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8
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Tang BY, Ge J, Wu Y, Wen J, Tang XH. The Role of ADAM17 in Inflammation-Related Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:1283-1296. [PMID: 35648358 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that poses a huge economic burden due to its extremely poor prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to explore potential mechanisms to improve the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) is a cell membrane-bound protein that performs a range of functions through membrane protein shedding and intracellular signaling. ADAM17-mediated inflammation has been identified to be an important contributor to atherosclerosis; however, the specific relationship between its multiple regulatory roles and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remains unclear. Here, we reviewed the activation, function, and regulation of ADAM17, described in detail the role of ADAM17-mediated inflammatory damage in atherosclerosis, and discussed several controversial points. We hope that these insights into ADAM17 biology will lead to rational management of atherosclerosis. ADAM17 promotes vascular inflammation in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, and regulates the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Yi Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Third Hospital of Changsha, 176 W. Laodong Road, Changsha, 410015, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiao-Hong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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9
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Nierenberg D, Flores O, Fox D, Sip YYL, Finn CM, Ghozlan H, Cox A, Coathup M, McKinstry KK, Zhai L, Khaled AR. Macromolecules Absorbed from Influenza Infection-Based Sera Modulate the Cellular Uptake of Polymeric Nanoparticles. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040219. [PMID: 36546919 PMCID: PMC9775140 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimizing the biological identity of nanoparticles (NPs) for efficient tumor uptake remains challenging. The controlled formation of a protein corona on NPs through protein absorption from biofluids could favor a biological identity that enables tumor accumulation. To increase the diversity of proteins absorbed by NPs, sera derived from Influenza A virus (IAV)-infected mice were used to pre-coat NPs formed using a hyperbranched polyester polymer (HBPE-NPs). HBPE-NPs, encapsulating a tracking dye or cancer drug, were treated with sera from days 3-6 of IAV infection (VS3-6), and uptake of HBPE-NPs by breast cancer cells was examined. Cancer cells demonstrated better uptake of HBPE-NPs pre-treated with VS3-6 over polyethylene glycol (PEG)-HBPE-NPs, a standard NP surface modification. The uptake of VS5 pre-treated HBPE-NPs by monocytic cells (THP-1) was decreased over PEG-HBPE-NPs. VS5-treated HBPE-NPs delivered a cancer drug more efficiently and displayed better in vivo distribution over controls, remaining stable even after interacting with endothelial cells. Using a proteomics approach, proteins absorbed from sera-treated HBPE-NPs were identified, such as thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), that could bind multiple cancer cell receptors. Our findings indicate that serum collected during an immune response to infection is a rich source of macromolecules that are absorbed by NPs and modulate their biological identity, achieving rationally designed uptake by targeted cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nierenberg
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Orielyz Flores
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - David Fox
- NanoScience Technology Science Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Yuen Yee Li Sip
- NanoScience Technology Science Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Caroline M. Finn
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Heba Ghozlan
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Amanda Cox
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Biionix Cluster and Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Karl Kai McKinstry
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- NanoScience Technology Science Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Lei Zhai
- NanoScience Technology Science Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Annette R. Khaled
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- NanoScience Technology Science Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-407-266-7035
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10
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Foote CA, Soares RN, Ramirez-Perez FI, Ghiarone T, Aroor A, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA. Endothelial Glycocalyx. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3781-3811. [PMID: 35997082 PMCID: PMC10214841 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation-mechanotransduction of blood flow-dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow-mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associated with a variety of pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastatic cancer, and diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering the mechanisms that promote glycocalyx degradation or limit its syntheses, as well as on therapeutic approaches to improve glycocalyx integrity with the goal of reducing vascular disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rogerio N. Soares
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya Aroor
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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11
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The dynamic nature of the Coronavirus receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in differentiating airway epithelia. BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100044. [PMID: 35187520 PMCID: PMC8840828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Once inhaled, SARS-CoV-2 particles enter respiratory ciliated cells by interacting with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Understanding the nature of ACE2 within airway tissue has become a recent focus particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Airway mucociliary tissue was generated in-vitro using primary human nasal epithelial cells and the air-liquid interface (ALI) model of differentiation. Using ALI tissue, three distinct transcript variants of ACE2 were identified. One transcript encodes the documented full-length ACE2 protein. The other two transcripts are unique truncated isoforms, that until recently had only been predicted to exist via sequence analysis software. Quantitative PCR revealed that all three transcript variants are expressed throughout differentiation of airway mucociliary epithelia. Immunofluorescence analysis of individual ACE2 protein isoforms exogenously expressed in cell-lines revealed similar abilities to localize in the plasma membrane and interact with the SARS CoV 2 spike receptor binding domain. Immunohistochemistry on differentiated ALI tissue using antibodies to either the N-term or C-term of ACE2 revealed both overlapping and distinct signals in cells, most notably only the ACE2 C-term antibody displayed plasma-membrane localization. We also demonstrate that ACE2 protein shedding is different in ALI Tissue compared to ACE2-transfected cell lines, and that ACE2 is released from both the apical and basal surfaces of ALI tissue. Together, our data highlights various facets of ACE2 transcripts and protein in airway mucociliary tissue that may represent variables which impact an individual's susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, or the severity of Covid-19.
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12
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Hu Z, Cano I, D’Amore PA. Update on the Role of the Endothelial Glycocalyx in Angiogenesis and Vascular Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:734276. [PMID: 34532323 PMCID: PMC8438194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.734276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a negatively charged, carbohydrate-rich structure that arises from the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium and is comprised of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The glycocalyx, which sits at the interface between the endothelium and the blood, is involved in a wide array of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including as a mechanotransducer and as a regulator of inflammation. Most recently, components of the glycocalyx have been shown to play a key role in controlling angiogenesis. In this review, we briefly summarize the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx. We focus on its role and functions in vascular inflammation and angiogenesis and discuss the important unanswered questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Hu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Issahy Cano
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patricia A. D’Amore
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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13
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Secretome and Tunneling Nanotubes: A Multilevel Network for Long Range Intercellular Communication between Endothelial Cells and Distant Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157971. [PMID: 34360735 PMCID: PMC8347715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a cellular interface between the blood and tissues, the endothelial cell (EC) monolayer is involved in the control of key functions including vascular tone, permeability and homeostasis, leucocyte trafficking and hemostasis. EC regulatory functions require long-distance communications between ECs, circulating hematopoietic cells and other vascular cells for efficient adjusting thrombosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, infection and immunity. This intercellular crosstalk operates through the extracellular space and is orchestrated in part by the secretory pathway and the exocytosis of Weibel Palade Bodies (WPBs), secretory granules and extracellular vesicles (EVs). WPBs and secretory granules allow both immediate release and regulated exocytosis of messengers such as cytokines, chemokines, extracellular membrane proteins, coagulation or growth factors. The ectodomain shedding of transmembrane protein further provide the release of both receptor and ligands with key regulatory activities on target cells. Thin tubular membranous channels termed tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) may also connect EC with distant cells. EVs, in particular exosomes, and TNTs may contain and transfer different biomolecules (e.g., signaling mediators, proteins, lipids, and microRNAs) or pathogens and have emerged as a major triggers of horizontal intercellular transfer of information.
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14
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Chan YJ, Liao PL, Tsai CH, Cheng YW, Lin FL, Ho JD, Chen CY, Li CH. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles impair the inner blood-retinal barrier and retinal electrophysiology through rapid ADAM17 activation and claudin-5 degradation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:4. [PMID: 33422125 PMCID: PMC7796566 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depending on their distinct properties, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are manufactured extensively and widely present in our daily necessities, with growing environmental release and public concerns. In sunscreen formulations, supplementation of TiO2-NPs may reach up to 25% (w/w). Ocular contact with TiO2-NPs may occur accidentally in certain cases, allowing undesirable risks to human vision. This study aimed to understand the barrier integrity of retinal endothelial cells in response to TiO2-NP exposure. bEnd.3 cells and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were exposed to TiO2-NP, followed by examination of their tight junction components and functions. Results TiO2-NP treatment apparently induced a broken structure of the junctional plaques, conferring decreased transendothelial electrical resistance, a permeable paracellular cleft, and improved cell migration in vitro. This might involve rapid activation of metalloproteinase, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17), and ADAM17-mediated claudin-5 degradation. For the in vivo study, C57BL/6 mice were administered a single dose of TiO2-NP intravitreally and then subjected to a complete ophthalmology examination. Fluorescein leakage and reduced blood flow at the optical disc indicated a damaged inner blood-retinal barrier induced by TiO2-NPs. Inappreciable change in the thickness of retinal sublayers and alleviated electroretinography amplitude were observed in the TiO2-NP-treated eyes. Conclusions Overall, our data demonstrate that TiO2-NP can damage endothelial cell function, thereby affecting retinal electrophysiology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-020-00395-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Chan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hao Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Li Lin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jau-Der Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hao Li
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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15
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Zhang G, Yang X, Gao R. Research progress on the structure and function of endomucin. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:325-329. [PMID: 33532708 PMCID: PMC7824966 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endomucin is a type I integral membrane glycoprotein, which is expressed in venous and capillary endothelial cells. It consists of 261 amino acids with an extracellular domain that is highly O-glycosylated at serine and threonine residues and has several potential N-glycosylation sites. Endomucin plays an important role in biological processes such as cell interaction, molecular cell signaling, angiogenesis and cell migration, and in recent years it has also been identified as an anti-adhesion molecule and a marker of endothelial cells. While it has been shown to be involved in a number of physiological and pathological mechanisms, many of its functions remain unknown, and further study is needed. This article reviews research progress on the function of endomucin to date, in order to provide guidance for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine CentrePeking Union Medical Collage (PUMC)BeijingPR China
| | - Xingjiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine CentrePeking Union Medical Collage (PUMC)BeijingPR China
| | - Ran Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine CentrePeking Union Medical Collage (PUMC)BeijingPR China
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16
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Lupu F, Kinasewitz G, Dormer K. The role of endothelial shear stress on haemodynamics, inflammation, coagulation and glycocalyx during sepsis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12258-12271. [PMID: 32951280 PMCID: PMC7687012 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a multifactorial syndrome primarily determined by the host response to an invading pathogen. It is common, with over 48 million cases worldwide in 2017, and often lethal. The sequence of events in sepsis begins with the damage of endothelium within the microvasculature, as a consequence of the inflammatory and coagulopathic responses to the pathogen that can progress to multiple organ failure and death. Most therapeutic interventions target the inflammation and coagulation pathways that act as an auto-amplified vicious cycle, which, if unchecked can be fatal. Normal blood flow and shear stress acting on a healthy endothelium and intact glycocalyx have anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and self-repairing effects. During early stages of sepsis, the vascular endothelium and its glycocalyx become dysfunctional, yet they are essential components of resuscitation and recovery from sepsis. The effects of shear forces on sepsis-induced endothelial dysfunction, including inflammation, coagulation, complement activation and microcirculatory breakdown are reviewed. It is suggested that early therapeutic strategies should prioritize on the restoration of shear forces and endothelial function and on the preservation of the endothelial-glycocalyx barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Gary Kinasewitz
- Cardiovascular Biology Research ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
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Regulation of CXCR6 Expression on Adipocytes and Osteoblasts Differentiated from Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8870133. [PMID: 32922452 PMCID: PMC7453243 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8870133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (hADMSCs) are a desirable candidate in regenerative medicine. hADMSCs secrete growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines and also express various receptors that are important in cell activation, differentiation, and migration to injured tissue. We showed that the expression level of chemokine receptor CXCR6 was significantly increased by ~2.5-fold in adipogenic-differentiated cells (Ad), but not in osteogenic-differentiated cells (Os) when compared with hADMSCs. However, regulation of CXCR6 expression on hADMSCs by using lentiviral particles did not affect the differentiation potential of hADMSCs. Increased expression of CXCR6 on Ad was mediated by both receptor recycling, which was in turn regulated by secretion of CXCL16, and de novo synthesis. The level of soluble CXCL16 was highly increased in both Ad and Os in particular, which inversely correlates with the expression on a transmembrane-bound form of CXCL16 that is cleaved by disintegrin and metalloproteinase. We concluded that the expression of CXCR6 is regulated by receptor degradation or recycling when it is internalized by interaction with CXCL16 and by de novo synthesis of CXCR6. Overall, our study may provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms of the CXCR6 reciprocally expressed on differentiated cells from hADMSCs.
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