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Balaji D, Mohanasundaram K, Gopalakrishnan KV, Suthakaran PK. Anti-carbamylated Protein Antibodies Positivity in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Association With Rheumatoid Factor and Anti-cyclic Citrullinated Protein Antibodies. Cureus 2024; 16:e63652. [PMID: 39092366 PMCID: PMC11293019 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a widespread autoimmune disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The current markers include anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies and rheumatoid factor (RF), which are nonspecific and elevated in various conditions and do not have a prognostic value. They are also elevated in the later stages of the disease. Anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies have been reported to be associated with joint damage in RA. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of anti-CarP antibodies in individuals with RA and their relationship with inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Methods This was a cross-sectional case-control study conducted from April 2020 to March 2021 at the Saveetha Medical College, Chennai, India. The age makeup of the three groups was evaluated: Group 1 comprised anti-CCP and RF-positive patients; Group 2 comprised anti-CCP and RF-negative patients; and Group 3 was the control group, which comprised healthy volunteers. Patient samples, including blood and serum, have been utilized to conduct various assessments aimed at evaluating biomarkers such as CRP, ESR, RF, and autoantibodies like anti-CCP and anti-CarP. Results This study examined the role of various autoantibodies and biomarkers in RA across three distinct groups. Group 1 predominantly consisted of middle-aged individuals, and women constituted the majority in both Group 1 and Group 2, consistent with higher RA prevalence among females. In Group 1, 65.7% of patients tested positive for anti-CarP, while in Group 2, 48.6% tested positive even when RF and anti-CCP antibodies were absent. This suggests a potential diagnostic role for anti-CarP antibodies in identifying RA patients early. CRP and ESR levels were significantly elevated in RA patients (Groups 1 and 2) compared to healthy controls (Group 3), indicating higher inflammatory activity in affected individuals. We also observed that anti-CarP antibodies had a specificity of 69.1% and a sensitivity of 78.2%. Positive correlations between the diagnosis of RA and anti-CarP antibody positivity were observed across the groups and correlated well with the inflammatory markers and signs such as joint damage. The data were found to be statistically significant. Conclusions Our study showed a significant correlation between joint damage and CRP levels and a positive correlation between anti-CarP antibodies and ESR and CRP values. These findings suggest that anti-CarP antibodies can offer certain advantages over RF and anti-CCP antibodies in RA diagnosis due to their early detection potential, higher specificity, complementary diagnostic role, and predictive value for disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Balaji
- Internal Medicine, Saveetha Medical College Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Kavitha Mohanasundaram
- Rheumatology, Saveetha Medical College Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Karpaka Vinayakam Gopalakrishnan
- Internal Medicine, Saveetha Medical College Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Prasanna Karthik Suthakaran
- Internal Medicine, Saveetha Medical College Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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2
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Raposo B, Klareskog L, Robinson WH, Malmström V, Grönwall C. The peculiar features, diversity and impact of citrulline-reactive autoantibodies. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:399-416. [PMID: 38858604 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Since entering the stage 25 years ago as a highly specific serological biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) have been a topic of extensive research. This hallmark B cell response arises years before disease onset, displays interpatient autoantigen variability, and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Technological and scientific advances have revealed broad clonal diversity and intriguing features including high levels of somatic hypermutation, variable-domain N-linked glycosylation, hapten-like peptide interactions, and clone-specific multireactivity to citrullinated, carbamylated and acetylated epitopes. ACPAs have been found in different isotypes and subclasses, in both circulation and tissue, and are secreted by both plasmablasts and long-lived plasma cells. Notably, although some disease-promoting features have been reported, results now demonstrate that certain monoclonal ACPAs therapeutically block arthritis and inflammation in mouse models. A wealth of functional studies using patient-derived polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have provided evidence for pathogenic and protective effects of ACPAs in the context of arthritis. To understand the roles of ACPAs, one needs to consider their immunological properties by incorporating different facets such as rheumatoid arthritis B cell biology, environmental triggers and chronic antigen exposure. The emerging picture points to a complex role of citrulline-reactive autoantibodies, in which the diversity and dynamics of antibody clones could determine clinical progression and manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Raposo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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van der Woude D, Toes REM. Immune response to post-translationally modified proteins in rheumatoid arthritis: what makes it special? Ann Rheum Dis 2024; 83:838-846. [PMID: 38378236 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exhibits common characteristics with numerous other autoimmune diseases, including the presence of susceptibility genes and the presence of disease-specific autoantibodies. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are the hallmarking autoantibodies in RA and the anti-citrullinated protein immune response has been implicated in disease pathogenesis. Insight into the immunological pathways leading to anti-citrullinated protein immunity will not only aid understanding of RA pathogenesis, but may also contribute to elucidation of similar mechanisms in other autoantibody-positive autoimmune diseases. Similarly, lessons learnt in other human autoimmune diseases might be relevant to understand potential drivers of RA. In this review, we will summarise several novel insights into the biology of the anti-citrullinated protein response and their clinical associations that have been obtained in recent years. These insights include the identification of glycans in the variable domain of ACPA, the realisation that ACPA are polyreactive towards other post-translational modifications on proteins, as well as new awareness of the contributing role of mucosal sites to the development of the ACPA response. These findings will be mirrored to emerging concepts obtained in other human (autoimmune) disease characterised by disease-specific autoantibodies. Together with an updated understanding of genetic and environmental risk factors and fresh perspectives on how the microbiome could contribute to antibody formation, these advancements coalesce to a progressively clearer picture of the B cell reaction to modified antigens in the progression of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René E M Toes
- Rheumatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Werner A, Hanić M, Zaitseva OO, Lauc G, Lux A, Nitschke L, Nimmerjahn F. IgG sialylation occurs in B cells pre antibody secretion. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1402000. [PMID: 38827747 PMCID: PMC11140079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids as terminal sugar residues on cell surface or secreted proteins have many functional roles. In particular, the presence or absence of α2,6-linked sialic acid residues at the immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc fragment can switch IgG effector functions from pro- to anti-inflammatory activity. IgG glycosylation is considered to take place inside the plasma blast/plasma cell while the molecule travels through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus before being secreted. However, more recent studies have suggested that IgG sialylation may occur predominantly post-antibody secretion. To what extent this extracellular IgG sialylation process contributes to overall IgG sialylation remains unclear, however. By generating bone marrow chimeric mice with a B cell-specific deletion of ST6Gal1, the key enzyme required for IgG sialylation, we now show that sialylation of the IgG Fc fragment exclusively occurs within B cells pre-IgG secretion. We further demonstrate that B cells expressing ST6Gal1 have a developmental advantage over B cells lacking ST6Gal1 expression and thus dominate the plasma cell pool and the resulting serum IgG population in mouse models in which both ST6Gal1-sufficient and -deficient B cells are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Werner
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maja Hanić
- Genos Ltd, Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Ltd, Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Lux
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Steiner G, Toes RE. Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis - rheumatoid factor, anticitrullinated protein antibodies and beyond. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2024; 36:217-224. [PMID: 38411194 PMCID: PMC11139241 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW RA is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies among which rheumatoid factors (RFs) and antimodified protein antibodies (AMPA) are serological hallmarks of the disease. In recent years, several novel insights into the biology, immunogenetics and clinical relevance of these autoantibodies have been obtained, which deserve to be discussed in more detail. RECENT FINDINGS RFs from RA patients seem to target distinct epitopes which appear to be quite specific for RA. Determination of immunoglobulin A (IgA) isotypes of RF and anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) may provide prognostic information because their presence is associated with reduced therapeutic responses to TNF inhibitors. Furthermore, IgA levels are increased in RA patients and IgA immune complexes are more potent than immunoglobulin G (IgG) complexes in inducing NET formation. Concerning AMPAs, investigations on variable domain glycosylation (VDG) revealed effects on antigen binding and activation of autoreactive B cells. Studies on pathogenetic involvement of ACPA suggest Janus-faced roles: on the one hand, ACPA may be involved in joint destruction and pain perception while on the other hand protective anti-inflammatory effects may be attributed to a subset of ACPAs. SUMMARY The autoimmune response in RA is extremely complex and still far from being fully understood. Antibodies are not only valuable diagnostic biomarkers but also seem to play pivotal roles in the pathophysiology of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Steiner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III; Medical University of Vienna
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - René E.M. Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Stork EM, van Rijswijck DMH, van Schie KA, Hoek M, Kissel T, Scherer HU, Huizinga TWJ, Heck AJR, Toes REM, Bondt A. Antigen-specific Fab profiling achieves molecular-resolution analysis of human autoantibody repertoires in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3114. [PMID: 38600082 PMCID: PMC11006680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies is a defining feature of many autoimmune diseases. The number of unique autoantibody clones is conceivably limited by immune tolerance mechanisms, but unknown due to limitations of the currently applied technologies. Here, we introduce an autoantigen-specific liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based IgG1 Fab profiling approach using the anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as an example. We show that each patient harbors a unique and diverse ACPA IgG1 repertoire dominated by only a few antibody clones. In contrast to the total plasma IgG1 antibody repertoire, the ACPA IgG1 sub-repertoire is characterised by an expansion of antibodies that harbor one, two or even more Fab glycans, and different glycovariants of the same clone can be detected. Together, our data indicate that the autoantibody response in a prominent human autoimmune disease is complex, unique to each patient and dominated by a relatively low number of clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Stork
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Danique M H van Rijswijck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karin A van Schie
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Max Hoek
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Ulrich Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rene E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Bondt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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7
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Damelang T, Brinkhaus M, van Osch TLJ, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Impact of structural modifications of IgG antibodies on effector functions. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1304365. [PMID: 38259472 PMCID: PMC10800522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, binding to and neutralizing pathogens and other foreign substances. Recent advances in molecular antibody biology and structural protein engineering enabled the modification of IgG antibodies to enhance their therapeutic potential. This review summarizes recent progress in both natural and engineered structural modifications of IgG antibodies, including allotypic variation, glycosylation, Fc engineering, and Fc gamma receptor binding optimization. We discuss the functional consequences of these modifications to highlight their potential for therapeutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Damelang
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thijs L. J. van Osch
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janine Schuurman
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aran F. Labrijn
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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8
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Kawataka M, Ouhara K, Kobayashi E, Shinoda K, Tobe K, Fujimori R, Mizuno N, Sugiyama E, Ozawa T, Kishi H. N-glycan in the variable region of monoclonal ACPA (CCP-Ab1) promotes the exacerbation of experimental arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:3968-3977. [PMID: 36944270 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The variable region of most ACPA IgG molecules in the serum of RA patients carries N-glycan (N-glycanV). To analyse the pathogenicity of N-glycanV of ACPAs, we analysed the pathogenicity of a monoclonal ACPA, CCP-Ab1, with or without N-glycanV, which had been isolated from a patient with RA. METHODS CCP-Ab1 with no N-glycosylation site in the variable region (CCP-Ab1 N-rev) was generated, and antigen binding, the effect on in vitro differentiation of osteoclasts from bone marrow mononuclear cells of autoimmune arthritis-prone SKG mice (the cell size of TRAP+ cells and bone resorption capacity) and the in vivo effect on the onset or exacerbation of autoimmune arthritis in SKG mice were evaluated in comparison with glycosylated CCP-Ab1. RESULTS Amino acid residues in citrullinated peptide (cfc1), which are essential for binding to CCP-Ab1 N-rev and original CCP-Ab1, were almost identical. The size of TRAP+ cells was significantly larger and osteoclast bone resorption capacity was enhanced in the presence of CCP-Ab1, but not with CCP-Ab1 N-rev. This enhancing activity required the sialic acid of the N-glycan and Fc region of CCP-Ab1. CCP-Ab1, but not CCP-Ab1 N-rev, induced the exacerbation of experimental arthritis in the SKG mouse model. CONCLUSIONS These data showed that N-glycanV was required for promoting osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity in both in vitro and in vivo assays. The present study demonstrated the important role of N-glycanV in the exacerbation of experimental arthritis by ACPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Kawataka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Shinoda
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ryousuke Fujimori
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Advanced Antibody Drug Development Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Advanced Antibody Drug Development Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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9
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Holborough-Kerkvliet MD, Mucignato G, Moons SJ, Psomiadou V, Konada RSR, Pedowitz NJ, Pratt MR, Kissel T, Koeleman CAM, Tjokrodirijo RTN, van Veelen PA, Huizinga T, van Schie KAJ, Wuhrer M, Kohler JJ, Bonger KM, Boltje TJ, Toes REM. A photoaffinity glycan-labeling approach to investigate immunoglobulin glycan-binding partners. Glycobiology 2023; 33:732-744. [PMID: 37498177 PMCID: PMC10627247 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans play a pivotal role in biology. However, because of the low-affinity of glycan-protein interactions, many interaction pairs remain unknown. Two important glycoproteins involved in B-cell biology are the B-cell receptor and its secreted counterpart, antibodies. It has been indicated that glycans expressed by these B-cell-specific molecules can modulate immune activation via glycan-binding proteins. In several autoimmune diseases, an increased prevalence of variable domain glycosylation of IgG autoantibodies has been observed. Especially, the hallmarking autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, carry a substantial amount of variable domain glycans. The variable domain glycans expressed by these autoantibodies are N-linked, complex-type, and α2-6 sialylated, and B-cell receptors carrying variable domain glycans have been hypothesized to promote selection of autoreactive B cells via interactions with glycan-binding proteins. Here, we use the anti-citrullinated protein antibody response as a prototype to study potential in solution and in situ B-cell receptor-variable domain glycan interactors. We employed SiaDAz, a UV-activatable sialic acid analog carrying a diazirine moiety that can form covalent bonds with proximal glycan-binding proteins. We show, using oligosaccharide engineering, that SiaDAz can be readily incorporated into variable domain glycans of both antibodies and B-cell receptors. Our data show that antibody variable domain glycans are able to interact with inhibitory receptor, CD22. Interestingly, although we did not detect this interaction on the cell surface, we captured CD79 β glycan-B-cell receptor interactions. These results show the utility of combining photoaffinity labeling and oligosaccharide engineering for identifying antibody and B-cell receptor interactions and indicate that variable domain glycans appear not to be lectin cis ligands in our tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greta Mucignato
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sam J Moons
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, Mercator III, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Venetia Psomiadou
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, Mercator III, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rohit S R Konada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-09185, United States
| | - Nichole J Pedowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rayman T N Tjokrodirijo
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Petrus A van Veelen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karin A J van Schie
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer J Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-09185, United States
| | - Kimberly M Bonger
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, Mercator III, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinaldus E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Vicente MM, Leite-Gomes E, Pinho SS. Glycome dynamics in T and B cell development: basic immunological mechanisms and clinical applications. Trends Immunol 2023:S1471-4906(23)00112-6. [PMID: 37407365 PMCID: PMC10394430 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycans cover the surfaces of all mammalian cells through a process called glycosylation. Nearly all proteins and receptors that integrate the intricate series of co-stimulatory/inhibitory pathways of the immune system are glycosylated. Growing evidence indicates that the development of the immune system at the origins of T and B cell development is tightly regulated by glycosylation. In this opinion, we hypothesize that the glycome composition of developing T and B cells is developmentally regulated. We discuss how glycans play fundamental roles in lymphocyte development and how glycans early define T and B cell functionality in multiple aspects of adaptive immunity. These advances can provide opportunities for the discovery of novel disease factors and more effective candidate treatments for various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel M Vicente
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Graduate Program in Areas of Applied and Basic Biology (GABBA), School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Leite-Gomes
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Salomé S Pinho
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Salman Sajid M, Saleem S, Jabeen F, Waqas Ishaq M, Najam-Ul-Haq M, Ressom HW. Mapping the low abundant plasma glycoproteome using Ranachrome-5 immobilized magnetic terpolymer as improved HILIC sorbent. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1227:123846. [PMID: 37567067 PMCID: PMC10528939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
HILIC (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography) materials enrich glycopeptides. The non-specific interactions because of support material and inadequate hydrophilicity render loss of less abundant glycopeptides in SPE-based enrichments. In this work, magnetic terpolymer (Fe3O4@MAA/DVB/1,2-Epoxy-5-hexene) is functionalized with Ranachrome-5 to generate enhanced hydrophilicity. Amine, carboxylic, and amide groups of ranachrome-5 provide zwitterionic chemistry. Material's magnetic core contributes to ease of operation while higher surface area 97.0711 m2 g-1 immobilizes better quantities of Ranachrome-5. Homogeneous morphology, nano-size, and super hydrophilicity enhance enrichment. Ranachrome-5 functionalized polymeric core-shell beads enrich 25, 18 and 16 N-linked glycopeptides via SPE strategy from tryptic digests of model glycoproteins i.e., immunoglobulin G (IgG), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and chicken avidin, respectively. Zwitterionic chemistry of ranachrome-5 helps in achieving higher selectivity (1:250, HRP / Bovine Serum Albumin), and lower detection limit (100 attomole, HRP digest) with complete glycosylation profile of each standard digest. High binding capacity (137.1 mg/g) and reuse of affinity material up to seven cycles reduce the cost and amount of affinity material for complex sample analysis. A recovery of 91.76% and relative standard deviation (RSD) values less than 1 define the application of HILIC beads for complex samples like plasma. 508 N-linked intact low abundant glycopeptides corresponding to 50 glycoproteins are identified from depleted human plasma samples via nano-Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). Using Single Nucleotide Variances (BioMuta) for low abundant plasma glycoproteins, the potential association of proteins to four cancers, i.e., breast, lung, uterine, and melanoma is evaluated. Via the bottom-up approach, HILIC beads can analyze clinically important low-abundant glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Sajid
- Department of Oncology, Genomics and Epigenomics Shared Resource, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shafaq Saleem
- Department of Oncology, Genomics and Epigenomics Shared Resource, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Fahmida Jabeen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Najam-Ul-Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Habtom W Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Genomics and Epigenomics Shared Resource, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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12
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Trier NH, Houen G. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies as biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:895-911. [PMID: 37578277 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2247986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The serological biomarker anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) may have several functions but is especially important for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) along with clinical symptoms. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of ACPAs, which are useful in RA diagnostics and may improve our understanding of disease etiology. PubMed was searched with combinations of words related to antibodies recognizing epitopes containing the post-translationally modified amino acid citrulline in combination with rheumatoid arthritis; cyclic citrullinated peptide, CCP, anti-CCP, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, ACPA, citrullination, peptide/protein arginine deiminase, PAD, filaggrin, vimentin, keratin, collagen, perinuclear factor, EBNA1, EBNA2, and others. From this search, we made a qualitative extract of publications relevant to the discovery, characterization, and clinical use of these antibodies in relation to RA. We highlight significant findings and identify areas for improvement. EXPERT OPINION ACPAs have high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for RA and recognize citrullinated epitopes from several proteins. The best-performing single epitope originates from Epstein-Barr Virus nuclear antigen 2 and contains a central Cit-Gly motif, which is recognized by ACPAS when located in a flexible peptide structure. In addition, ACPAs may also have prognostic value, especially in relation to early treatment, although ACPAs' main function is to aid in the diagnosis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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13
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Xu Z, Liu Y, He S, Sun R, Zhu C, Li S, Hai S, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Dai L. Integrative Proteomics and N-Glycoproteomics Analyses of Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovium Reveal Immune-Associated Glycopeptides. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100540. [PMID: 37019382 PMCID: PMC10176071 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a typical autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation, synovial tissue hyperplasia, and destruction of bone and cartilage. Protein glycosylation plays key roles in the pathogenesis of RA but in-depth glycoproteomics analysis of synovial tissues is still lacking. Here, by using a strategy to quantify intact N-glycopeptides, we identified 1260 intact N-glycopeptides from 481 N-glycosites on 334 glycoproteins in RA synovium. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the hyper-glycosylated proteins in RA were closely linked to immune responses. By using DNASTAR software, we identified 20 N-glycopeptides whose prototype peptides were highly immunogenic. We next calculated the enrichment scores of nine types of immune cells using specific gene sets from public single-cell transcriptomics data of RA and revealed that the N-glycosylation levels at some sites, such as IGSF10_N2147, MOXD2P_N404, and PTCH2_N812, were significantly correlated with the enrichment scores of certain immune cell types. Furthermore, we showed that aberrant N-glycosylation in the RA synovium was related to increased expression of glycosylation enzymes. Collectively, this work presents, for the first time, the N-glycoproteome of RA synovium and describes immune-associated glycosylation, providing novel insights into RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyu He
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangqing Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Hai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yubin Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Differences in IgG autoantibody Fab glycosylation across autoimmune diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023:S0091-6749(23)00091-X. [PMID: 36716825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased prevalence of autoantibody Fab glycosylation has been demonstrated for several autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVES To study whether elevated Fab glycosylation is a common feature of autoimmunity, this study investigated Fab glycosylation levels on serum IgG and its subclasses for autoantibodies associated with a range of different B cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis subtypes, pemphigus vulgaris, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. METHODS The level of Fab glycosylated IgG antibodies was assessed by lectin affinity chromatography and autoantigen-specific immunoassays. RESULTS In 6 of 10 autoantibody responses, in 5 of 8 diseases, the investigators found increased levels of Fab glycosylation on IgG autoantibodies that varied from 86% in rheumatoid arthritis to 26% in systemic lupus erythematosus. Elevated autoantibody Fab glycosylation was not restricted to IgG4, which is known to be prone to Fab glycosylation, but was also present in IgG1. When autoimmune diseases with a chronic disease course were compared with more acute autoimmune illnesses, increased Fab glycosylation was restricted to the chronic diseases. As a proxy for chronic autoantigen exposure, the investigators determined Fab glycosylation levels on antibodies to common latent herpes viruses, as well as to glycoprotein 120 in individuals who are chronically HIV-1-infected. Immunity to these viral antigens was not associated with increased Fab glycosylation levels, indicating that chronic antigen-stimulation as such does not lead to increased Fab glycosylation levels. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that in chronic but not acute B cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, disease-specific autoantibodies are enriched for Fab glycans.
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Volkov M, Brinkhaus M, van Schie KA, Bondt A, Kissel T, van der Kooi EJ, Bentlage AEH, Koeleman CAM, de Taeye SW, Derksen NI, Dolhain RJEM, Braig-Scherer U, Huizinga TWJ, Wuhrer M, Toes REM, Vidarsson G, van der Woude D. IgG Fab Glycans Hinder FcRn-Mediated Placental Transport. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:158-167. [PMID: 36480251 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abs can be glycosylated in both their Fc and Fab regions with marked effects on Ab function and binding. High levels of IgG Fab glycosylation are associated with malignant and autoimmune conditions, exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis and highly Fab-glycosylated (∼90%) anti-citrullinated protein Abs (ACPAs). Important properties of IgG, such as long half-life and placental transport, are facilitated by the human neonatal Fc receptor (hFcRn). Although it is known that glycosylation of Abs can affect binding to Fc receptors, little is known on the impact of IgG Fab glycosylation on hFcRn binding and transplacental transport. Therefore, we analyzed the interaction between hFcRn and IgG with and without Fab glycans in vitro with various methods as well as in vivo by studying placental transfer of Fab-glycosylated Abs from mothers to newborns. No effect of Fab glycosylation on IgG binding to hFcRn was found by surface plasmon resonance and hFcRn affinity chromatography. In contrast, studies in a cell membrane context revealed that Fab glycans negatively impacted IgG-hFcRn interaction. In line with this, we found that Fab-glycosylated IgGs were transported ∼20% less efficiently across the placenta. This appeared to be a general phenomenon, observed for ACPAs, non-ACPAs, as well as total IgG in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls. Our results suggest that, in a cellular context, Fab glycans inhibit IgG-hFcRn interaction and thus negatively affect the transplacental transfer of IgG. As Fab-glycosylated Abs are frequently associated with autoimmune and malignant disorders and may be potentially harmful, this might encompass a regulatory mechanism, limiting the half-life and transport of such Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Volkov
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin A van Schie
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Bondt
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elvera J van der Kooi
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I Derksen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Radboud J E M Dolhain
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Ute Braig-Scherer
- International Health Centre-Polikliniek Prins Willem, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diane van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Glycosylation has a profound influence on protein activity and cell biology through a variety of mechanisms, such as protein stability, receptor interactions and signal transduction. In many rheumatic diseases, a shift in protein glycosylation occurs, and is associated with inflammatory processes and disease progression. For example, the Fc-glycan composition on (auto)antibodies is associated with disease activity, and the presence of additional glycans in the antigen-binding domains of some autoreactive B cell receptors can affect B cell activation. In addition, changes in synovial fibroblast cell-surface glycosylation can alter the synovial microenvironment and are associated with an altered inflammatory state and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. The development of our understanding of the role of glycosylation of plasma proteins (particularly (auto)antibodies), cells and tissues in rheumatic pathological conditions suggests that glycosylation-based interventions could be used in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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17
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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18
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Sonigra A, Nel HJ, Wehr P, Ramnoruth N, Patel S, van Schie KA, Bladen MW, Mehdi AM, Tesiram J, Talekar M, Rossjohn J, Reid HH, Stuurman FE, Roberts H, Vecchio P, Gourley I, Rigby M, Becart S, Toes RE, Scherer HU, Lê Cao KA, Campbell K, Thomas R. Randomized phase I trial of antigen-specific tolerizing immunotherapy with peptide/calcitriol liposomes in ACPA+ rheumatoid arthritis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e160964. [PMID: 36278483 PMCID: PMC9714780 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDAntigen-specific regulation of autoimmune disease is a major goal. In seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), T cell help to autoreactive B cells matures the citrullinated (Cit) antigen-specific immune response, generating RA-specific V domain glycosylated anti-Cit protein antibodies (ACPA VDG) before arthritis onset. Low or escalating antigen administration under "sub-immunogenic" conditions favors tolerance. We explored safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunological and clinical effects of s.c. DEN-181, comprising liposomes encapsulating self-peptide collagen II259-273 (CII) and NF-κB inhibitor 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.METHODSA double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory, single-ascending-dose, phase I trial assessed the impact of low, medium, and high DEN-181 doses on peripheral blood CII-specific and bystander Cit64vimentin59-71-specific (Cit-Vim-specific) autoreactive T cell responses, cytokines, and ACPA in 17 HLA-DRB1*04:01+ or *01:01+ ACPA+ RA patients on methotrexate.RESULTSDEN-181 was well tolerated. Relative to placebo and normalized to baseline values, Cit-Vim-specific T cells decreased in patients administered medium and high doses of DEN-181. Relative to placebo, percentage of CII-specific programmed cell death 1+ T cells increased within 28 days of DEN-181. Exploratory analysis in DEN-181-treated patients suggested improved RA disease activity was associated with expansion of CII-specific and Cit-Vim-specific T cells; reduction in ACPA VDG, memory B cells, and inflammatory myeloid populations; and enrichment in CCR7+ and naive T cells. Single-cell sequencing identified T cell transcripts associated with tolerogenic TCR signaling and exhaustion after low or medium doses of DEN-181.CONCLUSIONThe safety and immunomodulatory activity of low/medium DEN-181 doses provide rationale to further assess antigen-specific immunomodulatory therapy in ACPA+ RA.TRIAL REGISTRATIONAnzctr.org.au identifier ACTRN12617001482358, updated September 8, 2022.FUNDINGInnovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (grant agreement 777357), supported by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations; Arthritis Queensland; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Research Fellowship; and NHMRC grant 2008287.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amee Sonigra
- Department of Rheumatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hendrik J. Nel
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pascale Wehr
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nishta Ramnoruth
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Swati Patel
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karin A. van Schie
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maxwell W. Bladen
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics and School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ahmed M. Mehdi
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne Tesiram
- Department of Rheumatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meghna Talekar
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh H. Reid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frederik E. Stuurman
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Roberts
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Dendright Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Phillip Vecchio
- Department of Rheumatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian Gourley
- Immunology Clinical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark Rigby
- Immunology Clinical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephane Becart
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rene E.M. Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans Ulrich Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kim-Anh Lê Cao
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics and School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Campbell
- Immunology Translational Medicine, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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Sajid MS, Saleem S, Jabeen F, Najam-Ul-Haq M, Ressom HW. Terpolymeric platform with enhanced hydrophilicity via cysteic acid for serum intact glycopeptide analysis. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:277. [PMID: 35829791 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new polymeric (methyl methacrylate/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate/1,2-epoxy-5-hexene) base/matrix has been fabricated and decorated with zwitterionic hydrophilic cysteic acid (Cya) for the enrichment of intact N-glycopeptides from standards and biological samples. Terpolymer-Cya provides good enrichment efficiency, improved hydrophilicity, and selectivity by virtue of better surface area (2.09 × 102 m2/g) provided by terpolymer and the zwitterionic property offered by cysteic acid. Cysteic acid-functionalized polymeric hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) sorbent enriches 35 and 24 N-linked glycopeptides via SPE (solid phase extraction) mode from tryptic digests of model glycoproteins, i.e., immunoglobulin G (IgG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), respectively. Zwitterionic chemistry of cysteine helps in achieving higher selectivity with BSA digest (1:200), and lower detection limit down to 100 attomoles with a complete glycosylation profile of each standard digest. The recovery of 81% and good reproducibility define the application of terpolymer-Cya for complex samples like a serum. Analysis of human serum provides a profile of 807 intact N-linked glycopeptides via nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest number of glycopeptides enriched by any HILIC sorbent. Selected glycoproteins are evaluated in link to various cancers including the breast, lung, uterine, and melanoma using single-nucleotide variances (BioMuta). This study represents the complete idea of using an in-house developed strategy as a successful tool to help analyze, relate, and answer glycoprotein-based clinical issues regarding cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Sajid
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
- Department of Oncology, Genomics and Epigenomics Shared Resource, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Shafaq Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University, Kutchery Campus, L.M.Q. Road, Multan, 66000, Pakistan
| | - Fahmida Jabeen
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Najam-Ul-Haq
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Habtom W Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Genomics and Epigenomics Shared Resource, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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20
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From risk to chronicity: evolution of autoreactive B cell and antibody responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:371-383. [PMID: 35606567 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of disease-specific autoantibody responses and the efficacy of B cell-targeting therapies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) indicate a pivotal role for B cells in disease pathogenesis. Important advances have shaped our understanding of the involvement of autoantibodies and autoreactive B cells in the disease process. In RA, autoantibodies target antigens with a variety of post-translational modifications such as carbamylation, acetylation and citrullination. B cell responses against citrullinated antigens generate anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), which are themselves modified in the variable domains by abundant N-linked glycans. Insights into the induction of autoreactive B cells against antigens with post-translational modifications and the development of autoantibody features such as isotype usage, epitope recognition, avidity and glycosylation reveal their relationship to particular RA risk factors and clinical phenotypes. Glycosylation of the ACPA variable domain, for example, seems to predict RA onset in ACPA+ healthy individuals, possibly because it affects B cell receptor signalling. Moreover, ACPA-expressing B cells show dynamic phenotypic changes and develop a continuously proliferative and activated phenotype that can persist in patients who are in drug-induced clinical remission. Together, these findings can be integrated into a conceptual framework of immunological autoreactivity in RA, delineating how it develops and persists and why disease activity recurs when therapy is tapered or stopped.
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21
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Flevaris K, Kontoravdi C. Immunoglobulin G N-glycan Biomarkers for Autoimmune Diseases: Current State and a Glycoinformatics Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5180. [PMID: 35563570 PMCID: PMC9100869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective treatment of autoimmune disorders can greatly benefit from disease-specific biomarkers that are functionally involved in immune system regulation and can be collected through minimally invasive procedures. In this regard, human serum IgG N-glycans are promising for uncovering disease predisposition and monitoring progression, and for the identification of specific molecular targets for advanced therapies. In particular, the IgG N-glycome in diseased tissues is considered to be disease-dependent; thus, specific glycan structures may be involved in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases. This study provides a critical overview of the literature on human IgG N-glycomics, with a focus on the identification of disease-specific glycan alterations. In order to expedite the establishment of clinically-relevant N-glycan biomarkers, the employment of advanced computational tools for the interpretation of clinical data and their relationship with the underlying molecular mechanisms may be critical. Glycoinformatics tools, including artificial intelligence and systems glycobiology approaches, are reviewed for their potential to provide insight into patient stratification and disease etiology. Challenges in the integration of such glycoinformatics approaches in N-glycan biomarker research are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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22
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Kissel T, Hafkenscheid L, Wesemael TJ, Tamai M, Kawashiri SY, Kawakami A, El-Gabalawy HS, van Schaardenburg D, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Wuhrer M, van der Helm-van Mil AHM, Allaart CF, van der Woude D, Scherer HU, Toes REM, Huizinga TWJ. IgG Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibody Variable Domain Glycosylation Increases Before the Onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Stabilizes Thereafter: A Cross-Sectional Study Encompassing ~1,500 Samples. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:1147-1158. [PMID: 35188715 PMCID: PMC9544857 DOI: 10.1002/art.42098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective The autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is marked by the presence of anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). A notable feature of IgG ACPA is the abundant expression of N‐linked glycans in the variable domain. However, the presence of ACPA variable domain glycosylation (VDG) across disease stages, and its response to therapy, are poorly described. To understand its dynamics, we investigated the abundance of IgG ACPA VDG in 1,498 samples from individuals in different clinical stages. Methods Using liquid chromatography, we analyzed IgG ACPA VDG profiles in 7 different cohorts from Japan, Canada, The Netherlands, and Sweden. We assessed 106 healthy individuals, 228 individuals with presymptomatic RA, 277 individuals with arthralgia, 307 patients with new‐onset/early RA, and 117 RA patients after prespecified treatment regimens. Additionally, we measured VDG in 234 samples from patients with RA who did or did not achieve long‐term drug‐free remission (DFR) during up to 16 years follow‐up. Results IgG ACPA VDG significantly increased (P < 0.0001) toward disease onset and was associated with ACPA levels and epitope spreading prior to diagnosis. A slight increase in VDG was observed in patients with established RA, with a moderate influence of treatment (P = 0.007). In patients in whom DFR was later achieved, IgG ACPA VDG was already reduced at the time of RA onset. Conclusion The abundance of IgG ACPA VDG increases toward RA onset and correlates with maturation of the ACPA response. While IgG ACPA VDG levels are fairly stable in established disease, a lower degree of VDG at RA onset correlates with DFR. Although the underlying biologic mechanisms remain elusive, our data support the concept that VDG relates to an expansion of the ACPA response in the pre‐disease phase and contributes to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kissel
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lise Hafkenscheid
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Mami Tamai
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Kawashiri
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Dirkjan van Schaardenburg
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center and Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Hans U Scherer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rene E M Toes
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Kissel T, Ge C, Hafkenscheid L, Kwekkeboom JC, Slot LM, Cavallari M, He Y, van Schie KA, Vergroesen RD, Kampstra AS, Reijm S, Stoeken-Rijsbergen G, Koeleman C, Voortman LM, Heitman LH, Xu B, Pruijn GJ, Wuhrer M, Rispens T, Huizinga TW, Scherer HU, Reth M, Holmdahl R, Toes RE. Surface Ig variable domain glycosylation affects autoantigen binding and acts as threshold for human autoreactive B cell activation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm1759. [PMID: 35138894 PMCID: PMC8827743 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis are characterized by variable domain glycans (VDGs). Their abundant occurrence results from the selective introduction of N-linked glycosylation sites during somatic hypermutation, and their presence is predictive for disease development. However, the functional consequences of VDGs on autoreactive B cells remain elusive. Combining crystallography, glycobiology, and functional B cell assays allowed us to dissect key characteristics of VDGs on human B cell biology. Crystal structures showed that VDGs are positioned in the vicinity of the antigen-binding pocket, and dynamic modeling combined with binding assays elucidated their impact on binding. We found that VDG-expressing B cell receptors stay longer on the B cell surface and that VDGs enhance B cell activation. These results provide a rationale on how the acquisition of VDGs might contribute to the breach of tolerance of autoreactive B cells in a major human autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Changrong Ge
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lise Hafkenscheid
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Linda M. Slot
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marco Cavallari
- Biology III (Department of Molecular Immunology), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yibo He
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Karin A. van Schie
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Arieke S.B. Kampstra
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Reijm
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Carolien Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lennard M. Voortman
- Department of Cell and Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Oncode Institute and Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bingze Xu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ger J.M. Pruijn
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom W.J. Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans Ulrich Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Michael Reth
- Biology III (Department of Molecular Immunology), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), 710004 Xi’an, China
| | - Rene E.M. Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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24
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Citrullination in the pathology of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders: recent advances and future perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:94. [PMID: 35079870 PMCID: PMC8788905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous
post-translational modifications (PTMs) govern the collective metabolism of a cell through altering the structure and functions of proteins. The action of the most prevalent PTMs, encompassing phosphorylation, methylation, acylations, ubiquitination and glycosylation is well documented. A less explored protein PTM, conversion of peptidylarginine to citrulline, is the subject of this review. The process of citrullination is catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of conserved enzymes expressed in a variety of human tissues. Accumulating evidence suggest that citrullination plays a significant role in regulating cellular metabolism and gene expression by affecting a multitude of pathways and modulating the chromatin status. Here, we will discuss the biochemical nature of arginine citrullination, the enzymatic machinery behind it and also provide information on the pathological consequences of citrullination in the development of inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, periodontitis and COVID-19), cancer and thromboembolism. Finally, developments on inhibitors against protein citrullination and recent clinical trials providing a promising therapeutic approach to inflammatory disease by targeting citrullination are discussed.
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25
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Cao Y, Song Z, Guo Z, Zhao X, Gong Y, Zhao K, Qu C, Huang Y, Li Y, Gao Y, Zhang J, Guo X. Cytokines in the Immune Microenvironment Change the Glycosylation of IgG by Regulating Intracellular Glycosyltransferases. Front Immunol 2022; 12:724379. [PMID: 35140700 PMCID: PMC8818798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundChanges in IgG glycosylation, as a novel pathological feature, are observed in various autoimmune diseases (AIDs). The glycosylation patterns of IgG play a critical role in regulating the biological function and stability of IgG involved in the pathophysiology of many AIDs. However, the intracellular regulatory mechanisms underlying the effects of disturbances in various cytokines on IgG glycosylation are poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the regulatory effects of elevated cytokines in AIDs on intracellular IgG glycosylation within B cells.MethodsFirst, we established a controlled primary culture system in vitro to differentiate human CD19+ B cells into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). Then, the IgG concentrations in the supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) under IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-21, IL-17A, BAFF, or APRIL stimulation. Next, the glycosylation levels of IgG under different stimuli were compared via a lectin microarray. The fine carbohydrate structures of IgG were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-quadrupole ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Finally, the expression of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases in B cells under stimulation with several cytokines was detected by real-time PCR and western blotting.ResultsWe found that cytokines significantly promoted IgG production in vitro and led to considerably different IgG glycan patterns. Specifically, the results of lectin microarray showed the galactose level of IgG was increased by IFN-γ stimulation (p<0.05), and the sialylation of IgG was increased by IL-21 and IL-17A (p<0.05). The MALDI-TOF-MS data showed that the frequency of agalactosylation was decreased by IFN-γ with the increased frequency of mono-galactosylation and decreased frequency of digalactosylation, accompanied by upregulation of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1. Both frequencies of mono-sialylated and disialylated N-glycans were increased by IL-21 and IL-17A with decreased frequency of asialylation, and the expression of β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 was upregulated by IL-21 and IL-17A.ConclusionAbnormally elevated cytokines in the microenvironment regulates IgG glycan patterns by regulating intracellular glycosyltransferases in human B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijing Song
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Keli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxue Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youyuan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Gao,
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhong X, D’Antona AM, Scarcelli JJ, Rouse JC. New Opportunities in Glycan Engineering for Therapeutic Proteins. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:5. [PMID: 35076453 PMCID: PMC8788452 DOI: 10.3390/antib11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans as sugar polymers are important metabolic, structural, and physiological regulators for cellular and biological functions. They are often classified as critical quality attributes to antibodies and recombinant fusion proteins, given their impacts on the efficacy and safety of biologics drugs. Recent reports on the conjugates of N-acetyl-galactosamine and mannose-6-phosphate for lysosomal degradation, Fab glycans for antibody diversification, as well as sialylation therapeutic modulations and O-linked applications, have been fueling the continued interest in glycoengineering. The current advancements of the human glycome and the development of a comprehensive network in glycosylation pathways have presented new opportunities in designing next-generation therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhong
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Aaron M. D’Antona
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - John J. Scarcelli
- BioProcess R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA;
| | - Jason C. Rouse
- Analytical R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA;
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He J, Ju J, Wang X. The current status of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies and citrullinated protein-reactive B cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:2475-2485. [PMID: 34855107 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis. It is widely acknowledged that the presence of ACPAs is the result of the interaction of genes, the environment and epigenetic modifications. The mechanism by which the factors, especially citrullination and ACPA glycosylation, affect ACPAs is still unclear. In this article, we review the presence of the ACPAs in RA and their relationship with clinical manifestations. The pathogenicity of ACPAs and B cells in RA was also summarized. A growing body of evidence has shown that ACPA-positive patients have more serious bone erosion and destruction and poor clinical prognosis than ACPA-negative patients. Recently, with the direct study of citrullinated protein-reactive B cells, their role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis has been further understood. It indicates that further understanding of the mechanism of ACPAs and CP-reactive B cells would beneficial in the prevention and treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - JiYu Ju
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - XiaoDong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
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Abstract
Glycosylation, one of the most common post-translational modifications in mammalian cells, impacts many biological processes such as cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. As the most abundant glycoprotein in human serum, immunoglobulin G (IgG) plays a vital role in immune response and protection. There is a growing body of evidence suggests that IgG structure and function are modulated by attached glycans, especially N-glycans, and aberrant glycosylation is associated with disease states. In this chapter, we review IgG glycan repertoire and function, strategies for profiling IgG N-glycome and recent studies. Mass spectrometry (MS) based techniques are the most powerful tools for profiling IgG glycome. IgG glycans can be divided into high-mannose, biantennary complex and hybrid types, modified with mannosylation, core-fucosylation, galactosylation, bisecting GlcNAcylation, or sialylation. Glycosylation of IgG affects antibody half-life and their affinity and avidity for antigens, regulates crystallizable fragment (Fc) structure and Fcγ receptor signaling, as well as antibody effector function. Because of their critical roles, IgG N-glycans appear to be promising biomarkers for various disease states. Specific IgG glycosylation can convert a pro-inflammatory response to an anti-inflammatory activity. Accordingly, IgG glycoengineering provides a powerful approach to potentially develop effective drugs and treat disease. Based on the understanding of the functional role of IgG glycans, the development of vaccines with enhanced capacity and long-term protection are possible in the near future.
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Zaytseva OO, Sharapov SZ, Perola M, Esko T, Landini A, Hayward C, Wilson JF, Lauc G, Aulchenko YS, Klarić L, Tsepilov YA. Investigation of the causal relationships between human IgG N-glycosylation and twelve common diseases associated with changes in the IgG N-glycome. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1545-1559. [PMID: 34791244 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the N-glycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) are often observed in pathological states, such as autoimmune, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer. However, in most cases it is not clear if the disease onset causes these changes, or if the changes in IgG N-glycosylation are among the risk factors for the diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the casual relationships between IgG N-glycosylation traits and 12 diseases, in which the alterations of IgG N-glycome were previously reported, using Two Sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach. We have performed Two Sample MR using publicly available summary statistics of genome-wide association studies of IgG N-glycosylation and disease risks. Our results indicate positive causal effect of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on the abundance of N-glycans with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine in the total IgG N-glycome. Therefore, we suggest regarding this IgG glycosylation trait as a biomarker of SLE. We also emphasize the need for more powerful GWAS studies of IgG N-glycosylation to further elucidate the causal effect of IgG N-glycome on the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga O Zaytseva
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Sodbo Zh Sharapov
- Laboratory of Glycogenomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Marcus Perola
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Arianna Landini
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Yurii S Aulchenko
- Laboratory of Glycogenomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Lucija Klarić
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Yakov A Tsepilov
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Functional Genomics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Laboratory of Recombination and Segregation Analysis, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Mueller AL, Payandeh Z, Mohammadkhani N, Mubarak SMH, Zakeri A, Alagheband Bahrami A, Brockmueller A, Shakibaei M. Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113017. [PMID: 34831240 PMCID: PMC8616543 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a chronic systemic, multi-factorial, inflammatory, and progressive autoimmune disease affecting many people worldwide. While patients show very individual courses of disease, with RA focusing on the musculoskeletal system, joints are often severely affected, leading to local inflammation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. To prevent joint damage and physical disability as one of many symptoms of RA, early diagnosis is critical. Auto-antibodies play a pivotal clinical role in patients with systemic RA. As biomarkers, they could help to make a more efficient diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decision. Besides auto-antibodies, several other factors are involved in the progression of RA, such as epigenetic alterations, post-translational modifications, glycosylation, autophagy, and T-cells. Understanding the interplay between these factors would contribute to a deeper insight into the causes, mechanisms, progression, and treatment of the disease. In this review, the latest RA research findings are discussed to better understand the pathogenesis, and finally, treatment strategies for RA therapy are presented, including both conventional approaches and new methods that have been developed in recent years or are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Mueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (A.-L.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran;
| | - Niloufar Mohammadkhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
- Children’s Medical Center, Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Shaden M. H. Mubarak
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf 1967365271, Iraq;
| | - Alireza Zakeri
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 1678815811, Iran;
| | - Armina Alagheband Bahrami
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (A.-L.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (A.-L.M.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-2180-72624
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Wu F, Gao J, Kang J, Wang X, Niu Q, Liu J, Zhang L. B Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis:Pathogenic Mechanisms and Treatment Prospects. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750753. [PMID: 34650569 PMCID: PMC8505880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common, chronic, systemic autoimmune disease, and its clinical features are the proliferation of joint synovial tissue, the formation of pannus and the destruction of cartilage. The global incidence of RA is about 1%, and it is more common in women. The basic feature of RA is the body’s immune system disorders, in which autoreactive CD4+T cells, pathogenic B cells, M1 macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and autoantibodies abnormally increase in the body of RA patients B cell depletion therapy has well proved the important role of B cells in the pathogenesis of RA, and the treatment of RA with B cells as a target has also been paid more and more attention. Although the inflammatory indicators in RA patients receiving B-cell depletion therapy have been significantly improved, the risk of infection and cancer has also increased, which suggests that we need to deplete pathogenic B cells instead of all B cells. However, at present we cannot distinguish between pathogenic B cells and protective B cells in RA patients. In this review, we explore fresh perspectives upon the roles of B cells in the occurrence, development and treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinfang Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuexue Wang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Niu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Mandel-Brehm C, Fichtner ML, Jiang R, Winton VJ, Vazquez SE, Pham MC, Hoehn KB, Kelleher NL, Nowak RJ, Kleinstein SH, Wilson MR, DeRisi JL, O'Connor KC. Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2005-2014. [PMID: 34544801 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Our experimental design focused on examining the B cell repertoire and total IgG. It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. The elevated frequency was attributed to both biased V gene segment usage and somatic hypermutation. IgG-VN-Glyc could be observed in the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG. Autoantigen binding, by four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc, was not altered by the glycosylation. Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleigh Mandel-Brehm
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Miriam L Fichtner
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ruoyi Jiang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Valerie J Winton
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Sara E Vazquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Minh C Pham
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kenneth B Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Proteomics Center of Excellence at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Proteomics Center of Excellence at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Richard J Nowak
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael R Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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33
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Impact of Posttranslational Modification in Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focusing on Citrullination, Carbamylation, and Acetylation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910576. [PMID: 34638916 PMCID: PMC8508717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is caused by prolonged periodic interactions between genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as citrullination, carbamylation, and acetylation are correlated with the pathogenesis of RA. PTM and cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, NETosis, leukotoxic hypercitrullination (LTH), and necrosis are related to each other and induce autoantigenicity. Certain microbial infections, such as those caused by Porphyromonasgingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Prevotella copri, can induce autoantigens in RA. Anti-modified protein antibodies (AMPA) containing anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPAs), anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies, and anti-acetylated protein antibodies (AAPAs) play a role in pathogenesis as well as in prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis. Interestingly, smoking is correlated with both PTMs and AMPAs in the development of RA. However, there is lack of evidence that smoking induces the generation of AMPAs.
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Bondt A, Hoek M, Tamara S, de Graaf B, Peng W, Schulte D, van Rijswijck DMH, den Boer MA, Greisch JF, Varkila MRJ, Snijder J, Cremer OL, Bonten MJM, Heck AJR. Human plasma IgG1 repertoires are simple, unique, and dynamic. Cell Syst 2021; 12:1131-1143.e5. [PMID: 34613904 PMCID: PMC8691384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although humans can produce billions of IgG1 variants through recombination and hypermutation, the diversity of IgG1 clones circulating in human blood plasma has largely eluded direct characterization. Here, we combined several mass-spectrometry-based approaches to reveal that the circulating IgG1 repertoire in human plasma is dominated by a limited number of clones in healthy donors and septic patients. We observe that each individual donor exhibits a unique serological IgG1 repertoire, which remains stable over time but can adapt rapidly to changes in physiology. We introduce an integrative protein- and peptide-centric approach to obtain and validate a full sequence of an individual plasma IgG1 clone de novo. This IgG1 clone emerged at the onset of a septic episode and exhibited a high mutation rate (13%) compared with the closest matching germline DNA sequence, highlighting the importance of de novo sequencing at the protein level. A record of this paper’s transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information. Novel LC-MS-based methods enable personalized IgG1 profiling in plasma Each donor exhibits a simple but unique serological IgG1 repertoire This repertoire adapts to changes in physiology, e.g., sepsis Individual plasma IgG1 clones can be identified by combining top-down and bottom-up proteomics
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bondt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Max Hoek
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Sem Tamara
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan de Graaf
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Weiwei Peng
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Douwe Schulte
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Danique M H van Rijswijck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-François Greisch
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Meri R J Varkila
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf L Cremer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc J M Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands.
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35
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Kissel T, van Wesemael TJ, Lundquist A, Kokkonen H, Kawakami A, Tamai M, van Schaardenburg D, Wuhrer M, Huizinga TW, Scherer HU, van der Woude D, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Toes REM. Genetic predisposition (HLA-SE) is associated with ACPA-IgG variable domain glycosylation in the predisease phase of RA. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 81:141-143. [PMID: 34385139 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke J van Wesemael
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Heidi Kokkonen
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Rheumatology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mami Tamai
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Dirkjan van Schaardenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, Reade, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wj Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Ulrich Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diane van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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36
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Bonasia CG, Abdulahad WH, Rutgers A, Heeringa P, Bos NA. B Cell Activation and Escape of Tolerance Checkpoints: Recent Insights from Studying Autoreactive B Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051190. [PMID: 34068035 PMCID: PMC8152463 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are key drivers of pathogenic processes in autoimmune diseases by the production of autoantibodies, secretion of cytokines, and presentation of autoantigens to T cells. However, the mechanisms that underlie the development of autoreactive B cells are not well understood. Here, we review recent studies leveraging novel techniques to identify and characterize (auto)antigen-specific B cells. The insights gained from such studies pertaining to the mechanisms involved in the escape of tolerance checkpoints and the activation of autoreactive B cells are discussed. In addition, we briefly highlight potential therapeutic strategies to target and eliminate autoreactive B cells in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo G. Bonasia
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Wayel H. Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands;
| | - Abraham Rutgers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands;
| | - Nicolaas A. Bos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
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37
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Lu LL, Das J, Grace PS, Fortune SM, Restrepo BI, Alter G. Antibody Fc Glycosylation Discriminates Between Latent and Active Tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:2093-2102. [PMID: 32060529 PMCID: PMC7661770 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a global health problem and clinical management is complicated by difficulty in discriminating between latent infection and active disease. While M. tuberculosis-reactive antibody levels are heterogeneous, studies suggest that levels of IgG glycosylation differ between disease states. Here we extend this observation across antibody domains and M. tuberculosis specificities to define changes with the greatest resolving power. Methods Capillary electrophoretic glycan analysis was performed on bulk non-antigen–specific IgG, bulk Fc domain, bulk Fab domain, and purified protein derivative (PPD)- and Ag85A-specific IgG from subjects with latent (n = 10) and active (n = 20) tuberculosis. PPD-specific isotype/subclass, PPD-specific antibody-dependent phagocytosis, cellular cytotoxicity, and natural killer cell activation were assessed. Discriminatory potentials of antibody features were evaluated individually and by multivariate analysis. Results Parallel profiling of whole, Fc, and Fab domain-specific IgG glycosylation pointed to enhanced differential glycosylation on the Fc domain. Differential glycosylation was observed across antigen-specific antibody populations. Multivariate modeling highlighted Fc domain glycan species as the top discriminatory features, with combined PPD IgG titers and Fc domain glycans providing the highest classification accuracy. Conclusions Differential glycosylation occurs preferentially on the Fc domain, providing significant discriminatory power between different states of M. tuberculosis infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenette L Lu
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia S Grace
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah M Fortune
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Blanca I Restrepo
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Houston, Brownsville, Texas, USA.,South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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38
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Ali MM, Hussain D, Tang Y, Sun X, Shen Z, Zhang F, Du Z. Boronoisophthalic acid as a novel affinity ligand for the selective capture and release of glycoproteins near physiological pH. Talanta 2021; 225:121896. [PMID: 33592691 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Boronic acid-based affinity materials have gained tremendous attention for the selective separation and recognition of cis-diol containing biomolecules. But often, these boronate affinity materials are stuck to some serious issues like high binding pH and weak affinity, especially in the case of glycoproteins. Here in this study, we used 5-boronoisophthlic acid as a novel affinity ligand for the selective capture and release of glycoproteins. The pKa value of 5-boronoisophthalic acid is investigated to be 7.8 which is just closed to physiological pH and is ideally suitable for the fast binding and elution kinetics of glycoproteins to avoid their degradation and deactivation. The affinity ligand is attached to the surface of polymer support using branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) which enhances the binding strength as it has multiple amine groups available for the attachment of 5-boronoisophthalic for synergistic interactions. The resulting affinity material is characterized and packed in a micropipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam as a frit to make the separation process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust. This boronic acid-based affinity tip exhibits binding constants for model glycoproteins in the range of 10-6-10-7 M, binding capacities in the range of 0.662 μM/g, and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP to BSA) under optimized extraction conditions. Finally, the boronic-based affinity tip is successfully applied to selectively capture the glycoproteins from the human milk sample, especially lactoferrin which is highly important in dairy manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mujahid Ali
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dilshad Hussain
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Yan Tang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xuechun Sun
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhengchao Shen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Corporate Laboratory, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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39
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Slot LM, Vergroesen RD, Kerkman PF, Staudinger E, Reijm S, van Dooren HJ, van der Voort EIH, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM, Scherer HU. Light chain skewing in autoantibodies and B-cell receptors of the citrullinated antigen-binding B-cell response in rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247847. [PMID: 33784344 PMCID: PMC8009422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting 1% of the world population. RA is associated with the presence of autoantibodies, of which anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are most prominent. ACPA are produced by citrullinated antigen-binding B cells that have presumably survived tolerance checkpoints. So far, it is unclear how and when such autoreactive B cells emerge. Light chain (LC) rearrangement and mutation rates can be informative with regard to selection steps during B-cell development. Therefore, we studied LC characteristics of ACPA-expressing B cells and secreted ACPA with the aim to better understand the development of this disease-specific, autoreactive B-cell response. Paired ACPA-IgG and ACPA-depleted IgG were isolated from serum (n = 87) and synovial fluid (SF, n = 21) of patients with established RA. We determined the LC composition for each fraction by ELISA using kappa(Igκ)- and lambda(Igλ) LC-specific antibodies. Cellular LC expression was determined using flow cytometry. In addition, we used a B-cell receptor (BCR)-specific PCR to obtain LC variable region sequences of citrullinated antigen- and tetanus toxoid (TT)-binding B cells. In serum, we observed an increased frequency of lambda LC in ACPA-IgG (1.64:1) compared to control IgG (2.03:1) and to the κ/λ ratio reported for healthy individuals (2:1). A similar trend towards higher frequencies of lambda LCs was observed for ACPA-IgG in SF (1.84:1). Additionally, the percentage of Igλ-expressing B cells was higher for citrullinated antigen-binding B cells (51%) compared to TT-specific (43%) and total CD19+CD20+ B cells (36%). Moreover, an increased Igλ percentage was observed in BCR-sequences derived from ACPA-expressing (49%) compared to TT-specific B cells (34%). Taken together, we report an enhanced frequency of lambda LCs in the secreted ACPA-IgG repertoire and, on the cellular level, in BCR sequences of ACPA-expressing B cells compared to control. This skewing in the autoreactive B-cell repertoire could reflect a process of active selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Slot
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Priscilla F. Kerkman
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Staudinger
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Reijm
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo J. van Dooren
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom W. J. Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René E. M. Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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40
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, autoimmune connective tissue disease. In addition to joint involvement, extra-articular changes and organ complications also occur in the course of the disease. Untreated disease leads to disability and premature death. Therefore, it is important to recognise and begin treatment early. Based on the presence of rheumatoid factor and antibodies against citrullinated peptides, we can distinguish two forms of the disease: seropositive and seronegative. Research continues to elucidate the mechanisms of the onset of the disease, as well as to uncover factors that induce and influence the activity of the disease. The presence of markers that initially appear and affect the course of the disease can potentially aid in patient treatment. In this article, we have collected biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis that are well understood as well as those that have been recently described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Kolarz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Dominika Podgorska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Rafal Podgorski
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland.,Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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Wu CY, Yang HY, Luo SF, Lai JH. From Rheumatoid Factor to Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies and Anti-Carbamylated Protein Antibodies for Diagnosis and Prognosis Prediction in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020686. [PMID: 33445768 PMCID: PMC7828258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease mainly involving synovial inflammation and articular bone destruction. RA is a heterogeneous disease with diverse clinical presentations, prognoses and therapeutic responses. Following the first discovery of rheumatoid factors (RFs) 80 years ago, the identification of both anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) and anti-carbamylated protein antibodies (anti-CarP Abs) has greatly facilitated approaches toward RA, especially in the fields of early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of the disease. Although these antibodies share many common features and can function synergistically to promote disease progression, they differ mechanistically and have unique clinical relevance. Specifically, these three RA associating auto-antibodies (autoAbs) all precede the development of RA by years. However, while the current evidence suggests a synergic effect of RF and ACPA in predicting the development of RA and an erosive phenotype, controversies exist regarding the additive value of anti-CarP Abs. In the present review, we critically summarize the characteristics of these autoantibodies and focus on their distinct clinical applications in the early identification, clinical manifestations and prognosis prediction of RA. With the advancement of treatment options in the era of biologics, we also discuss the relevance of these autoantibodies in association with RA patient response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yi Wu
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Huang-Yu Yang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shue-Fen Luo
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Jenn-Haung Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-8791-8382; Fax: +886-2-8791-8382
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Mimura Y, Saldova R, Mimura-Kimura Y, Rudd PM, Jefferis R. Micro-Heterogeneity of Antibody Molecules. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:1-26. [PMID: 34687006 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are mostly of the IgG class and constitute highly efficacious biopharmaceuticals for a wide range of clinical indications. Full-length IgG mAbs are large proteins that are subject to multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs) during biosynthesis, purification, or storage, resulting in micro-heterogeneity. The production of recombinant mAbs in nonhuman cell lines may result in loss of structural fidelity and the generation of variants having altered stability, biological activities, and/or immunogenic potential. Additionally, even fully human therapeutic mAbs are of unique specificity, by design, and, consequently, of unique structure; therefore, structural elements may be recognized as non-self by individuals within an outbred human population to provoke an anti-therapeutic/anti-drug antibody (ATA/ADA) response. Consequently, regulatory authorities require that the structure of a potential mAb drug product is comprehensively characterized employing state-of-the-art orthogonal analytical technologies; the PTM profile may define a set of critical quality attributes (CQAs) for the drug product that must be maintained, employing quality by design parameters, throughout the lifetime of the drug. Glycosylation of IgG-Fc, at Asn297 on each heavy chain, is an established CQA since its presence and fine structure can have a profound impact on efficacy and safety. The glycoform profile of serum-derived IgG is highly heterogeneous while mAbs produced in mammalian cells in vitro is less heterogeneous and can be "orchestrated" depending on the cell line employed and the culture conditions adopted. Thus, the gross structure and PTM profile of a given mAb, established for the drug substance gaining regulatory approval, have to be maintained for the lifespan of the drug. This review outlines our current understanding of common PTMs detected in mAbs and endogenous IgG and the relationship between a variant's structural attribute and its impact on clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan.
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yuka Mimura-Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
Changes in immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation pattern have been observed in a vast array of auto- and alloimmune, infectious, cardiometabolic, malignant, and other diseases. This chapter contains an updated catalog of over 140 studies within which IgG glycosylation analysis was performed in a disease setting. Since the composition of IgG glycans is known to modulate its effector functions, it is suggested that a changed IgG glycosylation pattern in patients might be involved in disease development and progression, representing a predisposition and/or a functional effector in disease pathology. In contrast to the glycopattern of bulk serum IgG, which likely relates to the systemic inflammatory background, the glycosylation profile of antigen-specific IgG probably plays a direct role in disease pathology in several infectious and allo- and autoimmune antibody-dependent diseases. Depending on the specifics of any given disease, IgG glycosylation read-out might therefore in the future be developed into a useful clinical biomarker or a supplementary to currently used biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Pezer
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.
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de Haan N, Falck D, Wuhrer M. Monitoring of immunoglobulin N- and O-glycosylation in health and disease. Glycobiology 2020; 30:226-240. [PMID: 31281930 PMCID: PMC7225405 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N- and O-glycosylation are well known co- and post-translational modifications of immunoglobulins. Antibody glycosylation on the Fab and Fc portion is known to influence antigen binding and effector functions, respectively. To study associations between antibody glycosylation profiles and (patho) physiological states as well as antibody functionality, advanced technologies and methods are required. In-depth structural characterization of antibody glycosylation usually relies on the separation and tandem mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of released glycans. Protein- and site-specific information, on the other hand, may be obtained by the MS analysis of glycopeptides. With the development of high-resolution mass spectrometers, antibody glycosylation analysis at the intact or middle-up level has gained more interest, providing an integrated view of different post-translational modifications (including glycosylation). Alongside the in-depth methods, there is also great interest in robust, high-throughput techniques for routine glycosylation profiling in biopharma and clinical laboratories. With an emphasis on IgG Fc glycosylation, several highly robust separation-based techniques are employed for this purpose. In this review, we describe recent advances in MS methods, separation techniques and orthogonal approaches for the characterization of immunoglobulin glycosylation in different settings. We put emphasis on the current status and expected developments of antibody glycosylation analysis in biomedical, biopharmaceutical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Reijm S, Kissel T, Toes R. Checkpoints controlling the induction of B cell mediated autoimmunity in human autoimmune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1885-1894. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Reijm
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - T. Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - R.E.M. Toes
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
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Ali MM, Zhu Z, Wang M, Hussain D, Gao X, Wang J, Du Z. Melamine foam assisted in-tip packed amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461711. [PMID: 33316563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. The designed separation media is highly hydrophilic and stable which is suitable for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). To make the process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals were packed in pipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam, as supporting frit. Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. The affinity material showed a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest). Moreover, repeatability and reusability were evaluated up to five rounds of enrichment using the same affinity tip, and scanning electron microscopic images revealed no structural changes in the MOF crystals. Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mujahid Ali
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dilshad Hussain
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Xia Gao
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Harvey DJ. NEGATIVE ION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF N-LINKED GLYCANS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:586-679. [PMID: 32329121 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
N-glycans from glycoproteins are complex, branched structures whose structural determination presents many analytical problems. Mass spectrometry, usually conducted in positive ion mode, often requires extensive sample manipulation, usually by derivatization such as permethylation, to provide the necessary structure-revealing fragment ions. The newer but, so far, lesser used negative ion techniques, on the contrary, provide a wealth of structural information not present in positive ion spectra that greatly simplify the analysis of these compounds and can usually be conducted without the need for derivatization. This review describes the use of negative ion mass spectrometry for the structural analysis of N-linked glycans and emphasises the many advantages that can be gained by this mode of operation. Biosynthesis and structures of the compounds are described followed by methods for release of the glycans from the protein. Methods for ionization are discussed with emphasis on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and methods for producing negative ions from neutral compounds. Acidic glycans naturally give deprotonated species under most ionization conditions. Fragmentation of negative ions is discussed next with particular reference to those ions that are diagnostic for specific features such as the branching topology of the glycans and substitution positions of moieties such as fucose and sulfate, features that are often difficult to identify easily by conventional techniques such as positive ion fragmentation and exoglycosidase digestions. The advantages of negative over positive ions for this structural work are emphasised with an example of a series of glycans where all other methods failed to produce a structure. Fragmentation of derivatized glycans is discussed next, both with respect to derivatives at the reducing terminus of the molecules, and to methods for neutralization of the acidic groups on sialic acids to both stabilize them for MALDI analysis and to produce the diagnostic fragments seen with the neutral glycans. The use of ion mobility, combined with conventional mass spectrometry is described with emphasis on its use to extract clean glycan spectra both before and after fragmentation, to separate isomers and its use to extract additional information from separated fragment ions. A section on applications follows with examples of the identification of novel structures from lower organisms and tables listing the use of negative ions for structural identification of specific glycoproteins, glycans from viruses and uses in the biopharmaceutical industry and in medicine. The review concludes with a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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48
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Wu CY, Yang HY, Lai JH. Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114015. [PMID: 32512739 PMCID: PMC7312469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with high anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) titers have an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although our knowledge of the generation and production of ACPAs has continuously advanced during the past decade, our understanding on the pathogenic mechanisms of how ACPAs interact with immune cells to trigger articular inflammation is relatively limited. Citrullination disorders drive the generation and maintenance of ACPAs, with profound clinical significance in patients with RA. The loss of tolerance to citrullinated proteins, however, is essential for ACPAs to exert their pathogenicity. N-linked glycosylation, cross-reactivity and the structural interactions of ACPAs with their citrullinated antigens further direct their biological functions. Although questions remain in the pathogenicity of ACPAs acting as agonists for a receptor-mediated response, immune complex (IC) formation, complement system activation, crystallizable fragment gamma receptor (FcγR) activation, cross-reactivity to joint cartilage and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)-related mechanisms have all been suggested recently. This paper presents a critical review of the characteristics and possible biological effects and mechanisms of the immunopathogenesis of ACPAs in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yi Wu
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Huang-Yu Yang
- Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Haung Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-8791-8382; Fax: +886-2-8791-8382
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Wysocki T, Olesińska M, Paradowska-Gorycka A. Current Understanding of an Emerging Role of HLA-DRB1 Gene in Rheumatoid Arthritis-From Research to Clinical Practice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051127. [PMID: 32370106 PMCID: PMC7291248 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with an unclear pathogenic mechanism. However, it has been proven that the key underlying risk factor is a genetic predisposition. Association studies of the HLA-DRB1 gene clearly indicate its importance in RA morbidity. This review presents the current state of knowledge on the impact of HLA-DRB1 gene, functioning both as a component of the patient’s genome and as an environmental risk factor. The impact of known HLA-DRB1 risk variants on the specific structure of the polymorphic HLA-DR molecule, and epitope binding affinity, is presented. The issues of the potential influence of HLA-DRB1 on the occurrence of non-articular disease manifestations and response to treatment are also discussed. A deeper understanding of the role of the HLA-DRB1 gene is essential to explore the complex nature of RA, which is a result of multiple contributing factors, including genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. It also creates new opportunities to develop modern and personalized forms of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wysocki
- Department of Systemic Connective Tissue Diseases, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; or
- Correspondence:
| | - Marzena Olesińska
- Department of Systemic Connective Tissue Diseases, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; or
| | - Agnieszka Paradowska-Gorycka
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; or
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Corsiero E, Carlotti E, Jagemann L, Perretti M, Pitzalis C, Bombardieri M. H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:2374-2379. [PMID: 32221039 PMCID: PMC7167462 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. Anti-NET/cit-H2B immunoreactivity of selected RA-rmAbs was abrogated in the VH and VL GL counterpart. In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. In 7/80 RA-rmAb, SHM resulted in ex novo N-glycosylation sites in VH and/or VL regions. Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. Thus, SHM in the IgVH and/or VL regions of RA synovial B cells is necessary for the immunoreactivity to NET-Ags. Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites are observed in a minority of anti-NET B cell clones but can strongly influence NET-Ag binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Corsiero
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Emanuela Carlotti
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lucas Jagemann
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mauro Perretti
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
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