1
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Hunstiger M, Johannsen MM, Oliver SR. Non-shivering thermogenesis is differentially regulated during the hibernation season in Arctic ground squirrels. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1207529. [PMID: 37520836 PMCID: PMC10372343 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1207529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctic ground squirrels are small mammals that experience physiological extremes during the hibernation season. Body temperature rises from 1°C to 40°C during interbout arousal and requires tight thermoregulation to maintain rheostasis. Tissues from wild-caught Arctic ground squirrels were sampled over 9 months to assess the expression of proteins key to thermogenic regulation. Animals were sacrificed while aroused, and the extensor digitorum longus, diaphragm, brown adipose tissue, and white adipose tissue were probed using Western blots to assess protein expression and blood was sampled for metabolite analysis. Significant seasonal expression patterns emerged showing differential regulation. Contrary to our prediction, white adipose tissue showed no expression of uncoupling protein 1, but utilization of uncoupling protein 1 peaked in brown adipose tissue during the winter months and began to taper after terminal arousal in the spring. The opposite was true for muscular non-shivering thermogenesis. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1a and 2a expressions were depressed during the late hibernation season and rebounded after terminal arousal in diaphragm tissues, but only SERCA2a was differentially expressed in the extensor digitorum longus. The uncoupler, sarcolipin, was only detected in diaphragm samples and had a decreased expression during hibernation. The differential timing of these non-shivering pathways indicated distinct functions in maintaining thermogenesis which may depend on burrow temperature, availability of endogenous resources, and other seasonal activity demands on these tissues. These results could be impacted by fiber type makeup of the muscles collected, the body weight of the animal, and the date of entrance or exit from hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah Hunstiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Michelle Marie Johannsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - S. Ryan Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
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2
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Wu G, Baumeister R, Heimbucher T. Molecular Mechanisms of Lipid-Based Metabolic Adaptation Strategies in Response to Cold. Cells 2023; 12:1353. [PMID: 37408188 PMCID: PMC10216534 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature changes and periods of detrimental cold occur frequently for many organisms in their natural habitats. Homeothermic animals have evolved metabolic adaptation strategies to increase mitochondrial-based energy expenditure and heat production, largely relying on fat as a fuel source. Alternatively, certain species are able to repress their metabolism during cold periods and enter a state of decreased physiological activity known as torpor. By contrast, poikilotherms, which are unable to maintain their internal temperature, predominantly increase membrane fluidity to diminish cold-related damage from low-temperature stress. However, alterations of molecular pathways and the regulation of lipid-metabolic reprogramming during cold exposure are poorly understood. Here, we review organismal responses that adjust fat metabolism during detrimental cold stress. Cold-related changes in membranes are detected by membrane-bound sensors, which signal to downstream transcriptional effectors, including nuclear hormone receptors of the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) subfamily. PPARs control lipid metabolic processes, such as fatty acid desaturation, lipid catabolism and mitochondrial-based thermogenesis. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation may improve beneficial therapeutic cold treatments and could have important implications for medical applications of hypothermia in humans. This includes treatment strategies for hemorrhagic shock, stroke, obesity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heimbucher
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Chazarin B, Benhaim-Delarbre M, Brun C, Anzeraey A, Bertile F, Terrien J. Molecular Liver Fingerprint Reflects the Seasonal Physiology of the Grey Mouse Lemur ( Microcebus murinus) during Winter. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084254. [PMID: 35457071 PMCID: PMC9028843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) are primates that respond to environmental energetic constraints through strong physiological seasonality. They notably fatten during early winter (EW), and mobilize their lipid reserves while developing glucose intolerance during late winter (LW), when food availability is low. To decipher how the hepatic mechanisms may support such metabolic flexibility, we analyzed the liver proteome of adult captive male mouse lemurs, whose seasonal regulations are comparable to their wild counterparts. We highlight profound hepatic changes that reflect fat accretion in EW at the whole-body level, without triggering an ectopic storage of fat in the liver, however. Moreover, molecular regulations are consistent with the decrease in liver glucose utilization in LW, and therefore with reduced tolerance to glucose. However, no major regulation was seen in insulin signaling/resistance pathways. Fat mobilization in LW appeared possibly linked to the reactivation of the reproductive system while enhanced liver detoxification may reflect an anticipation to return to summer levels of food intake. Overall, these results show that the physiology of mouse lemurs during winter relies on solid molecular foundations in liver processes to adapt fuel partitioning while opposing the development of a pathological state despite large lipid fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Chazarin
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7178, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (B.C.); (M.B.-D.); (C.B.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR 2048, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Margaux Benhaim-Delarbre
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7178, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (B.C.); (M.B.-D.); (C.B.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR 2048, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Brun
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7178, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (B.C.); (M.B.-D.); (C.B.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR 2048, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Aude Anzeraey
- Unité Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), UMR 7179, CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France;
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7178, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (B.C.); (M.B.-D.); (C.B.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR 2048, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (J.T.)
| | - Jérémy Terrien
- Unité Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), UMR 7179, CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France;
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (J.T.)
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4
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Malovan G, Hierzberger B, Suraci S, Schaefer M, Santos K, Jha S, Macheroux P. The emerging role of dipeptidyl peptidase 3 in pathophysiology. FEBS J 2022; 290:2246-2262. [PMID: 35278345 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3), a zinc-dependent aminopeptidase, is a highly conserved enzyme among higher animals. The enzyme cleaves dipeptides from the N-terminus of tetra- to decapeptides, thereby taking part in activation as well as degradation of signalling peptides critical in physiological and pathological processes such as blood pressure regulation, nociception, inflammation and cancer. Besides its catalytic activity, DPP3 moonlights as a regulator of the cellular oxidative stress response pathway, e.g., the Keap1-Nrf2 mediated antioxidative response. The enzyme is also recognized as a key modulator of the renin-angiotensin system. Recently, DPP3 has been attracting growing attention within the scientific community, which has significantly augmented our knowledge of its physiological relevance. Herein, we review recent advances in our understanding of the structure and catalytic activity of DPP3, with a focus on attributing its molecular architecture and catalytic mechanism to its wide-ranging biological functions. We further highlight recent intriguing reports that implicate a broader role for DPP3 as a valuable biomarker in cardiovascular and renal pathologies and furthermore discuss its potential as a promising drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Malovan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | | | - Samuele Suraci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Maximilian Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.,4TEEN4 Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany.,Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Shalinee Jha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
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5
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Fan C, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang A, Xie W, Zhang H, Weng Q, Xu M. Expression of glycogenic genes in the oviduct of Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii) during pre-brumation. Theriogenology 2022; 185:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Integrative transcription start site analysis and physiological phenotyping reveal torpor-specific expression program in mouse skeletal muscle. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1290. [PMID: 34782710 PMCID: PMC8592991 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice enter an active hypometabolic state, called daily torpor when they experience a lowered caloric intake under cold ambient temperature. During torpor, the oxygen consumption rate in some animals drops to less than 30% of the normal rate without harming the body. This safe but severe reduction in metabolism is attractive for various clinical applications; however, the mechanism and molecules involved are unclear. Therefore, here we systematically analyzed the gene expression landscape on the level of the RNA transcription start sites in mouse skeletal muscles under various metabolic states to identify torpor-specific transcribed regulatory patterns. We analyzed the soleus muscles from 38 mice in torpid and non-torpid conditions and identified 287 torpor-specific promoters out of 12,862 detected promoters. Furthermore, we found that the transcription factor ATF3 is highly expressed during torpor deprivation and its binding motif is enriched in torpor-specific promoters. Atf3 was also highly expressed in the heart and brown adipose tissue during torpor and systemically knocking out Atf3 affected the torpor phenotype. Our results demonstrate that mouse torpor combined with powerful genetic tools is useful for studying active hypometabolism.
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7
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Lipid metabolism in adaptation to extreme nutritional challenges. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1417-1429. [PMID: 33730548 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Food shortages represent a common challenge for most animal species. As a consequence, many have evolved metabolic strategies encompassing extreme starvation-resistance capabilities, going without food for months or even years. One such strategy is to store substantial levels of fat when food is available and release these energy-rich lipids during periods of dearth. In this review, we provide an overview of the strategies and pathways underlying the extreme capacity for animals to store and mobilize lipids during nutritionally stressful environmental conditions and highlight accompanying resilience phenotypes that allow these animals to develop and tolerate such profound metabolic phenotypes.
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8
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Sailani MR, Metwally AA, Zhou W, Rose SMSF, Ahadi S, Contrepois K, Mishra T, Zhang MJ, Kidziński Ł, Chu TJ, Snyder MP. Deep longitudinal multiomics profiling reveals two biological seasonal patterns in California. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4933. [PMID: 33004787 PMCID: PMC7529769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of seasons on biological processes is poorly understood. In order to identify biological seasonal patterns based on diverse molecular data, rather than calendar dates, we performed a deep longitudinal multiomics profiling of 105 individuals over 4 years. Here, we report more than 1000 seasonal variations in omics analytes and clinical measures. The different molecules group into two major seasonal patterns which correlate with peaks in late spring and late fall/early winter in California. The two patterns are enriched for molecules involved in human biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, cardiovascular health, as well as neurological and psychiatric conditions. Lastly, we identify molecules and microbes that demonstrate different seasonal patterns in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant individuals. The results of our study have important implications in healthcare and highlight the value of considering seasonality when assessing population wide health risk and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Sailani
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ahmed A Metwally
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Wenyu Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Sara Ahadi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kevin Contrepois
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tejaswini Mishra
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Martin Jinye Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Łukasz Kidziński
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Theodore J Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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9
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Regan MD, Chiang E, Martin SL, Porter WP, Assadi-Porter FM, Carey HV. Shifts in metabolic fuel use coincide with maximal rates of ventilation and body surface rewarming in an arousing hibernator. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R764-R775. [PMID: 30969844 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00379.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that hibernating mammals rely predominantly on lipid stores to fuel metabolism throughout the hibernation season. However, it is unclear if other endogenous fuels contribute to the rapid, ~400-fold increase in metabolic rate during the early phase of arousal from torpor. To investigate this issue, we used cavity ring-down spectroscopy, a technique that provides a real-time indication of fuel use by measuring the ratio of 13C to 12C in the exhaled CO2 of arousing 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). We used infrared thermography to simultaneously measure ventilation and surface temperature change in various body regions, and we interpreted these data in light of changing plasma metabolite abundances at multiple stages of arousal from torpor. We found that hibernating squirrels use a combination of lipids and, likely, carbohydrates to fuel the initial ~60 min of arousal before switching to predominantly lipid oxidation. This fuel switch coincided with times of maximal rates of ventilation and rewarming of different body surface regions, including brown adipose tissue. Infrared thermography revealed zonal rewarming, whereby the brown adipose tissue region was the first to warm, followed by the thoracic and head regions and, finally, the posterior half of the body. Consistent with the results from cavity ring-down spectroscopy, plasma metabolite dynamics during early arousal suggested a large reliance on fatty acids, with a contribution from carbohydrates and glycerol. Because of their high oxidative flux rates and efficient O2 use, carbohydrates might be an advantageous metabolic fuel during the early phase of arousal, when metabolic demands are high but ventilation rates and, thus, O2 supply are relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Regan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Edna Chiang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sandra L Martin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Warren P Porter
- Deparment of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Fariba M Assadi-Porter
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,Deparment of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
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10
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Wen X, Zhang X, Hu Y, Xu J, Wang T, Yin S. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of Takifugu fasciatus liver in response to low-temperature stress. J Proteomics 2019; 201:27-36. [PMID: 30954612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Low temperatures profoundly influence the physiological and behavioural processes of ectotherms, especially teleosts, which have made them the subjects of strong interest over time. However, the characteristics of fish cold-tolerance at the protein level remain unclear. Therefore, to shed further light on the molecular mechanisms of low temperature adaptation in fish, we conducted quantitative proteomics on the T. fasciatus liver using iTRAQ. Comparing the proteomic profiles of the T. fasciatus liver at 12 °C and 26 °C, a total of 3741 proteins were identified, and 160 were differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). Among the DAPs, the most significant changes were noted in proteins involved in oxidative stress (nine proteins), mitochondrial enzymes (eleven proteins) and signal transduction (thirteen proteins). The KEGG enrichment analysis indicated significant enhancement of D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism, MAPK signalling, Wnt signalling and Gap junction pathway. Subsequently, three significantly up-regulated proteins (CIRB, HSP90 and GST) and two significantly down-regulated proteins (FLNB and A2ML1) were validated with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) assays. Furthermore, the changes in abundance of proteins that are involved in oxidative stress, mitochondrial enzymes and signal transduction were validated at the transcriptional level with qPCR. These verification results show that the experimental data of iTRAQ are reliable. Our results not only deepen the understanding of the mechanisms underlying low-temperature tolerance in fish, but they also may contribute to the enhancement of cold tolerance during its breeding process. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The study focused on a comparative quantitative proteomics analysis of the T. fasciatus liver in response to low temperatures using iTRAQ, which has not yet been reported in the literatures. The results showed that the effect of low temperature on T. fasciatus is significant, including a detoxification of metabolic by-products and oxidative stress, an activation of the mitochondrial enzyme to strengthen energy metabolism, and a negative effect on signal transduction, which result in dysfunction or suboptimal performance. These low-temperature-related changes in the liver proteome of T. fasciatus can facilitate the understanding of the low temperature-related response that takes place in similar conditions in the liver and may contribute to the breeding of cold-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- College of Life Sciences, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Yadong Hu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China.
| | - Shaowu Yin
- College of Life Sciences, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China.
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11
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Gehrke S, Rice S, Stefanoni D, Wilkerson RB, Nemkov T, Reisz JA, Hansen KC, Lucas A, Cabrales P, Drew K, D'Alessandro A. Red Blood Cell Metabolic Responses to Torpor and Arousal in the Hibernator Arctic Ground Squirrel. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1827-1841. [PMID: 30793910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Arctic ground squirrels provide a unique model to investigate metabolic responses to hibernation in mammals. During winter months these rodents are exposed to severe hypothermia, prolonged fasting, and hypoxemia. In the light of their role in oxygen transport/off-loading and owing to the absence of nuclei and organelles (and thus de novo protein synthesis capacity), mature red blood cells have evolved metabolic programs to counteract physiological or pathological hypoxemia. However, red blood cell metabolism in hibernation has not yet been investigated. Here we employed targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches to investigate erythrocyte metabolism during entrance to torpor to arousal, with a high resolution of the intermediate time points. We report that torpor and arousal promote metabolism through glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, respectively, consistent with previous models of oxygen-dependent metabolic modulation in mature erythrocytes. Erythrocytes from hibernating squirrels showed up to 100-fold lower levels of biomarkers of reperfusion injury, such as the pro-inflammatory dicarboxylate succinate. Altered tryptophan metabolism during torpor was here correlated to the accumulation of potentially neurotoxic catabolites kynurenine, quinolinate, and picolinate. Arousal was accompanied by alterations of sulfur metabolism, including sudden spikes in a metabolite putatively identified as thiorphan (level 1 confidence)-a potent inhibitor of several metalloproteases that play a crucial role in nociception and inflammatory complication to reperfusion secondary to ischemia or hemorrhage. Preliminary studies in rats showed that intravenous injection of thiorphan prior to resuscitation mitigates metabolic and cytokine markers of reperfusion injury, etiological contributors to inflammatory complications after shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gehrke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Sarah Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Alaska Fairbanks , Fairbanks , Alaska 99775 , United States
| | - Davide Stefanoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Rebecca B Wilkerson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Alfredo Lucas
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Kelly Drew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Alaska Fairbanks , Fairbanks , Alaska 99775 , United States
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
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12
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Loss of ALDH1L1 folate enzyme confers a selective metabolic advantage for tumor progression. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 302:149-155. [PMID: 30794800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ALDH1L1 (cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase) is the enzyme in folate metabolism commonly downregulated in human cancers. One of the mechanisms of the enzyme downregulation is methylation of the promoter of the ALDH1L1 gene. Recent studies underscored ALDH1L1 as a candidate tumor suppressor and potential marker of aggressive cancers. In agreement with the ALDH1L1 loss in cancer, its re-expression leads to inhibition of proliferation and to apoptosis, but also affects migration and invasion of cancer cells through a specific folate-dependent mechanism involved in invasive phenotype. A growing body of literature evaluated the prognostic value of ALDH1L1 expression for cancer disease, the regulatory role of the enzyme in cellular proliferation, and associated metabolic and signaling cellular responses. Overall, there is a strong indication that the ALDH1L1 silencing provides metabolic advantage for tumor progression at a later stage when unlimited proliferation and enhanced motility become critical processes for the tumor expansion. Whether the ALDH1L1 loss is involved in tumor initiation is still an open question.
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13
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Circadian transcription factor HSF1 regulates differential HSP70 gene transcription during the arousal-torpor cycle in mammalian hibernation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:832. [PMID: 30696859 PMCID: PMC6351659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian hibernation is a seasonal phenomenon. The hibernation season consists of torpor periods with a reduced body temperature (Tb), interrupted by euthermic arousal periods (interbout arousal, IBA). The physiological changes associated with hibernation are assumed to be under genetic control. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern hibernation-associated gene regulation are still unclear. We found that HSP70 transcription is upregulated in the liver of nonhibernating (summer-active) chipmunks compared with hibernating (winter-torpid) ones. In parallel, HSF1, the major transcription factor for HSP70 expression, is abundant in the liver-cell nuclei of nonhibernating chipmunks, and disappears from the nuclei of hibernating ones. Moreover, during IBA, HSF1 reappears in the nuclei and drives HSP70 transcription. In mouse liver, HSF1 is regulated by the daily Tb rhythm, and acts as a circadian transcription factor. Taken together, chipmunks similarly use the Tb rhythm to regulate gene expression via HSF1 during the torpor-arousal cycle in the hibernation season.
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Stancic A, Jankovic A, Korac A, Cirovic D, Otasevic V, Storey KB, Korac B. A lesson from the oxidative metabolism of hibernator heart: Possible strategy for cardioprotection. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 219-220:1-9. [PMID: 29501789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we hypothesized that myocardial adaptive phenotype in mammalian hibernation involves rearrangement of mitochondria bioenergetic pathways providing protective pattern in states of reduced metabolism and low temperature. European ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) were exposed to low temperature (4 ± 1 °C) and then divided into two groups: (1) animals that fell into torpor (hibernating group) and (2) animals that stayed active and euthermic for 1, 3, 7, 12, or 21 days (cold-exposed group). Protein levels of selected components of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase in the heart increased after prolonged cold acclimation (mainly from day 7-21 of cold exposure) and during hibernation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) was also upregulated under both cold exposure and hibernating conditions. The phosphorylation state (Thr172) of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase α increased early in cold exposure (at day 1 and 3) along with increased protein levels of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, whereas hypoxia inducible factor 1α protein levels showed no changes in response to cold exposure or hibernation. Hibernation also resulted in protein upregulation of three antioxidant defense enzymes (manganese and copper/zinc superoxide dismutases and glutathione peroxidase) and thioredoxin in the heart. Cold-exposed and hibernation-related phenotypes of the heart are characterized by improved molecular basis for mitochondrial energy-producing and antioxidant capacities that are achieved in a controlled manner. The recapitulation of such adaptive mechanisms found in hibernators could have broad application for myocardial protection from ishemia/reperfusion to improve hypothermic survival and cold preservation of hearts from non-hibernating species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Stancic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Jankovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Korac
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Electron Microscopy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusko Cirovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Otasevic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Carleton University, Department of Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bato Korac
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade, Serbia.
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Faherty SL, Villanueva‐Cañas JL, Blanco MB, Albà MM, Yoder AD. Transcriptomics in the wild: Hibernation physiology in free‐ranging dwarf lemurs. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:709-722. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Luis Villanueva‐Cañas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC‐Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona Spain
- Evolutionary Genomics Group Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB) Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM) Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
| | | | - M. Mar Albà
- Evolutionary Genomics Group Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB) Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM) Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Barcelona Spain
| | - Anne D. Yoder
- Department of Biology Duke University Durham NC USA
- Duke Lemur Center Durham NC USA
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Horii Y, Shiina T, Shimizu Y. The Mechanism Enabling Hibernation in Mammals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1081:45-60. [PMID: 30288703 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1244-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Some rodents including squirrels and hamsters undergo hibernation. During hibernation, body temperature drops to only a few degrees above ambient temperature. The suppression of whole-body energy expenditure is associated with regulated, but not passive, reduction of cellular metabolism. The heart retains the ability to beat constantly, although body temperature drops to less than 10 °C during hibernation. Cardiac myocytes of hibernating mammals are characterized by reduced Ca2+ entry into the cell membrane and a concomitant enhancement of Ca2+ release from and reuptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These adaptive changes would help in preventing excessive Ca2+ entry and its overload and in maintaining the resting levels of intracellular Ca2+. Adaptive changes in gene expression in the heart prior to hibernation may be indispensable for acquiring cold resistance. In addition, protective effects of cold-shock proteins are thought to have an important role. We recently reported the unique expression pattern of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) in the hearts of hibernating hamsters. The CIRP mRNA is constitutively expressed in the heart of a nonhibernating euthermic hamster with several different forms probably due to alternative splicing. The short product contained the complete open reading frame for full-length CIRP, while the long product had inserted sequences containing a stop codon, suggesting production of a C-terminal deletion isoform of CIRP. In contrast to nonhibernating hamsters, only the short product was found in hibernating animals. Thus, these results indicate that CIRP expression in the hamster heart is regulated at the level of alternative splicing, which would permit a rapid increment of functional CIRP when entering hibernation. We will summarize the current understanding of the cold-resistant property of the heart in hibernating animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Horii
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shiina
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasutake Shimizu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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Krupenko SA, Krupenko NI. ALDH1L1 and ALDH1L2 Folate Regulatory Enzymes in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1032:127-143. [PMID: 30362096 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies implicate excess ethanol ingestion as a risk factor for several cancers and support the concept of a synergistic effect of chronic alcohol consumption and folate deficiency on carcinogenesis. Alcohol consumption affects folate-related genes and enzymes including two major folate-metabolizing enzymes, ALDH1L1 and ALDH1L2. ALDH1L1 (cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase) is a regulatory enzyme in folate metabolism that controls the overall flux of one-carbon groups in folate-dependent biosynthetic pathways. It is strongly and ubiquitously down-regulated in malignant tumors via promoter methylation, and recent studies underscored this enzyme as a candidate tumor suppressor and potential marker of aggressive cancers. A related enzyme, ALDH1L2, is the mitochondrial homolog of ALDH1L1 encoded by a separate gene. In contrast to its cytosolic counterpart, ALDH1L2 is expressed in malignant tumors and cancer cell lines and was implicated in metastasis regulation. This review discusses the link between folate and cancer, modifying effects of alcohol consumption on folate-associated carcinogenesis, and putative roles of ALDH1L1 and ALDH1L2 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Krupenko
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,UNC Nutrition Research Institute, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Natalia I Krupenko
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,UNC Nutrition Research Institute, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Yang C, Wang X, Liao X, Han C, Yu T, Qin W, Zhu G, Su H, Yu L, Liu X, Lu S, Chen Z, Liu Z, Huang K, Liu Z, Liang Y, Huang J, Xiao K, Peng M, Winkle CA, O'Brien SJ, Peng T. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) isoform expression and potential clinical implications in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182208. [PMID: 28792511 PMCID: PMC5549701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening malignancies worldwide. There are few diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and druggable targets for HCC. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) is a marker of stem cells in a variety of cancers, but the mRNA levels and prognostic value of ALDH1 isoforms in HCC patients remain unknown. In the present study, gene ontology annotation of the ALDH1 family was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), and the gene pathway analsis was performed using GeneMANIA software. The initial prognostic value of ALDH1 expression in 360 HCC patients was assessed using the OncoLnc database. The expression levels of ALDH1 isoforms in normal liver tissues and clinical specimens of cancer vs. normal control datasets were determined using the GTEx and Oncomine databases, respectively. We then analyzed the prognostic value of ALDH1 expression in 212 hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC patients using the GEO database. We found that the ALDH1 isoform showed high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. The ALDH1A1, ALDH1B1, and ALDH1L1 genes encoded for the ALDH1 enzyme. High ALDH1B1 expression had protective qualities in HCC patients. Moreover, HBV-related HCC patients who showed high ALDH1L1 gene expression had a better clinical outcomes. In addition, high ALDH1A1 expression was associated with a 57-month recurrence-free survival in HBV-related HCC patients. High ALDH1B1 expression was protective for HCCs with multiple nodules and high serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level. Furthermore, high serum AFP levels contributed to lower ALDH1L1. ALDH1A1, ALDH1B1, and ALDH1L1, all of which were considered promising diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng–kun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiang–kun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xi–wen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Chuang–ye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Ting–dong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Guang–zhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao–guang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Si–cong Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhi–wei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Ke–tuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zheng–tao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jian–lu Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Kai–yin Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Min–hao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Cheryl Ann Winkle
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
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Kolomiytseva IK, Lakhina AA, Markevich LN, Ignat’ev DA. Phospholipids and cholesterol of liver nuclei during artificial hypobiosis of rats. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350917030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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20
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D'Alessandro A, Nemkov T, Bogren LK, Martin SL, Hansen KC. Comfortably Numb and Back: Plasma Metabolomics Reveals Biochemical Adaptations in the Hibernating 13-Lined Ground Squirrel. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:958-969. [PMID: 27991798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation is an evolutionary adaptation that affords some mammals the ability to exploit the cold to achieve extreme metabolic depression (torpor) while avoiding ischemia/reperfusion or hemorrhagic shock injuries. Hibernators cycle periodically out of torpor, restoring high metabolic activity. If understood at the molecular level, the adaptations underlying torpor-arousal cycles may be leveraged for translational applications in critical fields such as intensive care medicine. Here, we monitored 266 metabolites to investigate the metabolic adaptations to hibernation in plasma from 13-lined ground squirrels (57 animals, 9 time points). Results indicate that the periodic arousals foster the removal of potentially toxic oxidative stress-related metabolites, which accumulate in plasma during torpor while replenishing reservoirs of circulating catabolic substrates (free fatty acids and amino acids). Specifically, we identified metabolic fluctuations of basic amino acids lysine and arginine, one-carbon metabolism intermediates, and sulfur-containing metabolites methionine, cysteine, and cystathionine. Conversely, reperfusion injury markers such as succinate/fumarate remained relatively stable across cycles. Considering the cycles of these metabolites with the hibernator's cycling metabolic activity together with their well-established role as substrates for the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), we hypothesize that these metabolic fluctuations function as a biological clock regulating torpor to arousal transitions and resistance to reperfusion during arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and ‡Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and ‡Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Lori K Bogren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and ‡Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Sandra L Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and ‡Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and ‡Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Abstract
Extended bouts of fasting are ingrained in the ecology of many organisms, characterizing aspects of reproduction, development, hibernation, estivation, migration, and infrequent feeding habits. The challenge of long fasting episodes is the need to maintain physiological homeostasis while relying solely on endogenous resources. To meet that challenge, animals utilize an integrated repertoire of behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses that reduce metabolic rates, maintain tissue structure and function, and thus enhance survival. We have synthesized in this review the integrative physiological, morphological, and biochemical responses, and their stages, that characterize natural fasting bouts. Underlying the capacity to survive extended fasts are behaviors and mechanisms that reduce metabolic expenditure and shift the dependency to lipid utilization. Hormonal regulation and immune capacity are altered by fasting; hormones that trigger digestion, elevate metabolism, and support immune performance become depressed, whereas hormones that enhance the utilization of endogenous substrates are elevated. The negative energy budget that accompanies fasting leads to the loss of body mass as fat stores are depleted and tissues undergo atrophy (i.e., loss of mass). Absolute rates of body mass loss scale allometrically among vertebrates. Tissues and organs vary in the degree of atrophy and downregulation of function, depending on the degree to which they are used during the fast. Fasting affects the population dynamics and activities of the gut microbiota, an interplay that impacts the host's fasting biology. Fasting-induced gene expression programs underlie the broad spectrum of integrated physiological mechanisms responsible for an animal's ability to survive long episodes of natural fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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22
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Komelina NP, Polskaya AI, Amerkhanov ZG. Artificial hypothermia in rats, unlike natural hibernation in ground squirrels Spermophilus undulatus, is not accompanied by the inhibition of respiration in liver mitochondria. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747815050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Proteomics approaches shed new light on hibernation physiology. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:607-27. [PMID: 25976608 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The broad phylogenetic distribution and rapid phenotypic transitions of mammalian hibernators imply that hibernation is accomplished by differential expression of common genes. Traditional candidate gene approaches have thus far explained little of the molecular mechanisms underlying hibernation, likely due to (1) incomplete and imprecise sampling of a complex phenotype, and (2) the forming of hypotheses about which genes might be important based on studies of model organisms incapable of such dynamic physiology. Unbiased screening approaches, such as proteomics, offer an alternative means to discover the cellular underpinnings that permit successful hibernation and may reveal previously overlooked, important pathways. Here, we review the findings that have emerged from proteomics studies of hibernation. One striking feature is the stability of the proteome, especially across the extreme physiological shifts of torpor-arousal cycles during hibernation. This has led to subsequent investigations of the role of post-translational protein modifications in altering protein activity without energetically wasteful removal and rebuilding of protein pools. Another unexpected finding is the paucity of universal proteomic adjustments across organ systems in response to the extreme metabolic fluctuations despite the universality of their physiological challenges; rather each organ appears to respond in a unique, tissue-specific manner. Additional research is needed to extend and synthesize these results before it will be possible to address the whole body physiology of hibernation.
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Sano Y, Shiina T, Naitou K, Nakamori H, Shimizu Y. Hibernation-specific alternative splicing of the mRNA encoding cold-inducible RNA-binding protein in the hearts of hamsters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:322-5. [PMID: 25960293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hearts of hibernating animals are capable of maintaining constant beating despite a decrease in body temperature to less than 10 °C during hibernation, suggesting that the hearts of hibernators are highly tolerant to a cold temperature. In the present study, we examined the expression pattern of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) in the hearts of hibernating hamsters, since CIRP plays important roles in protection of various types of cells against harmful effects of cold temperature. RT-PCR analysis revealed that CIRP mRNA is constitutively expressed in the heart of a non-hibernating euthermic hamster with several different forms probably due to alternative splicing. The short product contained the complete open reading frame for full-length CIRP. On the other hand, the long product had inserted sequences containing a stop codon, suggesting production of a C-terminal deletion isoform of CIRP. In contrast to non-hibernating hamsters, only the short product was amplified in hibernating animals. Induction of artificial hypothermia in non-hibernating hamsters did not completely mimic the splicing patterns observed in hibernating animals, although a partial shift from long form mRNA to short form was observed. Our results indicate that CIRP expression in the hamster heart is regulated at the level of alternative splicing, which would permit a rapid increment of functional CIRP when entering hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Sano
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Shiina
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Kiyotada Naitou
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamori
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yasutake Shimizu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Alvarado S, Mak T, Liu S, Storey KB, Szyf M. Dynamic changes in global and gene-specific DNA methylation during hibernation in adult thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:1787-95. [PMID: 25908059 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hibernating mammals conserve energy in the winter by undergoing prolonged bouts of torpor, interspersed with brief arousals back to euthermia. These bouts are accompanied by a suite of reversible physiological and biochemical changes; however, much remains to be discovered about the molecular mechanisms involved. Given the seasonal nature of hibernation, it stands to reason that underlying plastic epigenetic mechanisms should exist. One such form of epigenomic regulation involves the reversible modification of cytosine bases in DNA by methylation. DNA methylation is well known to be a mechanism that confers upon DNA its cellular identity during differentiation in response to innate developmental cues. However, it has recently been hypothesized that DNA methylation also acts as a mechanism for adapting genome function to changing external environmental and experiential signals over different time scales, including during adulthood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that DNA methylation is altered during hibernation in adult wild animals. This study evaluated global changes in DNA methylation in response to hibernation in the liver and skeletal muscle of thirteen-lined ground squirrels along with changes in expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1/3B) and methyl binding domain proteins (MBDs). A reduction in global DNA methylation occurred in muscle during torpor phases whereas significant changes in DNMTs and MBDs were seen in both tissues. We also report dynamic changes in DNA methylation in the promoter of the myocyte enhancer factor 2C (mef2c) gene, a candidate regulator of metabolism in skeletal muscle. Taken together, these data show that genomic DNA methylation is dynamic across torpor-arousal bouts during winter hibernation, consistent with a role for this regulatory mechanism in contributing to the hibernation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Alvarado
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Suite 1309, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6; Sackler program in Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University
| | - Timothy Mak
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Suite 1309, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6; Sackler program in Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University
| | - Sara Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Suite 1309, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6; Sackler program in Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Suite 1309, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6; Sackler program in Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University
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Pan P, Treat MD, van Breukelen F. A systems-level approach to understanding transcriptional regulation by p53 during mammalian hibernation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 217:2489-98. [PMID: 25031456 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Presumably to conserve energy, many mammals enter into hibernation during the winter. Homeostatic processes such as transcription and translation are virtually arrested. To further elucidate transcriptional regulation during hibernation, we studied the transcription factor p53. Here, we demonstrate that changes in liver mRNA and protein concentrations of known regulators of p53 are consistent with activation. p53 mRNA and protein concentrations are unrelated. Importantly, p53 protein concentration is increased ~2-fold during the interbout arousal that punctuates bouts of torpor. As a result, both the interbout arousal and the torpid state are characterized by high levels of nuclear-localized p53. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicate that p53 binds DNA during the winter. Furthermore, p53 recruits RNA polymerase II, as indicated by nuclear run-on data. However, and consistent with previous data indicating an arrest of transcriptional elongation during torpor, p53 'activity' does not result in expected changes in target gene transcripts. These data demonstrate the importance of using a systems level-approach in understanding a complex phenotype such as mammalian hibernation. Relying on interpretations of data that are based on steady-state regulation in other systems may be misleading in the context of non-steady-state conditions such as torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Pan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Michael D Treat
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Frank van Breukelen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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Singh A, Powell MD, Sridaran R, Krishna A. Effects of seasonal adiposity on ovarian activity of Vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi: proteomics analysis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 399:219-27. [PMID: 25305638 PMCID: PMC4262559 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In present study comparative proteomics was utilized to identify ovarian protein profiles and correlate the expression of these proteins with adiposity induced changes in ovarian activity leading to suppression of ovulation (delayed ovulation) in the bat, S. heathi. To achieve this, two-dimension gel electrophoresis combined with protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was applied. Protein profiles were obtained from intact ovaries of bats collected during recrudescence (basal body weight) and delayed ovulation (increased body weight) phases of reproductive cycle. Out of 42 differentially expressed protein spots, 15 protein spots were identified by LC-MS/MS. A majority of the 15 protein spots identified belonged to a group of enzymes within the glycolytic and citrate cycles. Greater concentrations of these enzymes were found during the period of delayed ovulation, which may be responsible for an increase in the production of ATP within the ovary. The increased metabolic activity and energy production observed within the ovary during winter dormancy may be required for increased steroidogenic activity during this period. The protein 14-3-3 identified by LC-MS/MS was verified by immunoblotting, which confirmed its increased expression during the period of delayed ovulation and may be associated with development of insulin resistance. Treatment with adipokines (adiponectin, resistin) is responsible for increased expression of 14-3-3 protein in the ovary of S. heathi. Adiposity-associated rise in adipokines are thus responsible for increased expression of 14-3-3 protein in the ovary of S. heathi, which may be responsible for prolonged survival of antral follicles and suppression of ovulation. The 14-3-3 protein may represent a new marker for adiposity associated ovarian anovulation (disorders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Singh
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Michael D Powell
- Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Amitabh Krishna
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
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Hindle AG, Grabek KR, Epperson LE, Karimpour-Fard A, Martin SL. Metabolic changes associated with the long winter fast dominate the liver proteome in 13-lined ground squirrels. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:348-61. [PMID: 24642758 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00190.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-bodied hibernators partition the year between active homeothermy and hibernating heterothermy accompanied by fasting. To define molecular events underlying hibernation that are both dependent and independent of fasting, we analyzed the liver proteome among two active and four hibernation states in 13-lined ground squirrels. We also examined fall animals transitioning between fed homeothermy and fasting heterothermy. Significantly enriched pathways differing between activity and hibernation were biased toward metabolic enzymes, concordant with the fuel shifts accompanying fasting physiology. Although metabolic reprogramming to support fasting dominated these data, arousing (rewarming) animals had the most distinct proteome among the hibernation states. Instead of a dominant metabolic enzyme signature, torpor-arousal cycles featured differences in plasma proteins and intracellular membrane traffic and its regulation. Phosphorylated NSFL1C, a membrane regulator, exhibited this torpor-arousal cycle pattern; its role in autophagosome formation may promote utilization of local substrates upon metabolic reactivation in arousal. Fall animals transitioning to hibernation lagged in their proteomic adjustment, indicating that the liver is more responsive than preparatory to the metabolic reprogramming of hibernation. Specifically, torpor use had little impact on the fall liver proteome, consistent with a dominant role of nutritional status. In contrast to our prediction of reprogramming the transition between activity and hibernation by gene expression and then within-hibernation transitions by posttranslational modification (PTM), we found extremely limited evidence of reversible PTMs within torpor-arousal cycles. Rather, acetylation contributed to seasonal differences, being highest in winter (specifically in torpor), consistent with fasting physiology and decreased abundance of the mitochondrial deacetylase, SIRT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson G Hindle
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Katharine R Grabek
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - L Elaine Epperson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anis Karimpour-Fard
- Center for Computational Pharmacology University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sandra L Martin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
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Zhang Y, Pan YH, Yin Q, Yang T, Dong D, Liao CC, Zhang S. Critical roles of mitochondria in brain activities of torpid Myotis ricketti bats revealed by a proteomic approach. J Proteomics 2014; 105:266-84. [PMID: 24434588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bats are the only mammals that fly and hibernate. Little is known about their overall metabolism in the brain during hibernation. In this study, brain proteins of torpid and active Myotis ricketti bats were fractionated and compared using a proteomic approach. Results showed that 21% (23 proteins) of identified proteins with significant expression changes were associated with amino acid metabolism and proteostasis. The expression levels of proteins involved in energy metabolism (15 proteins), cytoskeletal structure (18 proteins), and stress response (13 proteins) were also significantly altered in torpid bats. Over 30% (34 proteins) of differentially expressed proteins were associated with mitochondrial functions. Various post-translational modifications (PTMs) on PDHB, DLD, and ARG1 were detected, suggesting that bats use PTMs to regulate protein functions during torpor. Antioxidation and stress responses in torpid bats were similar to those of hibernated squirrels, suggesting a common strategy adopted by small hibernators against brain dysfunction. Since many amino acids that metabolize in mitochondria modulate neuronal transmissions, results of this study reveal pivotal roles of mitochondria in neural communication, metabolic regulation, and brain cell survival during bat hibernation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics of non-model organisms. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study reveals the mechanisms used by bats to regulate brain activities during torpor. These mechanisms include post-translational modifications and differential expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial electron transport, anaerobic glycolysis, TCA cycle efflux, cytoskeletal plasticity, amino acid metabolism, vesicle structure, antioxidation defense, stress response, and proteostasis. Our study provides insights in metabolic regulation of flying mammals during torpor and common strategies used by small hibernators in response to hibernation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics of non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yi-Hsuan Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qiuyuan Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tianxiao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chen-Chung Liao
- Proteomic Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Nagasawa K, Tanizaki Y, Okui T, Watarai A, Ueda S, Kato T. Significant modulation of the hepatic proteome induced by exposure to low temperature in Xenopus laevis. Biol Open 2013; 2:1057-69. [PMID: 24167716 PMCID: PMC3798189 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20136106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, is an ectothermic vertebrate that can survive at low environmental temperatures. To gain insight into the molecular events induced by low body temperature, liver proteins were evaluated at the standard laboratory rearing temperature (22°C, control) and a low environmental temperature (5°C, cold exposure). Using nano-flow liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 58 proteins that differed in abundance. A subsequent Gene Ontology analysis revealed that the tyrosine and phenylalanine catabolic processes were modulated by cold exposure, which resulted in decreases in hepatic tyrosine and phenylalanine, respectively. Similarly, levels of pyruvate kinase and enolase, which are involved in glycolysis and glycogen synthesis, were also decreased, whereas levels of glycogen phosphorylase, which participates in glycogenolysis, were increased. Therefore, we measured metabolites in the respective pathways and found that levels of hepatic glycogen and glucose were decreased. Although the liver was under oxidative stress because of iron accumulation caused by hepatic erythrocyte destruction, the hepatic NADPH/NADP ratio was not changed. Thus, glycogen is probably utilized mainly for NADPH supply rather than for energy or glucose production. In conclusion, X. laevis responds to low body temperature by modulating its hepatic proteome, which results in altered carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Nagasawa
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Life and Medical Science, Waseda University , TWIns Building, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480 , Japan
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31
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Pan YH, Zhang Y, Cui J, Liu Y, McAllan BM, Liao CC, Zhang S. Adaptation of phenylalanine and tyrosine catabolic pathway to hibernation in bats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62039. [PMID: 23620802 PMCID: PMC3631164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some mammals hibernate in response to harsh environments. Although hibernating mammals may metabolize proteins, the nitrogen metabolic pathways commonly activated during hibernation are not fully characterized. In contrast to the hypothesis of amino acid preservation, we found evidence of amino acid metabolism as three of five key enzymes, including phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD), fumarylacetoacetase (FAH), involved in phenylalanine and tyrosine catabolism were co-upregulated during hibernation in two distantly related species of bats, Myotis ricketti and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. In addition, the levels of phenylalanine in the livers of these bats were significantly decreased during hibernation. Because phenylalanine and tyrosine are both glucogenic and ketogenic, these results indicate the role of this catabolic pathway in energy supply. Since any deficiency in the catabolism of these two amino acids can cause accumulations of toxic metabolites, these results also suggest the detoxification role of these enzymes during hibernation. A higher selective constraint on PAH, HPD, and HGD in hibernators than in non-hibernators was observed, and hibernators had more conserved amino acid residues in each of these enzymes than non-hibernators. These conserved amino acid residues are mostly located in positions critical for the structure and activity of the enzymes. Taken together, results of this work provide novel insights in nitrogen metabolism and removal of harmful metabolites during bat hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijian Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bronwyn M. McAllan
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chen-Chung Liao
- Proteomic Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SZ); (CL)
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (CL)
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Chung DJ, Szyszka B, Brown JCL, Hüner NPA, Staples JF. Changes in the mitochondrial phosphoproteome during mammalian hibernation. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:389-99. [PMID: 23572536 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00171.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian hibernation involves periods of substantial suppression of metabolic rate (torpor) allowing energy conservation during winter. In thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus), suppression of liver mitochondrial respiration during entrance into torpor occurs rapidly (within 2 h) before core body temperature falls below 30°C, whereas reversal of this suppression occurs slowly during arousal from torpor. We hypothesized that this pattern of rapid suppression in entrance and slow reversal during arousal was related to changes in the phosphorylation state of mitochondrial enzymes during torpor catalyzed by temperature-dependent kinases and phosphatases. We compared mitochondrial protein phosphorylation among hibernation metabolic states using immunoblot analyses and assessed how phosphorylation related to mitochondrial respiration rates. No proteins showed torpor-specific changes in phosphorylation, nor did phosphorylation state correlate with mitochondrial respiration. However, several proteins showed seasonal (summer vs. winter) differences in phosphorylation of threonine or serine residues. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry, we identified three of these proteins: F1-ATPase α-chain, long chain-specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and ornithine transcarbamylase. Therefore, we conclude that protein phosphorylation is likely a mechanism involved in bringing about seasonal changes in mitochondrial metabolism in hibernating ground squirrels, but it seems unlikely to play any role in acute suppression of mitochondrial metabolism during torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon J Chung
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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33
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Schwartz C, Andrews MT. Circannual transitions in gene expression: lessons from seasonal adaptations. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 105:247-73. [PMID: 23962845 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396968-2.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Circannual timing is important for the coordination of seasonal activities, particularly promoting the survival of individuals in adverse conditions through adaptive physiological and behavioral changes. This includes optimizing the survival of offspring by coordinating reproductive efforts at appropriate times. Thus, timing is very important for overall fitness. In this chapter, we provide several examples of circannually timed events, including mammalian hibernation, discussing the physiological changes that accompany these events, and some of the known genes and pathways underlying these changes. We then describe five candidate systems that are potentially involved in circannual timing. Finally, we discuss several recent advances in molecular biology and animal husbandry that have made the use of nonmodel organisms for research more feasible, which will hopefully promote and encourage further advancement in the knowledge of circannual timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schwartz
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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34
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Partonen T. Hypothesis: Cryptochromes and Brown Fat are Essential for Adaptation and Affect Mood and Mood-Related Behaviors. Front Neurol 2012; 3:157. [PMID: 23133436 PMCID: PMC3488760 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar radiation and ambient temperature have acted as selective physical forces among populations and thereby guided species distributions in the globe. Circadian clocks are universal and evolve when subjected to selection, and their properties contribute to variations in fitness within specific environments. Concerning humans, as compared to the remaining, the "evening owls" have a greater deviation from the 24 h cycle, are under a greater pressure to circadian desynchrony and more prone to a cluster of health hazards with the increased mortality. Because of their position in the hierarchy and repressive actions, cryptochromes are the key components of the feedback loops on which circadian clocks are built. Based on the evidence a new hypothesis is formulated in which brown adipocytes with their cryptochromes are responsive to a broad range of physical stimuli from the habitat and through their activity ensure adaptation of the individual. The over-activated brown adipose tissue with deficient cryptochromes might induce disrupted thermoregulation and circadian desynchrony, and thereby contribute to lowered mood and pronounced depressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Partonen
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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35
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Oda T, Shimizu K, Yamaguchi A, Satoh K, Matsumoto KI. Hypothermia produces rat liver proteomic changes as in hibernating mammals but decreases endoplasmic reticulum chaperones. Cryobiology 2012; 65:104-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Jani A, Orlicky DJ, Karimpour-Fard A, Epperson LE, Russell RL, Hunter LE, Martin SL. Kidney proteome changes provide evidence for a dynamic metabolism and regional redistribution of plasma proteins during torpor-arousal cycles of hibernation. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:717-27. [PMID: 22643061 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00010.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hibernating ground squirrels maintain homeostasis despite extreme physiological challenges. In winter, these circannual hibernators fast for months while cycling between prolonged periods of low blood flow and body temperature, known as torpor, and short interbout arousals (IBA), where more typical mammalian parameters are rapidly restored. Here we examined the kidney proteome for changes that support the dramatically different physiological demands of the hibernator's year. We identified proteins in 150 two-dimensional gel spots that altered by at least 1.5-fold using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. These data successfully classified individuals by physiological state and revealed three dynamic patterns of relative protein abundance that dominated the hibernating kidney: 1) a large group of proteins generally involved with capturing and storing energy were most abundant in summer; 2) a select subset of these also increased during each arousal from torpor; and 3) 14 spots increased in torpor and early arousal were enriched for plasma proteins that enter cells via the endocytic pathway. Immunohistochemistry identified α(2)-macroglobulin and albumin in kidney blood vessels during late torpor and early arousal; both exhibited regional heterogeneity consistent with highly localized control of blood flow in the glomeruli. Furthermore, albumin, but not α(2)-macroglobulin, was detected in the proximal tubules during torpor and early arousal but not in IBA or summer animals. Taken together, our findings indicate that normal glomerular filtration barriers remain intact throughout torpor-arousal cycles but endocytosis, and hence renal function, is compromised at low body temperature during torpor and then recovers with rewarming during arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkesh Jani
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Otis JP, Sahoo D, Drover VA, Yen CLE, Carey HV. Cholesterol and lipoprotein dynamics in a hibernating mammal. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29111. [PMID: 22195001 PMCID: PMC3240636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hibernating mammals cease feeding during the winter and rely primarily on stored lipids to fuel alternating periods of torpor and arousal. How hibernators manage large fluxes of lipids and sterols over the annual hibernation cycle is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate lipid and cholesterol transport and storage in ground squirrels studied in spring, summer, and several hibernation states. Cholesterol levels in total plasma, HDL and LDL particles were elevated in hibernators compared with spring or summer squirrels. Hibernation increased plasma apolipoprotein A-I expression and HDL particle size. Expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase was 13-fold lower in hibernators than in active season squirrels. Plasma triglycerides were reduced by fasting in spring but not summer squirrels. In hibernators plasma β-hydroxybutyrate was elevated during torpor whereas triglycerides were low relative to normothermic states. We conclude that the switch to a lipid-based metabolism during winter, coupled with reduced capacity to excrete cholesterol creates a closed system in which efficient use of lipoproteins is essential for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P. Otis
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Victor A. Drover
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chi-Liang Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hannah V. Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Grabek KR, Karimpour-Fard A, Epperson LE, Hindle A, Hunter LE, Martin SL. Multistate proteomics analysis reveals novel strategies used by a hibernator to precondition the heart and conserve ATP for winter heterothermy. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1263-75. [PMID: 21914784 PMCID: PMC3217319 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00125.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hibernator's heart functions continuously and avoids damage across the wide temperature range of winter heterothermy. To define the molecular basis of this phenotype, we quantified proteomic changes in the 13-lined ground squirrel heart among eight distinct physiological states encompassing the hibernator's year. Unsupervised clustering revealed a prominent seasonal separation between the summer homeotherms and winter heterotherms, whereas within-season state separation was limited. Further, animals torpid in the fall were intermediate to summer and winter, consistent with the transitional nature of this phase. A seasonal analysis revealed that the relative abundances of protein spots were mainly winter-increased. The winter-elevated proteins were involved in fatty acid catabolism and protein folding, whereas the winter-depleted proteins included those that degrade branched-chain amino acids. To identify further state-dependent changes, protein spots were re-evaluated with respect to specific physiological state, confirming the predominance of seasonal differences. Additionally, chaperone and heat shock proteins increased in winter, including HSPA4, HSPB6, and HSP90AB1, which have known roles in protecting against ischemia-reperfusion injury and apoptosis. The most significant and greatest fold change observed was a disappearance of phospho-cofilin 2 at low body temperature, likely a strategy to preserve ATP. The robust summer-to-winter seasonal proteomic shift implies that a winter-protected state is orchestrated before prolonged torpor ensues. Additionally, the general preservation of the proteome during winter hibernation and an increase of stress response proteins, together with dephosphorylation of cofilin 2, highlight the importance of ATP-conserving mechanisms for winter cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine R Grabek
- Human Medical Genetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Hwang PH, Lian L, Zavras AI. Alcohol intake and folate antagonism via CYP2E1 and ALDH1: effects on oral carcinogenesis. Med Hypotheses 2011; 78:197-202. [PMID: 22100631 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of folate and alcohol consumption has been shown to have an antagonistic effect on the risk of oral cancer. Studies have demonstrated that increased intake of folate decreases the risk of oral cancer, while greater alcohol consumption has an opposite effect. However, what is poorly understood is the biological interaction of these two dietary factors in relation to carcinogenesis. We hypothesize that cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and the family of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) enzymes may play a causal role in the occurrence of oral cancer. Chronic and high alcohol use has been implicated in the induction of CYP2E1, which oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is a known carcinogen. As the first metabolite of ethanol, it has been shown to interfere with DNA methylation, synthesis and repair, as well as bind to protein and DNA to form stable adducts, which lead to the eventual formation of damaged DNA and cell proliferation. Studies using liver cells have demonstrated that S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), which is a product of folate metabolism, regulates the expression and catalytic activity of CYP2E1. Our first hypothesis is that as increased levels of folate lead to higher concentrations of SAM, SAM antagonizes the expression of CYP2E1, which results in decreased conversion of ethanol into acetaldehyde. Thus, the lower levels of acetaldehyde may lower risk of oral cancer. There are also two enzymes within the ALDH1 family that play an important role both in ethanol metabolism and the folate one-carbon pathway. The first, ALDH1A1, converts acetaldehyde into its non-carcinogenic byproduct, acetate, as part of the second step in the ethanol metabolism pathway. The second, ALDH1L1, also known as FDH, is required for DNA nucleotide biosynthesis, and is upregulated at high concentrations of folate. ALDH1L1 appears to be a chief regulator of cellular metabolism as it is strongly downregulated at certain physiological and pathological conditions, while its upregulation can produce drastic antiproliferative effects. ALDH1 has three known response elements that regulate gene expression (NF-Y, C/EBPβ, and RARα). Our second hypothesis is that folate interacts with one of these response elements to upregulate ALDH1A1 and ALDH1L1 expression in order to decrease acetaldehyde concentrations and promote DNA stability, thereby decreasing cancer susceptibility. Conducting future metabolic and biochemical human studies in order to understand this biological mechanism will serve to support evidence from epidemiologic studies, and ultimately promote the intake of folate to at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip H Hwang
- Division of Oral Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Columbia College of Dental Medicine, 622 West 168th Street, Suite PH17-306R, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Hindle AG, Karimpour-Fard A, Epperson LE, Hunter LE, Martin SL. Skeletal muscle proteomics: carbohydrate metabolism oscillates with seasonal and torpor-arousal physiology of hibernation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1440-52. [PMID: 21865542 PMCID: PMC3213940 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00298.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The physiology of small mammalian hibernators shifts profoundly over a year, from summer homeothermy to winter heterothermy. Torpor-arousal cycles define high-amplitude tissue activity fluctuations in winter, particularly for skeletal muscle, which contributes to the energetically demanding rewarming process via shivering. To better understand the biochemistry underlying summer-winter and torpor-arousal transitions, we applied two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mas spectrometry to the soluble proteins from hindlimb muscle of 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) in two summer and six winter states. Two hundred sixteen protein spots differed by sampled state. Significantly, intrawinter protein adjustment was a minor component of the dataset despite large discrepancies in muscle activity level among winter states; rather, the bulk of differences (127/138 unequivocally identified proteins spots) occurred between summer and winter. We did not detect any proteomic signatures of skeletal muscle atrophy in this hibernator nor any differential seasonal regulation of protein metabolism. Instead, adjustments to metabolic substrate preferences dominated the detected proteomic differences. Pathways of carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis and gluconeogenesis) were summer enriched, whereas the winter proteome was enriched for fatty acid β-oxidation. Nevertheless, our data suggest that some reliance on carbohydrate reserves is maintained during winter. Phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), which reversibly prepares glucose subunits for either glycolysis or glycogenesis, showed apparent winter state-specific phosphorylation. PGM1 was phosphorylated during rewarming and dephosphorylated by interbout arousal, implying that glucose supplements lipid fuels during rewarming. This, along with winter elevation of TCA cycle enzymes, suggests that hindlimb muscles are primed for rapid energy production and that carbohydrates are an important fuel for shivering thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson G Hindle
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, PO Box 6511, MS 8010, Univ. of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Prajapati SC, Chauhan SS. Dipeptidyl peptidase III: a multifaceted oligopeptide N-end cutter. FEBS J 2011; 278:3256-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Williams CT, Goropashnaya AV, Buck CL, Fedorov VB, Kohl F, Lee TN, Barnes BM. Hibernating above the permafrost: effects of ambient temperature and season on expression of metabolic genes in liver and brown adipose tissue of arctic ground squirrels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 214:1300-6. [PMID: 21430207 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.052159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hibernating arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii), overwintering in frozen soils, maintain large gradients between ambient temperature (T(a)) and body temperature (T(b)) by substantially increasing metabolic rate during torpor while maintaining a subzero T(b). We used quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to determine how the expression of 56 metabolic genes was affected by season (active in summer vs hibernating), metabolic load during torpor (imposed by differences in T(a): +2 vs -10°C) and hibernation state (torpid vs after arousal). Compared with active ground squirrels sampled in summer, liver from hibernators showed increased expression of genes associated with fatty acid catabolism (CPT1A, FABP1 and ACAT1), ketogenesis (HMGCS2) and gluconeogenesis (PCK1) and decreased expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis (ACACB, SCD and ELOVL6), amino acid metabolism, the urea cycle (PAH, BCKDHA and OTC), glycolysis (PDK1 and PFKM) and lipid metabolism (ACAT2). Stage of hibernation (torpid vs aroused) had a much smaller effect, with only one gene associated with glycogen synthesis (GSY1) in liver showing consistent differences in expression levels between temperature treatments. Despite the more than eightfold increase in energetic demand associated with defending T(b) during torpor at a T(a) of -10 vs +2°C, transcript levels in liver and brown adipose tissue differed little. Our results are inconsistent with a hypothesized switch to use of non-lipid fuels when ambient temperatures drop below freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory T Williams
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA
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Pan P, van Breukelen F. Preference of IRES-mediated initiation of translation during hibernation in golden-mantled ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R370-7. [PMID: 21613577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00748.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian hibernation involves virtual cessation of energetically consumptive processes normally vital to homeostasis, including gene transcription and protein synthesis. As animals enter torpor, the bulk of initiation of translation is blocked at a body temperature of 18°C in golden-mantled ground squirrels [Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis]. Previous data demonstrated regulation of cap-dependent initiation of translation during torpor. We asked what happens to cap-independent, specifically, internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated initiation of translation during hibernation. We analyzed polysome fractions for mRNAs that are known to contain or not to contain IRES elements. Here, we show that mRNAs harboring IRES elements preferentially associate with ribosomes as a torpor bout progresses. Squirrels allowed to naturally complete a torpor cycle have a higher IRES preference index than those animals that are prematurely aroused from torpor. Data indicate that this change in preference is not associated with gene expression, i.e., change is due to change in mRNA association with ribosomes as opposed to mRNA abundance. Thus, although processes like transcription and translation are virtually arrested during torpor, ribosomes are preferentially loaded with IRES-containing transcripts when squirrels arouse from torpor and translation resumes. Differential translation of preexisting mRNAs may allow for the preferential production of key stress proteins critical for survival of physiological insults that are lethal to other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Pan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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Epperson LE, Karimpour-Fard A, Hunter LE, Martin SL. Metabolic cycles in a circannual hibernator. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:799-807. [PMID: 21540299 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00028.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation as manifested in ground squirrels is arguably the most plastic and extreme of physiological phenotypes in mammals. Homeostasis is challenged by prolonged fasting accompanied by heterothermy, yet must be facilitated for survival. We performed LC and GC-MS metabolomic profiling of plasma samples taken reproducibly during seven natural stages of the hibernator's year, three in summer and four in winter (each n ≥ 5), employing a nontargeted approach to define the metabolite shifts associated with the phenotype. We quantified 231 named metabolites; 106 of these altered significantly, demarcating a cycle within a cycle where torpor-arousal cycles recur during the winter portion of the seasonal cycle. A number of robust hibernation biomarkers that alter with season and winter stage are identified, including specific free fatty acids, antioxidants, and previously unpublished modified amino acids that are likely to be associated with the fasting state. The major pattern in metabolite levels is one of either depletion or accrual during torpor, followed by reversal to an apparent homeostatic level by interbout arousal. This finding provides new data that strongly support the predictions of a long-standing hypothesis that periodic arousals are necessary to restore metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Elaine Epperson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Rose JC, Epperson LE, Carey HV, Martin SL. Seasonal liver protein differences in a hibernator revealed by quantitative proteomics using whole animal isotopic labeling. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2011; 6:163-70. [PMID: 21481655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hibernation is an energy-saving strategy used by diverse species of mammals to survive winter. It is characterized by cycles between multi-day periods of torpor with low body temperature (T(b)), and short periods of rapid, spontaneous rewarming. The ability to retain cellular integrity and function throughout torpor and rewarming is a key attribute of hibernation. Livers from winter hibernators are resistant to cellular damage induced by cold storage followed by warm reperfusion. Identifying proteins that differ between the summer-sensitive and winter-protected phenotypic states is one useful approach that may elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie this protection. Here we employ a novel quantitative proteomics screening strategy whereby a newly-weaned 13-lined ground squirrel was metabolically labeled by ingesting heavy-isotope substituted ((15)N) Spirulina. The liver protein extract from this animal provided a common reference for quantitative evaluation of protein differences by its addition to extracts from pooled samples of summer active (SA) or winter entrance (Ent) phase hibernating ground squirrels. We identified 61 significantly different proteins between the two groups and compared them to proteins identified previously in the same samples using 2D gels. Of the 20 proteins common to the two datasets, the direction and magnitude of their differences were perfectly concordant for 18, providing confidence that both sets of altered proteins reflect bona fide differences between the two physiological states. Furthermore, the 41 novel proteins recovered in this study included many new enzymes in pathways identified previously: specifically, additional enzymes belonging to the urea cycle, amino acid and carbohydrate degradation, and lipid biosynthetic pathways were decreased, whereas enzymes involved in ketone body synthesis, fatty acid utilization, protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis were increased in the samples from entrance hibernators compared to summer active animals, providing additional specific evidence for the importance of these pathways in the hibernating phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cameron Rose
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, USA
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Arad Z, Mizrahi T, Goldenberg S, Heller J. Natural annual cycle of heat shock protein expression in land snails: desert versus Mediterranean species of Sphincterochila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 213:3487-95. [PMID: 20889829 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.047670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Land snails are subject to daily and seasonal variations in temperature and in water availability, and have evolved annual cycles of activity and aestivation as part of their survival strategy. We tested in the field whether adaptation to different habitats affects the endogenous levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in two closely related Sphincterochila snail species, a desiccation-resistant desert species, Sphincterochila zonata, and a Mediterranean-type, desiccation-sensitive species, S. cariosa. We examined HSP levels in various tissues of snails during aestivation and after resumption of activity. Our study shows that, during aestivation, S. cariosa had higher standing stocks of Hsp70 in the foot and the hepatopancreas, and of small HSPs (sHSPs) in all the examined tissues, whereas S. zonata had higher stocks of Hsp70 in the kidney and of Hsp90 in the kidney and in the hepatopancreas. Arousal induced a general upregulation of HSPs, except for Hsp90, the expression of which in the foot was higher during aestivation. We suggest that the stress protein machinery is upregulated during arousal in anticipation of possible oxidative stress ensuing from the accelerating metabolic rate and the exit from the deep hypometabolic state. Our findings support the concept that, in land snails, aestivation and activity represent two distinct physiological states, and suggest that land snails use HSPs as important components of the aestivation mechanism, and as part of their survival strategy during and after arousal. Our study also indicates that adaptation to different habitats results in the development of distinct strategies of HSP expression with likely consequences for the ecology and distribution of land snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Arad
- Department of Biology, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Robinson GE, Banks JA, Padilla DK, Burggren WW, Cohen CS, Delwiche CF, Funk V, Hoekstra HE, Jarvis ED, Johnson L, Martindale MQ, del Rio CM, Medina M, Salt DE, Sinha S, Specht C, Strange K, Strassmann JE, Swalla BJ, Tomanek L. Empowering 21st Century Biology. Bioscience 2010. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Nelson CJ, Otis JP, Carey HV. Global analysis of circulating metabolites in hibernating ground squirrels. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2010; 5:265-73. [PMID: 20728417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hibernation in mammals involves major alterations in nutrition and metabolism that would be expected to affect levels of circulating molecules. To gain insight into these changes we conducted a non-targeted LC-MS based metabolomic analysis of plasma using hibernating ground squirrels in late torpor (LT, T(b)~5 °C) or during an interbout arousal period (IBA, T(b)~5 °C) and non-hibernating squirrels in spring (T(b)~37 °C). Several metabolites varied and allowed differentiation between hibernators and spring squirrels, and between torpid and euthermic squirrels. Methionine and the short-chain carnitine esters of propionate and butyryate/isobutyrate were reduced in LT compared with the euthermic groups. Pantothenic acid and several lysophosphatidylcholines were elevated in LT relative to the euthermic groups, whereas lysophosphatidylethanolamines were elevated during IBA compared to LT and spring animals. Two regulatory lipids varied among the groups: sphingosine 1-phosphate was lower in LT vs. euthermic groups, whereas cholesterol sulfate was elevated in IBA compared to spring squirrels. Levels of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and total NEFA tended to be elevated in hibernators relative to spring squirrels. Three long-chain acylcarnitines were reduced in LT relative to IBA; free carnitine was also lower in LT vs. IBA. Our results identified several biochemical changes not previously observed in the seasonal hibernation cycle, including some that may provide insight into the metabolic limitations of mammalian torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark J Nelson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Mayr G. Phylogenetic relationships of the paraphyletic ‘caprimulgiform’ birds (nightjars and allies). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhao S, Shao C, Goropashnaya AV, Stewart NC, Xu Y, Tøien Ø, Barnes BM, Fedorov VB, Yan J. Genomic analysis of expressed sequence tags in American black bear Ursus americanus. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:201. [PMID: 20338065 PMCID: PMC2996962 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Species of the bear family (Ursidae) are important organisms for research in molecular evolution, comparative physiology and conservation biology, but relatively little genetic sequence information is available for this group. Here we report the development and analyses of the first large scale Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) resource for the American black bear (Ursus americanus). Results Comprehensive analyses of molecular functions, alternative splicing, and tissue-specific expression of 38,757 black bear EST sequences were conducted using the dog genome as a reference. We identified 18 genes, involved in functions such as lipid catabolism, cell cycle, and vesicle-mediated transport, that are showing rapid evolution in the bear lineage Three genes, Phospholamban (PLN), cysteine glycine-rich protein 3 (CSRP3) and Troponin I type 3 (TNNI3), are related to heart contraction, and defects in these genes in humans lead to heart disease. Two genes, biphenyl hydrolase-like (BPHL) and CSRP3, contain positively selected sites in bear. Global analysis of evolution rates of hibernation-related genes in bear showed that they are largely conserved and slowly evolving genes, rather than novel and fast-evolving genes. Conclusion We provide a genomic resource for an important mammalian organism and our study sheds new light on the possible functions and evolution of bear genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhao
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
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