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Mironiuk-Puchalska E, Karatsai O, Żuchowska A, Wróblewski W, Borys F, Lehka L, Rędowicz MJ, Koszytkowska-Stawińska M. Development of 5-fluorouracil-dichloroacetate mutual prodrugs as anticancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106784. [PMID: 37639758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most widely applied chemotherapeutic agents with a broad spectrum of activity. However, despite this versatile activity, its use poses many limitations. Herein, novel derivatives of 5-FU and dichloroacetic acid have been designed and synthesized as a new type of codrugs, also known as mutual prodrugs, to overcome the drawbacks of 5-FU and enhance its therapeutic efficiency. The stability of the obtained compounds has been tested at various pH values using different analytical techniques, namely HPLC and potentiometry. The antiproliferative activity of the new 5-FU derivatives was assessed in vitro on SK-MEL-28 and WM793 human melanoma cell lines in 2D culture as well as on A549 human lung carcinoma, MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma, LL24 normal lung tissue, and HMF normal breast tissue as a multicellular 3D spheroid model cultured in standard (static) conditions and with the use of microfluidic systems, which to a great extent resembles the in vivo environment. In all cases, new mutual prodrugs showed a higher cytotoxic activity toward cancer models and lower to normal cell models than the parent 5-FU itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mironiuk-Puchalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego St., 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Olena Karatsai
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Science, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093-Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Żuchowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego St., 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wróblewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego St., 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Borys
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego St., 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lilya Lehka
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Science, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093-Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Jolanta Rędowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Science, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093-Warsaw, Poland
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Coscarella IL, Landim-Vieira M, Rastegarpouyani H, Chase PB, Irianto J, Pinto JR. Nucleus Mechanosensing in Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13341. [PMID: 37686151 PMCID: PMC10487505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac muscle contraction is distinct from the contraction of other muscle types. The heart continuously undergoes contraction-relaxation cycles throughout an animal's lifespan. It must respond to constantly varying physical and energetic burdens over the short term on a beat-to-beat basis and relies on different mechanisms over the long term. Muscle contractility is based on actin and myosin interactions that are regulated by cytoplasmic calcium ions. Genetic variants of sarcomeric proteins can lead to the pathophysiological development of cardiac dysfunction. The sarcomere is physically connected to other cytoskeletal components. Actin filaments, microtubules and desmin proteins are responsible for these interactions. Therefore, mechanical as well as biochemical signals from sarcomeric contractions are transmitted to and sensed by other parts of the cardiomyocyte, particularly the nucleus which can respond to these stimuli. Proteins anchored to the nuclear envelope display a broad response which remodels the structure of the nucleus. In this review, we examine the central aspects of mechanotransduction in the cardiomyocyte where the transmission of mechanical signals to the nucleus can result in changes in gene expression and nucleus morphology. The correlation of nucleus sensing and dysfunction of sarcomeric proteins may assist the understanding of a wide range of functional responses in the progress of cardiomyopathic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maicon Landim-Vieira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Hosna Rastegarpouyani
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Institute for Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Prescott Bryant Chase
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jose Renato Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Nilson R, Krutzke L, Wienen F, Rojewski M, Zeplin PH, Funk W, Schrezenmeier H, Kochanek S, Kritzinger A. Evaluation of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Carriers for the Delivery of Oncolytic HAdV-5 to Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Viruses 2023; 15:218. [PMID: 36680258 PMCID: PMC9864513 DOI: 10.3390/v15010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are of significant therapeutic interest due to their ability to deliver oncolytic adenoviruses to tumors. This approach is also investigated for targeting head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). HAdV-5-HexPos3, a recently reported capsid-modified vector based on human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5), showed strongly improved infection of both hMSCs and the HNSCC cell line UM-SCC-11B. Given that, we generated life cycle-unmodified and -modified replication-competent HAdV-5-HexPos3 vector variants and analyzed their replication within bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived hMSCs. Efficient replication was detected for both life cycle-unmodified and -modified vectors. Moreover, we analyzed the migration of vector-carrying hMSCs toward different HNSCCs. Although migration of hMSCs to HNSCC cell lines was confirmed in vitro, no homing of hMSCs to HNSCC xenografts was observed in vivo in mice and in ovo in a chorioallantoic membrane model. Taken together, our data suggest that HAdV-5-HexPos3 is a potent candidate for hMSC-based oncolytic therapy of HNSCCs. However, it also emphasizes the importance of generating optimized in vivo models for the evaluation of hMSC as carrier cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Nilson
- Department of Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lea Krutzke
- Department of Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frederik Wienen
- Department of Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Rojewski
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Philip Helge Zeplin
- Schlosspark Klinik Ludwigsburg, Privatklinik für Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie, 71638 Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | | | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Kochanek
- Department of Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Kritzinger
- Department of Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Yamamoto K, Okabe M, Tanaka K, Yokoo T, Pastan I, Araoka T, Osafune K, Udagawa T, Koizumi M, Matsusaka T. Podocytes are lost from glomeruli before completing apoptosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F515-F526. [PMID: 36049065 PMCID: PMC9602714 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00080.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although apoptosis of podocytes has been widely reported in in vitro studies, it has been less frequently and less definitively documented in in vivo situations. To investigate this discrepancy, we analyzed the dying process of podocytes in vitro and in vivo using LMB2, a human (h)CD25-directed immunotoxin. LMB2 induced cell death within 2 days in 56.8 ± 13.6% of cultured podocytes expressing hCD25 in a caspase-3, Bak1, and Bax-dependent manner. LMB2 induced typical apoptotic features, including TUNEL staining and fragmented nuclei without lactate dehydrogenase leakage. In vivo, LMB2 effectively eliminated hCD25-expressing podocytes in NEP25 mice. Podocytes injured by LMB2 were occasionally stained for cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved lamin A but never for TUNEL. Urinary sediment contained TUNEL-positive podocytes. To examine the effect of glomerular filtration, we performed unilateral ureteral obstruction in NEP25 mice treated with LMB2 1 day before euthanasia. In the obstructed kidney, glomeruli contained significantly more cleaved lamin A-positive podocytes than those in the contralateral kidney (50.1 ± 5.4% vs. 29.3 ± 4.1%, P < 0.001). To further examine the dying process without glomerular filtration, we treated kidney organoids generated from nephron progenitor cells of NEP25 mice with LMB2. Podocytes showed TUNEL staining and nuclear fragmentation. These results indicate that on activation of apoptotic caspases, podocytes are detached and lost in the urine before nuclear fragmentation and that the physical force of glomerular filtration facilitates detachment. This phenomenon may be the reason why definitive apoptosis is not observed in podocytes in vivo.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report clarifies why morphologically definitive apoptosis is not observed in podocytes in vivo. When caspase-3 is activated in podocytes, these cells are immediately detached from the glomerulus and lost in the urine before DNA fragmentation occurs. Detachment is facilitated by glomerular filtration. This phenomenon explains why podocytes in vivo rarely show TUNEL staining and never apoptotic bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Yamamoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okabe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Toshikazu Araoka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Udagawa
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masahiro Koizumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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Hou L, Du J, Ren Q, Zhu L, Zhao X, Kong X, Gu W, Wang L, Meng Q. Ubiquitin-modified proteome analysis of Eriocheir sinensis hemocytes during Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 125:109-119. [PMID: 35500876 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma eriocheiris, the pathogen of Eriocheir sinensis tremor disease (TD), has bring a huge economic loss to China aquaculture. The hemocytes of crab as the first target cells of S. eriocheiris, but the interactive relationship between the E. sinensis and this pathogen not particularly clear. The present study is the first time to analysis the role of protein ubiquitination in the process of E. sinensis hemocytes response S. eriocheiris infection. By applying label-free quantitative liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry proteomics, 950 lysine ubiquitination sites and 803 ubiquitination peptides on 458 proteins were identified, of which 48 ubiquitination sites on 40 proteins were quantified as significantly changed after the S. eriocheiris infection. Bioinformatics analysis of ubiquitination different proteins suggested many biological process and pathways were participated in the interaction between S. eriocheiris and host cell, such as ubiquitin system, endocytosis, prophenoloxidase system (proPO system), cell apoptosis, glycolysis. Our study can enhance our understanding of interaction between the crab and S. eriocheiris, and also provides basis to study the role of protein ubiquitination in other crustacean innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Hou
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jie Du
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, Jiangsu, 212400, China
| | - Qiulin Ren
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xianliang Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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The Formation of Melanocyte Apoptotic Bodies in Vitiligo and the Relocation of Vitiligo Autoantigens under Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7617839. [PMID: 34745423 PMCID: PMC8568525 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7617839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress has a vital role in the early stages of vitiligo. Autoantigens released from apoptotic melanocytes (MC) under oxidative stress are involved in the presentation and recognition of antigens. However, the transport of autoantigens to the cell surface and their release to the extracellular environment are still unclear. Apoptotic bodies (ABs) have always been considered as a key source of immunomodulators and autoantigens. Yet, the role of ABs in the immune mechanism of vitiligo is still unknown. Purpose To explore whether MC's autoantigens translocate into ABs during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and study the molecular mechanisms underlying autoantigen migration and AB formation. Methods PIG3V (an immortalized human vitiligo melanocyte cell line) were treated with H2O2, and ABs were separated. Transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, Western blot, mass spectrometry, and other methods were used to determine the relocation of specific antigens in PIG3V cells to ABs. After pretreatment with specific inhibitors (Rho kinase (Y-27632), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK, ML-9), pan-caspase (zVAD-FMK), and JNK (SP600125)), the pathway of autoantigen translocation into ABs and the formation of apoptotic bodies were determined. Results When treated with 0.8 mM H2O2, ABs were released from these cells. Autoantigens such as tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP-1) and cleavage nuclear membrane antigen Lamin A/C (Asp230) were concentrated in ABs. The expression of autoantigens and the formation of ABs increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner after treatment with H2O2, while the application of specific inhibitors inhibited the formation of apoptotic bodies, i.e., the expression of antigens. Conclusion Vitiligo autoantigens translocate into ABs in the process of apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. The cytoskeletal protein activation pathway and the JNK-related apoptosis pathway are involved in the transport of autoantigens and the formation of ABs. ABs may be the key bridge between MC cell apoptosis and cellular immunity.
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Phuapittayalert L, Tanasrivaroottanun N, Hipkaeo W, Supanpaiboon W, Sakulsak N. Increased expression of apoptotic markers in human full-term placenta after exposure to elevated environmental cadmium levels during pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51795-51807. [PMID: 33991298 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal, produces various forms of environmental contaminations and health problems in human. In this study, we aimed to examine the localization of several apoptotic markers in human placentas from pregnant women who were environmentally exposed to Cd. Twelve pregnant women participated in this analysis and they were divided into 2 groups according to their living areas: high-Cd (H-Cd) and low-Cd (L-Cd) groups. After delivery, the placentas were immediately harvested, and the placental width, length, and weight were measured. The placental Cd concentration was determined by using ICP-MS. The expression of three apoptotic markers, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved lamin A/C, and TUNEL, was examined in immunohistochemistry. In results, the placental Cd concentration in the H-Cd group was higher than that in the L-Cd group. In contrast, a significant decrease in the BW (birth weight):PW (placenta weight) ratio representing the placental nutrient transport function was found in the H-Cd group, and an inverse correlation between placental Cd concentration and BW:PW ratio was demonstrated. Additionally, significant elevations in the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved lamin A/C proteins, and TUNEL were shown in the H-Cd placenta. Moreover, positive correlations were found between the placental Cd concentration and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and TUNEL. Collectively, our findings suggest that the exposure of pregnant women to environmental Cd might induce Cd to be transferred to the body and then accumulated in the placenta, resulting in disturbance of the placental function and eventual apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laorrat Phuapittayalert
- Division of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand.
| | | | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Wisa Supanpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Natthiya Sakulsak
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
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Rogerson C, Wotherspoon DJ, Tommasi C, Button RW, O'Shaughnessy RFL. Akt1-associated actomyosin remodelling is required for nuclear lamina dispersal and nuclear shrinkage in epidermal terminal differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1849-1864. [PMID: 33462407 PMCID: PMC8184862 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte cornification and epidermal barrier formation are tightly controlled processes, which require complete degradation of intracellular organelles, including removal of keratinocyte nuclei. Keratinocyte nuclear destruction requires Akt1-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of the nuclear lamina protein, Lamin A/C, essential for nuclear integrity. However, the molecular mechanisms that result in complete nuclear removal and their regulation are not well defined. Post-confluent cultures of rat epidermal keratinocytes (REKs) undergo spontaneous and complete differentiation, allowing visualisation and perturbation of the differentiation process in vitro. We demonstrate that there is dispersal of phosphorylated Lamin A/C to structures throughout the cytoplasm in differentiating keratinocytes. We show that the dispersal of phosphorylated Lamin A/C is Akt1-dependent and these structures are specific for the removal of Lamin A/C from the nuclear lamina; nuclear contents and Lamin B were not present in these structures. Immunoprecipitation identified a group of functionally related Akt1 target proteins involved in Lamin A/C dispersal, including actin, which forms cytoskeletal microfilaments, Arp3, required for actin filament nucleation, and Myh9, a component of myosin IIa, a molecular motor that can translocate along actin filaments. Disruption of actin filament polymerisation, nucleation or myosin IIa activity prevented formation and dispersal of cytoplasmic Lamin A/C structures. Live imaging of keratinocytes expressing fluorescently tagged nuclear proteins showed a nuclear volume reduction step taking less than 40 min precedes final nuclear destruction. Preventing Akt1-dependent Lamin A/C phosphorylation and disrupting cytoskeletal Akt1-associated proteins prevented nuclear volume reduction. We propose keratinocyte nuclear destruction and differentiation requires myosin II activity and the actin cytoskeleton for two intermediate processes: Lamin A/C dispersal and rapid nuclear volume reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rogerson
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Duncan J Wotherspoon
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Cristina Tommasi
- Immunobiology and Dermatology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert W Button
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ryan F L O'Shaughnessy
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Palrasu M, Knapinska AM, Diez J, Smith L, LaVoi T, Giulianotti M, Houghten RA, Fields GB, Minond D. A Novel Probe for Spliceosomal Proteins that Induces Autophagy and Death of Melanoma Cells Reveals New Targets for Melanoma Drug Discovery. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 53:656-686. [PMID: 31573152 PMCID: PMC6990463 DOI: 10.33594/000000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Despite recent advances in melanoma drug discovery, the average overall survival of patients with late stage metastatic melanoma is approximately 3 years, suggesting a need for approaches that identify new melanoma targets. We have previously reported a discovery of novel anti-melanoma compound 2155–14 (Onwuha-Ekpete et al., J Med Chem. 2014 Feb 27; 57(4):1599–608). In the report presented herein we aim to identify its target(s) and mechanism of action. Methods: We utilized biotinylated analog of 2155–14 to pull down its targets from melanoma cells. Proteomics in combination with western blot were used to identify the targets. Mechanism of action of 2155–14 was determined using flow cytometry, RT-PCR, microscopy, western blot, and enzymatic activity assays. Where applicable, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used followed by Dunnett post hoc test. Results: In the present study, we identified ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX1 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) H1, H2 and A2/B1 as targets of anti-melanoma compound 2155–14. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first report suggesting that these proteins could be targeted for melanoma therapy. Mechanistic investigations showed that 2155–14 induces ER stress leading to potentiation of basal autophagy resulting in melanoma cell death in BRAF and NRAS mutated melanoma cells. Conclusion: Identification of mode of action of 2155–14 may provide insight into novel therapies against a broad range of melanoma subtypes. These studies were enabled by the novel probe derived from a mixture-based library, an important class of chemical biology tools for discovering novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Palrasu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Anna M Knapinska
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Juan Diez
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Lyndsay Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Travis LaVoi
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Marc Giulianotti
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | | | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Dmitriy Minond
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA,
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Kim S, Oh MW, Bin Park W, Yoo HS. Global Gene Networks in 3D4/31 Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Treated with Antigenic Epitopes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIA, IIA, and IVA. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5269. [PMID: 30918280 PMCID: PMC6437162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Although App produces several virulence factors, Apx toxins, the primary App virulence factors, have been the focus of numerous studies. However, the host response against the Apx toxins has not been elucidated at the transcriptomic level. Therefore, in this study, we examined the response of an immortalized porcine alveolar macrophage cell line (IPAM 3D4/31) to four antigenic epitopes of the App exotoxins, ApxIA, IIA and IVA. The antigenic epitopes of the Apx toxins (ApxIA Ct, ApxIIA Nt, ApxIVA C1 and ApxIV C2) were determined by an in-silico antigenicity prediction analysis. Gene expression in IPAMs was analyzed by RNA-Seq after treatment with the four proteins for 24 h. A total of 15,269 DEGs were observed to be associated with cellular and metabolic processes in the GO category Biological Process and nuclear receptors and apoptosis signaling in IPA analyses. These DEGs were also related to M2 macrophage polarization and apoptosis in IPAMs. These host transcriptional analyses present novel global gene networks of the host response to treatment with Apx toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Whan Oh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Bin Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jiang Z, Cinti C, Taranta M, Mattioli E, Schena E, Singh S, Khurana R, Lattanzi G, Tsinoremas NF, Capobianco E. Network assessment of demethylation treatment in melanoma: Differential transcriptome-methylome and antigen profile signatures. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206686. [PMID: 30485296 PMCID: PMC6261551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In melanoma, like in other cancers, both genetic alterations and epigenetic underlie the metastatic process. These effects are usually measured by changes in both methylome and transcriptome profiles, whose cross-correlation remains uncertain. We aimed to assess at systems scale the significance of epigenetic treatment in melanoma cells with different metastatic potential. Methods and findings Treatment by DAC demethylation with 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine of two melanoma cell lines endowed with different metastatic potential, SKMEL-2 and HS294T, was performed and high-throughput coupled RNA-Seq and RRBS-Seq experiments delivered differential profiles (DiP) of both transcriptomes and methylomes. Methylation levels measured at both TSS and gene body were studied to inspect correlated patterns with wide-spectrum transcript abundance levels quantified in both protein coding and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) regions. The DiP were then mapped onto standard bio-annotation sources (pathways, biological processes) and network configurations were obtained. The prioritized associations for target identification purposes were expected to elucidate the reprogramming dynamics induced by the epigenetic therapy. The interactomic connectivity maps of each cell line were formed to support the analysis of epigenetically re-activated genes. i.e. those supposedly silenced by melanoma. In particular, modular protein interaction networks (PIN) were used, evidencing a limited number of shared annotations, with an example being MAPK13 (cascade of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli). This gene is also a target associated to the PANDAR ncRNA, therapeutically relevant because of its aberrant expression observed in various cancers. Overall, the non-metastatic SKMEL-2 map reveals post-treatment re-activation of a richer pathway landscape, involving cadherins and integrins as signatures of cell adhesion and proliferation. Relatively more lncRNAs were also annotated, indicating more complex regulation patterns in view of target identification. Finally, the antigen maps matched to DiP display other differential signatures with respect to the metastatic potential of the cell lines. In particular, as demethylated melanomas show connected targets that grow with the increased metastatic potential, also the potential target actionability seems to depend to some degree on the metastatic state. However, caution is required when assessing the direct influence of re-activated genes over the identified targets. In light of the stronger treatment effects observed in non-metastatic conditions, some limitations likely refer to in silico data integration tools and resources available for the analysis of tumor antigens. Conclusion Demethylation treatment strongly affects early melanoma progression by re-activating many genes. This evidence suggests that the efficacy of this type of therapeutic intervention is potentially high at the pre-metastatic stages. The biomarkers that can be assessed through antigens seem informative depending on the metastatic conditions, and networks help to elucidate the assessment of possible targets actionability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Jiang
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Mattioli
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Schena
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Bologna, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sakshi Singh
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Siena, Italy
| | - Rimpi Khurana
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Giovanna Lattanzi
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicholas F. Tsinoremas
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Enrico Capobianco
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Anders F, Liu A, Mann C, Teister J, Lauzi J, Thanos S, Grus FH, Pfeiffer N, Prokosch V. The Small Heat Shock Protein α-Crystallin B Shows Neuroprotective Properties in a Glaucoma Animal Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2418. [PMID: 29135941 PMCID: PMC5713386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to irreversible retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide. The pathogenesis of glaucoma remains unclear, and novel approaches for neuroprotective treatments are urgently needed. Previous studies have revealed significant down-regulation of α-crystallin B as an initial reaction to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), followed by a clear but delayed up-regulation, suggesting that this small heat-shock protein plays a pathophysiological role in the disease. This study analyzed the neuroprotective effect of α-crystallin B in an experimental animal model of glaucoma. Significant IOP elevation induced by episcleral vein cauterization resulted in a considerable impairment of the RGCs and the retinal nerve fiber layer. An intravitreal injection of α-crystallin B at the time of the IOP increase was able to rescue the RGCs, as measured in a functional photopic electroretinogram, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and RGC counts. Mass-spectrometry-based proteomics and antibody-microarray measurements indicated that a α-crystallin injection distinctly up-regulated all of the subclasses (α, β, and γ) of the crystallin protein family. The creation of an interactive protein network revealed clear correlations between individual proteins, which showed a regulatory shift resulting from the crystallin injection. The neuroprotective properties of α-crystallin B further demonstrate the potential importance of crystallin proteins in developing therapeutic options for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Anders
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Aiwei Liu
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Carolina Mann
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Julia Teister
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Lauzi
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Solon Thanos
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Bhardwaj JK, Saraf P. Transmission electron microscopic analysis of malathion-induced cytotoxicity in granulosa cells of caprine antral follicles. Ultrastruct Pathol 2015; 40:43-50. [PMID: 26513701 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2015.1088908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malathion, one of the most abundantly used organophosphate pesticides, has immoderate potency as a cytotoxic and genotoxic compound that induces toxicity in granulosa cells, resulting in its apoptosis. Thus, the present study aims to employ ultrastructural analysis for assessing the cytotoxicity of malathion at nanomolar concentrations (1 nM and 10 nM) in granulosa cells of caprine antral follicles at different exposure durations. Transmission electron microscopy revealed diminished cell-cell contact and cellular integrity, presence of crescent-shaped nucleus, chromatin condensation, and pyknosis with nuclear membrane folding, accumulation of lipid droplets with occurrence of cytoplasmic protrusions in granulosa cells treated with 1 nM malathion, whereas at 10 nM concentration, along with apoptotic attributes, prominent association of nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets, nucleus invagination into lipid droplets, apical localization of lipid bodies, and occurrence of autophagic body were observed as compared to healthy granulosa cells in control with normal intact cellular integrity, well-developed cellular association, and doubled membrane nuclear lamina with homogenously dispersed chromatin surrounded by intact mitochondria with well-developed cristae. Thus, the results of ultrastructural analysis clearly suggest that nanomolar concentration of malathion induces apoptotic hallmarks within the granulosa cells of antral follicles that play a consequential role in increasing the incidence of follicular atresia, thereby affecting the overall fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Kumar Bhardwaj
- a Department of Zoology , Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Kurukshetra University , Kurukshetra , Haryana , India
| | - Priyanka Saraf
- a Department of Zoology , Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Kurukshetra University , Kurukshetra , Haryana , India
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14
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Zirngibl M, Fürnrohr BG, Janko C, Munoz LE, Voll RE, Gregory CD, Schett G, Herrmann M. Loading of nuclear autoantigens prototypically recognized by systemic lupus erythematosus sera into late apoptotic vesicles requires intact microtubules and myosin light chain kinase activity. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:39-49. [PMID: 24673456 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are characterized by an impaired clearance of apoptotic cells in various tissues. Non-cleared apoptotic waste is considered an immunogen driving the autoimmune response in patients with SLE. During the execution of apoptosis, membrane blebs are formed and filled with cellular components. Here, we evaluate the cytoskeletal pathway(s) responsible for the loading of SLE prototypic nuclear autoantigens into the apoptotic cell-derived membranous vesicles (ACMV) generated during late phases of apoptosis. HeLa cells expressing a fusion protein of histone H2B with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were irradiated with ultraviolet (UV)-B to induce apoptosis. The appearance and trafficking of chromatin-derived material was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Specific inhibitors of cytoskeletal pathways were employed to identify the motile elements involved in translocation and trafficking of the nuclear components. We observed that immediately after their appearance the ACMV did not contain histone H2B(GFP) ; in this phase the fluorescence was contained in the nuclear remnants and the cytoplasm. Within consecutive minutes the ACMV were loaded with chromatin-derived material, whereas the loading of simultaneously created ACMV with histone H2B(GFP) was not uniform. Some ACMV were preferentially filled and, consequently, showed a remarkably higher histone H2B(GFP) accumulation. Inhibitors of the cytoskeleton revealed that functional microtubules and myosin light chain kinase are required for nuclear shrinkage and loading of nuclear material into the ACMV, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zirngibl
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department for General Pediatrics, Haematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Aging is a complex, multifaceted process that induces a myriad of physiological changes over an extended period of time. Aging is accompanied by major biochemical and biomechanical changes at macroscopic and microscopic length scales that affect not only tissues and organs but also cells and subcellular organelles. These changes include transcriptional and epigenetic modifications; changes in energy production within mitochondria; and alterations in the overall mechanics of cells, their nuclei, and their surrounding extracellular matrix. In addition, aging influences the ability of cells to sense changes in extracellular-matrix compliance (mechanosensation) and to transduce these changes into biochemical signals (mechanotransduction). Moreover, following a complex positive-feedback loop, aging is accompanied by changes in the composition and structure of the extracellular matrix, resulting in changes in the mechanics of connective tissues in older individuals. Consequently, these progressive dysfunctions facilitate many human pathologies and deficits that are associated with aging, including cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurodegenerative disorders and diseases. Here, we critically review recent work highlighting some of the primary biophysical changes occurring in cells and tissues that accompany the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude M Phillip
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
| | - Ivie Aifuwa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
| | - Jeremy Walston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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16
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Broers JLV, Ramaekers FCS. The role of the nuclear lamina in cancer and apoptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 773:27-48. [PMID: 24563342 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-8032-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Not long after the discovery of lamin proteins, it became clear that not all lamin subtypes are ubiquitously expressed in cells and tissues. Especially, A-type lamins showed an inverse correlation with proliferation and were thus initially called statins. Here we compare the findings of both A- and B-type lamin expression in various normal tissues and their neoplastic counterparts. Based on immunocytochemistry it becomes clear that lamin expression patterns are much more complicated than initially assumed: while normally proliferative cells are devoid of A-type lamin expression, many neoplastic tissues do show prominent A-type lamin expression. Conversely, cells that do not proliferate can be devoid of lamin expression. Yet, within the different types of tissues and tumors, lamins can be used to distinguish between tumor subtypes. The link between the appearance of A-type lamins in differentiation and the appearance of A-type lamins in a tumor likely relates the proliferative capacity of the tumor to its differentiation state.While lamins are targets for degradation in the apoptotic process, and accordingly are often used as markers for apoptosis, intriguing studies on an active role of lamins in the initiation or the prevention of apoptosis have been published recently and give rise to a renewed interest in the role of lamins in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos L V Broers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
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17
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Abstract
The nucleus is the distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells. Until recently, it was often considered simply as a unique compartment containing the genetic information of the cell and associated machinery, without much attention to its structure and mechanical properties. This article provides compelling examples that illustrate how specific nuclear structures are associated with important cellular functions, and how defects in nuclear mechanics can cause a multitude of human diseases. During differentiation, embryonic stem cells modify their nuclear envelope composition and chromatin structure, resulting in stiffer nuclei that reflect decreased transcriptional plasticity. In contrast, neutrophils have evolved characteristic lobulated nuclei that increase their physical plasticity, enabling passage through narrow tissue spaces in their response to inflammation. Research on diverse cell types further demonstrates how induced nuclear deformations during cellular compression or stretch can modulate cellular function. Pathological examples of disturbed nuclear mechanics include the many diseases caused by mutations in the nuclear envelope proteins lamin A/C and associated proteins, as well as cancer cells that are often characterized by abnormal nuclear morphology. In this article, we will focus on determining the functional relationship between nuclear mechanics and cellular (dys-)function, describing the molecular changes associated with physiological and pathological examples, the resulting defects in nuclear mechanics, and the effects on cellular function. New insights into the close relationship between nuclear mechanics and cellular organization and function will yield a better understanding of normal biology and will offer new clues into therapeutic approaches to the various diseases associated with defective nuclear mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lammerding
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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18
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Shahzidi S, Brech A, Sioud M, Li X, Suo Z, Nesland JM, Peng Q. Lamin A/C cleavage by caspase-6 activation is crucial for apoptotic induction by photodynamic therapy with hexaminolevulinate in human B-cell lymphoma cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 339:25-32. [PMID: 23916608 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a light-activated drug is an approved modality for cancer treatment. Hexaminolevulinate (HAL), a hexylester of 5-aminolevulinic acid as the photosensitising protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) precursor, is clinically used for both PDT and photodetection. Our previous studies have shown that HAL-PDT can effectively induce apoptosis in several human blood malignant cell lines. However, the mechanisms involved in the apoptotic induction are still not fully elucidated. In this study we have focused on the role of cellular lamin A/C in the apoptotic induction. HAL-PDT-mediated apoptosis was confirmed by various techniques including fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy in both human B-cell lymphoma Ramos and Daudi cell lines. The lamin A/C, together with caspases-6 and -3, was cleaved during the apoptosis. Western blots, immunocytochemistry, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy demonstrated that the specific caspase-6 inhibitor abrogated the HAL-PDT-mediated cleavages of both caspase-6 and lamin A/C and subsequent apoptosis in these two cell lines, suggesting that the cleavage of lamin A/C by the caspase-6 activation is crucial for such apoptotic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Shahzidi
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Zhao J, Bowman L, Magaye R, Leonard SS, Castranova V, Ding M. Apoptosis induced by tungsten carbide-cobalt nanoparticles in JB6 cells involves ROS generation through both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1349-59. [PMID: 23417053 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, apoptosis and related signaling induced by WC-Co nanoparticles were investigated in JB6 cells and rat lung macrophages. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and fluorescent staining indicated that both WC-Co nanoparticles and fine particles stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Catalase exhibited an inhibitory effect on WC-Co nanoparticle-induced ROS as well as mitochondrial membrane permeability damage. Further study indicated that WC-Co nanoparticles elicited higher cytotoxicity and apoptotic induction than fine particles. Western blot analysis showed activation of proapoptotic factors including Fas, Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), caspase 3, 8 and 9, BID and BAX. In addition, both cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were upregulated and released from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. Our findings demonstrate that, on a mass basis, WC-Co nanoparticles exhibit higher cytotoxicity and apoptotic induction than fine particles. Apoptosis induced by WC-Co nanoparticles and fine particles involves both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshun Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine of the Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China.
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20
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, the biomechanical properties of cells have emerged as key players in a broad range of cellular functions, including migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Although much of the attention has focused on the cytoskeletal networks and the cell's microenvironment, relatively little is known about the contribution of the cell nucleus. Here, we present an overview of the structural elements that determine the physical properties of the nucleus and discuss how changes in the expression of nuclear components or mutations in nuclear proteins can not only affect nuclear mechanics but also modulate cytoskeletal organization and diverse cellular functions. These findings illustrate that the nucleus is tightly integrated into the surrounding cellular structure. Consequently, changes in nuclear structure and composition are highly relevant to normal development and physiology and can contribute to many human diseases, such as muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, (premature) aging, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zwerger
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The lamins are the major architectural proteins of the animal cell nucleus. Lamins line the inside of the nuclear membrane, where they provide a platform for the binding of proteins and chromatin and confer mechanical stability. They have been implicated in a wide range of nuclear functions, including higher-order genome organization, chromatin regulation, transcription, DNA replication and DNA repair. The lamins are members of the intermediate filament (IF) family of proteins, which constitute a major component of the cytoskeleton. Lamins are the only nuclear IFs and are the ancestral founders of the IF protein superfamily. Lamins polymerize into fibers forming a complex protein meshwork in vivo and, like all IF proteins, have a tripartite structure with two globular head and tail domains flanking a central α-helical rod domain, which supports the formation of higher-order polymers. Mutations in lamins cause a large number of diverse human diseases, collectively known as the laminopathies, underscoring their functional importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A Dittmer
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20896, USA.
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22
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Gordon GJ, Bueno R, Sugarbaker DJ. Genes associated with prognosis after surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma promote tumor cell survival in vitro. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:169. [PMID: 21569526 PMCID: PMC3112160 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesothelioma is an aggressive neoplasm with few effective treatments, one being cytoreductive surgery. We previously described a test, based on differential expression levels of four genes, to predict clinical outcome in prospectively consented mesothelioma patients after surgery. In this study, we determined whether any of these four genes could be linked to a cancer relevant phenotype. Methods We conducted a high-throughput RNA inhibition screen to knockdown gene expression levels of the four genes comprising the test (ARHGDIA, COBLL1, PKM2, TM4SF1) in both a human lung-derived normal and a tumor cell line using three different small inhibitory RNA molecules per gene. Successful knockdown was confirmed using quantitative RT-PCR. Detection of statistically significant changes in apoptosis and mitosis was performed using immunological assays and quantified using video-assisted microscopy at a single time-point. Changes in nuclear shape, size, and numbers were used to provide additional support of initial findings. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate. Specificity was assured by requiring that at least 2 different siRNAs produced the observed change in each cell line/time-point/gene/assay combination. Results Knockdown of ARHGDIA, COBLL1, and TM4SF1 resulted in 2- to 4-fold increased levels of apoptosis in normal cells (ARHGDIA only) and tumor cells (all three genes). No statistically significant changes were observed in apoptosis after knockdown of PKM2 or for mitosis after knockdown of any gene. Conclusions We provide evidence that ARHGDIA, COBLL1, and TM4SF1 are negative regulators of apoptosis in cultured tumor cells. These genes, and their related intracellular signaling pathways, may represent potential therapeutic targets in mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Gordon
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Guil-Luna S, Sánchez-Céspedes R, Millán Y, De Andrés F, Rollón E, Domingo V, Guscetti F, Martín de las Mulas J. Aglepristone Decreases Proliferation in Progesterone Receptor-Positive Canine Mammary Carcinomas. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:518-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Oh YS, Kim DG, Kim G, Choi EC, Kennedy BK, Suh Y, Park BJ, Kim S. Downregulation of lamin A by tumor suppressor AIMP3/p18 leads to a progeroid phenotype in mice. Aging Cell 2010; 9:810-22. [PMID: 20726853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although AIMP3/p18 is normally associated with the macromolecular tRNA synthetase complex, recent reports have revealed a new role of AIMP3 in tumor suppression. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse that overexpresses AIMP3 and characterized the associated phenotype in vivo and in vitro. Surprisingly, the AIMP3 transgenic mouse exhibited a progeroid phenotype, and the cells that overexpressed AIMP3 showed accelerated senescence and defects in nuclear morphology. We found that overexpression of AIMP3 resulted in proteasome-dependent degradation of mature lamin A, but not of lamin C, prelamin A, or progerin. The resulting imbalance in the protein levels of lamin A isoforms, namely altered stoichiometry of prelamin A and progerin to lamin A, appeared to be responsible for a phenotype that resembled progeria. An increase in the level of endogenous AIMP3 has been observed in aged human tissues and cells. The findings in this report suggest that AIMP3 is a specific regulator of mature lamin A and imply that enhanced expression of AIMP3 might be a factor driving cellular and/or organismal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Oh
- Center for Medicinal Protein Network and Systems Biology, Seoul National University, Korea
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25
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Vaziri Sani F, Kaartinen V, El Shahawy M, Linde A, Gritli-Linde A. Developmental changes in cellular and extracellular structural macromolecules in the secondary palate and in the nasal cavity of the mouse. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:221-36. [PMID: 20572855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the hitherto largely unknown expression patterns of some specific cellular and extracellular molecules during palate and nasal cavity development. We showed that epithelia of the developing palate and the vomerine epithelium express similar sets of structural proteins. With the exception of keratin 15, which becomes barely detectable in the elevated palatal shelves, nearly all of these proteins become upregulated at the presumptive areas of fusion and in the adhering epithelia of the palate and nasal septum. In vivo and in vitro analyses indicated that reduction in the amount of keratin 15 protein is independent of Tgfbeta-Alk5 signalling. Foxa1 expression also highlighted the regionalization of the palatal and nasal epithelia. Owing to the lack of reliable markers of the palatal periderm, the fate of peridermal cells has been controversial. We identified LewisX/stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 as a specific peridermal marker, and showed that numerous peridermal cells remain trapped in the medial epithelial seam (MES). The fate of these cells is probably apoptosis together with the rest of the MES cells, as we provided strong evidence for this event. Heparan sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, and versican displayed dynamically changing distribution patterns. The hitherto-unknown innervation pattern of the developing palate was revealed. These findings may be of value for unravelling the pathogenesis of palatal clefting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forugh Vaziri Sani
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Bellmann K, Charette SJ, Nadeau PJ, Poirier DJ, Loranger A, Landry J. The mechanism whereby heat shock induces apoptosis depends on the innate sensitivity of cells to stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:101-13. [PMID: 19557548 PMCID: PMC2866974 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-009-0126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to heat shock (HS) is a paradigm for many human diseases collectively known as "protein conformation diseases" in which the accumulation of misfolded proteins induces cell death. Here, we analyzed how cells having a different apoptotic threshold die subsequent to a treatment with HS. Cells with a low apoptotic threshold mainly induced apoptosis through activation of conventional stress kinase signaling pathways. By contrast, cells with a high apoptotic threshold also died by apoptosis but likely after the accumulation of heat-aggregated proteins as revealed by the formation of aggresomes in these cells, which were associated with the generation of atypical nuclear deformations. Inhibition of the proteasome or expression of an aggregation prone protein produced similar nuclear alterations. Furthermore, elevated levels of chaperones markedly suppressed both HS-induced nuclear deformations and apoptosis induced upon protein aggregation whereas they had little effect on stress kinase-mediated apoptosis. We conclude that the relative contribution of stress signaling pathways and the accumulation of protein aggregates to cell death by apoptosis is related to the innate sensitivity of cells to deadly insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Bellmann
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l’Université Laval, L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada G1R 2J6
| | - Steve J. Charette
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l’Université Laval, L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada G1R 2J6
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Philippe J. Nadeau
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l’Université Laval, L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada G1R 2J6
| | - Dominic J. Poirier
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l’Université Laval, L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada G1R 2J6
| | - Anne Loranger
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l’Université Laval, L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada G1R 2J6
| | - Jacques Landry
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l’Université Laval, L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada G1R 2J6
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Zhao J, Bowman L, Zhang X, Shi X, Jiang B, Castranova V, Ding M. Metallic nickel nano- and fine particles induce JB6 cell apoptosis through a caspase-8/AIF mediated cytochrome c-independent pathway. J Nanobiotechnology 2009; 7:2. [PMID: 19379505 PMCID: PMC2673202 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carcinogenicity of nickel compounds has been well documented. However, the carcinogenic effect of metallic nickel is still unclear. The present study investigates metallic nickel nano- and fine particle-induced apoptosis and the signal pathways involved in this process in JB6 cells. The data obtained from this study will be of benefit for elucidating the pathological and carcinogenic potential of metallic nickel particles. Results Using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, we found that metallic nickel nanoparticles exhibited higher cytotoxicity than fine particles. Both metallic nickel nano- and fine particles induced JB6 cell apoptosis. Metallic nickel nanoparticles produced higher apoptotic induction than fine particles. Western-blot analysis showed an activation of proapoptotic factors including Fas (CD95), Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), caspase-8, death receptor 3 (DR3) and BID in apoptotic cells induced by metallic nickel particles. Immunoprecipitation (IP) western blot analysis demonstrated the formation of the Fas-related death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) in the apoptotic process. Furthermore, lamin A and beta-actin were cleaved. Moreover, we found that apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was up-regulated and released from mitochondria to cytoplasm. Interestingly, although an up-regulation of cytochrome c was detected in the mitochondria of metallic nickel particle-treated cells, no cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytoplasm was found. In addition, activation of antiapoptotic factors including phospho-Akt (protein kinase B) and Bcl-2 was detected. Further studies demonstrated that metallic nickel particles caused no significant changes in the mitochondrial membrane permeability after 24 h treatment. Conclusion In this study, metallic nickel nanoparticles caused higher cytotoxicity and apoptotic induction than fine particles in JB6 cells. Apoptotic cell death induced by metallic nickel particles in JB6 cells is through a caspase-8/AIF mediated cytochrome c-independent pathway. Lamin A and beta-actin are involved in the process of apoptosis. Activation of Akt and Bcl-2 may play an important role in preventing cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm and may also be important in the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel particles. In addition, the results may be useful as an important reference when comparing the toxicities of different nickel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshun Zhao
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
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Verstraeten VLRM, Caputo S, van Steensel MAM, Duband-Goulet I, Zinn-Justin S, Kamps M, Kuijpers HJH, Ostlund C, Worman HJ, Briedé JJ, Le Dour C, Marcelis CLM, van Geel M, Steijlen PM, van den Wijngaard A, Ramaekers FCS, Broers JLV. The R439C mutation in LMNA causes lamin oligomerization and susceptibility to oxidative stress. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:959-71. [PMID: 19220582 PMCID: PMC3823411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD) is a laminopathy characterized by an aberrant fat distribution and a metabolic syndrome for which oxidative stress has recently been suggested as one of the disease-causing mechanisms. In a family affected with FPLD, we identified a heterozygous missense mutation c.1315C>T in the LMNA gene leading to the p.R439C substitution. Cultured patient fibroblasts do not show any prelamin A accumulation and reveal honeycomb-like lamin A/C formations in a significant percentage of nuclei. The mutation affects a region in the C-terminal globular domain of lamins A and C, different from the FPLD-related hot spot. Here, the introduction of an extra cysteine allows for the formation of disulphide-mediated lamin A/C oligomers. This oligomerization affects the interaction properties of the C-terminal domain with DNA as shown by gel retardation assays and causes a DNA-interaction pattern that is distinct from the classical R482W FPLD mutant. Particularly, whereas the R482W mutation decreases the binding efficiency of the C-terminal domain to DNA, the R439C mutation increases it. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies show significantly higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon induction of oxidative stress in R439C patient fibroblasts compared to healthy controls. This increased sensitivity to oxidative stress seems independent of the oligomerization and enhanced DNA binding typical for R439C, as both the R439C and R482W mutants show a similar and significant increase in ROS upon induction of oxidative stress by H2O2.
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Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus contains the genome and is the site of transcriptional regulation. The nucleus is the largest and stiffest organelle and is exposed to mechanical forces transmitted through the cytoskeleton from outside the cell and from force generation within the cell. Here, we discuss the effect of intra- and extracellular forces on nuclear shape and structure and how these force-induced changes could be implicated in nuclear mechanotransduction, ie, force-induced changes in cell signaling and gene transcription. We review mechanical studies of the nucleus and nuclear structural proteins, such as lamins. Dramatic changes in nuclear shape, organization, and stiffness are seen in cells where lamin proteins are mutated or absent, as in genetically engineered mice, RNA interference studies, or human disease. We examine the different mechanical pathways from the force-responsive cytoskeleton to the nucleus. We also highlight studies that link changes in nuclear shape with cell function during developmental, physiological, and pathological modifications. Together, these studies suggest that the nucleus itself may play an important role in the response of the cell to force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Noel Dahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Jakob S, Corazza N, Diamantis E, Kappeler A, Brunner T. Detection of apoptosis in vivo using antibodies against caspase-induced neo-epitopes. Methods 2008; 44:255-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Winkelmann I, Näßl AM, Daniel H, Wenzel U. Proteome response in HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells to two apoptosis-inducing compounds with different mode of action. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2223-32. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Furukawa K, Aida T, Nonaka Y, Osoda S, Juarez C, Horigome T, Sugiyama S. BAF as a caspase-dependent mediator of nuclear apoptosis in Drosophila. J Struct Biol 2007; 160:125-34. [PMID: 17904382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BAF is a double-stranded DNA binding protein required for proper nuclear morphology and function in Drosophila development. Imaginal discs of Drosophila baf-null mutants were found to exist only in younger larvae as small degenerative tissues. Immunohistochemical analyses showed diffuse lamin distribution, DNA fragmentation, and activation of caspase drICE in these tissues, suggesting that apoptotic events can be induced by the loss of baf. We therefore investigated the fate of BAF after induction of the pro-apoptotic hid transgene, and found that the loss of DNA binding forms of BAF preceded that of non-DNA binding forms of BAF. Furthermore, the DNA binding forms of BAF disappeared from nuclei before DNA fragmentation and NPC clustering were detected, showing that the loss of BAF occurs at the initial stages of nuclear apoptosis. This BAF loss was not detected before drICE activation and was inhibited by Ac-DEVD-CHO caspase inhibitors. In summary, BAF disappears at an early stage due to caspase activity when apoptosis is induced by hid, and its depletion in mutants is sufficient in itself to induce cell death, suggesting it is an apoptotic mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
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Clarke T, Bouquet JM, Fu X, Kallesøe T, Schmid M, Thompson EM. Rapidly evolving lamins in a chordate, Oikopleura dioica, with unusual nuclear architecture. Gene 2007; 396:159-69. [PMID: 17449201 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metazoan lamins are implicated in the organization of numerous critical nuclear processes. Among chordates, the appendicularian, Oikopleura dioica, has an unusually short life cycle involving rapid growth through extensive recourse to endoreduplication, a characteristic more associated with some invertebrates. In some tissues, this is accompanied by the formation of elaborate, bilaterally symmetric nuclear morphologies associated with specific gene expression patterns. Lamin composition can mediate nuclear shape in spermiogenesis as well as during pathological and normal aging and we have analyzed the O. dioica lamin and intermediate filament (IF) complement, comparing it to that present in other deuterostomes. O. dioica has one lamin gene coding two splice variants. Both variants share with the sister class ascidians a highly reduced C-terminal tail region lacking the immunoglobulin fold, indicating this derivation occurred at the base of the urochordate lineage. The OdLamin2 variant has a unique insertion of 63 amino acids in the normally short N-terminal region and has a developmental expression profile corresponding to the occurrence of endocycling. O. dioica has 4 cytoplasmic IF proteins, IF-A, C, Dalpha, and Dbeta. No homologues to the ascidian IF-B or F proteins were identified, reinforcing the suggestion that these proteins are unique to ascidians. The degree of sequence evolution in the rod domains of O. dioica cytoplasmic IF proteins and their closest ascidian and vertebrate homologues was similar. In contrast, whereas the rate of lamin B rod domain sequence evolution has also been similar in vertebrates, cephalochordates and the sea urchin, faster rates have occurred among the urochordates, with the O. dioica lamin displaying a far greater rate than any other lamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clarke
- Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, Bergen High Technology Centre, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
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Puxeddu E, Susta F, Orvietani PL, Chiasserini D, Barbi F, Moretti S, Cavaliere A, Santeusanio F, Avenia N, Binaglia L. Identification of differentially expressed proteins in papillary thyroid carcinomas with V600E mutation of BRAF. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:672-80. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200600776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ohta T, Eguchi R, Suzuki A, Miyakaze S, Ayuzawa R, Kaji K. Hypoxia-induced apoptosis and tube breakdown are regulated by p38 MAPK but not by caspase cascade in an in vitro capillary model composed of human endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 211:673-81. [PMID: 17373651 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve medical treatment of ischemic injury such as myocardial infarction, it is important to elucidate hypoxia-induced changes to endothelial cells. An in vitro blood vessel model, in which HUVECs are stimulated to form a network of capillary-like tubes, was used to analyze hypoxia-induced morphological and biochemical changes. When exposed to hypoxia, the network of capillary tubes broke down into small clusters. This tube breakdown was accompanied by chromatin condensation and cell nuclear fragmentation, morphological markers of apoptosis, and activation of two apoptotic signals, caspase-3 and p38. We investigated what roles caspase cascade and p38 play in hypoxia-induced apoptosis and tube breakdown by using zVAD-fmk and SB203580, specific inhibitors of these two apoptotic signals, respectively. Chromatin condensation and cell nuclear fragmentation and tube breakdown were effectively inhibited by SB203580, but not by zVAD-fmk. SB203580 caused dephosphorylation of p38, which indicates that p38 was autophosphorylated. Inhibition by zVAD-fmk caused slight MW increase in p17 and emergence of p19, which indicates that the inhibitor caused partial processing of caspase-3. Inhibition of p38 suppressed activation of caspase-3 but not vice versa. In addition, these two inhibitors were shown to differentially inhibit cleavage of so-called caspase substrates. SB203580 inhibited cleavage of PARP and lamin A/C, while zVAD-fmk inhibited cleavage of lamin A/C but not that of PARP. Taken together, these results show that p38 is located upstream of caspase cascade and that, although caspase-3 is activated, a p38-regulated caspase-independent pathway is crucial for the execution of hypoxia-induced apoptosis and tube breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Ohta
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-City, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Marceau N, Schutte B, Gilbert S, Loranger A, Henfling MER, Broers JLV, Mathew J, Ramaekers FCS. Dual roles of intermediate filaments in apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2265-81. [PMID: 17498695 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New roles have emerged recently for intermediate filaments (IFs), namely in modulating cell adhesion and growth, and providing resistance to various forms of stress and to apoptosis. In this context, we first summarize findings on the IF association with the cell response to mechanical stress and growth stimulation, in light of growth-related signaling events that are relevant to death-receptor engagement. We then address the molecular mechanisms by which IFs can provide cell resistance to apoptosis initiated by death-receptor stimulation and to necrosis triggered by excessive oxidative stress. In the same way, we examine IF involvement, along with cytolinker participation, in sequential caspase-mediated protein cleavages that are part of the overall cell death execution, particularly those that generate new functional IF protein fragments and uncover neoantigen markers. Finally, we report on the usefulness of these markers as diagnostic tools for disease-related aspects of apoptosis in humans. Clearly, the data accumulated in recent years provide new and significant insights into the multiple functions of IFs, particularly their dual roles in cell response to apoptotic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Normand Marceau
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l'Université Laval and L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec (CHUQ), Québec, Canada G1R 2J6
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Rowat AC, Lammerding J, Ipsen JH. Mechanical properties of the cell nucleus and the effect of emerin deficiency. Biophys J 2006; 91:4649-64. [PMID: 16997877 PMCID: PMC1779937 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.086454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear structure and mechanics are gaining recognition as important factors that affect gene expression, development, and differentiation in normal function and disease, yet the physical mechanisms that govern nuclear mechanical stability remain unclear. Here we examined the physical properties of the cell nucleus by imaging fluorescently labeled components of the inner nucleus (chromatin and nucleoli) and the nuclear envelope (lamins and membranes) in nuclei deformed by micropipette aspiration (confocal imaged microdeformation). We investigated nuclei, both isolated and in intact, living cells, and found that nuclear volume significantly decreased by 60-70% during aspiration. While nuclear membranes exhibited blebbing and fluid characteristics during aspiration, the nuclear lamina exhibited behavior of a solid-elastic shell. Under large deformations of GFP-lamin A-labeled nuclei, we observed a decay of fluorescence intensity into the tip of the deformed tongue that we interpreted in terms of nonlinear, two-dimensional elasticity theory. Here we applied this method to study nuclear envelope stability in disease and found that mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking the inner nuclear membrane protein, emerin, had a significantly decreased ratio of the area expansion to shear moduli (K/mu) compared to wild-type cells (2.1 +/- 0.2 versus 5.1 +/- 1.3). These data suggest that altered nuclear envelope elasticity caused by loss of emerin could contribute to increased nuclear fragility in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy patients with mutations in the emerin gene. Based on our experimental results and theoretical considerations, we present a model describing how the nucleus is stabilized in the pipette. Such a model is essential for interpreting the results of any micropipette study of the nucleus and porous materials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Rowat
- MEMPHYS Centre for Biomembrane Physics, Department of Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Abstract
Proteins affected by anti-mIgM stimulation during B-cell maturation were identified using 2-DE-based proteomics. We investigated the proteome profiles of stimulated and nonstimulated Ramos B-cells at eight time points during 5 d and compared the obtained proteomic data to the corresponding data from DNA-microarray studies. Anti-mIgM stimulation of the cells resulted in significant differences (> or =twofold) in the protein abundance close to 100 proteins and differences in post-translational protein modifications. Forty-eight up- or down-regulated proteins were identified by mass spectrometric methods and database searches. The identities of a further nine proteins were revealed by comparing their positions to the known proteins in other lymphocyte 2-DE databases. Several of the proteins are directly related to the functional and morphological characteristics of B-cells, such as cytoskeleton rearrangement and intracellular signalling triggered by the crosslinking of B-cell receptors. In addition to proteins known to be involved in human B-cell maturation, we identified several proteins that were not previously linked to lymphocyte differentiation. The results provide deeper insights into the process of B-cell maturation and may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for immunodeficiencies. An interactive 2-DE reference map is available at http://bioinf.uta.fi/BcellProteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Salonen
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Raz V, Carlotti F, Vermolen BJ, van der Poel E, Sloos WCR, Knaän-Shanzer S, de Vries AAF, Hoeben RC, Young IT, Tanke HJ, Garini Y, Dirks RW. Changes in lamina structure are followed by spatial reorganization of heterochromatic regions in caspase-8-activated human mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4247-56. [PMID: 17003109 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is fundamental to the regulation of homeostasis of stem cells in vivo. Whereas the pathways underlying the molecular and biochemical details of nuclear breakdown that accompanies apoptosis have been elucidated, the precise nature of nuclear reorganization that precedes the demolition phase is not fully understood. Here, we expressed an inducible caspase-8 in human mesenchymal stem cells, and quantitatively followed the early changes in nuclear organization during apoptosis. We found that caspase-8 induces alteration of the nuclear lamina and a subsequent spatial reorganization of both centromeres, which are shifted towards a peripheral localization, and telomeres, which form aggregates. This nuclear reorganization correlates with caspase-3 sensitivity of lamina proteins, because the expression of lamin mutant constructs with caspase-3 hypersensitivity resulted in a caspase-8-independent appearance of lamina intranuclear structures and telomere aggregates, whereas application of a caspase inhibitor restrains these changes in nuclear reorganization. Notably, upon activation of apoptosis, we observed no initial changes in the spatial organization of the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). We suggest that during activation of the caspase-8 pathway changes in the lamina structure precede changes in heterochromatin spatial organization, and the subsequent breakdown of lamina and PML-NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Raz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einsteinweg 20, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Broers JLV, Ramaekers FCS, Bonne G, Yaou RB, Hutchison CJ. Nuclear Lamins: Laminopathies and Their Role in Premature Ageing. Physiol Rev 2006; 86:967-1008. [PMID: 16816143 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that nuclear lamins are important proteins in maintaining cellular as well as nuclear integrity, and in maintaining chromatin organization in the nucleus. Moreover, there is growing evidence that lamins play a prominent role in transcriptional control. The family of laminopathies is a fast-growing group of diseases caused by abnormalities in the structure or processing of the lamin A/C ( LMNA) gene. Mutations or incorrect processing cause more than a dozen different inherited diseases, ranging from striated muscular diseases, via fat- and peripheral nerve cell diseases, to progeria. This broad spectrum of diseases can only be explained if the responsible A-type lamin proteins perform multiple functions in normal cells. This review gives an overview of current knowledge on lamin structure and function and all known diseases associated with LMNA abnormalities. Based on the knowledge of the different functions of A-type lamins and associated proteins, explanations for the observed phenotypes are postulated. It is concluded that lamins seem to be key players in, among others, controlling the process of cellular ageing, since disturbance in lamin protein structure gives rise to several forms of premature ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L V Broers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Maastricht, Research Institutes CARIM, GROW, and EURON, The Netherlands
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Lee SC, Chan J, Clement MV, Pervaiz S. Functional proteomics of resveratrol-induced colon cancer cell apoptosis: caspase-6-mediated cleavage of lamin A is a major signaling loop. Proteomics 2006; 6:2386-94. [PMID: 16518869 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the molecular basis of resveratrol (RSV)-evoked apoptosis in four (Bax+/-, Bax-/-, p53+/+, and p53-/-) HCT116 colon cancer cell lines. RSV induced apoptosis in all the cells in a dose-dependent manner; however, Bax+/- and p53+/+ cells were more susceptible than their knockout counterparts (Bax-/- and p53-/-, respectively). Using Bax+/- cells as a model, proteomic analysis revealed four RSV-responsive events: fragmentation of lamin A/C protein; increase in concentration of a more basic isoelectric variant of the ribosomal protein P0; and decrease in concentration of dUTPase as well as stathmin 1. Lamin A cleavage in response to RSV treatment was confirmed using Western blot analysis. Caspase-6 was activated, which was evidenced by cleavage and accumulation in active form of caspase-6 as well as upregulation of the protease activity. RSV-elicited lamin A cleavage and apoptosis were entirely abrogated by the peptide inhibitors of caspase-6. Likewise, partial knockdown of caspase-6 expression using small interfering RNA resulted in significant inhibition of RSV-elicited lamin A cleavage and apoptosis. Furthermore, the lower apoptosis sensitivity of the knockout cells (Bax-/- and p53-/-) correlated with the relatively reduced processing of caspase-6 and lamin A cleavage. Taken together, these data highlight the critical role of caspase-6 and its cleavage of lamin A in apoptotic signaling triggered by RSV in the colon carcinoma cells, which can be activated in the absence of Bax or p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Chin Lee
- National University Medical Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Manju K, Muralikrishna B, Parnaik VK. Expression of disease-causing lamin A mutants impairs the formation of DNA repair foci. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:2704-14. [PMID: 16772334 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A-type lamins are components of the nuclear lamina. Mutations in the gene encoding lamin A are associated with a range of highly degenerative diseases termed laminopathies. To evaluate sensitivity to DNA damage, GFP-tagged lamin A cDNAs with disease-causing mutations were expressed in HeLa cells. The inner nuclear membrane protein emerin was mislocalised upon expression of the muscular dystrophy mutants G232E, Q294P or R386K, which aberrantly assembled into nuclear aggregates, or upon expression of mutants causing progeria syndromes in vivo (lamin A del50, R471C, R527C and L530P). The ability of cells expressing these mutants to form DNA repair foci comprising phosphorylated H2AX in response to mild doses of cisplatin or UV irradiation was markedly diminished, unlike the nearly normal response of cells expressing wild-type GFP-lamin A or disease-causing H222P and R482L mutants. Interestingly, mutants that impaired the formation of DNA repair foci mislocalised ATR (for ;ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related') kinase, which is a key sensor in the response to DNA damage. Our results suggest that a subset of lamin A mutants might hinder the response of components of the DNA repair machinery to DNA damage by altering interactions with chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliyaperumal Manju
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Fuchs D, Dirscherl B, Schroot JH, Daniel H, Wenzel U. Soy extract has different effects compared with the isolated isoflavones on the proteome of homocysteine-stressed endothelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50:58-69. [PMID: 16502433 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that soy consumption may provide a protection in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. It is under debate, however, whether the soy isoflavones or other compounds are the "active principle". As apoptosis is a driving force in the process of atherosclerosis, we tested whether a soy extract or a combination of the two predominant isoflavones genistein and daidzein, in concentrations as found in the extract, exert similar or different effects on apoptosis in EA.hy 926 endothelial cells after exposure to the endothelial stressor homocysteine. Plasma membrane disintegration and nuclear fragmentation served as relevant apoptosis markers. To assess whether the extract and the genistein/daidzein mixture differently affect cellular target proteins changed in amount by homocysteine treatment, proteome analysis was performed by two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting of regulated protein spots. Homocysteine induced apoptosis in the cells, and both extract and genistein/daidzein inhibited apoptosis to a comparable extent. Whereas the extract prevented for 10 proteins the changes in expression levels as caused by homocysteine, the genistein/daidzein mixture reversed the homocysteine effects on the proteome for 13 proteins. The cytoskeletal protein matrin 3 and a U5 snRNP-specific 40-kDa protein were the only protein entities where both extract and genistein/daidzein reversed the homocysteine-induced changes in a common way. In conclusion, our studies provide evidence that an isoflavone containing soy extract and isolated isoflavones, despite similar effects on inhibition of homocysteine-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells, affect a quite different spectrum of cellular target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Fuchs
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Fuchs D, Erhard P, Rimbach G, Daniel H, Wenzel U. Genistein blocks homocysteine-induced alterations in the proteome of human endothelial cells. Proteomics 2005; 5:2808-18. [PMID: 15952232 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dietary isoflavones from soy are suggested to protect endothelial cells from damaging effects of endothelial stressors and thereby to prevent atherosclerosis. In search of the molecular targets of isoflavone action, we analyzed the effects of the major soy isoflavone, genistein, on changes in protein expression levels induced by the endothelial stressor homocysteine (Hcy) in EA.hy 926 endothelial cells. Proteins from cells exposed for 24 h to 25 microM Hcy alone or in combination with 2.5 microM genistein were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and those with altered spot intensities were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. Genistein reversed Hcy-induced changes of proteins involved in metabolism, detoxification, and gene regulation; and some of those effects can be linked functionally to the antiatherosclerotic properties of the soy isoflavone. Alterations of steady-state levels of cytoskeletal proteins by genistein suggested an effect on apoptosis. As a matter of fact genistein caused inhibition of Hcy-mediated apoptotic cell death as indicated by inhibition of DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. In conclusion, proteome analysis allows the rapid identification of cellular target proteins of genistein action in endothelial cells exposed to the endothelial stressor Hcy and therefore enables the identification of molecular pathways of its antiatherosclerotic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Fuchs
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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The M/SAR Elements of the bithorax Complex in Drosophila melanogaster. RUSS J GENET+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11177-005-0221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fuchs D, Erhard P, Turner R, Rimbach G, Daniel H, Wenzel U. Genistein reverses changes of the proteome induced by oxidized-LDL in EA.hy 926 human endothelial cells. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:369-76. [PMID: 15822912 DOI: 10.1021/pr049820r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are primary targets for pro-atherosclerotic stressors such as oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). The isoflavone genistein, on the other hand, is suggested to prevent a variety of processes underlying atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. By analyzing the proteome of EA.hy 926 endothelial cells, here we show, that genistein reverses the ox-LDL-induced changes of the steady-state levels of several proteins involved in atherosclerosis. These alterations caused by genistein are functionally linked to the inhibition of ox-LDL induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Fuchs
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technical University of Munich, Hochfeldweg 2, D-85350 Freising, Germany
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Limb GA, Matter K, Murphy G, Cambrey AD, Bishop PN, Morris GE, Khaw PT. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 associates with intracellular organelles and confers resistance to lamin A/C degradation during apoptosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:1555-63. [PMID: 15855654 PMCID: PMC1606407 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the first description of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 as an interstitial collagenase, great importance has been ascribed to this enzyme in extracellular matrix remodeling during tumoral, inflammatory, and angiogenic processes. As more evidence for the role of MMPs in targeting nonmatrix substrates emerges, casual observations that intracellular MMP-1 is found in vitro and in vivo prompt investigation of the role that MMP-1 may play on basic cell functions such as cell division and apoptosis. Here we show for the first time that MMP-1 not only has extracellular functions but that it is strongly associated with mitochondria and nuclei and accumulates within the cells during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. On induction of apoptosis, MMP-1 co-localized with aggregated mitochondria and accumulated around fragmented nuclei. Inhibition of this enzyme by RNA interference or treatment with a broad MMP inhibitor caused faster degradation of lamin A, activation of caspases, and fragmentation of DNA when compared with untreated cells. These observations strongly suggest that intracellular association of MMP-1 to mitochondria and nuclei confers resistance to apoptosis and may explain the well-known association of this enzyme with tumor cell survival and spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Astrid Limb
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London and Moorfields Eye Hospital, 11 Bath St., London EC1V 9EL.
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Croft DR, Coleman ML, Li S, Robertson D, Sullivan T, Stewart CL, Olson MF. Actin-myosin-based contraction is responsible for apoptotic nuclear disintegration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 168:245-55. [PMID: 15657395 PMCID: PMC2171584 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200409049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane blebbing during the apoptotic execution phase results from caspase-mediated cleavage and activation of ROCK I. Here, we show that ROCK activity, myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, MLC ATPase activity, and an intact actin cytoskeleton, but not microtubular cytoskeleton, are required for disruption of nuclear integrity during apoptosis. Inhibition of ROCK or MLC ATPase activity, which protect apoptotic nuclear integrity, does not affect caspase-mediated degradation of nuclear proteins such as lamins A, B1, or C. The conditional activation of ROCK I was sufficient to tear apart nuclei in lamin A/C null fibroblasts, but not in wild-type fibroblasts. Thus, apoptotic nuclear disintegration requires actin-myosin contractile force and lamin proteolysis, making apoptosis analogous to, but distinct from, mitosis where nuclear disintegration results from microtubule-based forces and from lamin phosphorylation and depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Croft
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Broers JLV, Kuijpers HJH, Ostlund C, Worman HJ, Endert J, Ramaekers FCS. Both lamin A and lamin C mutations cause lamina instability as well as loss of internal nuclear lamin organization. Exp Cell Res 2005; 304:582-92. [PMID: 15748902 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have applied the fluorescence loss of intensity after photobleaching (FLIP) technique to study the molecular dynamics and organization of nuclear lamin proteins in cell lines stably transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged A-type lamin cDNA. Normal lamin A and C proteins show abundant decoration of the inner layer of the nuclear membrane, the nuclear lamina, and a generally diffuse localization in the nuclear interior. Bleaching studies revealed that, while the GFP-tagged lamins in the lamina were virtually immobile, the intranuclear fraction of these molecules was partially mobile. Intranuclear lamin C was significantly more mobile than intranuclear lamina A. In search of a structural cause for the variety of inherited diseases caused by A-type lamin mutations, we have studied the molecular organization of GFP-tagged lamin A and lamin C mutants R453W and R386K, found in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), and lamin A and lamin C mutant R482W, found in patients with Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD). In all mutants, a prominent increase in lamin mobility was observed, indicating loss of structural stability of lamin polymers, both at the perinuclear lamina and in the intranuclear lamin organization. While the lamin rod domain mutant showed overall increased mobility, the tail domain mutants showed mainly intranuclear destabilization, possibly as a result of loss of interaction with chromatin. Decreased stability of lamin mutant polymers was confirmed by flow cytometric analyses and immunoblotting of nuclear extracts. Our findings suggest a loss of function of A-type lamin mutant proteins in the organization of intranuclear chromatin and predict the loss of gene regulatory function in laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos L V Broers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Box 17, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, PO Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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50
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Coulombe PA, Wong P. Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments revealed as dynamic and multipurpose scaffolds. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:699-706. [PMID: 15303099 DOI: 10.1038/ncb0804-699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal polymers encoded by a large family of differentially expressed genes that provide crucial structural support in the cytoplasm and nucleus of higher eukaryotes. Perturbation of their function accounts for several genetically determined diseases in which fragile cells cannot sustain mechanical and non-mechanical stresses. Recent studies shed light on how this structural support is modulated to meet the changing needs of cells, and reveal a novel role whereby intermediate filaments influence cell growth and death through dynamic interactions with non-structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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