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Chung HJ, Lee SJ, Jang A, Lee CE, Lee DW, Myung SC, Kim JW. Korean Ginseng Berry Extract Enhances the Male Steroidogenesis Enzymes In Vitro and In Vivo. World J Mens Health 2023; 41:446-459. [PMID: 36649918 PMCID: PMC10042648 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.220075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Testosterone hormonal replacement is the most commonly prescribed solution for men with reproductive issues; however, this treatment has various drawbacks. Hence, the identification of a natural product that promotes steroidogenesis is urgently needed. Ginseng is a popular traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate steroidogenic effects of Korean ginseng berry extract (GBE; Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro model, mouse Leydig cells were treated with varying concentrations of GBE, and the levels of steroidogenesis-related genes and proteins and testosterone were measured using western blotting, qRT-PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Similarly, in an in vivo model using lipopolysaccharide-injected C57BL/6J mice, expression of steroidogenesis-related genes and proteins and testosterone levels were analyzed. Additionally, sleep deprivation was used to simulate common life stressors related to late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) and the natural effects of aging. Mice were fed sham or GBE before being subjected to paradoxical sleep deprivation. RESULTS In vitro, GBE induced steroidogenic effects by increasing the levels of enzymes associated with steroidogenesis, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), CYP11A1, and CYP17A1. In vivo, GBE significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of steroidogenic enzymes. Furthermore, the synthetic testosterone levels in mouse Leydig cell supernatants and blood sera were increased. In the sleep deprivation study, mice fed GBE showed increased testosterone production and survival under such stressful conditions. CONCLUSIONS GBE increased mRNA and protein levels of steroidogenesis-related enzymes STAR, CYP11A1, and CYP17A1. These key enzymes induced the increased production of testosterone both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, GBE might be a promising therapeutic or additive nutritional agent for improving men's health by increasing steroidogenesis or improving LOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Chung
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Ara Jang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae Eun Lee
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Da Won Lee
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Chul Myung
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Informatics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Gwangmyeong, Korea.
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2
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Shin JE, Jeon SH, Lee SJ, Choung SY. The Administration of Panax Ginseng Berry Extract Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Sarcopenic Obesity in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091747. [PMID: 35565712 PMCID: PMC9099595 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and obesity are serious health problems that are highly related to several metabolic diseases. Sarcopenic obesity, a combined state of sarcopenia and obesity, results in higher risks of metabolic diseases and even mortality than sarcopenia or obesity alone. Therefore, the development of therapeutic agents for sarcopenic obesity is crucial. C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 weeks. Then, mice were administered with Panax ginseng berry extract (GBE) for an additional 4 weeks, with continuous HFD intake. GBE significantly decreased the food efficiency ratio, serum lipid and insulin levels, adipose tissue weights, and adipocyte size. It significantly increased the grip strength, muscle masses, and myofiber cross-sectional area. It deactivated the protein kinase C (PKC) theta and zeta, resulting in activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, which is known to regulate muscle synthesis and degradation. Furthermore, it inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines in the muscle tissue. GBE attenuated both obesity and sarcopenia. Thus, GBE is a potential agent to prevent or treat sarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Shin
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - So-Hyun Jeon
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | | | - Se-Young Choung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-9198; Fax: +82-2-961-0372
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The Multifunctional Role of Herbal Products in the Management of Diabetes and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051713. [PMID: 35268815 PMCID: PMC8911649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are the most demanding health problems today, and their prevalence, as well as comorbidities, is on the rise all over the world. As time goes on, both are becoming big issues that have a big impact on people’s lives. Diabetes is a metabolic and endocrine illness set apart by hyperglycemia and glucose narrow-mindedness because of insulin opposition. Heftiness is a typical, complex, and developing overall wellbeing worry that has for quite some time been connected to significant medical issues in individuals, all things considered. Because of the wide variety and low adverse effects, herbal products are an important hotspot for drug development. Synthetic compounds are not structurally diverse and lack drug-likeness properties. Thus, it is basic to keep on exploring herbal products as possible wellsprings of novel drugs. We conducted this review of the literature by searching Scopus, Science Direct, Elsevier, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. From 1990 until October 2021, research reports, review articles, and original research articles in English are presented. It provides top to bottom data and an examination of plant-inferred compounds that might be utilized against heftiness or potentially hostile to diabetes treatments. Our expanded comprehension of the systems of activity of phytogenic compounds, as an extra examination, could prompt the advancement of remedial methodologies for metabolic diseases. In clinical trials, a huge number of these food kinds or restorative plants, as well as their bioactive compounds, have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of obesity.
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4
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Li L, Liu Y, Yu H, Li Z, Lin H, Wu F, Tan L, Wang C, Li P, Liu J. Comprehensive phytochemicals analysis and anti-myocardial ischemia activity of total saponins of American ginseng berry. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14042. [PMID: 34981530 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
American ginseng berry (AGB) is a new medicinal source. Total saponins of American ginseng berry (TSAGB) are the main active ingredients. The effects and active saponins of TSAGB on myocardial ischemia (MI) rats were evaluated for the first time. First, there were 69 saponins identified or tentatively characterized by Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) combined with UNIFI platform, among which, about 28 saponins were first identified in AGB. Second, MI model was established by ligating left coronary artery. It has been demonstrated that TSAGB could prevent the ST-segment elevation, reduce myocardial infarct size and levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and elevate the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level. Finally, network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to screen out four active saponins (ginsenoside Re, Rb3 , Rg3 , and PF11 ) and five key targets (SOD1, LDHA, CKB, GOT2, and ROS1) closely related to MI. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study enriches the chemical composition of TSAGB, and provides a basis for clarifying the pharmacological substances for anti-myocardial ischemia. TSAGB might be a potential anti-myocardial ischemia agent. The effect might be related to alleviating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhe Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Hongqiang Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Fulin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Luying Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China.,Research Centre of Natural Drugs, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China.,Research Centre of Natural Drugs, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Peng Y, Gao P, Shi L, Chen L, Liu J, Long J. Central and Peripheral Metabolic Defects Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease: Targeting Mitochondria for Diagnosis and Prevention. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1188-1236. [PMID: 32050773 PMCID: PMC7196371 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Epidemiological studies indicate that metabolic disorders are associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metabolic remodeling occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, even in the early stages of AD. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been widely accepted as a molecular mechanism underlying metabolic disorders. Therefore, focusing on early metabolic changes, especially from the perspective of mitochondria, could be of interest for early AD diagnosis and intervention. Recent Advances: We and others have identified that the levels of several metabolites are fluctuated in the periphery before their accumulation in the CNS, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Mitochondrial remodeling is likely one of the earliest signs of AD, linking nutritional imbalance to cognitive deficits. Notably, by improving mitochondrial function, mitochondrial nutrients efficiently rescue cellular metabolic dysfunction in the CNS and periphery in individuals with AD. Critical Issues: Peripheral metabolic disorders should be intensively explored and evaluated for the early diagnosis of AD. The circulating metabolites derived from mitochondrial remodeling represent novel potential diagnostic biomarkers for AD that are more readily detected than CNS-oriented biomarkers. Moreover, mitochondrial nutrients provide a promising approach to preventing and delaying AD progression. Future Directions: Abnormal mitochondrial metabolism in the CNS and periphery is involved in AD pathogenesis. More clinical studies provide evidence for the suitability and reliability of circulating metabolites and cytokines for the early diagnosis of AD. Targeting mitochondria to rewire cellular metabolism is a promising approach to preventing AD and ameliorating AD-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Peng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peipei Gao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Shi
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Lee MY, Seo HS, Singh D, Lee SJ, Lee CH. Unraveling dynamic metabolomes underlying different maturation stages of berries harvested from Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:413-423. [PMID: 32372863 PMCID: PMC7195594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng berries (GBs) show temporal metabolic variations among different maturation stages, determining their organoleptic and functional properties. METHODS We analyzed metabolic variations concomitant to five different maturation stages of GBs including immature green (IG), mature green (MG), partially red (PR), fully red (FR), and overmature red (OR) using mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomic profiling and multivariate analyses. RESULTS The partial least squares discriminant analysis score plot based on gas chromatography-MS datasets highlighted metabolic disparity between preharvest (IG and MG) and harvest/postharvest (PR, FR, and OR) GB extracts along PLS1 (34.9%) with MG distinctly segregated across PLS2 (18.2%). Forty-three significantly discriminant primary metabolites were identified encompassing five developmental stages (variable importance in projection > 1.0, p < 0.05). Among them, most amino acids, organic acids, 5-C sugars, ethanolamines, purines, and palmitic acid were detected in preharvest GB extracts, whereas 6-C sugars, phenolic acid, and oleamide levels were distinctly higher during later maturation stages. Similarly, the partial least squares discriminant analysis based on liquid chromatography-MS datasets displayed preharvest and harvest/postharvest stages clustered across PLS1 (11.1 %); however, MG and PR were separated from IG, FR, and OR along PLS2 (5.6 %). Overall, 24 secondary metabolites were observed significantly discriminant (variable importance in projection > 1.0, p < 0.05), with most displaying higher relative abundance during preharvest stages excluding ginsenosides Rg1 and Re. Furthermore, we observed strong positive correlations between total flavonoid and phenolic metabolite contents in GB extracts and antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION Comprehending the dynamic metabolic variations associated with GB maturation stages rationalize their optimal harvest time per se the related agroeconomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Youn Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Seo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Fan C, Liang W, Wei M, Gou X, Han S, Bai J. Effects of D-Chiro-Inositol on Glucose Metabolism in db/db Mice and the Associated Underlying Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:354. [PMID: 32273844 PMCID: PMC7113635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we observed the effect of D-chiro-inositol (DCI) on glucose consumption in type 2 diabetic db/db mice, and investigated the relevant mechanism. We discovered that the stability of 24-h blood glucose under the nonfasting condition and decreased glucose tolerance were both alleviated after treatment with DCI. Moreover, the content of glycosylated protein and advanced glycation end products in the serum was reduced, the damage in the liver tissue was alleviated, and the synthesis of liver glycogen was significantly promoted. In addition, DCI increased the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), glucose transporters 4 (GLUT4), and phospho-AKT (S473) protein. In contrast, DCI decreased the expression level of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) protein in liver tissue to various degrees, as shown by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Furthermore, DCI increased the mRNA expression of IRS2, PI3K, AKT, and GLUT4, and reduced that of GSK3β in liver tissue, as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction. Finally, DCI promoted glucose consumption in high glucose-stimulating HepG2 cells and increased the expression of IRS2 protein in HepG2 cells, as revealed by fluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Our results indicate that DCI can significantly improve glucose metabolism in diabetic mice and HepG2 cells. This effect may be associated with the upregulation of IRS2, PI3K, AKT, and GLUT4 and downregulation of GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Fan
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Weishi Liang
- Clinical Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Min Wei
- Clinical Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xiangbo Gou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Shuying Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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Rho T, Jeong HW, Hong YD, Yoon K, Cho JY, Yoon KD. Identification of a novel triterpene saponin from Panax ginseng seeds, pseudoginsenoside RT 8, and its antiinflammatory activity. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:145-153. [PMID: 32148397 PMCID: PMC7033336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax ginseng Meyer (Araliaceae) is a highly valued medicinal plant in Asian regions, especially in Korea, China, and Japan. Chemical and biological studies on P. ginseng have focused primarily on its roots, whereas the seeds remain poorly understood. This study explores the phytochemical and biological properties of compounds from P. ginseng seeds. METHODS P. ginseng seeds were extracted with methanol, and 16 compounds were isolated using various chromatographic methods. The chemical structures of the isolates were determined by spectroscopic data. Antiinflammatory activities were evaluated for triterpene and steroidal saponins using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and THP-1 monocyte leukemia cells. RESULTS Phytochemical investigation of P. ginseng seeds led to the isolation of a novel triterpene saponin, pseudoginsenoside RT8, along with 15 known compounds. Pseudoginsenoside RT8 exhibited more potent antiinflammatory activity than the other saponins, attenuating lipopolysaccharide-mediated induction of proinflammatory genes such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and suppressed reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide generation in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that pseudoginsenoside RT8 has a pharmaceutical potential as an antiinflammatory agent and that P. ginseng seeds are a good natural source for discovering novel bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoong Rho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Jeong
- Amorepacific Corp. R&D Unit, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- Amorepacific Corp. R&D Unit, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Dong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Ginseng berry extract enhances metformin efficacy against obesity and hepatic steatosis in mice fed high-fat diet through increase of metformin uptake in liver. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Karmazyn M, Gan XT. Ginseng for the treatment of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular complications: a discussion of the evidence 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:265-276. [PMID: 30395481 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with elevated blood glucose levels due either to insufficient insulin production (type 1 DM) or to insulin resistance (type 2 DM). The incidence of DM around the world continues to rise dramatically with more than 400 million cases reported today. Among the most serious consequences of chronic DM are cardiovascular complications that can have deleterious effects. Although numerous treatment options are available, including both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, there is substantial emerging interest in the use of traditional medicines for the treatment of this condition and its complications. Among these is ginseng, a medicinal herb that belongs to the genus Panax and has been used for thousands of years as a medicinal agent especially in Asian cultures. There is emerging evidence from both animal and clinical studies that ginseng, ginseng constituents including ginsenosides, and ginseng-containing formulations can produce beneficial effects in terms of normalization of blood glucose levels and attenuation of cardiovascular complications through a multiplicity of mechanisms. Although more research is required, ginseng may offer a useful therapy for the treatment of diabetes as well as its complications.
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11
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Kim KH, Lee IS, Park JY, Kim Y, An EJ, Jang HJ. Cucurbitacin B Induces Hypoglycemic Effect in Diabetic Mice by Regulation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Alpha and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 via Bitter Taste Receptor Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1071. [PMID: 30298009 PMCID: PMC6161541 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors exist in several organs from tongue to colon and have diverse functions dependent on specific cell type. In enteroendocrine L-cells, stimulation of taste receptor signaling induces incretin hormones. Among incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induces insulinotropic action by activating GLP-1 receptor of pancreatic β-cells. However, GLP-1 mimetic medicines have reported clinical side effects, such as autoimmune hepatitis, acute kidney injury, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Here, we hypothesized that if natural components in ethnomedicines can activate agonistic action of taste receptor; they may stimulate GLP-1 and therefore, could be developed as safe and applicable medicines to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with minimal side effects. Cucurbitacin B (CuB) is composed of triterpenoid structure and its structural character, that represents bitterness, can stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. CuB ameliorated hyperglycemia by activating intestinal AMPK levels and by inducing plasma GLP-1 and insulin release in diabetic mice. This hypoglycemic action was decreased in dorsomorphin-injected mice and α-gustducin null mice. Moreover, systemic inhibition study in differentiated NCI-H716 cell line showed that CuB-mediated GLP-1 secretion was involved in activation of AMPK through α-gustducin and Gβγ-signaling of taste receptors. In summary, we conclude that, CuB represents novel hypoglycemic agents by activation of AMPK and stimulation of GLP-1 in differentiated enteroendocrine L-cells. These results suggest that taste receptor signaling-based therapeutic agents within tremendously diverse ethnomedicines, could be applied to developing therapeutics for T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Seung Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yumi Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jin An
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeung-Jin Jang
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Stereoselective and Simultaneous Analysis of Ginsenosides from Ginseng Berry Extract in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS/MS: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study of Ginseng Berry Extract. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071835. [PMID: 30041497 PMCID: PMC6099803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of ginseng berry extract (GBE) has been attributed to its anti-hyperglycemic effect in humans. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of GBE constitutes after oral GBE administration have not been established yet. In this study, stereoselective and simultaneous analytical methods for 10 ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, S-Rg2, R-Rg2, S-Rg3, and R-Rg3) were developed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), for the pharmacokinetic study of GBE. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic profiles of 10 ginsenosides after oral GBE were evaluated in rats. All analytes were detected with a linear concentration range of 0.01–10 µg/mL. Lower limits of detection (LLOD) and quantification (LLOQ) were 0.003 and 0.01 µg/mL, respectively, for all 10 ginsenosides. This established method was adequately validated in linearity, sensitivity, intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, and stability. Relative standard deviations for all intra- and inter-precision of the 10 ginsenosides were below 11.5% and accuracies were 85.3–111%, which were sufficient to evaluate the pharmacokinetic study of oral GBE in rats. We propose that Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, S-Rg2, R-Rg2 and/or S-Rg3 were appropriate pharmacokinetic markers of systemic exposure following oral GBE administration.
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Gao K, Chen J, Wang Y, Qi Y, Chen L, Li S, Sun Y. Effects of 60Co-γ and Electron Beam Irradiation on Storage Quality of Panax ginseng. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-018-2108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tian Z, Ren N, Wang J, Zhang D, Zhou Y. Ginsenoside Ameliorates Cognitive Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3922-3928. [PMID: 29886506 PMCID: PMC6027254 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside is the major bioactive component of ginseng, which has been proven to be a neuroprotective drug. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of ginsenoside in a diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model. Material/Methods Twenty GK rats were randomly divided into a diabetic model (DM) group (n=10) and a ginsenoside + DM group (n=10); Wistar rats with the same age and body weight were used as the control (CON) group (n=10). Food and water intake, body weight, and blood fasting plasma glucose were measured. The Morris water maze test was used to detect learning and memory functions of the rats. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in the hippocampus were analyzed after ginsenoside treatment. Results The blood glucose, body weight, Morris correlation index, SOD, MDA, and other test results were increased in the diabetic rats. Ginsenoside ameliorated diabetic cognitive decline. Conclusions The possible mechanism was related to inhibiting brain oxidative/nitrosative damage and affecting the expression of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Ning Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Danhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yuying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
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Choi JH, Seo MJ, Shin KC, Lee KW, Oh DK. Synergistic production of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol from protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides by β-glycosidases from Dictyoglomus turgidum and Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. AMB Express 2017; 7:219. [PMID: 29242997 PMCID: PMC5730542 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (APPD) has potential uses in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries because of its anti-stress, anti-fatigue, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-wrinkle properties. However, APPD production is difficult because β-glycosidases that convert the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside compound K to APPD are rare. β-Glycosidase from Dictyoglomus turgidum (DT-bgl) has the highest specific activity for converting compound K to APPD, but exhibits no activity towards the α-l-arabinopyranoside moiety in compound Y. Therefore, β-glycosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii (CB-bgl), which has a strong α-l-arabinopyranosidase activity, was used along with DT-bgl. The volumetric and specific productivities of the two-enzyme system for APPD using ginseng root extract were 38.4- and 38.7-fold higher, respectively, than those of β-glycosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus, which had the highest volumetric productivity previously reported, at the same enzyme and substrate concentrations. Thus, DT-bgl combined with CB-bgl completely converted PPD-type ginsenosides to APPD with the highest volumetric and specific productivities reported thus far.
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Panax ginseng Leaf Extracts Exert Anti-Obesity Effects in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090999. [PMID: 28891956 PMCID: PMC5622759 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that the aerial parts of ginseng contain various saponins, which have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity properties similar to those of ginseng root. However, the leaf extracts of Korean ginseng have not yet been investigated. In this study, we demonstrate the anti-obesity effects of green leaf and dried leaf extracts (GL and DL, respectively) of ginseng in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. The administration of GL and DL to HFD-induced obese rats significantly decreased body weight (by 96.5% and 96.7%, respectively), and epididymal and abdominal adipose tissue mass. Furthermore, DL inhibited the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes through regulation of the expression of key adipogenic regulators, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-α. In contrast, GL had little effect on the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes but greatly increased the protein expression of PPARγ compared with that in untreated cells. These results were not consistent with an anti-obesity effect in the animal model, which suggested that the anti-obesity effect of GL in vivo resulted from specific factors released by other organs, or from increased energy expenditure. To our knowledge, these findings are the first evidence for the anti-obesity effects of the leaf extracts of Korean ginseng in vivo.
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Ota A, Ulrih NP. An Overview of Herbal Products and Secondary Metabolites Used for Management of Type Two Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:436. [PMID: 28729836 PMCID: PMC5499308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common effect of uncontrolled high blood sugar and it is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs. In the adult population, the global prevalence of diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980. Without effective prevention and management programs, the continuing significant rise in diabetes will have grave consequences on the health and lifespan of the world population, and also on the world economy. Supplements can be used to correct nutritional deficiencies or to maintain an adequate intake of certain nutrients. These are often used as treatments for diabetes, sometimes because they have lower costs, or are more accessible or "natural" compared to prescribed medications. Several vitamins, minerals, botanicals, and secondary metabolites have been reported to elicit beneficial effects in hypoglycemic actions in vivo and in vitro; however, the data remain conflicting. Many pharmaceuticals commonly used today are structurally derived from natural compounds from traditional medicinal plants. Botanicals that are most frequently used to help manage blood glucose include: bitter melon (Momordica charantia), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum), gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre), ivy gourd (Coccinia indica), nopal (Opuntia spp.), ginseng, Russian tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus), cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), psyllium (Plantago ovata), and garlic (Allium sativum). In majority of the herbal products and secondary metabolites used in treating diabetes, the mechanisms of action involve regulation of insulin signaling pathways, translocation of GLUT-4 receptor and/or activation the PPARγ. Several flavonoids inhibit glucose absorption by inhibiting intestinal α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In-depth studies to validate the efficacies and safeties of extracts of these traditional medicinal plants are needed, and large, well designed, clinical studies need to be carried out before the use of such preparations can be recommended for treatment and/or prevention of diabetes. The main focus of this review is to describe what we know to date of the active compounds in these, along with their glucose-lowering mechanisms, which are either through insulin-mimicking activity or enhanced glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataša P. Ulrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Zhang L, Virgous C, Si H. Ginseng and obesity: observations and understanding in cultured cells, animals and humans. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 44:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Li Z, Kim HJ, Park MS, Ji GE. Effects of fermented ginseng root and ginseng berry on obesity and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:312-319. [PMID: 29983612 PMCID: PMC6026359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that both ginseng root and ginseng berry exhibit antiobesity and antidiabetic effects. However, a direct comparison of the efficacy and mechanisms between the root and the berry after oral administration remains to be illuminated. Methods In this study, we observed the effects of fermented ginseng root (FGR) and fermented ginseng berry (FGB) on obesity and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet induced obese mice. Results FGR and FGB significantly inhibited the activity of pancreatic lipase in vitro. Both FGR and FGB significantly suppressed weight gain and excess food intake and improved hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver, while only FGR significantly attenuated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Both FGR and FGB significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of Ldlr and Acsl1 while FGR also significantly inhibited expression of Cebpa and Dgat2 in liver. FGR significantly decreased the epididymal fat weight of mice while FGB significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of genes Cebpa, Fas, Hsl, Il1b, and Il6 in adipose tissue. Conclusion Saponin from both FGR and FGB had a beneficial effect on high-fat diet-induced obesity. Compared to FGB, FGR exhibited more potent antihyperglycemic and antiobesity effect. However, only FGB significantly inhibited mRNA expression of inflammatory markers such as interleukins 1β and 6 in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Park
- Department of Hotel Culinary Arts, Yeonsung University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute, Bifido Co., Ltd., Hongchun, Republic of Korea
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Choi HS, Kim S, Kim MJ, Kim MS, Kim J, Park CW, Seo D, Shin SS, Oh SW. Efficacy and safety of Panax ginseng berry extract on glycemic control: A 12-wk randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:90-97. [PMID: 29348727 PMCID: PMC5766700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antihyperglycemic effects of Panax ginseng berry have never been explored in humans. The aims of this study were to assess the efficacy and safety of a 12-wk treatment with ginseng berry extract in participants with a fasting glucose level between 100 mg/dL and 140 mg/dL. Methods This study was a 12-wk, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 72 participants were randomly allocated to two groups of either ginseng berry extract or placebo, and 63 participants completed the study. The parameters related to glucose metabolism were assessed. Results Although the present study failed to show significant antihyperglycemic effects of ginseng berry extract on the parameters related to blood glucose and lipid metabolism in the total study population, it demonstrated that ginseng berry extract could significantly decrease serum concentration of fasting glucose by 3.7% (p = 0.035), postprandial glucose at 60 min during 75 g oral glucose tolerance test by 10.7% (p = 0.006), and the area under the curve for glucose by 7.7% (p = 0.024) in those with fasting glucose level of 110 mg/dL or higher, while the placebo group did not exhibit a statistically significant decrease. Safety profiles were not different between the two groups. Conclusion The present study suggests that ginseng berry extract has the potential to improve glucose metabolism in human, especially in those with fasting glucose level of 110 mg/dL or higher. For a more meaningful benefit, further research in people with higher blood glucose levels is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Seok Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Research and Development Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sunny Kim
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Juewon Kim
- Research and Development Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Woong Park
- Research and Development Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Daebang Seo
- Research and Development Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Seok Shin
- Research and Development Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Oh
- Department of Family Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Kim KH, Jang HJ. Development of GLP-1 secretagogue using microarray in enteroendocrine L cells. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-016-0403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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The inhibition of α-glycosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) activities by ginsenosides from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and simultaneous determination by HPLC-ELSD. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Oh YS. Plant-Derived Compounds Targeting Pancreatic Beta Cells for the Treatment of Diabetes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:629863. [PMID: 26587047 PMCID: PMC4637477 DOI: 10.1155/2015/629863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a global health problem and a national economic burden. Although several antidiabetic drugs are available, the need for novel therapeutic agents with improved efficacy and few side effects remains. Drugs derived from natural compounds are more attractive than synthetic drugs because of their diversity and minimal side effects. This review summarizes the most relevant effects of various plant-derived natural compounds on the functionality of pancreatic beta cells. Published data suggest that natural compounds directly enhance insulin secretion, prevent pancreatic beta cell apoptosis, and modulate pancreatic beta cell differentiation and proliferation. It is essential to continuously investigate natural compounds as sources of novel pharmaceuticals. Therefore, more studies into these compounds' mechanisms of action are warranted for their development as potential anti-diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Sin Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon 405-760, Republic of Korea
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Cheon JM, Kim DI, Kim KS. Insulin sensitivity improvement of fermented Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng) mediated by insulin resistance hallmarks in old-aged ob/ob mice. J Ginseng Res 2015; 39:331-7. [PMID: 26869825 PMCID: PMC4593781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological actions of various ginseng extracts have been studied for treating obesity and diabetes mellitus. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of fermented Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) on metabolic syndrome. The present study evaluated the antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of fermented red ginseng (FRG) on old-aged, obese, leptin-deficient (B6.V-Lepob, "ob/ob") mice. METHODS The animals were divided into three groups and given water containing 0%, 0.5%, and 1.0% FRG for 16 wk. The effect of FRG on ob/ob mice was determined by measuring changes in body weight, levels of blood glucose, serum contents of triglycerides, total cholesterol and free fatty acids, messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of key factors associated with insulin action, such as insulin receptor (IR), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), glucose transporter 1 and 4 (GLUT1 and GLUT4), peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the liver and in muscle, and histology of the liver and pancreas. RESULTS FRG-treated mice had decreased body weight and blood glucose levels compared with control ob/ob mice. However, anti-obesity effect of FRG was not evident rather than hypoglycemic effect in old aged ob/ob mice. The hyperlipidemia in control group was attenuated in FRG-treated ob/ob mice. The mRNA expressions of IR, LPL, GLUT1, GLUT4, PPAR-γ, and PEPCK in the liver and in muscle were increased in the FRG-treated groups compared with the control group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that FRG may play a vital role in improving insulin sensitivity relative to reducing body weight in old-aged ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Mu Cheon
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dae-Ik Kim
- Daegu Technopark Oriental Medicine Industry Support Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kil-Soo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death in the United States. Angiogenesis inhibitors have been introduced for the treatment of cancer. Based on the fact that many anticancer agents have been developed from botanical sources, there is a significant untapped resource to be found in natural products. American ginseng is a commonly used herbal medicine in the U.S., which possesses antioxidant properties. After oral ingestion, natural ginseng saponins are biotransformed to their metabolites by the enteric microbiome before being absorbed. The major metabolites, ginsenoside Rg3 and compound K, showed significant potent anticancer activity compared to that of their parent ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, and Rd. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of ginseng metabolites on cancer chemoprevention, especially apoptosis and angiogenic inhibition, are discussed. Ginseng gut microbiome metabolites showed significant anti-angiogenic effects on pulmonary, gastric and ovarian cancers. This review suggests that in addition to the chemopreventive effects of ginseng compounds, as angiogenic inhibitors, ginsenoside metabolites could be used in combination with other cancer chemotherapeutic agents in cancer management.
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Effect of Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Berry EtOAc Fraction on Cognitive Impairment in C57BL/6 Mice under High-Fat Diet Inducement. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:316527. [PMID: 26161118 PMCID: PMC4486251 DOI: 10.1155/2015/316527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet-induced obesity leads to type 2 diabetes. Recently, there has been growing apprehension about diabetes-associated cognitive impairment (DACM). The effect of ginseng (Panax ginseng) berry ethyl acetate fraction (GBEF) on mice with high-fat diet-induced cognitive impairment was investigated to confirm its physiological function. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet for 5 weeks and then a high-fat diet with GBEF (20 and 50 mg/kg of body weight) for 4 weeks. After three in vivo behavioral tests (Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests), blood samples were collected from the postcaval vein for biochemical analysis, and whole brains were prepared for an ex vivo test. A method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) accurate-mass quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF/MS) was used to determine major ginsenosides. GBEF decreased the fasting blood glucose levels of high-fat diet-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) mice and improved hyperglycemia. Cognitive behavior tests were examined after setting up the DM mice. The in vivo experiments showed that mice treated with GBEF exhibited more improved cognitive behavior than DM mice. In addition, GBEF effectively inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of DM mice brain tissues. Q-TOF UPLC/MS analyses of GBEF showed that ginsenoside Re was the major ginsenoside.
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Li KK, Gong XJ. A review on the medicinal potential of Panax ginseng saponins in diabetes mellitus. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05864c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article summarizes the anti-diabetic effects and mechanisms ofPanax ginsengsaponins and its active specific ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ke Li
- School of Medical
- Dalian University
- Dalian 116622
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Gong
- School of Medical
- Dalian University
- Dalian 116622
- P. R. China
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Jung HS, Lim Y, Kim EK. Therapeutic phytogenic compounds for obesity and diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21505-37. [PMID: 25421245 PMCID: PMC4264239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds have been used to develop drugs for many decades. Vast diversities and minimum side effects make natural compounds a good source for drug development. However, the composition and concentrations of natural compounds can vary. Despite this inconsistency, half of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmaceuticals are natural compounds or their derivatives. Therefore, it is essential to continuously investigate natural compounds as sources of new pharmaceuticals. This review provides comprehensive information and analysis on natural compounds from plants (phytogenic compounds) that may serve as anti-obesity and/or anti-diabetes therapeutics. Our growing understanding and further exploration of the mechanisms of action of the phytogenic compounds may afford opportunities for development of therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Soong Jung
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873, Korea.
| | - Yun Lim
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873, Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873, Korea.
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Evaluation of the genotoxicity of ginseng leaf extract UG0712. Lab Anim Res 2014; 30:104-11. [PMID: 25324871 PMCID: PMC4188829 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2014.30.3.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ginseng (genus Panax) leaf extract contains high concentrations of bioactive constituents, its effects have been reported in few preclinical studies, and information regarding its toxicity is not sufficient to allow for its clinical use. We evaluated the genotoxicity of UG0712, which is a powdered extract of ginseng leaves. UG0712 did not increase the number of revertant colonies in 4 histidine auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA100, TA1535, TA98, and TA1537) or in a tryptophan auxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA(pKM101)) at any concentration evaluated, either in the absence or presence of the metabolic activation system. There was no significant increase in the number of metaphase cells with structural or numerical aberrations in the UG0712-treated groups compared to the concurrent vehicle control at any dose, regardless of the presence of the metabolic activation system. Oral administration of the extract at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg in male mice did not increase the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow, and did not result in any significant clinical signs, body weight loss, gross findings, or mortality. These results suggest that UG0712 does not act as a mutagenic or genotoxic material at the concentrations evaluated.
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Effects of Korean red ginseng supplementation on muscle glucose uptake in high-fat fed rats. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 11:494-9. [PMID: 24359773 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been recognized that ginseng has anti-diabetic effects in skeletal muscle, but the mechanism has not been intensively investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) supplementation on muscle glucose uptake in high-fat fed rats. Sixteen rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (CON, n = 8) and a Korean red ginseng group (KRG, n = 8). The KRG group ingested RG extract (1 g·kg(-1), 6 days/week) mixed in water for two weeks. After the two-week treatment, plasma lipid profiles, and glucose and insulin concentrations were measured. The triglyceride (TG) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) contents were measured in the skeletal muscle and liver. The rate of glucose transport was determined under a submaximal insulin concentration during muscle incubation. Plasma FFA concentrations were significantly decreased in KRG (P < 0.05). Liver and muscle triglyceride concentrations were also decreased in the KRG treatment group (P < 0.05) compared to the CON group. In addition, resting plasma insulin and glucose levels were significantly lower after Korean red ginseng treatment (P < 0.05). However, muscle glucose uptake was not affected by Korean red ginseng treatment, as evidenced by the rate of glucose transport in the epitorchealis muscle under submaximal insulin concentrations. These results suggest that while KRG supplementation could improve whole body insulin resistance and plasma lipid profiles, it is unlikely to have an effect on the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle, which is the major tissue responsible for plasma glucose handling.
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A polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa relieves insulin resistance of HepG2 cell by Akt-GSK-3 pathway. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:355-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Park EY, Kim HJ, Kim YK, Park SU, Choi JE, Cha JY, Jun HS. Increase in Insulin Secretion Induced by Panax ginseng Berry Extracts Contributes to the Amelioration of Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocininduced Diabetic Mice. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:153-60. [PMID: 23717115 PMCID: PMC3659577 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine. More recently, it has received attention for its anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects in humans and in animal models of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we tested the hypoglycemic effects of ginseng berry extract in beta-cell-deficient mice and investigated the mechanisms involved. Red (ripe) and green (unripe) berry extracts were prepared and administered orally (100 or 200 mg/kg body weight) to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice daily for 10 wk. The body weight was measured daily, and the nonfasting blood glucose levels were measured after 5 and 10 wk after administration. Glucose tolerance tests were performed, and the serum insulin levels were measured. The proliferation of betacells was measured in vitro. The administration of red or green ginseng berry extract significantly reduced the blood glucose levels and improved the glucose tolerance in beta-cell deficient mice, with the higher doses resulting in better effects. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was significantly increased in berry extract-treated mice compared with streptozotocin-induced diabetic control mice. Treatment with ginseng berry extract increased beta-cell proliferation in vitro. Both red berry and green berry extracts improved glycemic control in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and increased insulin secretion, possibly due to increased beta-cell proliferation. These results suggest that ginseng berry extracts might have beneficial effects on beta-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Park
- Laboratory of Beta Cell Biology and Autoimmunity, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-840, Korea
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Chang CLT, Lin Y, Bartolome AP, Chen YC, Chiu SC, Yang WC. Herbal therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: chemistry, biology, and potential application of selected plants and compounds. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:378657. [PMID: 23662132 PMCID: PMC3638592 DOI: 10.1155/2013/378657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has been recognized since antiquity. It currently affects as many as 285 million people worldwide and results in heavy personal and national economic burdens. Considerable progress has been made in orthodox antidiabetic drugs. However, new remedies are still in great demand because of the limited efficacy and undesirable side effects of current orthodox drugs. Nature is an extraordinary source of antidiabetic medicines. To date, more than 1200 flowering plants have been claimed to have antidiabetic properties. Among them, one-third have been scientifically studied and documented in around 460 publications. In this review, we select and discuss blood glucose-lowering medicinal herbs that have the ability to modulate one or more of the pathways that regulate insulin resistance, β-cell function, GLP-1 homeostasis, and glucose (re)absorption. Emphasis is placed on phytochemistry, anti-diabetic bioactivities, and likely mechanism(s). Recent progress in the understanding of the biological actions, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of compounds and extracts of plant origin in type 2 diabetes is summarized. This review provides a source of up-to-date information for further basic and clinical research into herbal therapy for type 2 diabetes. Emerging views on therapeutic strategies for type 2 diabetes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cicero L. T. Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yenshou Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Arlene P. Bartolome
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1100, Philippines
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Sinica Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Sinica Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chih Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Sinica Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Chang CLT, Lin Y, Bartolome AP, Chen YC, Chiu SC, Yang WC. Herbal therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: chemistry, biology, and potential application of selected plants and compounds. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 5:22-9. [PMID: 23598921 PMCID: PMC3579016 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus, becoming the third killer of mankind after cancer and cardiovascular diseases, is one of the most challenging diseases facing health care professionals today. That is why; there has been a growing interest in the therapeutic use of natural products for diabetes, especially those derived from plants. Aim: To evaluate the anti-diabetic activity together with the accompanying biological effects of the fractions and the new natural compounds of Hyphaene thebaica (HT) epicarp. Materials and Methods: 500 g of coarsely powdered of (HT) fruits epicarp were extracted by acetone. The acetone crude extract was fractionated with methanol and ethyl acetate leaving a residual water-soluble fraction WF. The anti-diabetic effects of the WF and one of its compounds of the acetone extract of the (HT) epicarp were investigated in this study using 40 adult male rats. Results: Phytochemical investigation of active WF revealed the presence of ten different flavonoids, among which two new natural compounds luteolin 7-O-[6”-O-α-Lrhamnopyranosyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside 3 and chrysoeriol 7-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L-arabinofuranoside 5 were isolated. Supplementation of the WF improved glucose and insulin tolerance and significantly lowered blood glycosylated hemoglobin levels. On the other hand, compound 5 significantly reduced AST and ALT levels of liver, respectively. Likewise, the kidney functions were improved for both WF and compound 5, whereby both urea and creatinine levels in serum were highly significant Conclusion: The results justify the use of WF and compound 5 of the (HT) epicarp as anti-diabetic agent, taking into consideration that the contents of WF were mainly flavonoids
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Affiliation(s)
- Cicero L T Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Liu Z, Li W, Li X, Zhang M, Chen L, Zheng YN, Sun GZ, Ruan CC. Antidiabetic effects of malonyl ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on type 2 diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:233-240. [PMID: 23147499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been recorded to treat 'Xiao-ke' (emaciation and thirst) symptom in many ancient Chinese medical literatures (such as 'Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing') for thousands of years. 'Xiao-ke' symptom, in general, indicates diabetes mellitus. AIM OF THE STUDY Malonyl ginsenosides (MGR) are natural ginsenosides which exist in both fresh and air-dried ginseng. The objective of this study is to determine the antidiabetic function of MGR on type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS High fat diet-fed and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with 50 and 100mg/kg/d of MGR or vehicle for 3 weeks. The effects of MGR on fasting blood glucose (FBG), intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), serum insulin (SI), insulin tolerance test (ITT), body weight, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels in type 2 diabetic rats were measured. RESULTS After 3 weeks of treatment, MGR administration showed significantly lower FBG levels compared to the diabetic control group. In glucose tolerance test, IPGTT data showed that both MGR 50 and 100mg/kg groups significantly increased the glucose disposal after glucose load. The ITT also showed improvement of insulin sensitivity during 120 min of insulin treatment. In addition, MGR reduced TG and TC contents while showed no effect on body weight in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION The findings from this study suggest that MGR can alleviate hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia and insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Makarova MN, Kovaleva MA, Laakso I, Dorman HJD, Hiltunen R, Makarov VG, Galambosi B. Effect of Bergenia crassifolia L. extracts on weight gain and feeding behavior of rats with high-caloric diet-induced obesity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1250-1255. [PMID: 23079230 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior and weight gain in rats with high-calorie diet-induced obesity that are treated with Bergenia crassifolia black and fermented leaves extracts. The daily dietary intake of all treated animals was reduced to 40% compared with the control group on day 22 of the experiment. A significant improvement in glucose tolerance was noted after 7 days of treatment with the Bergenia extracts. In rats treated with an extract of black leaves for 7 days, a significant reduction in the serum triglyceride level, 45% (p<0.05), compared with the control group was observed. However, the treatment did not affect the cholesterol level. Our results provide evidence for the potential use of B. crassifolia as an appetite and energy intake suppressant.
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Lei H, Guo S, Han J, Wang Q, Zhang X, Wu W. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of MT-α-glucan and its effect on immune function of diabetic mice. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:245-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kim ST, Kim HB, Lee KH, Choi YR, Kim HJ, Shin IS, Gyoung YS, Joo SS. Steam-dried ginseng berry fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum controls the increase of blood glucose and body weight in type 2 obese diabetic db/db mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5438-5445. [PMID: 22563735 DOI: 10.1021/jf300460g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether steam-dried ginseng berries fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum (FSGB) could improve the indices of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in obese db/db mice. FSGB was shown to have an effect on body weight and blood glucose/serum parameters when administered at a dose of 0.5 g/kg. In the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), FSGB was clearly shown to improve insulin tolerance and glucose tolerance. Moreover, FSGB was shown to enhance immune activities by increasing the immune cell population, and glucose transpoter 1 (GLUT1) mRNA expression in L6 cells was up-regulated, suggesting that FSGB can increase glucose transport activity in target cells. These results indicate that steam- and dry-processed ginseng berries fermented with L. plantarum can be used to effectively control blood sugar metabolism via improving insulin and glucose tolerance and body weight gain in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Tae Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
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Chen ZH, Li J, Liu J, Zhao Y, Zhang P, Zhang MX, Zhang L. Saponins Isolated from the Root of Panax notoginseng Showed Significant Anti-Diabetic Effects in KK-Ay Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 36:939-51. [PMID: 19051359 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x08006363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng, a well-known and commonly used traditional Chinese herb, has been used in China for six hundred years. Panax notoginseng Saponins (PNS) were extracted from the root of the plant. This is the first study on anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obese effects of PNS in genetic model mice. Additionally, the preventive effect on diabetic nephropathy was investigated. Animals received intraperitoneal injections of PNS 50 or 200 mg/kg daily. On day 12, 22 and 30, PNS-treated groups had significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels and smaller body weight incremental percentage. After a 12-day treatment, glucose tolerance of PNS groups were significantly improved; these indices in PNS-treated mice exhibited a dose-dependent improvement. Furthermore, on day 30, the serum insulin resistance index and triglyceride levels of PNS-treated groups decreased significantly, and the development of the mice glomerular lesions was prevented significantly. The results in this present paper indicate that PNS possesses anti-diabetes and anti-obese activities and may prove to be of clinical importance in improving the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meng-Xue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Lee HM, Lee OH, Kim KJ, Lee BY. Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes glucose uptake through activated AMPK pathway in insulin-resistant muscle cells. Phytother Res 2011; 26:1017-22. [PMID: 22170817 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1, a protopanaxatriols saponin, is one of the major active constituents from Panax ginseng and possesses various biological activities. A recent study reported that insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is a major contributor to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We examined the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on glucose uptake and the associated molecular mechanisms of the glucose transport system in insulin-resistant muscle cells. The insulin resistance of the muscle cell was induced by treatment of differentiated C2C12 cells with chronic insulin. The results showed that chronic treatment of insulin resulted in reduced glucose uptake in the muscle cells. The treatment of ginsenoside Rg1 significantly enhanced glucose uptake in the differentiated muscle cells and the relative abundance of GLUT4 through the adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 improved the insulin resistance in C2C12 muscle cells, which might be useful for prevention of T2DM and metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi 463-836, Korea
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Poddar K, Kolge S, Bezman L, Mullin GE, Cheskin LJ. Nutraceutical Supplements for Weight Loss. Nutr Clin Pract 2011; 26:539-52. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533611419859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Poddar
- Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanjivani Kolge
- Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lena Bezman
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gerard E. Mullin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lawrence J. Cheskin
- Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lee NR, Han JS, Kim JS, Choi JE. Effects of Extraction Temperature and Time on Ginsenoside Content and Quality in Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Flower Water Extract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7783/kjmcs.2011.19.4.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Park JH, Lee JY, Yeo JY, Nam JS, Jung MH. Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2011.21.7.932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Yuliana ND, Jahangir M, Korthout H, Choi YH, Kim HK, Verpoorte R. Comprehensive review on herbal medicine for energy intake suppression. Obes Rev 2011; 12:499-514. [PMID: 20659298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The obesity drug development is present not a bright and successful story. So far, drugs reported to be effective, either from synthetic or natural sources, mostly stimulated controversy because of serious adverse effects, which ended with stopping clinical trials or even withdrawal from the market. However, obesity and its comorbidities have become rapidly a major problem in both developed and developing countries. This has encouraged pharmaceutical companies and academia to keep on struggling on developing novel effective but safe obesity drugs, and on characterizing novel obesity drug targets. From existing scientific work on obesity drug discovery and commercial slimming preparations, compounds originating from nature, especially from plants, seem to be the first choice. Traditional belief that herbal medicine is safer than synthetic ones is one of the classical arguments, although scientifically this is not always true (e.g. ban on Ephedra). But in general, it has been widely acknowledged that a plant compound, with its unique scaffolds and rich diversity is an unlimited source of novel lead compounds. This paper aims to summarize all works focused on screening plant materials by targeting important pathways related to energy intake regulation, either by in vivo or in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Yuliana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lee HS, Lee HJ, Yu HJ, Ju DW, Kim Y, Kim CT, Kim CJ, Cho YJ, Kim N, Choi SY, Suh HJ. A comparison between high hydrostatic pressure extraction and heat extraction of ginsenosides from ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1466-73. [PMID: 21384379 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine biomaterial components, the components must first be transferred into solution; thus extraction is the first step in biomaterial analysis. High hydrostatic pressure technology was used for ginsenoside extraction from ginseng roots. In the extraction of fresh and red ginseng, high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE) was found to be more effective than heat extraction (HE). RESULTS In fresh ginseng extraction under HHPE, total ginsenosides (1602.2 µg mL⁻¹) and ginsenoside metabolite (132.6 µg mL⁻¹) levels were slightly higher than those under HE (1259.0 and 78.7 µg mL⁻¹), respectively. In red ginseng, similar results indicated total ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolite amounts according to the extraction methods. Most volatile compounds by HHPE were higher than by HE treatment. HHPE of red ginseng was conducted under four pressures: 0.1 MPa (1 atm), 30, 50, and 80 MPa. Total sugar, uronic acid, and polyphenol amounts increased until 30 MPa of pressure and then showed decreasing tendencies. Total ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolite contents linearly increased with increasing pressure, and a maximum was reached at 80 MPa for the metabolites. CONCLUSION HHPE used for red ginseng processing contributes to enhanced extraction efficiencies of functional materials such as ginsenosides through cell structure modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Institute of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Korea
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Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Ginsenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:689-99. [PMID: 21396670 PMCID: PMC3103855 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Compared to the long history of use and widespread research on Asian ginseng, the study of American ginseng is relatively limited. In the past decade, some promising advances have been achieved in understanding the chemistry, pharmacology and structure-function relationship of American ginseng. To date, there is no systematic review of American ginseng. In this review, the different structures of the ginsenosides in American ginseng are described, including naturally occurring compounds and those resulting from steaming or biotransformation. Preclinical and clinical studies published in the past decade are also discussed. Highlighted are the chemical and pharmacological diversity and potential structural-activity relationship of ginsenosides. The goal is that this article is a useful reference to chemists and biologists researching American ginseng, and will open the door to agents in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Vermaak I, Viljoen AM, Hamman JH. Natural products in anti-obesity therapy. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1493-533. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xiong Y, Shen L, Liu KJ, Tso P, Xiong Y, Wang G, Woods SC, Liu M. Antiobesity and antihyperglycemic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 in rats. Diabetes 2010; 59:2505-12. [PMID: 20682695 PMCID: PMC3279544 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and type 2 diabetes are national and worldwide epidemics. Because currently available antiobesity and antidiabetic drugs have limited efficacy and/or safety concerns, identifying new medicinal agents, such as ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) as reported here, offers exciting possibilities for future development of successful antiobesity and antidiabetic therapies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Changes in feeding behavior after acute intraperitoneal administration of Rb1 and the effects of intraperitoneal Rb1 for 4 weeks on body weight, energy expenditure, and glucose tolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats were assessed. We also examined the effects of Rb1 on signaling pathways and neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. RESULTS Acute intraperitoneal Rb1 dose-dependently suppressed food intake without eliciting signs of toxicity. This inhibitory effect on feeding may be mediated by central mechanisms because Rb1 stimulated c-Fos expression in brain areas involved in energy homeostasis. Consistent with this, Rb1 activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway and inhibited NPY gene expression in the hypothalamus. Four-week administration of Rb1 significantly reduced food intake, body weight gain, and body fat content and increased energy expenditure in HFD-induced obese rats. Rb1 also significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance, and these effects were greater than those observed in pair-fed rats, suggesting that although Rb1's antihyperglycemic effect is partially attributable to reduced food intake and body weight; there may be additional effects of Rb1 on glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS These results identify Rb1 as an antiobesity and antihyperglycemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Corresponding author: Min Liu,
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Hong L, Xun M, Wutong W. Anti-diabetic effect of an α-glucan from fruit body of maitake (Grifola frondosa) on KK-Ay mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:575-82. [PMID: 17430642 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.4.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have evaluated the anti-diabetic effect of a α-glucan (MT-α-glucan) from the fruit body of maitake mushrooms (Grifola frondosa) on KK-Ay mice (a kind of genetical type 2 diabetes animal model). The effects of MT-α-glucan (450 or 150 mg kg−1) on diabetic mice were investigated by observing the changes in body weight, the level of fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated serum protein (GSP), hepatic glycogen, serum insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acid, liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, the binding capacity of insulin receptors on liver crude plasma membranes was assayed and histopathological changes in the pancreas were observed. Treatment with MT-α-glucan significantly decreased the body weight, level of fasting plasma glucose, GSP, serum insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acid and MDA content in livers. Treatment with MT-α-glucan significantly increased the content of hepatic glycogen, GSH and the activity of SOD and GSHpx. Moreover, the insulin binding capacity to liver crude plasma membranes increased and histopatho-logical changes in the pancreas were ameliorated in the treatment group. These data suggest that MT-α-glucan has an anti-diabetic effect on KK-Ay mice, which might be related to its effect on insulin receptors (i.e., increasing insulin sensitivity and ameliorating insulin resistance of peripheral target tissues).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hong
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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