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Kim DY, Han GP, Lim C, Kim JM, Kil DY. Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on the liver transcriptome profile in broiler chickens under heat stress conditions. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1632-1646. [PMID: 37654169 PMCID: PMC10623048 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary betaine (BT) supplementation on the hepatic transcriptome profiles in broiler chickens raised under heat stress (HS) conditions. METHODS A total of 180 (21-d-old) Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allotted to 1 of 3 treatment groups with 6 replicated cages in a completely randomized design. One group was kept under thermoneutral conditions at all times and was fed a basal diet (PC). Other 2 groups were exposed to a cyclic heat stress condition. One of the 2 groups under heat stress conditions was fed the basal diet as a negative control (NC), whereas the other group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.2% BT. All chickens were provided with diets and water ad libitum for 21 d. Following the experiment, the liver samples were collected for RNA sequencing analysis. RESULTS Broiler chickens in NC and BT group had decreased (p<0.05) growth performance. In the transcriptome analysis, the number of differentially expressed genes were identified in the liver by HS conditions and dietary BT supplementation. In the comparison between NC and PC treatments, genes related to energy and nucleic acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and immune system were altered by HS, which support the reason why heat-stressed poultry had decreased growth performance. In the comparison between NC and BT treatments, genes related to lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and immune system were differently expressed under HS conditions. CONCLUSION HS negatively impacts various physiological processes, including DNA replication, metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, and cell cycle progression in broiler chickens. Dietary BT supplementation, however, offers potential counteractive effects by modulating liver function, facilitating gluconeogenesis, and enhancing immune systems. These findings provide a basis for understanding molecular responses by HS and the possible benefits of dietary BT supplementation in broiler chickens exposed to HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Yun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546,
Korea
| | - Gi Ppeum Han
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546,
Korea
| | - Chiwoong Lim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546,
Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546,
Korea
| | - Dong Yong Kil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546,
Korea
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2
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Zaki A, Jiang S, Zaghloul S, El-Rayes TK, Saleh AA, Azzam MM, Ragni M, Alagawany M. Betaine as an alternative feed additive to choline and its effect on performance, blood parameters, and egg quality in laying hens rations. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102710. [PMID: 37148572 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate how using betaine levels as a choline substitute affects productive performance, egg quality parameters, fatty acids profile, and antioxidant status in laying hens. One hundred and forty brown chickens, 45 wk old, were divided into 4 groups, each group of 7 replicates with 5 chickens per replicate. The first group of diets with choline has control (A) 100% choline, the second group (B) 75% choline + 25% betaine, the third group (C) 50% choline + 50% betaine, and the fourth group (D) received 100% betaine. No significant effects were observed in final body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), egg production (EW), and feed intake (FI) for laying hens. In the diet in which betaine was replaced choline, egg mass (EM) and egg weight (EW) increased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Also, after 12 wk of feeding, the egg quality parameters were not influenced; however, yolk color was increased significantly compared with the control group. Serum total cholesterol, LDL-lipoprotein, HDL-lipoprotein, triglyceride, glucose, aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) were not affected by replacing choline with betaine. Furthermore, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content, yolk vitamin E, and fatty acid levels were not significantly affected by replacing choline with betaine. Moreover, hens fed betaine displayed an increased antibody titer of the Newcastle disease (ND) virus. EW and EM were increased by 3.50% and 5.43% in 100% betaine group (D) when compared to the control group. Isthmus weight was decreased by 48.28 % in 50% choline + 50% betaine group (C) when compared to the control group. ND was increased by 26.24% in 100% betaine group when compared to the control group. In conclusion, betaine supplementation positively affected productive performance, egg quality measurements, and immunity response in Bovans brown laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Zaki
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 333516, Egypt
| | - Shouqun Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China.
| | - Saad Zaghloul
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 333516, Egypt
| | - Talaat K El-Rayes
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 333516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mostafa Azzam
- Department of Animal Production College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco Ragni
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Lysine or Threonine Deficiency Decreases Body Weight Gain in Growing Rats despite an Increase in Food Intake without Increasing Energy Expenditure in Response to FGF21. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010197. [PMID: 36615854 PMCID: PMC9824894 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of a strictly essential amino acid (lysine or threonine; EAA) deficiency on energy metabolism in growing rats. Rats were fed for three weeks severely (15% and 25% of recommendation), moderately (40% and 60%), and adequate (75% and 100%) lysine or threonine-deficient diets. Food intake and body weight were measured daily and indirect calorimetry was performed the week three. At the end of the experimentation, body composition, gene expression, and biochemical analysis were performed. Lysine and threonine deficiency induced a lower body weight gain and an increase in relative food intake. Lysine or threonine deficiency induced liver FGF21 synthesis and plasma release. However, no changes in energy expenditure were observed for lysine deficiency, unlike threonine deficiency, which leads to a decrease in total and resting energy expenditure. Interestingly, threonine severe deficiency, but not lysine deficiency, increase orexigenic and decreases anorexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides expression, which could explain the higher food intake. Our results show that the deficiency in one EAA, induces a decrease in body weight gain, despite an increased relative food intake, without any increase in energy expenditure despite an induction of FGF21.
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Betaine: A Potential Nutritional Metabolite in the Poultry Industry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192624. [PMID: 36230366 PMCID: PMC9559486 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry industry has been recognized as a fast-developing sector aiming to produce low-cost and high-nutrient foods for human consumption. This review article aimed to focus on the significant roles of dietary betaine supplementation in the poultry industry. In this respect, different effects of betaine on performance and carcass traits, as well as its osmoregulatory, anticoccidial, immune-modulatory, and heat-stress alleviation activities, were discussed. Different concentrations of betaine supplementation can improve the feed conversion ratio, final body weight, breast muscle yield, egg production ratio, and reduce body fat contents in broiler chicken, turkey, duck, geese, and quail diets. Betaine supplemented with methyl groups can eliminate the need to have some methyl-group donors, including choline and methionine, therefore having positive effects on feed conversion ratio in poultry diets. The osmolytic character of betaine can alleviate heat stress and have a positive impact on tonic immobility, which consequently reduces stress in poultry. By inhibiting distinct developmental stages of Eimeria species, betaine reduces the damaging effects of coccidiosis on broiler chickens and improves intestinal structure and function. The immunological, cardiovascular, neurological, renal, and hepatic metabolic systems benefit from betaine's osmo-protective properties. Therefore, betaine has the potential to be considered as an alternative to feed additives and enhances the health status and productive performance of poultry.
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Wang Z, Cai D, Ju X, Li K, Liang S, Fang M, Nie Q. RNA Sequencing Reveals the Regulation of Betaine on Chicken Myogenesis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192508. [PMID: 36230250 PMCID: PMC9558966 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaine is trimethylglycine and a universal methyl donor which could provide methyl and glycine for cells and animals. As a new star in epigenetics, N6-Methyladenosine has been reported to regulate multiple biological activities, but the regulatory mechanism of betaine on N6-Methyladenosine as well as myogenesis was little studied. In this study, we treated chicken primary myoblast cells with different concentrations of betaine (0, 10, 25, and 50 mmol/L) and found that myoblast cell proliferation was inhibited, although the cell cycle was promoted in the S phase by betaine, where the myotube area was increased as well as the differentiation marker genes MyoD, MyoG, MyHC, Myomarker, and Ckm. RNA sequencing obtained a total of 61 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); DEGs caused by 50 mmol/L betaine were mainly enriched in the regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration and some amino acid metabolic processes. The gene expression pattern trends of all DEGs were mainly clustered into 2 profiles, with the increase in betaine concentration, the gene expression pattern either increased or decreased continuously. Overall, a low concentration betaine can increase the N6-Methyladenosine modification level and myotube area but depresses myoblast cell proliferation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Danfeng Cai
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xing Ju
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sisi Liang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Meixia Fang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-8528-5759; Fax: +86-20-8528-0740
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Betaine supplementation fails to improve body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:975-988. [PMID: 34743773 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies evaluating the effects of betaine supplementation on body composition offer contradictory findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of betaine supplementation on body composition indices (body mass (BM), BMI, body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM)), and dietary intakes. Studies examining the effects of betaine supplementation on body composition and dietary intakes published up to August 2021 were identified through PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, SCOPUS and Ovid databases. Betaine supplementation failed to significantly affect BM ((weighted mean difference (WMD): -0·40 kg, 95 % CI -1·46, 0·64), P = 0·447), BMI ((WMD: -0·05 kg/m2, 95 % CI -0·36, 0·25), P = 0·719), BFP ((WMD: 0·26 %, 95 % CI -0·82, 1·36), P = 0·663), FM ((WMD: -0·57 kg, 95 % CI -2·14, 0·99), P = 0·473) and FFM ((WMD: 0·61 kg, 95 % CI -1·27, 2·49), P = 0·527). Subgroup analyses based on participant's age (< 40 and > 40 years), sex, BMI, trial duration (< 8 and ≥ 8 weeks), betaine supplementation dosage (< 4 and ≥ 4 g) and health status (healthy or unhealthy) demonstrated similar results. Other than a potential negligible increase in protein intake (WMD: 3·56 g, 95 % CI 0·24, 6·88, P = 0·035), no changes in dietary intakes were observed following betaine supplementation compared with control. The present systematic review and meta-analysis does not show any beneficial effects of betaine supplementation on body composition indices (BM, BMI, FM and FFM).
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Impacts of Increasing Additions of Choline Chloride on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Reared to 66 Days of Age. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141808. [PMID: 35883355 PMCID: PMC9311524 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recommendations for choline intake in broiler chickens are potentially outdated and do not include work investigating the entire grow-out period. Broilers were fed increasing concentrations of additional choline chloride above what was provided by a basal corn- and soybean meal-based diet ingredients, reared for 66 days, and then processed. Supplemental choline had no impact on broiler growth performance or breast myopathy incidence, but it altered carcass part yields. These results suggest that feeding additional choline may not be beneficial for broilers grown to heavier market weights in the absence of environmental and dietary stress. Abstract The most recent research cited by the NRC Nutrition Requirements of Poultry to establish choline recommendations was published in 1987, so choline guidelines for modern broilers are outdated and may be insufficient to optimize growth. The objective was to determine the effect of additional dietary choline chloride supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of modern broilers reared for 66 days. As-hatched Ross 708 × Yield Plus broiler chicks (n = 2160; 30 birds per pen) were randomly allotted to one of six experimental corn and soybean meal-based diets formulated to contain an additional 0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, or 2000 mg of choline chloride above the choline content of the basal diet ingredients. Diets were fed in four phases, and birds were processed at day 66 of age. Growth performance and breast myopathy incidence was not impacted by added choline. While there were differences in breast, wing, thigh, and drum yields, the effects of added choline were not linear. Supplemental choline chloride was not beneficial for growth performance but did impact the carcass characteristics of modern, large frame broilers reared for 66 days.
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8
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Arif M, Baty RS, Althubaiti EH, Ijaz MT, Fayyaz M, Shafi ME, Albaqami NM, Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, Taha AE, Salem HM, El-Tahan AM, Elnesr SS. The impact of betaine supplementation in quail diet on growth performance, blood chemistry, and carcass traits. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 29:1604-1610. [PMID: 35280529 PMCID: PMC8913552 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of various doses of betaine supplemented dietary on Japanese quail performance, carcass characteristics, and blood chemistry. Therefore, 400 seven days old Japanese quails were classified randomly into four equal groups. Each group was subdivided into five replicates of 20 birds each. Four rations were formulated using four different betaine levels (0, 0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 g/kg, respectively) for five successive weeks. All groups received feed and clean water ad-libitum. The results of this trial indicated that the feed intake was lowered in groups fed with betaine (p ≤ 0.05) when compared with the control one. The highest weight gain (p ≤ 0.05) was noticed in groups fed diets BS4 (betaine supplementation at the rate of 2.25 g/kg). No difference among groups was observed in body length, shank length, shank diameter, and keel bone length or breast width. Also, the carcass weight and breast yield were highest (p ≤ 0.05) in the group reared on the BS4 diet. In addition, intestinal length and weight were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in groups fed betaine with a concentration of 2.25 g/kg. Fat weight was lower in the group fed BS4 than in the untreated group. Significantly higher values of high-density lipoprotein (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in the group fed BS4. All groups fed a ration containing betaine showed lower levels of liver enzymes such as alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate amino transferase (p ≤ 0.05) and lowered low-density lipoprotein level. The quails fed BS4 had the greatest growth hormones and insulin (p ≤ 0.05) and the lowest thyroxin level. We concluded that dietary betaine supplementation positively impacts Japanese quail growth performance, carcass traits, and blood chemistry.
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Boulton K, Wilson PW, Bishop VR, Perez JH, Wilkinson T, Hogan K, Homer NZM, Robert C, Smith J, Meddle SL, Dunn IC, Watson K. Parental methyl-enhanced diet and in ovo corticosterone affect first generation Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) development, behaviour and stress response. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21092. [PMID: 34702953 PMCID: PMC8548525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99812-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of maternal investment in avian offspring has considerable life history implications on production traits and therefore potential for the poultry industry. A first generation (G1) of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were bred from a 2 × 2 factorial design. Parents were fed either a control or methyl-enhanced (HiBET) diet, and their eggs were treated with a vehicle or corticosterone injection during day 5 of incubation. A subset of G1 birds were subjected to an open field trial (OFT) and capture-restraint stress protocol. Significant effects of HiBET diet were found on parental egg and liver weights, G1 hatch, liver and female reproductive tract weights, egg productivity, latency to leave the OFT central zone, male baseline 11-dehydrocorticosterone, and female androstenedione plasma concentrations. In ovo treatment significantly affected latency to return to the OFT, male baseline testosterone and androstenedione, and change in androstenedione plasma concentration. Diet by treatment interactions were significant for G1 liver weight and male baseline plasma concentrations of corticosterone. These novel findings suggest significant positive effects on reproduction, growth, precociousness, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function from enhanced methyl diets, and are important in understanding how in ovo stressors (representing maternal stress), affect the first offspring generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Boulton
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Peter W. Wilson
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Valerie R. Bishop
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Jonathan H. Perez
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK ,grid.267153.40000 0000 9552 1255Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
| | - Toby Wilkinson
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Kris Hogan
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Natalie Z. M. Homer
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Mass Spectrometry Core, E3.08, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Christelle Robert
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Simone L. Meddle
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Ian C. Dunn
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Kellie Watson
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
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Shuzhen L, Yang L, Wenhuan C, Zhimin C, Aijuan Z, Zedong W, Guohua L. Supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid and betaine improve growth performance and meat quality of ducks by accelerating energy metabolism. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1978336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shuzhen
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Wenhuan
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhimin
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Aijuan
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Zedong
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Guohua
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Parenti M, McClorry S, Maga EA, Slupsky CM. Metabolomic changes in severe acute malnutrition suggest hepatic oxidative stress: a secondary analysis. Nutr Res 2021; 91:44-56. [PMID: 34134040 PMCID: PMC8311294 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM), due to poor energy and/or protein intake, is associated with poor growth, depressed immune function, and long-term impacts on metabolic function. As the liver is a major metabolic organ and malnutrition poses metabolic stress, we hypothesize that SAM will be associated with alterations in the hepatic metabolome reflective of oxidative stress, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis. Thus, the purpose of this secondary analysis was to understand how SAM alters hepatic metabolism using a piglet model. Weanling piglets were feed either a reference (REF) or protein-energy deficient diet (MAL) for 5 weeks. After dietary treatment MAL piglets were severely underweight (weight-for-age Z-score of -3.29, Welch's t test, P = .0007), moderately wasted (weight-for-length Z-score of-2.49, Welch's t test, P = .003), and tended toward higher hepatic triglyceride content (Welch's t test, P = .07). Hematologic and blood biochemical measurements were assessed at baseline and after dietary treatment. The hepatic metabolome was investigated using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Hepatic concentrations of betaine, cysteine, and glutathione tended to be lower in MAL (Welch's t test with FDR correction, P < .1), while inosine, lactate, and methionine sulfoxide concentrations were higher in MAL (inosine: P = .0448, lactate: P = .0258, methionine sulfoxide: P = .0337). These changes suggest that SAM is associated with elevated hepatic oxidative stress, increased gluconeogenesis, and alterations in 1-carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A Maga
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA.
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12
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Zhong RH, Long JA, Wang F, Chen S, Luo Y, Lu XT, Yishake D, Chen YM, Fang AP, Zhu HL. Association between serum choline and betaine concentrations and longitudinal changes of body composition in community-dwelling middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:737-744. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that betaine and choline may be beneficial for body composition. However, no longitudinal study has been conducted to illustrate if choline and betaine have long-term effects on changes in body composition. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the association between serum choline and betaine concentrations and 3-year changes in body composition in community-dwelling Chinese adults. This present analysis used data from 1384 women and 554 men aged 40–75 years. Serum concentrations of betaine and choline at baseline were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Body composition parameters, i.e., muscle mass (MM), fat mass (FM), and body fat percentage (FM%) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the first and the second follow-ups. After adjustment for potential cofounders, higher serum choline concentrations were associated with a lower decrease in MM in men (β = 0.022, P = 0.025) and a lower increase in FM and FM% in women with baseline choline concentrations below 21.5 μmol/L (all P for nonlinearity = 0.007); higher serum betaine concentrations were associated with a lower decline in MM and a lower increase in FM and FM% among men whose betaine concentrations were lower than 55 μmol/L (all P for nonlinearity < 0.05). These findings suggest that higher concentrations of serum choline and betaine may be associated with favorable changes in body composition profiles among men and women who have relatively low concentrations, especially in men. Novelty Higher concentrations of serum choline and betaine were associated with favorable changes in body composition. Such favorable associations were more pronounced in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-huan Zhong
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jing-an Long
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-ting Lu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Dinuerguli Yishake
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yu-ming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Statistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ai-ping Fang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui-lian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Ghasemi H, Nari N. Effect of supplementary betaine on growth performance, blood biochemical profile, and immune response in heat-stressed broilers fed different dietary protein levels. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Dong L, Jin Y, Cui H, Yu L, Luo Y, Wang S, Wang H. Effects of diet supplementation with rumen-protected betaine on carcass characteristics and fat deposition in growing lambs. Meat Sci 2020; 166:108154. [PMID: 32330830 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of dietary rumen-protected betaine (RPB) supplementation on the fat deposition of lambs. Sixty Hu sheep were randomly divided into 5 groups. The lambs were fed a control diet (CON) or diets supplemented with 1.1 g/d unprotected betaine (UPB), 1.1 g/d RPB, 2.2 g/d RPB or 3.3 g/d RPB for 70 days. Compared with UPB, the abdominal fat in 2.2 g/d RPB supplemented group was decreased (P < .05). Compared with CON and UPB, the fat contents in longissimus dorsi (LD) of RPB treatments were increased (P < .01). With increasing of RPB levels, the fat content in the LD was quadratically increased (P < .05). Compared with CON, genes expression of PI3K, mTOR and S6K1 in the LD of RPB treatments were up-regulated (P < .05). In conclusion, RPB supplementation decreased the abdominal fat in lambs but increased the fat content in lamb meat, and this effect might be regulated by mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yaqian Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huihui Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lihuai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shunan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongrong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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15
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Park JH, Kim IH. The effects of betaine supplementation in diets containing different levels of crude protein and methionine on the growth performance, blood components, total tract nutrient digestibility, excreta noxious gas emission, and meat quality of the broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6808-6815. [PMID: 31347674 PMCID: PMC8913992 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of betaine supplementation on growth performance, blood components, nutrient digestibility, excreta noxious gas emission, and meat quality of broiler chickens were examined using different dietary crude protein (CP) and methionine (Met) levels. A total of 768 Ross 308 broiler chickens were allotted to four treatments, with 12 replications of each treatment conducted over 6 wk. Treatments were factorially designed, with 2 levels of CP [Starter: CP 21% (low Met) and 23% (high Met); Finisher: CP 18% (low Met) and 20% (high Met)] and 2 levels of betaine supplementation (0 and 0.12%). Body weight gain and feed conversion improved significantly as dietary levels of protein increased (P < 0.05), but the results for betaine supplementation differed. The concentrations of serum total protein, albumin, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were elevated by either the supplementary betaine or the CP (P < 0.05). In addition, serum albumin concentration significantly increased in groups fed low CP amounts and betaine 0.12% compared with groups fed low CP only (P < 0.05). Total tract digestibility of nitrogen in broilers fed high CP amounts or 0.12% betaine, was observed to be greater than that in groups fed low CP amounts or no betaine treatment (P < 0.05). Supplemental betaine affected excreta ammonia gas emission, and hydrogen sulfide concentrations decreased significantly in low CP-fed groups (P < 0.05). Breast meat quality and relative organ weights were not influenced by CP levels or dietary betaine supplementation. These results suggest that betaine does not increase productivity, but may affect serum total protein, albumin, GPx, excreta ammonia emission, and nitrogen digestibility in broiler chickens. In addition, betaine supplementation is more effective in increasing serum albumin concentration when it was added in low CP (low Met) diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Park
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - I H Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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16
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Simon J. Choline, betaine and methionine interactions in chickens, pigs and fish (including crustaceans). WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19990025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Simon
- INRA, Station de Recherches Avicoles, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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17
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Impact of osmoregulatory and methyl donor functions of betaine on intestinal health and performance in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933909000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Kidd M, Ferket P, Garlich J. Nutritional and osmoregulatory functions of betaine. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19970013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.T. Kidd
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7608, USA
| | - P.R. Ferket
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7608, USA
| | - J.D. Garlich
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7608, USA
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19
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YALÇIN S, UZUNOĞLU K. Effects of dietary supplementation of betaine and sepiolite supplementation on performance and intestinal health in broilers. ANKARA ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.434359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Ahmad NA, Raizman M, Weizmann N, Wasek B, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Tirosh O, Troen AM. Betaine attenuates pathology by stimulating lipid oxidation in liver and regulating phospholipid metabolism in brain of methionine‐choline–deficient rats. FASEB J 2019; 33:9334-9349. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802683r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Abu Ahmad
- The Institute of Biochemistry Food and Nutrition Science The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Merav Raizman
- The Institute of Biochemistry Food and Nutrition Science The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Nathalie Weizmann
- The Institute of Biochemistry Food and Nutrition Science The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Brandi Wasek
- Institute of Metabolic Disease Baylor Scott and White Research Institute Dallas Texas USA
| | - Erland Arning
- Institute of Metabolic Disease Baylor Scott and White Research Institute Dallas Texas USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Institute of Metabolic Disease Baylor Scott and White Research Institute Dallas Texas USA
| | - Oren Tirosh
- The Institute of Biochemistry Food and Nutrition Science The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Aron M. Troen
- The Institute of Biochemistry Food and Nutrition Science The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
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21
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Chen R, Zhuang S, Chen YP, Cheng YF, Wen C, Zhou YM. Betaine improves the growth performance and muscle growth of partridge shank broiler chickens via altering myogenic gene expression and insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway. Poult Sci 2019; 97:4297-4305. [PMID: 30085311 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of betaine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, myogenic gene expression, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway in partridge shank broiler chickens. A total of 192 one-day-old partridge shank broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates of 8 chickens for a 52-d feeding trial. Broilers were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 250 (B250), 500 (B500), or 1,000 (B1000) mg/kg betaine. Compared with the control group, the B500 and B1000 groups had higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG), and the B500 group had a lower (P < 0.05) feed/gain ratio (F:G) during the whole trial period. Moreover, the B1000 group increased (P < 0.05) the breast muscle yield and decreased (P < 0.05) relative abdominal fat weight. The mRNA expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2B (MEF2B) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mTOR phosporylation were higher (P < 0.05) in both breast and thigh muscles in the B500 and B1000 groups than those in the control group. The higher (P < 0.05) concentration and mRNA expression of IGF-1 were also observed in breast muscle in the B500 and B1000 groups. Additionally, the B1000 group up-regulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA level of myogenic differentiation factor 1 (MyoD1) in breast muscle and myogenin (MyoG) in thigh muscle. In conclusion, diets supplemented with 500 or 1,000 mg/kg betaine improved the growth performance of partridge shank broiler chickens during the whole trial period, and the B1000 group significantly improved the breast muscle growth. These improvements might result from increased mRNA expression of MyoD1 and MEF2B in breast muscle and MyoG and MEF2B in thigh muscle, and through alterations in IGF-1/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - S Zhuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Y P Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Y F Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - C Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Y M Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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22
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Sahebi Ala F, Hassanabadi A, Golian A. Effects of dietary supplemental methionine source and betaine replacement on the growth performance and activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes in normal and heat-stressed broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:87-99. [PMID: 30298681 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental methionine (Met) source and betaine (Bet) replacement for Met on performance and activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes (MRCEs) in normal and heat-stressed broiler chickens. Total of 1,200-day-old Ross 308 chicks were allocated to two houses, each consisted of 12 treatments, five replicates of 10 birds each with 2 × 2×3 × 2 (temperature × Met source × Met level × Bet, respectively) split-plot factorial arrangement. Met level in the basal diets was 70% requirements (Req) that was increased to the requirement or 130% by supplemental dl- or l-Met. Bet was or was not substituted at the rate of 30% supplemental dl- or l-Met. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in chicks fed 70% l-Met was lower than those fed 70% dl-Met diet during 1-10 days (p = 0.04). Broilers fed diets containing requirement or 130% Met, regardless of its source, showed higher weight gain (WG) than those received 70% Met diet during 11-42 days (p < 0.001). Feed intake (FI) of broilers fed 130% Met diet was decreased compared to other two groups during 11-42 days (p < 0.05). One hundred thirty percent Met requirement diet resulted in lower FCR comparing to other two groups during 11-42 days (p < 0.001). Heat-stressed birds grew less than those under normal condition (p < 0.05). Broilers fed Req Met diet under normal temperature exhibited higher activities of complexes (Cox) I and III (p < 0.05). Cox I activity in heat-stressed birds fed Bet + diet was similar to those fed Bet-diet under normal temperature (p = 0.046). It is concluded that performance and the activities of Cox I and III were increased as the level of Met increased. Bet replacement for 30% supplemental Met resulted in similar consequences comparing to non-Bet replacement diets on performance, but increased the activity of Cox III. l-Met was effective than dl-Met at the cellular level. High ambient temperature depressed performance and MRCE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sahebi Ala
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hassanabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Golian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Ratriyanto A, Mosenthin R. Osmoregulatory function of betaine in alleviating heat stress in poultry. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1634-1650. [PMID: 30238641 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the osmoregulatory function of betaine and its effect in terms of alleviating heat stress in poultry. Poultry appear to be particularly sensitive to temperature-associated environmental challenges, especially heat stress. High ambient temperatures are deleterious to productive performance in poultry, including broilers, laying hens, quails and turkeys, resulting in considerable economic losses. Heat stress impairs overall poultry production by decreasing feed intake and negatively affecting intestinal development, leading to reduced nutrient digestibility. Apart from inducing a high mortality rate, heat stress is known to depress growth rate and reduce meat yield in broilers. In layers, lower feed intake impairs ovarian function, leading to decreased feed efficiency, egg production and egg quality. In addition, reduced immune functions, such as thyroid activity and antibody production, are evident in poultry exposed to heat stress. Heat stress increases the production of oxidants, causing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation of cell membranes. Poultry respond physiologically and behaviourally when encountering the negative effects of heat stress, attempting to return the body to homeostasis. This requires energy at the expense of weight gain or egg production. Due to its zwitterionic structure, betaine has osmoprotective properties that aid in protecting intestinal cell proteins and enzymes from environmental stress, including high ambient temperature, thereby counteracting performance losses. Betaine also exerts an osmoregulatory role in cells, regulating water balance, and this results in more stable tissue metabolism. Inclusion of betaine in the diet may be beneficial for alleviating physical reactions to heat stress, as indicated by increases in nutrient digestibility. In broilers, betaine supplementation increases weight gain and breast muscle yield, while improving feed conversion. In layers, betaine supplementation improves egg production, egg quality traits and immune indices. In conclusion, due to its osmoregulatory functions, betaine plays an important role in alleviating heat stress in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Ratriyanto
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rainer Mosenthin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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24
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Ratriyanto A, Indreswari R, Dewanti R, Wahyuningsih S. Egg quality of quails fed low methionine diet supplemented with betaine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/142/1/012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Roles of osmolytes in protein folding and aggregation in cells and their biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:483-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Higher serum choline and betaine levels are associated with better body composition in male but not female population. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193114. [PMID: 29462191 PMCID: PMC5819804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Animal studies proved that choline and betaine have beneficial effect on reducing body fat. However, evidence in humans is scarce. We aim to investigate the association between serum choline and betaine levels with body composition in general population. Methods This is an observational cross-sectional study performed in 1081 subjects from the CODING (Complex Disease in Newfoundland population: Environment and Genetics) study. Serum choline and betaine levels were measured based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry technology. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry following a 12-hour fast. Major confounding factors including age, sex, total calorie intake and physical activity level were controlled in all analyses. Results Significantly inverse correlations were found between serum betaine levels and all obesity measurements in males (r ranged from -0.12 to -0.23, and p<0.01 for all) but not in females. Serum choline was negatively associated with total percent body fat (%BF), percent trunk fat (%TF), weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (r ranged from -0.11 to -0.19, and p<0.05 for all) in males and positively associated with weight, BMI and WC (r ranged from 0.09 to 0.10, and p<0.05 for all) in females. The negative associations between serum choline and betaine levels with obesity in males were more profound in those not on any medication than those taking medications. Moreover, obese males had the lowest serum choline and betaine levels, followed by overweight males, and normal weight males having the highest serum choline and betaine levels, especially in those not taking medications (p<0.05). Likewise, subjects with the highest serum levels of both had the lowest obesity indexes, especially those not taking medications. Conclusions Higher serum choline and betaine levels were associated with a more favorable body composition (lower body fat and higher lean body mass) in males and the favorable association was more pronounced in non-medication users.
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Rabbani G. WITHDRAWN: Role of osmolytes in protein folding and aggregation in cells and its applications in biotechnology. Int J Biol Macromol 2017:S0141-8130(17)32827-1. [PMID: 29137994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulam Rabbani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, YeungNam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Saeed M, Babazadeh D, Naveed M, Arain MA, Hassan FU, Chao S. Reconsidering betaine as a natural anti-heat stress agent in poultry industry: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1329-1338. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Stradiotti AC, Bendassolli JA, Ducatti C, Sartori JR, Pelícia VC, Araujo PC, Maruno MK, Pezzato AC. Incorporation of Labeled Methionine as a Tissue Tracer in Broiler Chickens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1804719-724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Gao X, Wang Y, Randell E, Pedram P, Yi Y, Gulliver W, Sun G. Higher Dietary Choline and Betaine Intakes Are Associated with Better Body Composition in the Adult Population of Newfoundland, Canada. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155403. [PMID: 27166611 PMCID: PMC4863971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Choline is an essential nutrient and betaine is an osmolyte and methyl donor. Both are important to maintain health including adequate lipid metabolism. Supplementation of dietary choline and betaine increase muscle mass and reduce body fat in animals. However, little data is available regarding the role of dietary choline and betaine on body composition in humans. Objective To investigate the association between dietary choline and betaine intakes with body composition in a large population based cross-sectional study. Design A total of 3214 subjects from the CODING (Complex Disease in Newfoundland population: Environment and Genetics) study were assessed. Dietary choline and betaine intakes were computed from the Willett Food Frequency questionnaire. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry following a 12-hour fast. Major confounding factors including age, sex, total calorie intake and physical activity level were controlled in all analyses. Result Significantly inverse correlations were found between dietary choline and betaine intakes, with all obesity measurements: total percent body fat (%BF), percent trunk fat (%TF), percent android fat (%AF), percent gynoid fat (%GF) and anthropometrics: weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio in both women and men (r range from -0.13 to -0.47 for choline and -0.09 to -0.26 for betaine, p<0.001 for all). Dietary choline intake had stronger association than betaine. Moreover, obese subjects had the lowest dietary choline and betaine intakes, with overweight subjects in the middle, and normal weight subjects consumed the highest dietary choline and betaine (p<0.001). Vice versa, when subjects were ranked according to dietary choline and betaine intakes, subjects with the highest intake of both had the lowest %TF, %AF, %GF, %BF and highest %LM among the groups in both sexes. Conclusion Our findings indicate that high dietary choline and betaine intakes are significantly associated with favorable body composition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Yongbo Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- The Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Edward Randell
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Pardis Pedram
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Yanqing Yi
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Wayne Gulliver
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Guang Sun
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Leng Z, Fu Q, Yang X, Ding L, Wen C, Zhou Y. Increased fatty acid β-oxidation as a possible mechanism for fat-reducing effect of betaine in broilers. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1005-10. [PMID: 27071487 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two hundred and forty 1-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments with six replicates of eight chickens per replicate cage for a 42-day feeding trial. Broiler chickens were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 250, 500, 750 or 1000 mg/kg betaine, respectively. Growth performance was not affected by betaine. Incremental levels of betaine decreased the absolute and relative weight of abdominal fat (linear P < 0.05, quadratic P < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) (linear P < 0.05), and increased concentration of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) (linear P = 0.038, quadratic P = 0.003) in serum of broilers. Moreover, incremental levels of betaine increased linearly (P < 0.05) the proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), the carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) and 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HADH) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, but decreased linearly (P < 0.05) the fatty acid synthase (FAS) and 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMGR) mRNA expression in liver of broilers. In conclusion, this study indicated that betaine supplementation did not affect growth performance of broilers, but was effective in reducing abdominal fat deposition in a dose-dependent manner, which was probably caused by combinations of a decrease in fatty acid synthesis and an increase in β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Leng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Liren Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
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Li B, Li W, Ahmad H, Zhang L, Wang C, Wang T. Effects of Choline on Meat Quality and Intramuscular Fat in Intrauterine Growth Retardation Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129109. [PMID: 26046629 PMCID: PMC4457733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of choline supplementation on intramuscular fat (IMF) and lipid oxidation in IUGR pigs. Twelve normal body weight (NBW) and twelve intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) newborn piglets were collected and distributed into 4 treatments (Normal: N, Normal+Choline: N+C, IUGR: I, and IUGR+Choline: I+C) with 6 piglets in each treatment. At 23 d of age, NBW and IUGR pigs were fed basal or choline supplemented diets. The results showed that the IUGR pigs had significantly lower (P<0.05) BW as compared with the NBW pigs at 23 d, 73 d, and 120 d of age, however, there was a slight decreased (P>0.05) in BW of IUGR pigs than the NBW pigs at 200 d. Compared with the NBW pigs, pH of meat longissimus dorsi muscle was significantly lower (P<0.05), and the meat color was improved in IUGR pigs. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while triglyceride (TG) and IMF contents were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the IUGR pigs than the NBW pigs. IUGR up-regulated the mRNA gene expression of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Dietary choline significantly increased (P<0.05) the BW at 120d of age, however, significantly decreased (P<0.05) the TG and IMF contents in both IUGR and NBW pigs. FAS and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 (SREBP1) mRNA gene expressions were increased (P<0.05) while the muscle-carnitine palmityl transferase (M-CPT) and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptorγ (PPARγ) mRNA (P<0.05) gene expressions were decreased in the muscles of the IUGR pigs by choline supplementation. Furthermore, choline supplementation significantly increased (P<0.05) the MDA content as well as the O2•¯ scavenging activity in meat of IUGR pigs. The results suggested that IUGR pigs showed a permanent stunting effect on the growth performance, increased fat deposition and oxidative stress in muscles. However, dietary supplementation of choline improved the fat deposition via enhancing the lipogenesis and reducing the lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hussain Ahmad
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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He S, Zhao S, Dai S, Liu D, Bokhari SG. Effects of dietary betaine on growth performance, fat deposition and serum lipids in broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:897-903. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun He
- College of Animal Science; Anhui Science and Technology University; Fengyang Anhui Province China
| | - Shujing Zhao
- College of Animal Science; Anhui Science and Technology University; Fengyang Anhui Province China
| | - Sifa Dai
- College of Animal Science; Anhui Science and Technology University; Fengyang Anhui Province China
| | - Deyi Liu
- College of Animal Science; Anhui Science and Technology University; Fengyang Anhui Province China
| | - Shehla Gul Bokhari
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
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Wang XF, Liu GH, Cai HY, Chang WH, Ma JS, Zheng AJ, Zhang S. Attempts to increase inosinic acid in broiler meat by using feed additives. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2802-8. [PMID: 25172930 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore regulation of inosinic acid content in chicken meat as a result of feed additives, 576 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted into 8 dietary treatments including control, purine nucleotide (P), betaine (B), soybean isoflavone (S), purine nucleotide + betaine (PB), purine nucleotide + soybean isoflavone (PS), betaine +soybean isoflavone (BS), and purine nucleotide + betaine + soybean isoflavone (PBS) by a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. At d 42 of age, broilers were slaughtered, and growth performance, carcass characteristics, inosinic acid content, and activities of enzyme closely related to inosinic acid metabolism of broilers were measured. The results revealed that these feed additives did not affect ADG and ADFI of the broilers (P > 0.05). However, supplementing purine nucleotides lowered feed/gain of broilers in PS and PBS groups (P < 0.05). There was a significant interaction on feed/gain of broilers between purine nucleotides and soybean isoflavone (P < 0.05). The abdominal fat percentages in groups B, S, BS, and PBS were lower than the control group, respectively (P < 0.05). The thigh muscle percentages of groups P and B were higher than that of group PB (P < 0.05). There were certain interactions on the percentage of thigh muscle (P = 0.05) and abdominal fat (P < 0.05) between P, B, and S groups. Compared with the control group, inosinic acid content in broiler breast meat was improved by using feed additives (P < 0.05). Supplementing purine nucleotides, betaine, soybean isoflavone, and their combinations increased alkaline phosphatase activity in breast meat of broilers (P < 0.05). Purine nucleotides improved the activity of adenosine deaminase, but decreased the activity of 5'-nucleotidase. Soybean isoflavone lowered the activity of alkaline phosphatase. There were no significant interactions on activities of creatine kinase, adenosine deaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and 5'-nucleotidase between these additives (P > 0.05). The umami rating of broiler breast meat increased in conjunction with supplementing these additives. In conclusion, supplementing standard feed with the additives investigated in this study could improve inosinic acid content in chicken meat by increasing synthase activity or inhibiting degradation enzyme activity without inferior growth performance and carcass quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - G H Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - H Y Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - W H Chang
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - J S Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - A J Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - S Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
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Obeid R. The metabolic burden of methyl donor deficiency with focus on the betaine homocysteine methyltransferase pathway. Nutrients 2013; 5:3481-95. [PMID: 24022817 PMCID: PMC3798916 DOI: 10.3390/nu5093481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl groups are important for numerous cellular functions such as DNA methylation, phosphatidylcholine synthesis, and protein synthesis. The methyl group can directly be delivered by dietary methyl donors, including methionine, folate, betaine, and choline. The liver and the muscles appear to be the major organs for methyl group metabolism. Choline can be synthesized from phosphatidylcholine via the cytidine-diphosphate (CDP) pathway. Low dietary choline loweres methionine formation and causes a marked increase in S-adenosylmethionine utilization in the liver. The link between choline, betaine, and energy metabolism in humans indicates novel functions for these nutrients. This function appears to goes beyond the role of the nutrients in gene methylation and epigenetic control. Studies that simulated methyl-deficient diets reported disturbances in energy metabolism and protein synthesis in the liver, fatty liver, or muscle disorders. Changes in plasma concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy) reflect one aspect of the metabolic consequences of methyl group deficiency or nutrient supplementations. Folic acid supplementation spares betaine as a methyl donor. Betaine is a significant determinant of plasma tHcy, particularly in case of folate deficiency, methionine load, or alcohol consumption. Betaine supplementation has a lowering effect on post-methionine load tHcy. Hypomethylation and tHcy elevation can be attenuated when choline or betaine is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Obeid
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of the Saarland, D-66424, Homburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Effects of Betaine on Energy Utilization in Growing Pigs - A ReviewOne of the well known biological functions of betaine is that of a methyl donor. Therefore, betaine may partly replace choline and methionine in the diet. Another widely documented role of betaine is to restore and maintain the osmotic balance. As an organic osmotic compound, betaine regulates the water balance, thus exerting a stabilizing influence on tissue metabolism, particularly within the digestive tract. As a donor of methyl groups necessary for various reactions in the body, betaine is indirectly involved in lipid metabolism. Due to its metabolic functions, betaine is also believed to play a significant role in energy metabolism in pigs. Of particular note are the results of experiments in which a positive effect of betaine supplementation was observed as the energy content of the diet was decreased.
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Relationship between Dietary Protein Levels and Betaine Supplementation in Laying Hens. J Poult Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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HWANG YOUNGHWA, HUR SUNJIN, PARK GUBOO, JOO SEONTEA. EFFECTS OF DIETARY GLYCINE BETAINE ON BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS AND PORK QUALITY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2009.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Huang QC, Han XY, Xu ZR, Yang XY, Chen T, Zheng XT. Betaine suppresses carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in skeletal muscle but not in liver of finishing pigs. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ganesan B, Anandan R. Protective effect of betaine on changes in the levels of lysosomal enzyme activities in heart tissue in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats. Cell Stress Chaperones 2009; 14:661-7. [PMID: 19294532 PMCID: PMC2866953 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-009-0111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is one of the most common manifestations of cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of betaine, a potent lipotropic molecule, on changes in the levels of lysosomal enzymes and lipid peroxidation in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats, an animal model of myocardial infarction in man. Male albino Wistar rats were pretreated with betaine (250 mg/kg body weight) daily for a period of 30 days. After the treatment period, isoprenaline (11 mg/100 g body weight) was intraperitoneally administered to rats at intervals of 24 h for 2 days. The activities of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, and acid phosphatase) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in plasma with a concomitant decline in the activities of these enzymes in heart tissue of isoprenaline-administered rats. Also, the level of lipid peroxidation was higher in heart lysosomes of isoprenaline-injected rats. Pretreatment with betaine daily for a period of 30 days to isoprenaline-induced rats prevented the changes in the activities of these lysosomal enzymes. Oral treatment with betaine (250 mg/kg body weight) to normal control rats did not show any significant effect in all the biochemical parameters studied. Thus, the results of our study show that betaine protects the lysosomal membrane against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. The observed effects might be due to the free radical-scavenging and membrane-stabilizing properties of betaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Ganesan
- Vinayaka Missions University, Ariyanoor, Salem 636308, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Effect of Dietary Betaine Supplementation on mRNA Expression and Promoter CpG Methylation of Lipoprotein Lipase Gene in Laying Hens. J Poult Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.46.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Batra V, Devasagayam TPA. Interaction between cytotoxic effects of gamma-radiation and folate deficiency in relation to choline reserves. Toxicology 2008; 255:91-9. [PMID: 19010378 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The search for non-toxic radio-protective drugs has yielded many potential agents but most of these compounds have certain amount of toxicity. Recent studies have indicated that bio-molecules such as folate and choline might be of radio-protective value as they are, within broad dose ranges, non-toxic to humans and experimental animals. The objective of the present study was to investigate choline dependent adaptive response to potential synergistic cytotoxic effect of folate deficiency and gamma-radiation. Male Swiss mice maintained on folate sufficient diet (FSD) and folate free diet (FFD) based on AIN-93M formula, were subjected to 1-4Gy total body gamma-irradiation. To investigate liver DNA damage, apurinic/apyrimidinic sites (AP sites) were quantified. A significant increase in liver DNA AP sites with concomitant depletion of liver choline reserves was observed when gamma-radiation was combined with folate deficiency. Further work in this direction suggested that cytotoxic interaction between folate deficiency and gamma radiation might induce utilization of choline and choline containing moieties by modifying levels of key regulatory enzymes dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and choline oxidase (ChoOx). Another major finding of these studies is that significant liver damage at higher doses of radiation (3-4Gy), might release considerable amounts of choline reserves to serum. In conclusion, a plausible interpretation of the present studies is that folate deprivation and gamma-radiation interact to mobilize additional choline reserves of hepatic tissue, for redistribution to other organs, which could not be utilized by folate deficiency alone. Present results clearly indicated a distinct choline pool in liver and kidney tissues that could be utilized by folate deficient animals only under radiation stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipen Batra
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai - 400085, India.
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Jahanian R, Rahmani H. The Effect of Dietary Fat Level on the Response of Broiler Chicks to Betaine and Choline Supplements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2008.362.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Huang QC, Xu ZR, Han XY, Li WF. Effect of betaine on growth hormone pulsatile secretion and serum metabolites in finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2007; 91:85-90. [PMID: 17355337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary betaine (0%, 0.125%) on growth performance, growth hormone (GH) pulsatile secretion and serum metabolites in crossbred finishing pigs. Three replications of eight pigs (four barrows and four gilts) were used for each treatment, and blood samples for the determination of GH pulsatile secretion were collected every 15 min for 3 h. The results showed that betaine supplementation resulted in 5.45% (p<0.05) increase in average daily gain, whereas average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio were not affected. Serum basal GH level, mean GH level and GH pulse amplitude were elevated by 41.79% (p<0.01), 48.98% (p<0.01) and 35.05% (p<0.05), respectively, with betaine treatment, but GH pulse frequency and pulse duration remained unchanged (p>0.05). Serum urea nitrogen concentration in pigs fed betaine was 21.58% lower than that of controls (p<0.01), whereas total protein level was significantly increased with betaine supplementation (p<0.05). The study suggests that betaine could promote growth by enhancing GH secretion in finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-C Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Zhan XA, Li JX, Xu ZR, Zhao RQ. Effects of methionine and betaine supplementation on growth performance, carcase composition and metabolism of lipids in male broilers. Br Poult Sci 2007; 47:576-80. [PMID: 17050102 DOI: 10.1080/00071660600963438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of methionine and betaine supplementation on growth performance, carcase composition and lipid metabolism in growing broilers. 2. A total of 450 commercial broilers, 22 d of age, were randomly allocated to three groups, each of which included three replicates (50 birds per replicate). The groups received the same methionine-deficient diet supplemented with 0 or 1 g/kg methionine, or 0.5 g/kg betaine, respectively. 3. Methionine and betaine supplementation significantly improved weight gain and feed conversion. Supplemental methionine and betaine also significantly increased breast muscle yield and decreased abdominal fat content. Meanwhile, addition of methionine and betaine significantly increased the contents of creatine and free carnitine in liver, the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase in abdominal fat and the concentration of free fatty acid in serum, whereas uric acid concentration in serum was significantly decreased. 4. The results of this study suggest that betaine can spare methionine in its function as an essential amino acid and is as effective as methionine in improving performance and carcase quality of growing broilers if the diet is moderately deficient in methionine. The decrease in abdominal fat may be due to the increased carnitine synthesis in liver and hormone-sensitive lipase activity in abdominal fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- X A Zhan
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.
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Pillai PB, Fanatico AC, Blair ME, Emmert JL. Homocysteine Remethylation in Broilers Fed Surfeit Choline or Betaine and Varying Levels and Sources of Methionine from Eight to Twenty-Two Days of Age. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1729-36. [PMID: 17012162 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.10.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of surfeit choline (CHOL) or betaine (BET) on growth performance and homocysteine (HCY) remethylation of young broilers fed graded levels of DL-Met (DLM) or 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMB). In Experiment 1, a corn-peanut meal diet deficient in Met (0.25% digestible) and Cys (0.28% digestible) was fed; treatments were formulated to contain graded levels (0, 0.04, or 0.08%) of Met from DLM or 0.04% HMB (adjusted for 88% purity) that were fed in the presence or absence of surfeit isomethyl CHOL (0.25%) or BET (0.28%). In Experiment 2, identical treatments were used, but an additional level of HMB (0.08%) was fed, and the basal diet was adequate in Cys (0.43% digestible). There was no overall effect of CHOL or BET on growth performance in Experiments 1 and 2 (P > 0.05); a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in weight gain and feed efficiency did occur with CHOL and BET addition to the basal diet in Experiment 2. In both experiments, weight gain increased linearly (P < 0.05) with the addition of DLM or HMB. Slope ratio methodology was used to assess HMB efficacy in Experiment 2. In the presence of adequate Cys, HMB efficacy was 81.3%; addition of surfeit BET or CHOL had minimal effect on efficacy. The stable isotope study revealed that CHOL and BET addition to diets deficient in Met and Cys or Met alone increased HCY remethylation. It also showed that CHOL and BET have greater influence on folate-dependent remethylation of HCY (via Met synthase) than on BET-dependent remethylation (via BET-HCY methyltransferase) and that levels of CHOL and BET and type of S amino acid deficiency effect remethylation and HMB efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Pillai
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA
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Pillai PB, Fanatico AC, Beers KW, Blair ME, Emmert JL. Homocysteine remethylation in young broilers fed varying levels of methionine, choline, and betaine. Poult Sci 2006; 85:90-5. [PMID: 16493950 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine is critical in amino acid nutrition for chickens, yet details of the flux of Met metabolites in the avian system are lacking. This study explored the interactions among dietary choline (CHO), betaine (BET), and sulfur amino acid levels on growth and hepatic homocysteine (HCY) remethylation. Graded levels (0, 0.07, 0.11, and 0.24%) of DL-Met were added to diets adequate in CHO and deficient in sulfur amino acids (0.26% digestible Met, 0.26% digestible Cys). Each Met level was tested alone or with the addition of CHO (0.25%) or BET (0.28%). Broilers were reared from 8 to 22 d in raised wire floor battery cages, and the 12 dietary treatments were fed to 3 replicate pens containing 5 birds per pen. Weight gain and feed efficiency were maximized (P < 0.05) with addition of 0.11% supplemental Met, whereas feed intake was maximized (P < 0.05) with addition of 0.07% supplemental Met. Overall, growth parameters were not affected (P > 0.05) by CHO or BET addition. Hepatic tissue primed by the different dietary treatments was subjected to a newly developed stable isotope methodology and HPLC-mass spectrometry to quantify the impact of diet on HCY remethylation. Dietary Met level did not (P > 0.05) affect HCY remethylation, but remethylation through the Met synthase pathway was increased (P < 0.05) by addition of CHO or BET to diets containing deficient or excess levels of Met. Minimal changes in hepatic HCY remethylation through the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase pathway occurred in response to dietary changes; therefore, data failed to support previous suggestions that BHMT might have a regulatory role when diets containing deficient or excess Met levels are fed. In contrast to previous suppositions based on enzyme activity, under most dietary conditions, the quantity of HCY remethylated by Met synthase appeared to exceed that remethylated by the alternate betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Pillai
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA
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Banskalieva V, Puchala R, Goetsch A, Luo J, Sahlu T. Effects of ruminally protected betaine and choline on net flux of nutrients across the portal-drained viscera and liver of meat goat wethers consuming diets differing in protein concentration. Small Rumin Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Betaine is distributed widely in animals, plants, and microorganisms, and rich dietary sources include seafood, especially marine invertebrates ( approximately 1%); wheat germ or bran ( approximately 1%); and spinach ( approximately 0.7%). The principal physiologic role of betaine is as an osmolyte and methyl donor (transmethylation). As an osmolyte, betaine protects cells, proteins, and enzymes from environmental stress (eg, low water, high salinity, or extreme temperature). As a methyl donor, betaine participates in the methionine cycle-primarily in the human liver and kidneys. Inadequate dietary intake of methyl groups leads to hypomethylation in many important pathways, including 1) disturbed hepatic protein (methionine) metabolism as determined by elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations and decreased S-adenosylmethionine concentrations, and 2) inadequate hepatic fat metabolism, which leads to steatosis (fatty accumulation) and subsequent plasma dyslipidemia. This alteration in liver metabolism may contribute to various diseases, including coronary, cerebral, hepatic, and vascular diseases. Betaine has been shown to protect internal organs, improve vascular risk factors, and enhance performance. Databases of betaine content in food are being developed for correlation with population health studies. The growing body of evidence shows that betaine is an important nutrient for the prevention of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A S Craig
- Danisco USA Inc., 440 Saw Mill River Road, Ardsley, NY 10502, USA.
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