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Georgakouli K, Manthou E, Fatouros IG, Deli CK, Koutedakis Y, Theodorakis Y, Jamurtas AZ. HPA-Axis Activity and Nutritional Status Correlation in Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234978. [PMID: 36501008 PMCID: PMC9739565 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) is evident in alcohol use disorder (AUD), and may be implicated in various nutritional and metabolic alterations often seen in individuals with this disorder. The present study examined a possible correlation between HPA-axis activity and nutritional status components in individuals with AUD. Fourteen AUD and fourteen non-AUD males participated; anthropometric and body composition measurements were made, and fasting blood samples were analysed for plasma adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH), catecholamines, cortisol and beta-endorphin. Nutrient intake was estimated via a three-day diet record. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio were increased in the AUD group. Thiamine and folic intake were lower in AUD group, although only folic acid intake was insufficient in both AUD and non-AUD groups. Increased epinephrine and norepinephrine were also observed in AUD group compared to non-AUD group. No clear correlation between HPA-axis activity and nutritional status components was found. This study showed that nutrient intake, body composition, and HPA-axis activity were different among AUD and non-AUD individuals. More research on the correlation between nutritional status and HPA-axis activity in AUD individuals should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Georgakouli
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
| | - Eirini Manthou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Ioannis G. Fatouros
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Chariklia K. Deli
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Yannis Theodorakis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30−24310−47054
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Joseph PV, Zhou Y, Brooks B, McDuffie C, Agarwal K, Chao AM. Relationships among Alcohol Drinking Patterns, Macronutrient Composition, and Caloric Intake: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 57:559-565. [PMID: 35284941 PMCID: PMC9465521 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with poor diet. Mixed reports in literature, so far, emphasize on the detailed understanding of relationships between diet composition and binge drinking at different drinking thresholds. OBJECTIVE We examined the association of alcohol consumption thresholds with macronutrient composition, caloric intake and anthropometric measures from the NHANES 2017-2018 dataset. METHODS A total of 2320 participants' data were analyzed. Energy and nutrient content from daily food and beverage intake were assessed via two dietary recall interviews. Physical examination and Alcohol Use Questionnaire including details about lifetime and current usage patterns were obtained. Correlations were evaluated using the Rao-Scott F Adjusted Chi-square statistic and Wald F-test. Sample-weighted multiple linear regression models were built to analyze the associations among volume of alcohol consumed, weight history and macronutrient intake. RESULTS Waist circumference was significantly higher in 0- < 4 drinks/episode (low-quantity) drinkers than 4-7 drinks/episode (medium-quantity) and 8-11 drinks/episode (high-quantity) drinkers. High-quantity drinkers consumed significantly more kilocalories (2569.91) compared with low-quantity drinkers (2106.73). Low-quantity drinkers consumed more energy from carbohydrate and fat than medium and high-quantity drinkers. Very high-quantity drinkers (12+ drinks/episode) consumed less fiber (12.81 g) than low-quantity drinkers (16.67 g). CONCLUSIONS We observed an association between high alcohol intake and differences in eating habits and body composition. The findings suggest a need to compare more specific drinking patterns and their impact on nutrient intake. Although some results conflicted with previous studies, the mechanisms underlying alcohol's effect on ingestive and digestive metabolic pathways are still unclear and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paule V Joseph
- Sensory Science & Metabolism Unit, Biobehavioral Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhou
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, Philadelphia, 19014 PA, USA
| | - Brianna Brooks
- Sensory Science & Metabolism Unit, Biobehavioral Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Christian McDuffie
- Sensory Science & Metabolism Unit, Biobehavioral Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Khushbu Agarwal
- Sensory Science & Metabolism Unit, Biobehavioral Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Ariana M Chao
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, Philadelphia, 19014 PA, USA.,Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, 19014 PA, USA
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Wang S, Ma W, Wang SM, Yi X. Regular Physical Activities and Related Factors among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Jinan, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910362. [PMID: 34639662 PMCID: PMC8507899 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of regular physical activity (RPA) among middle-aged and older adults in urban communities in Jinan, China, and to identify the factors related to RPA. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among middle-aged and elderly urban residents. A total of 1406 participants were included in the final data analysis. The results of the four models consistently showed that the relevant factors of RPA were educational level, previously diagnosed hypertension (PDH) and depression. In terms of educational level, compared with illiteracy, from the first model to the fourth model, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of senior middle school were 2.072 (1.418, 3.026), 2.072 (1.418, 3.026), 1.905 (1.289, 2.816) and 1.926 (1.302, 2.848), respectively, and the ORs and 95% CIs of college or above were 2.364 (1.462, 3.823), 2.364 (1.462, 3.823), 2.001 (1.208, 3.312) and 2.054 (1.239, 3.405). In terms of PDH, compared with those with PDH, from the first model to the fourth model, ORs and 95% CIs of non-PDH were 1.259 (1.003, 1.580), 1.259 (1.003, 1.580), 1.263 (1.006, 1.585) and 1.261 (1.004, 1.584), respectively. For depression, compared with those without depression, also from the first model to the fourth model, ORs and 95% CIs of depression were 0.702 (0.517, 0.951), 0.702 (0.517, 0.951), 0.722 (0.532, 0.981) and 0.719 (0.529, 0.977), respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that participation in RPA among middle-aged and older adults in Jinan urban communities was significantly associated with education level, PDH and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44, Wenhuaxi Street, Jinan 250012, China;
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 12550, Erhuandong Street, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44, Wenhuaxi Street, Jinan 250012, China; (W.M.); (S.-M.W.)
| | - Shu-Mei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44, Wenhuaxi Street, Jinan 250012, China; (W.M.); (S.-M.W.)
| | - Xiangren Yi
- Department of Sport and Health, The College of Physical Education, Shandong University, 17923, Jingshi Street, Jinan 250061, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0531-88396626
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Examining the Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Health Conditions in Community Dwelling Older Adults. J Community Health 2020; 46:51-63. [PMID: 32436045 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Canadian low-risk drinking guidelines were developed for adults, however, the applicability to older adults was not considered in the development of the guidelines. The objectives of this study were to: (1) to examine alcohol use in community dwelling older males and females using the current Canadian guidelines; (2) to test lower limits of alcohol use on various health factors; and (3) to determine health factors associated with high-risk drinking in older males and females. Data on community dwelling older adults (aged 65 +) was used from the Canadian Injury Prevention Survey (n = 2274). Descriptive statistics and comparative analysis were used to compare alcohol consumption categories. Logistic regressions were performed to examine the relationships between health factors and alcohol consumption categories. 70% of the sample reported having at least one drink per week; 4.5% of males and 6.8% of females were high-risk drinkers according to the current guidelines. There were no significant associations between the current alcohol categories with demographics, behavioral risk factors or health conditions. Using the new guidelines, 21% of males and females were classified as high-risk drinkers, respectively. Diabetes and having an illness or disability before retirement was protective of high-risk drinking in males while having diabetes and poorer physical health was protective of high-risk drinking in females. The prevalence of high-risk drinkers is dependent on what alcohol classifications are used. Further studies are needed to determine the causal relationships between health-related factors and alcohol using standardized definitions of alcohol consumption.
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Ohtsuki M, Nishimura A, Kato T, Sokejima S, Shibata T, Okada H, Nagao‐Nishiwaki R, Sudo A. Relationships between body mass index, lifestyle habits, and locomotive syndrome in young- and middle-aged adults: A cross-sectional survey of workers in Japan. J Occup Health 2019; 61:311-319. [PMID: 30982230 PMCID: PMC6620742 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although many studies have examined locomotive syndrome (LS) among elderly people, few studies have examined LS in young- and middle-aged adults. This study aimed to provide basic data on the epidemiological characteristics of LS, including in young- and middle-aged adults. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a nonrandom sample of 852 adults aged 18-64 (678 males, 174 females) working in five companies in Japan, between December 2015 and February 2018. LS stage was determined using the criteria proposed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA). LS stage 0 was defined as No-LS, and stages 1 and 2 were defined as LS. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the independent relationship between LS and sociodemographic, smoking, alcohol drinking (AD), frequency of breakfast consumption (FBC), dietary variety score (DVS), and the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score after adjusting for age and sex. RESULTS We found that 23.1% of participants were evaluated as LS, including 21.5% of males and 29.3% of females (P < 0.05). Participants aged ≥45 years exhibited higher rates of LS (males: 23.1%, females: 43.6%) compared with those aged <45 years (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, body mass index (BMI), AD, UCLA activity score, and FBC were also related to LS. CONCLUSION Education initiatives about LS should be targeted not only to elderly populations but also to young- and middle-aged adults in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ohtsuki
- Department of Clinical NutritionFaculty of Health ScienceSuzuka University of Medical ScienceSuzukaJapan
| | - Akinobu Nishimura
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuJapan
- Department of Orthopaedic and Sports MedicineMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuJapan
| | - Toshihiro Kato
- Department of RehabilitationSuzuka Kaisei HospitalSuzukaJapan
| | - Sigeru Sokejima
- Epidemiology Centre for Disease Control and PreventionMie University HospitalTsuJapan
- Department of Public Health and Occupational MedicineMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuJapan
| | - Tomiko Shibata
- Suzuka Public Health CenterDepartment of Public Health and WelfareMie Prefectural GovernmentSuzukaJapan
| | - Hiromi Okada
- Tsu Public Health CenterDepartment of Public Health and WelfareMie Prefectural GovernmentTsuJapan
| | - Rie Nagao‐Nishiwaki
- Department of NursingFaculty of NursingSuzuka University of Medical ScienceSuzukaJapan
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuJapan
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Ludwig VM, Bayley A, Cook DG, Stahl D, Treasure JL, Asthworth M, Greenough A, Winkley K, Bornstein SR, Ismail K. Association between depressive symptoms and objectively measured daily step count in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease in South London, UK: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020942. [PMID: 29654044 PMCID: PMC5898324 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Depressive symptoms are common but rarely considered a risk factor for unhealthy lifestyles associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study investigates whether depressive symptoms are associated with reduced physical activity (PA) in individuals at high risk of developing CVD. DESIGN Secondary analysis of the cross-sectional baseline data from a randomised controlled trial of an intensive lifestyle intervention. SETTING 135 primary care practices in South London, UK. PARTICIPANTS 1742 adults, 49-74 years, 86% male at high (≥20%) risk of developing CVD in the next 10 years as defined via QRISK2 score. OUTCOME MEASURES The main explanatory variable was depressive symptoms measured via the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The main outcome was daily step count measured with an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X) stratified by weekdays and weekend days. RESULTS The median daily step count of the total sample was 6151 (IQR 3510) with significant differences (P<0.001) in mean daily step count between participants with low (PHQ-9 score: 0-4), mild (PHQ-9 score: 5-9) and moderate to severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score: ≥10). Controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, education level, body mass index (BMI), smoking, consumption of alcohol, day of the week and season, individuals with mild depressive symptoms and those with moderate to severe depressive symptoms walked 13.3% (95% CI 18.8% to 7.9%) and 15.6% (95% CI 23.7% to 6.5%) less than non-depressed individuals, respectively. Furthermore, male gender, white ethnicity, higher education level, lower BMI, non-smoking, moderate alcohol intake, weekdays and summer season were independently associated with higher step count. CONCLUSIONS People at high risk of CVD with depressive symptoms have lower levels of PA. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN84864870; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera M Ludwig
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Adam Bayley
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Derek G Cook
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Janet L Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Asthworth
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Greenough
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsty Winkley
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Khalida Ismail
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Taylor AW, Shi Z, Dal Grande E, Stockley C. The Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and other Risk Factors Assessed Using An Ongoing Population-based Surveillance System. AIMS Public Health 2016; 3:985-1002. [PMID: 29546207 PMCID: PMC5690417 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2016.4.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of alcohol consumption (reported in four different ways) with other specific disease-related risk factors (that is, smoking, high body mass index, low physical activity and insufficient fruit and vegetables). Data were collected from 2003 to 2015 in South Australia using an on-going monthly chronic disease and risk factor telephone survey of randomly selected persons (18+ years). The proportion of alcohol drinkers and, for those who drank alcohol, the proportion drinking more than one day per week, the proportion drinking on six or more days per week, and the mean alcohol drinks per day were assessed. Logistic regression and linear regression modelling were used on age and sex adjusted data. In total, over 71,000 respondents aged 18 years and older were interviewed (48.8% male). Overall prevalence of alcohol consumption was 81.3%. Trends in the direction promoted by current policies and preventative authorities were apparent with appropriate changes for all four measures for overall and for those underweight, undertaking sufficient activity, consuming <2 serves of fruit per day, consuming <5 serves of vegetables per day and with 3+ total risk factors. This research has provided evidence on the trends in alcohol consumption in relation to a range of other specific modifiable disease-related risk factors. The trends analysis has shown different patterns for each risk factor, and highlights the interplay between the respective modifiable or preventive risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne W Taylor
- Population Research & Outcome Studies, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zumin Shi
- Population Research & Outcome Studies, The Univeristy of Adealide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eleonora Dal Grande
- Population Research & Outcome Studies, The Univeristy of Adealide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Creina Stockley
- Health & Regulatory Information, The Australian Wine Research Institute, Urrbrae, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Piazza-Gardner AK, Barry AE. A Qualitative Investigation of the Relationship Between Consumption, Physical Activity, Eating Disorders, and Weight Consciousness. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2014.901112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Piazza-Gardner AK, Barry AE. Appropriate terminology for the alcohol, eating, and physical activity relationship. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2013; 61:311-313. [PMID: 23768228 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2013.792259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
"Drunkorexia" merges prior literature identifying positive relationships between (a) alcohol use/abuse and disordered eating/eating disorders, (b) alcohol use/abuse and physical activity, and (c) disordered eating/eating disorders and physical activity. The term, highlighting an individual's proactive and/or reactive weight management behaviors (ie, disordered eating, physical activity) in relation to alcohol consumption, originated in news editorials and has recently gained recognition via use in scholarly publications. The purpose of this commentary is to recommend discontinuing use of the term "drunkorexia" due to (a) inconsistent definitions of drunkorexia across investigations, (b) drunkorexia being a misnomer, and (c) the medical community's lack of recognition/acceptance of drunkorexia. Because the behaviors encompassed by drunkorexia are of concern to researchers and health professionals, future investigations are still warranted. However, until a medically recognized term/phrase is accepted, scholars should utilize more appropriate characterizations such as "weight-conscious drinkers," "weight management behaviors of drinkers," or "Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified" (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Piazza-Gardner
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8210, USA.
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Bendsen NT, Christensen R, Bartels EM, Kok FJ, Sierksma A, Raben A, Astrup A. Is beer consumption related to measures of abdominal and general obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2012; 71:67-87. [PMID: 23356635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted to assess the evidence linking beer consumption to abdominal and general obesity. Following a systematic search strategy, 35 eligible observational studies and 12 experimental studies were identified. Regarding abdominal obesity, most observational data pointed towards a positive association or no association between beer intake and waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio in men, whereas results for women were inconsistent. Data from a subset of studies indicated that beer intake > 500 mL/day may be positively associated with abdominal obesity. Regarding general obesity, most observational studies pointed towards an inverse association or no association between beer intake and body weight in women and a positive association or no association in men. Data from six experimental studies in men, in which alcoholic beer was compared with low-alcoholic beer, suggested that consumption of alcoholic beer (for 21-126 days) results in weight gain (0.73 kg; P < 0.0001), but data from four studies comparing intake of alcoholic beer with intake of no alcohol did not support this finding. Generally, experimental studies had low-quality data. In conclusion, the available data provide inadequate scientific evidence to assess whether beer intake at moderate levels (<500 mL/day) is associated with general or abdominal obesity. Higher intake, however, may be positively associated with abdominal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie T Bendsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Piazza-Gardner AK, Barry AE. Examining physical activity levels and alcohol consumption: are people who drink more active? Am J Health Promot 2012; 26:e95-104. [PMID: 22208422 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.100929-lit-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Summarize/categorize current scientific literature examining the association between alcohol consumption (AC) and levels of physical activity (PA). DATA SOURCE Electronic databases spanning education, psychology, sociology, medicine, and interdisciplinary reports. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA Included studies (n =17) must be published in a peer-reviewed, English language journal; measure either AC or PA as an independent/dependent variable; and primarily examine the relationship between AC and PA. DATA EXTRACTION Search terms/phrases included alcohol, alcohol consumption, drinking, physical activity, exercise, and physically active. DATA SYNTHESIS The Matrix Method and PRISMA guidelines organized pertinent literature and identified/extracted salient findings. RESULTS Alcohol consumers of all ages were more physically active than nondrinking peers. Further, several studies suggest a dose-response relationship between AC and PA, indicating that as drinking increases, so does PA level. CONCLUSION Reviewed studies support a positive association between AC and PA across all ages. Findings were contrary to the hypothesis of the investigators. Future research should place specific emphasis on identifying why alcohol consumers exercise at higher levels than non-alcohol consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Piazza-Gardner
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8210, USA.
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Barry AE, Piazza-Gardner AK. Drunkorexia: understanding the co-occurrence of alcohol consumption and eating/exercise weight management behaviors. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2012; 60:236-243. [PMID: 22420701 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2011.587487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine the co-occurrence of alcohol consumption, physical activity, and disordered eating behaviors via a drunkorexia perspective. PARTICIPANTS Nationally representative sample (n = 22,488) of college students completing the Fall 2008 National College Health Assessment. METHODS Hierarchical logistic regression was employed to determine if physical activity and disordered eating behaviors uniquely predicted binge drinking, while controlling for age, race, gender, year in college, Greek membership, and place of residence. RESULTS Physical activity and disordered eating made unique, statistically significant contributions. Moreover, including physical activity and disordered eating behaviors allowed for the correct classification of an additional 431 cases (ie, binge drinkers) over and above the predictive ability of the covariate-only model. CONCLUSIONS Findings corroborate prior research indicating highly active college students are more likely to binge drink than their nonactive peers, and highlight the potential of a drunkorexia perspective in explaining the counterintuitive alcohol-activity association among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Barry
- Department of Health Education & Behavior, Univeristy of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Wakabayashi I. Age-dependent inverse association between alcohol consumption and obesity in Japanese men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1881-6. [PMID: 21633401 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether age influences the relationship between alcohol drinking and obesity. Japanese men receiving periodic health checkups (20-70 years old, n = 36,121) were divided into non-, light (<22 g ethanol/day), moderate (≥22 and <44 g ethanol/day), and heavy (≥44 g ethanol/day) drinkers. Relationships between alcohol intake and obesity-related indices were compared among the quartiles of age. BMI was lower in light and moderate drinkers than in nondrinkers, and these differences were more prominent in the 1st and 2nd quartiles of age than in the higher quartiles. In the 1st and 2nd quartiles of age, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio were significantly smaller and lower, respectively, in light and moderate drinkers than in nondrinkers, and these differences were less prominent in the 3rd quartile and were not found in the 4th quartile. In the 1st and 2nd quartiles of age, odds ratios vs. nondrinkers for large waist circumference were significantly low (P < 0.01) in light drinkers (1st quartile: 0.64 (0.54-0.75); 2nd quartile: 0.69 (0.60-0.80)) and moderate drinkers (1st quartile: 0.69 (0.61-0.78); 2nd quartile: 0.84 (0.76-0.93)), whereas the odds ratio was significantly low (P < 0.05) only in light drinkers in the 3rd quartile (0.84 (0.73-0.97)) and was not significant in any drinker groups of the 4th quartile. The results suggest that alcohol consumption is associated with lower risk of obesity in Japanese men and this association is more prominent in younger men than in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Wakabayashi
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
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14
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine associations between physical activity and other elements of women's lifestyle (nutrition, being a nonsmoker, moderate alcohol consumption, medical check-ups). Between 1999 and 2004, 1361 women aged 20-75 were studied. They were inhabitants of cities located in the west of Poland and engaged in physical activity (purposeful selection). The subjects fell into four groups depending on the length of their physical exercise history: G I - those who had been exercising for 1 year; G II [1-4); G III [4-6); G IV [≥7). The diagnostic poll method was employed, (questionnaire and interview techniques). For the verification of the research hypotheses concerning the influence of socio-demographic factors on women's physical activity, the evaluation of changes in health-related behaviors resulting from long term physical activity, indication of associated behaviors, the independence χ(2) test and multiple correspondence analysis were used. Women's physical activity was found to be related to maintenance of proper weight (BMI) (p≤0.05), moderate consumption of low-alcohol beverages (p≤0.05) and regular dental check-ups (p≤0.05). Despite more frequent attempts to take up smoking, the respondents gave up the habit two times as often as the whole population of women in Poland. These correlations were more apparent among women with longer exercise histories, who mostly had post-secondary education. Occurrence of associated behaviors affecting health positively and negatively was also shown, the latter concerning a smaller group of respondents. The noticed correlations between physical activity and health behaviors, which comprehensively influence lifestyle, may be of importance in gradual reduction of risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alicja Nowak
- University School of Physical Education in Poznań, Branch Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
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15
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Lycett D, Munafò M, Johnstone E, Murphy M, Aveyard P. Weight change over eight years in relation to alcohol consumption in a cohort of continuing smokers and quitters. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:1149-54. [PMID: 21622496 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stopping smoking results in weight gain. Avoidance of alcohol is often advocated to reduce cues to smoking, but the effect of alcohol consumption on body weight is unclear. METHODS We used regression models to examine weight change by baseline alcohol consumption in quitting and continuing smokers. Weight was measured at baseline and at 8 years, and weekly alcohol consumption was reported at baseline in participants from the Oxfordshire general practices nicotine patch/placebo trial. Of 698 smokers attempting to stop smoking, 85 were abstinent for 8 years and 613 continued to smoke. RESULTS The association between baseline alcohol consumption and weight change depended upon smoking status (p for interaction = .019). In smokers, there was no association with weight change, 0.005 (95% CI: -0.037 to 0.056) kg per UK unit (U) (8 g of ethanol) consumed each week. This was unmodified by gender and baseline body mass index (BMI). In quitters, there was a negative association with weight change, -0.174 (95% CI: -0.315 to -0.034) kg per U consumed each week (unmodified by gender and baseline BMI). Quitters who consumed 14 U (112 g ethanol) a week weighed a mean 2.4 kg less than quitters who did not drink. CONCLUSIONS Quitting smokers who drink more alcohol appear to gain less weight after quitting than those who do not drink. This is consistent across studies, it may be accounted for by unmeasured confounders or it may be that alcohol reduces weight gain. If alcohol reduces weight gain, the advice for quitting smokers must balance the benefits and hazards of alcohol consumption. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to advise quitters who drink little or no alcohol to increase consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Lycett
- UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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16
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Relationship among alcohol intake, body fat, and physical activity: a population-based study. Ann Epidemiol 2010; 20:670-5. [PMID: 20696406 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aside from fat, ethanol is the macronutrient with the greatest energy density. Whether the energy derived from ethanol affects body composition and fat mass is debatable. We investigated the relationship of alcohol intake, body composition, and physical activity in the U.S. population by using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). METHODS A total of 10,550 subjects met eligibility criteria and constituted our study cohort. Estimated percent body fat and resting metabolic rate were calculated on the basis of the sum of the skinfolds. Multivariate regression analyses were performed accounting for the study sampling weight. RESULTS In both sexes, moderate and hazardous alcohol drinkers were younger (p < .05) and had significantly lower body mass index (p < 0.01) and body weight (p < 0.01) than non-drinkers. Those with hazardous alcohol consumption participated in significantly less physical activity compared with those with no alcohol use and moderate drinkers in both sexes. Women had significantly greater percent body fat than men. In multivariate linear regression analyses, the levels of alcohol consumption were found to be an independent predictor associated with lower percent body fat only in male subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that alcoholics are habitually less active and that alcohol drinking is an independent predictor of lower percent body fat, especially in male alcoholics.
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17
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Alcohol, appetite and energy balance: is alcohol intake a risk factor for obesity? Physiol Behav 2010; 100:82-9. [PMID: 20096714 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The increased recognition that the worldwide increase in incidence of obesity is due to a positive energy balance has lead to a focus on lifestyle choices that may contribute to excess energy intake, including the widespread belief that alcohol intake is a significant risk factor for development of obesity. This brief review examines this issue by contrasting short-term laboratory-based studies of the effects of alcohol on appetite and energy balance and longer-term epidemiological data exploring the relationship between alcohol intake and body weight. Current research clearly shows that energy consumed as alcohol is additive to that from other dietary sources, leading to short-term passive over-consumption of energy when alcohol is consumed. Indeed, alcohol consumed before or with meals tends to increase food intake, probably through enhancing the short-term rewarding effects of food. However, while these data might suggest that alcohol is a risk factor for obesity, epidemiological data suggests that moderate alcohol intake may protect against obesity, particularly in women. In contrast, higher intakes of alcohol in the absence of alcohol dependence may increase the risk of obesity, as may binge-drinking, however these effects may be secondary to personality and habitual beverage preferences.
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18
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French MT, Popovici I, Maclean JC. Do alcohol consumers exercise more? Findings from a national survey. Am J Health Promot 2009; 24:2-10. [PMID: 19750956 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.0801104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and physical activity because understanding whether there are common determinants of health behaviors is critical in designing programs to change risky activities. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING United States. SUBJECTS A sample of adults representative of the U.S. population (N = 230,856) from the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. MEASURES Several measures of drinking and exercise were analyzed. Specifications included numerous health, health behavior, socioeconomic, and demographic control variables. RESULTS For women, current drinkers exercise 7.2 more minutes per week than abstainers. Ten extra drinks per month are associated with 2.2 extra minutes per week of physical activity. When compared with current abstainers, light, moderate, and heavy drinkers exercise 5.7, 10.1, and 19.9 more minutes per week. Drinking is associated with a 10.1 percentage point increase in the probability of exercising vigorously. Ten extra drinks per month are associated with a 2.0 percentage point increase in the probability of engaging in vigorous physical activity. Light, moderate, and heavy drinking are associated with 9.0, 14.3, and 13.7 percentage point increases in the probability of exercising vigorously. The estimation results for men are similar to those for women. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggest that alcohol consumption and physical activity are positively correlated. The association persists at heavy drinking levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T French
- Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124-2030, USA.
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19
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Alcohol Consumption by Aging Adults in the United States: Health Benefits and Detriments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 108:1668-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Dietary intake and different types of physical activity: full-day
energy expenditure, occupational and leisure-time. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11:841-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980007001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo describe the relationship between dietary intake and different levels and
types of physical activity (PA).DesignCross-sectional evaluation of the EPIPorto study. Energy expenditure
(metabolic energy equivalent tasks) and dietary intake during the past year
were assessed using a PA questionnaire and a semi-quantitative
food-frequency questionnaire, respectively.SettingRepresentative sample of adults in Porto, Portugal.SubjectsData were analysed for 2404 Portuguese Caucasian adults, aged between 18 and
92 years.ResultsFor total PA, males who were active had significantly higher mean intake of
energy (10·76 (2570·7) vs. 9·78
(2336·9) MJ/d (kcal/d), P
< 0·001) and lower level of protein consumption
(16·9 vs. 17·6 % of energy, P < 0·001) compared with sedentary males.
In males, the association between total PA and energy intake remained after
adjustment for age, education and body mass index. Similar results were
observed when occupational activity was analysed. Concerning the energy
expended in leisure time, in both genders, after adjustment for the
previously described variables, a significant positive association was found
between PA and intake of vitamin C (g/d): β = 0·12, 99 % confidence interval
(CI) 0·02, 0·21 for females and β = 0·13, 99 % CI
0·03, 0·22 for males. Leisure-time activity in females
was also positively associated with intakes of fibre, vitamin E, folate,
calcium and magnesium, and negatively associated with saturated fat.ConclusionsHigher levels of PA in leisure time were associated with higher intakes of
micronutrients and lower intakes of saturated fat, particularly in females.
For total and occupational PA, similar nutrient intake was observed between
active and sedentary individuals.
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21
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Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that beverages containing sugar, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or alcohol are handled differently by the body than when sugar or HFCS are incorporated in solid foods and as a result the overall caloric intake from solid food does not adjust to account for the calories in these beverages. A consideration of our evolutionary history may help to explain our poor compensatory response to calories from fluids. This paper reviews the history of eight important beverages: milk, beer, wine, tea, coffee, distilled alcoholic beverages, juice and soft drinks. We arrive at two hypotheses. First, humans may lack a physiological basis for processing carbohydrate or alcoholic calories in beverage because only breast milk and water were available for the vast majority of our evolutionary history. Alternatives to those two beverages appeared in the human diet no more than 11,000 years ago, but Homo sapiens evolved between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago. Second, carbohydrate and alcohol-containing beverages may produce an incomplete satiation sequence which prevents us from becoming satiated on these beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wolf
- Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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22
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de Vries H, van 't Riet J, Spigt M, Metsemakers J, van den Akker M, Vermunt JK, Kremers S. Clusters of lifestyle behaviors: results from the Dutch SMILE study. Prev Med 2008; 46:203-8. [PMID: 17904212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify differences and similarities in health behavior clusters for respondents with different educational backgrounds. METHODS A total of 9449 respondents from the 2002 wave of the Dutch SMILE cohort study participated. Latent class analyses were used to identify clusters of people based on their adherence to Dutch recommendations for five important preventive health behaviors: non-smoking, alcohol use, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption and physical exercise. RESULTS The distribution of these groups of behaviors resulted in three clusters of people: a healthy, an unhealthy and poor nutrition cluster. This pattern was replicated in groups with low, moderate and high educational background. The high educational group scored much better on all health behaviors, whereas the lowest educational group scored the worst on the health behaviors. CONCLUSION The same three patterns of health behavior can be found in different educational groups (high, moderate, low). The high educational group scored much better on all health behaviors, whereas the lowest educational group scored the worst on the health behaviors. Tailoring health education messages using a cluster-based approach may be a promising new approach to address multiple behavior change more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein de Vries
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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23
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Mâsse LC, Fuemmeler BF, Anderson CB, Matthews CE, Trost SG, Catellier DJ, Treuth M. Accelerometer data reduction: a comparison of four reduction algorithms on select outcome variables. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 37:S544-54. [PMID: 16294117 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000185674.09066.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accelerometers are recognized as a valid and objective tool to assess free-living physical activity. Despite the widespread use of accelerometers, there is no standardized way to process and summarize data from them, which limits our ability to compare results across studies. This paper a) reviews decision rules researchers have used in the past, b) compares the impact of using different decision rules on a common data set, and c) identifies issues to consider for accelerometer data reduction. METHODS The methods sections of studies published in 2003 and 2004 were reviewed to determine what decision rules previous researchers have used to identify wearing period, minimal wear requirement for a valid day, spurious data, number of days used to calculate the outcome variables, and extract bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). For this study, four data reduction algorithms that employ different decision rules were used to analyze the same data set. RESULTS The review showed that among studies that reported their decision rules, much variability was observed. Overall, the analyses suggested that using different algorithms impacted several important outcome variables. The most stringent algorithm yielded significantly lower wearing time, the lowest activity counts per minute and counts per day, and fewer minutes of MVPA per day. An exploratory sensitivity analysis revealed that the most stringent inclusion criterion had an impact on sample size and wearing time, which in turn affected many outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the decision rules employed to process accelerometer data have a significant impact on important outcome variables. Until guidelines are developed, it will remain difficult to compare findings across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Mâsse
- Health Promotion Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20895-7335, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Alcohol represents an important source of energy. Despite its comparatively high energy content of 7.1 g/kcal, it is still controversial whether moderate amounts of alcohol represent a risk factor for weight gain and obesity. Epidemiologic data showed a positive, negative, or no relationship between alcohol intake and body weight. Despite the difficulty in assessing alcohol intake as well as controlling for different confounders of the energy-balance equation, the conflicting epidemiologic data can be explained in most instances. Every component of the energy-balance equation is affected by the ingestion of alcohol. Moderate amounts of alcohol enhance energy intake due to the caloric content of the alcohol as well as its appetite-enhancing effects. Alcohol-induced thermogenesis is approximately 20% in healthy nonalcoholic subjects, i.e., moderate alcohol consumers, which is higher than for other energy substrates but considerably lower than in heavy alcohol consumers. This would suggest that a major fraction of the alcohol energy represents a navailable energy source for ATP synthesis in moderate non-daily alcohol consumers. Experimental evidence from several metabolic studies showed a suppression of lipid oxidation by alcohol and thus the enhancement of a positive fat balance. The nonoxidized fat is preferentially deposited in the abdominal area. The experimental metabolic evidence suggests that the consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol has to be accounted for in the energy-balance equation and may represent a risk factor for the development of a positive energy balance and thus weight gain. In the heavy alcohol consumer and eventually also in daily moderate alcohol consumers, a larger fraction of the alcohol energy might not be an available source of energy due to the induction of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS). Experimental data in combination with epidemiologic findings suggest that alcohol energy counts more in moderate nondaily alcohol consumers than in some moderate daily and all heavy consumers. Accordingly the question is not "Whether alcohol calories do count" but "How much do alcohol calories count?". There seems to be a large individual variability according to the absolute amount of alcohol consumed, the drinking frequency as well as genetic factors. Presently it can be said that alcohol calories count more in moderate nondaily consumers than in daily (heavy) consumers. Further, they count more in combination with a high-fat diet and in overweight and obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo M Suter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Policlinic, University Hospital, Switzerland.
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25
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Abstract
Alcohol consumption affects overall mortality. Light to moderate alcohol consumption reduces the risk of coronary heart disease; epidemiological, physiological and genetic data show a causal relationship. Light to moderate drinking is also associated with a reduced risk of other vascular diseases and probably of type 2 diabetes. Mortality and disease risk increase at higher levels of alcohol consumption. A substantial portion of the benefit of moderate drinking is connected with the alcohol component. However, small differences in effects of various alcoholic beverages on minor risk factors may occur. Proposed protective mechanisms include improved vascular elasticity, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory processes and most importantly, the stimulation of high-density lipoprotein-mediated processes such as reverse cholesterol transport and antioxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F J Hendriks
- Physiological Sciences Department, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
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26
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Abstract
Objective Daily energy expenditure consists of three components: basal metabolic rate, diet-induced thermogenesis and the energy cost of physical activity. Here, data on diet-induced thermogenesis are reviewed in relation to measuring conditions and characteristics of the diet. Methods Measuring conditions include nutritional status of the subject, physical activity and duration of the observation. Diet characteristics are energy content and macronutrient composition. Results Most studies measure diet-induced thermogenesis as the increase in energy expenditure above basal metabolic rate. Generally, the hierarchy in macronutrient oxidation in the postprandial state is reflected similarly in diet-induced thermogenesis, with the sequence alcohol, protein, carbohydrate, and fat. A mixed diet consumed at energy balance results in a diet induced energy expenditure of 5 to 15 % of daily energy expenditure. Values are higher at a relatively high protein and alcohol consumption and lower at a high fat consumption. Protein induced thermogenesis has an important effect on satiety. In conclusion, the main determinants of diet-induced thermogenesis are the energy content and the protein- and alcohol fraction of the diet. Protein plays a key role in body weight regulation through satiety related to diet-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas R Westerterp
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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