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Hervo F, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Méda B, Narcy A. Effect of limestone particle size and microbial phytase on phosphorus and calcium digestion kinetics along the gastrointestinal tract in laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38809091 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2357659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
1. This study assessed the effect of limestone particle size and microbial phytase incorporation on the fate of phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) along the gastrointestinal tract in 72 laying hens.2. Four experimental diets were formulated according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate the effect of two coarse limestone (CL) inclusion. This included a mix (MIX) of 75% CL (2 - 4 mm) and 25% fine particles (FL, <0.5 mm) or 100% FL, in two different basal diets formulated without (MIX0 and FL0) or with 300 FTU of microbial phytase/kg (MIX300 and FL300).3. Contents of the crop, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected to determine the mean retention time (MRT) of dry matter (DM), the recovery rate of Ca and P in each segment of the gastrointestinal tract and the apparent fractional digestibility coefficient (AD) of Ca and P in each intestinal segment.4. In hens fed FL, microbial phytase decreased the MRT of DM along the intestine (p < 0.05). In the crop and the gizzard, Ca recovery increased with MIX incorporation to a greater extent in hens fed without microbial phytase (p < 0.05). The mixed particle size incorporation decreased absorption kinetics of Ca in hens fed microbial phytase. The AD of P and the absorption kinetics of P were significantly decreased in hens receiving FL300, probably due to complex formation between Ca and phytic acid.5. This study showed that coarse limestone particles incorporation improved mineral utilisation along the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hervo
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec city, Canada
- INRAE, BOA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - B Méda
- INRAE, BOA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - A Narcy
- INRAE, BOA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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Dardabou L, Martínez Ávila JC, Schmidt MW, Dublecz K, Schwarz C, Ibáñez MA, Gierus M. Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy as an Alternative for Predicting n-Alkane Concentration in Excreta of Laying Hens: NIR-Generated Data for Dietary Composition Estimation. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:806. [PMID: 38473191 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
N-alkanes offer a promising approach for assessing the nutritional contribution of external sources to the diets of laying hens in free-range production systems. However, traditional laboratory methods, involving extraction, purification and gas chromatographic analysis, are both economically burdensome and time-consuming. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is emerging as a viable alternative, with varying degrees of accuracy depending on the chemical nature and concentration of the component of interest. In our research, we focus on the accuracy of NIRS in predicting the concentrations of n-alkanes (C25-C33) in excreta under simulated free-range conditions with two different diets: one containing a commercial feed with minimal n-alkane content and another containing 1% alfalfa on top of the commercial feed. Spectra processing and calibration were tailored for each n-alkane, with NIRS performance influenced by diet type. Notably, plant predictions using NIR-generated data were consistent with laboratory results, despite a slight tendency toward overestimation (3.40% using the NIRS-generated C25-C29-C33 combination versus 2.80% using laboratory analysis). This indicates the potential of NIRS as an efficient tool to assess n-alkanes in excreta of laying hens and, consequently, the nutritional contribution of the free-range environment, providing rapid and cost-effective results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laid Dardabou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - José Carlos Martínez Ávila
- Departamento de Economía Agraria, Estadística y Gestión de Empresas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Markus Werner Schmidt
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Károly Dublecz
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Christiane Schwarz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Miguel Angel Ibáñez
- Departamento de Economía Agraria, Estadística y Gestión de Empresas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Gierus
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Lima AS, Carvalho PLDEO, Santos GDEB, Genova JL, Santos LBAD, Mittanck RS, Martins JS, Oliveira Júnior GMDE. Use of homeopathic products in pigs feed improves the percentage, quality and marbling of meat. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20190284. [PMID: 38055599 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320190284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies and innovations on alternative feed additives, especially on homeopathic remedies have been highlighted in order to replace or reduce the use of antibiotics in pig production. This paper aimed to assess the addition of homeopathic products in pig diet and their effects on the growth performance, serum metabolites, nutrient and energy digestibility, carcass traits and meat quality. A total of 60 immunocastrated male pigs, weighing on average 30.91 ± 0.95 kg, were distributed in two treatments, 10 replicates and three animals/experimental unit. There was no effect (P≥0.05) of treatment on the growth performance and serum metabolites. The percentage of acid-insoluble ash recovered in the diet was greater (P≤0.01) in diets containing homeopathic products. The apparent digestible energy of diets containing homeopathic products was reduced (P≤0.01) in the growing phase and reduced (P≤0.01) the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, soluble neutral and acid detergent fibers, and gross energy in the growing and finishing phases. Pig that received diets with homeopathic products had higher (P≤0.05) amount of meat, percentage of meat and marbling. The use of homeopathic products in diets improves the percentage and quality of meat, as well as the marbling of the pig carcass, maintaining the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene S Lima
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Levi DE Oliveira Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Zootecnia, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Gleicianny DE Brito Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, s/n, Ondina, 40170-100 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jansller Luiz Genova
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Zootecnia, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Liliana B A Dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Zootecnia, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Mittanck
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Zootecnia, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Martins
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Zootecnia, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
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de Vries S, Beukers-van Laar H, Garcia Ruiz AI, Gerrits WJJ. Short communication: Estimation of ileal digestibility in chickens using single- and dual-tracer methods. Animal 2023; 17:101010. [PMID: 37939597 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fractionation of digesta, as occurs during gastrointestinal transit in chickens, complicates accurate measurements of ileal digestibility using tracers. Dual-tracer methods using separate tracers for solid and fluid digesta phases may improve the accuracy of digestibility measurements when assumptions of the single tracer method are violated. The aim of the present study was to compare the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients calculated with single- and dual-tracer methods in chickens fed diets varying in particle size, anticipating digesta phase separation in the proximal gastrointestinal tract. A total of 112 Dekalb White (BW: 1.53 ± 0.107 kg) and 112 Bovans Black (BW: 1.79 ± 0.127 kg) 29-week-old laying hens were distributed over 32 pens (seven birds/pen). Within breed, pens were randomly assigned to one of two experimental diets (coarse vs fine oat hulls; n = 8 replicate pens per diet/breed combination). Diets were supplemented with TiO2 (3 g/kg) and Co-EDTA (2 g/kg). On days 34, 35, or 36, birds were euthanised and digesta from the ileum was collected for tracer and nutrient analyses. Apparent ileal digestibility was subsequently calculated by single- and dual-tracer methods. Although coarse oat hulls were hypothesised to increase the fractionation of solid and fluid digesta phases, no breed or diet × method interactions were found. Using a single tracer method based on TiO2, AID of nitrogen (N) was overestimated by 3%-units (P < 0.01) compared with the dual-tracer method, whereas AID estimates of DM, starch, fat, and non-starch polysaccharides did not differ (P > 0.09) and precision of all AID estimates was improved. In conclusion, these results show that although from a conceptual perspective, dual-tracer methods are presumed to better account for the variation in flow behaviour of different digesta phases, AID estimates obtained by the commonly used single tracer method using solid-phase tracer TiO2 were more precise and only marginally differed from estimates obtained by a dual-tracer method using distinct tracers for solid (TiO2) and liquid (Co-EDTA) digesta phases. Considering technical and economical constraints, the single tracer method may thus be the method of choice in many situations. Only when digestibility of proteins or amino acids is of specific interest, single tracer methods using a solid-phase tracer may not suffice. Nevertheless, for both single- and dual-tracer methods, tracer selection is critical, and the choice of tracers should depend on the nutrient(s) of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S de Vries
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - H Beukers-van Laar
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A I Garcia Ruiz
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Ctra. CM-4004 km 10.5, El Viso de San Juan, Toledo 45950, Spain
| | - W J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lysolecithin Improves Broiler Growth Performance through Upregulating Growth-Related Genes and Nutrient Transporter Genes Expression Independent of Experimental Diet Nutrition Level. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233365. [PMID: 36496888 PMCID: PMC9739769 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect and interaction of lysolecithin (LPL) and nutrition level on growth performance, nutrient ileal digestibility, expression of growth-related genes and nutrient transporter genes in broilers. A total of 1280 one day old Ross 308 mixed sex chicks with an average body weight 42.23 ± 2.4 g were randomly allotted into 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (20 replicates per treatment and 16 chickens per replicate) with two types of diet (Normal nutrition treatments starter, grower and finisher diets with ME of 3000 kcal/kg, 3100 kcal/kg and 3200 kcal/kg, respectively, and CP level of 22%, 21%, and 20%, respectively; high nutrition treatments diets with 50 kcal/kg ME and 0.5% CP higher than normal nutrition treatment at each stage). Two levels of LPL supplementation (0 and 500 mg/kg) were also employed. From day 21 to day 35 and full stage of the experiment, the birds fed a high nutrition (HN) diet had a greater body weight gain (BWG) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed a normal nutrition (NN) diet (p < 0.05). Besides, lysolecithin increased BWG significantly (p < 0.05). The birds fed a diet with LPL revealed increasing fat digestibility compared to birds fed the basal diet (p < 0.05). LPL significantly increased the ileal digestibility of amino acids, including Ile, Thr, Phe, His, Arg, Tyr, Glu, Pro, Gly, Ala (p < 0.05). No interaction was found between LPL and nutrition level in BWG, FCR and nutrient digestibility. In HN diet, the genes expression of myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), myogenin (MYOG), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), fatty acid-binding protein (FABP1), cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1) and Y + L amino acid transporter 1 (y+, LAT1) were significantly elevated via LPL supplementation (p < 0.05). In NN diet, LPL significantly increased the genes expression of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), MYOD1 and y+, LAT1 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, upregulating the nutrients transporter gene and growth-related gene expression of the host, independent of nutrition level changes, may be the action mechanism of lysolecithin on growth promotion in animals.
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Bornaei L, Salari S, Erfani majd N. Effect of electron beam irradiated barley grains on growth performance, blood parameters, nutrient digestibility, microbial population, and intestinal histomorphometry in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2089151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotfollah Bornaei
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Salari
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Naeem Erfani majd
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
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Dang DX, Chun SG, Kim IH. Feeding broiler chicks with S. pombe-expressed phytase-containing diet improves growth performance, phosphorus digestibility, toe ash, and footpad lesions. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1390-1399. [PMID: 35507852 PMCID: PMC9449394 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Cambra-López M, Moset V, del Carmen López M, Sebastián Mesa J, Carpintero L, Donadeu A, Dupuy J, Macías-Vidal J, Cerisuelo A, Ferrer P, Pascual JJ. Evaluation of Phosphorus Digestibility from Monocalcium and Dicalcium Phosphate Sources and Comparison between Total Tract and Prececal Digestibility Standard Methods in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123427. [PMID: 34944204 PMCID: PMC8698103 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Variations in phosphorous (P) digestibility as a function of methodology, phosphate source, physicochemical characteristics and commercial source were evaluated in broilers. Three methodologies and two phosphates (monocalcium phosphate, MCP, and dicalcium phosphate, DCP) from three different commercial sources were used in two experiments. In the first experiment, MCP and DCP were incorporated into a P-deficient diet at two levels of inclusion and P digestibility was evaluated using three methodologies of the regression method (total excreta, marker in excreta and prececal digestibility). In the second experiment, variations in P digestibility of six phosphate sources (three MCP and three DCP) were evaluated using the total collection method. The P digestibility of MCP ranged from 75.2 to 87.4% and from 80.5 to 86.6% for DCP amongst methodologies (p > 0.05). Particle size, surface area, degree of crystallinity and impurities varied amongst commercial sources. The P digestibility of the three tested commercial sources of MCP was 79.6% (MCP1), 70.2% (MCP2) and 65.6% (MCP3); p > 0.05. The P digestibility of the three tested commercial sources of DCP was 80.1% (DCP1), 77.4% (DCP2) and 71.4% (DCP3); p > 0.05. Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the total tract (total excreta and marker) and prececal methodologies to determine phosphorus (P) digestibility and to evaluate its variation as a function of the physicochemical characteristics of the inorganic phosphate used (monocalcium, MCP and dicalcium, DCP) from different commercial sources. A total of 176 1-day-old male broilers were used in two digestibility experiments. In Experiment 1, one MCP and one DCP were incorporated in the basal diet at two levels. In Experiment 2, MCP and DCP from three commercial sources were incorporated to the basal diet at one level. Physicochemical characteristics of inorganic phosphates were examined, as well. Additionally, bone mineralization and growth performance traits were investigated in both trials. The digestibility of MCP ranged from 75.2 to 87.4% and from 80.5 to 86.6% for DCP amongst methodologies, but differences between total tract and preceal methodologies were not statistically significant. Particle size, surface area, degree of crystallinity and impurities varied amongst commercial sources. The P digestibility of the three tested commercial sources of MCP was 79.6% (MCP1), 70.2% (MCP2) and 65.6% (MCP3); p > 0.05. The P digestibility of the 3 tested commercial sources of DCP was 80.1% (DCP1), 77.4% (DCP2) and 71.4% (DCP3); p > 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cambra-López
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (V.M.); (M.d.C.L.); (J.J.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Verónica Moset
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (V.M.); (M.d.C.L.); (J.J.P.)
| | - María del Carmen López
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (V.M.); (M.d.C.L.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Juan Sebastián Mesa
- Departamento de I+D+i, Global Feed S.L.U., Grupo Tervalis, Av. Francisco Montenegro s/n, 21001 Huelva, Spain; (J.S.M.); (L.C.); (A.D.); (J.D.); (J.M.-V.)
| | - Laura Carpintero
- Departamento de I+D+i, Global Feed S.L.U., Grupo Tervalis, Av. Francisco Montenegro s/n, 21001 Huelva, Spain; (J.S.M.); (L.C.); (A.D.); (J.D.); (J.M.-V.)
| | - Andrés Donadeu
- Departamento de I+D+i, Global Feed S.L.U., Grupo Tervalis, Av. Francisco Montenegro s/n, 21001 Huelva, Spain; (J.S.M.); (L.C.); (A.D.); (J.D.); (J.M.-V.)
| | - Javier Dupuy
- Departamento de I+D+i, Global Feed S.L.U., Grupo Tervalis, Av. Francisco Montenegro s/n, 21001 Huelva, Spain; (J.S.M.); (L.C.); (A.D.); (J.D.); (J.M.-V.)
| | - Judit Macías-Vidal
- Departamento de I+D+i, Global Feed S.L.U., Grupo Tervalis, Av. Francisco Montenegro s/n, 21001 Huelva, Spain; (J.S.M.); (L.C.); (A.D.); (J.D.); (J.M.-V.)
| | - Alba Cerisuelo
- Centro de Investigación de Tecnología Animal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 12400 Segorbe, Spain; (A.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Pablo Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación de Tecnología Animal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 12400 Segorbe, Spain; (A.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Juan José Pascual
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (V.M.); (M.d.C.L.); (J.J.P.)
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Khalil MM, Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Ravindran V. Measurement of ileal endogenous energy losses and true ileal digestible energy of cereal grains for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6809-6817. [PMID: 33248596 PMCID: PMC7704975 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the ileal endogenous energy losses (IEEL) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and true ileal digestible energy (TIDE) of 4 cereal grains (corn, sorghum, wheat, and barley) for broilers. In experiment 1, a glucose-based purified diet was used to determine the IEEL for correcting the apparent ileal digestible energy (AIDE) values to TIDE. The diet was randomly allocated to 6 replicates (6 birds per replicate) of male broilers and fed from 18 to 21 d after hatch. The jejunal and ileal digesta were collected on day 21. The results showed that glucose absorption continued beyond the jejunum but was complete in the terminal ileum demonstrating that endogenous energy losses can be quantified in the ileal digesta of birds by feeding a glucose-based diet. The IEEL were determined to be 347 ± 29.4 kcal/kg DM intake. In experiment 2, 4 experimental diets with similar inclusion (957 g/kg) of grains were developed to determine the AMEn, AIDE, and TIDE. Titanium dioxide (5.0 g/kg) was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. Each diet was randomly allocated to 6 replicates (8 birds per replicate) and fed from 14 to 21 d after hatch, and the ileal digesta were collected on day 21. The AIDE was corrected to TIDE using the IEEL value determined in experiment 1. The TIDE of corn, sorghum, wheat, and barley were determined to be 3,920, 3,650, 3,138, and 2,885 kcal/kg DM, respectively, and was higher (P < 0.05) than the corresponding AMEn values of 3,439, 3,284, 2,576, and 2,371 kcal/kg DM, respectively. No differences were observed between the AMEn and AIDE. The AMEn:TIDE ratio tended (P = 0.06) to be lower for viscous cereals (wheat and barley) than that for nonviscous cereals (corn and sorghum). The apparent ileal digestibility of DM, nitrogen, and starch was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with TIDE (r = 0.990, 0.703, and 0.705, respectively) and the AMEn (r = 0.873, 0.483, and 0.656, respectively). Further studies are warranted to determine the TIDE of a range of ingredients and to investigate the application of TIDE as a potential available energy system in poultry feed formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Khalil
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - F Zaefarian
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Evaluation and mining the applicable methods of roughage digestibility determination for buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2639-2646. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kolakshyapati M, Bailey C, Zimazile Sibanda T, Morgan N, Ruhnke I. Determination of gastrointestinal passage rate using three different markers in laying hens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1427-1436. [PMID: 31298444 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) marker technique is currently widely practiced as a method to evaluate gastrointestinal (GI) passage rate in poultry. However, this method requires sacrificing the animal to obtain digesta samples, is labour-intensive and eliminates the possibility of follow-up studies with the same individual. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the radiographic methods barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) and barium sulphate (BaSO4 ) suspension are in agreement with the TiO2 technique and can be used as an alternative method for GI passage rate determination in laying hens. Whole-body radiographs were taken at different time points. Hens of group 3 (n = 55) were orally inoculated with 5 g of feed mixed with 0.15 g TiO2 , 5 hens per time point sacrificed, and whole gastrointestinal organs (crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine and large intestine) were collected and analysed for TiO2 content. The average marker passage rate of hens administered BaSO4 was significantly faster than those administered BIPS (gizzard: 15.2 hr vs. 43.2 hr; small intestine: 15.2 hr vs. 38.4 hr, respectively). A greater percentage of BIPS remained in the crop at 0, 0.5, 2, 3 and 8 hr post-inoculation (p.i.) and in the gizzard at 2, 24, 36 and 48 hr p.i. (all p < 0.05) compared to TiO2 . In conclusion, the evaluation of the GI transit time is feasible using BIPS, TiO2 and BaSO4 . The evaluation of the GI transit time using BIPS and BaSO4 needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Kolakshyapati
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig Bailey
- North Hill Veterinary Clinic, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Terence Zimazile Sibanda
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalie Morgan
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Alvarenga IC, Aldrich CG, Ou Z. Comparison of four digestibility markers to estimate fecal output of dogs. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1036-1041. [PMID: 30753619 PMCID: PMC6396234 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve adult beagle dogs (10.6 ± 1.4 kg) were fed extruded dog diets in which the starch sources were whole sorghum, sorghum flour, sorghum mill-feed, or an equal combination of rice, corn, and wheat. The experiment was conducted as a replicated Latin square design digestibility study. Estimates of fecal organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), and gross energy (GE) outputs were determined by four methods: total fecal collection (TFC), chromic oxide (Cr2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and acid insoluble ash (AIA). The correlation among the fecal output estimates by the four methods by partial correlation coefficients from the Error SSCP Matrix (Pearson) were considered significant at P < 0.05. The external markers, Cr2O3 and TiO2, had a higher (P < 0.05) OM fecal output Pearson correlation to TFC than the intrinsic marker AIA (R = 0.931 for Cr2O3 vs. TiO2; R = 0.559 for TFC vs. Cr2O3; R = 0.592 for TFC vs. TiO2; R = 0.291 for AIA vs. TFC). Interestingly, TiO2 highly correlated (P < 0.05) to Cr2O3 (R = 0.93 for OM), and was also correlated highly to TFC and AIA. The study suggests that TiO2 may be a preferred marker to estimate fecal output in dogs vs. Cr2O3. The use of AIA represents a potential option for determining digestibility for diets in which external markers are impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles G Aldrich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Zhining Ou
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Balasubramanian B, Ingale SL, Park JH, Rathi PC, Shanmugam S, Kim IH. Inclusion of dietary β-mannanase improves performance and ileal digestibility and reduces ileal digesta viscosity of broilers fed corn-soybean meal based diet. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3097-3101. [PMID: 29771358 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the influence of dietary β-mannanase inclusion on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility, digesta viscosity, blood metabolites and excreta noxious gas emissions in broilers fed corn-soybean meal based diet. A total of 600 conventional healthy 1-d-old ROSS 308 broilers with body weight 45 ± 0.50 g (mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments with 10 replicates cages, with 15 broilers in each and fed basal diet supplemented to corn-SBM based diets with 0, 2400, 4800, and 7200 MNU β-mannanase/kg for 35 d feeding trial period. Significant results were observed on improved average daily gain and reduced feed conversion ratio during trial period and also reduced ileal digesta viscosity and improved apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and energy. However, no significant effects were found on blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, excreta noxious gas emissions. In conclusion, the inclusion of dietary β-mannanase had potential to improve daily gain and feed efficiency and apparent ileal digestibility while decreasing digesta viscosity of broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Balasubramanian
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-31116, South Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul - 05006, South Korea
| | - S L Ingale
- Advanced Enzymes Technologies Ltd., Thane (W), India
| | - J Hong Park
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-31116, South Korea
| | - P C Rathi
- Advanced Enzymes Technologies Ltd., Thane (W), India
| | - S Shanmugam
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-31116, South Korea
| | - I H Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-31116, South Korea
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15
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Liu WC, Kim IH. Effects of dietary xylanase supplementation on performance and functional digestive parameters in broilers fed wheat-based diets. Poult Sci 2017; 96:566-573. [PMID: 27566730 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate dietary xylanase supplementation in broilers wheat-based diets on performance and functional digestive parameters including ileal digesta viscosity, apparent ileal digestibility, intestinal morphology and microflora, digestive enzyme activities, and excreta odor content. A total of 600 1-day-old Ross 308 male broilers with an initial average BW of 45 ± 0.6 g were randomly allotted into 4 treatments with 10 replicate pens per treatment and 15 broilers in each pen for 35 d. The 4 dietary treatments were wheat-based diets and supplemented with 0, 1,875, 3,750, and 5,625 XU/kg xylanase. Xylanase supplementation improved (linear, P < 0.05) the body weight gain and decreased (linear, P < 0.05) the feed conversion ratio during d 1 to 18 and for the duration of the experiment. Dietary supplementation of xylanase led to a decrease (linear, P < 0.01) in ileal digesta viscosity. The apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), gross energy, and most amino acids (with the exception of Ile, Phe, Asp, Glu, and Pro) were increased (linear, P < 0.05) by xylanase supplementation. Increasing the dietary xylanase levels improved (linear, P < 0.05) the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. In addition, inclusion of xylanase increased (linear, P < 0.05) the Lactobacillus numbers in the ileum and cecum, while decreased the ileal E. coli counts (linear, P < 0.01) and cecal E. coli populations (linear, P < 0.01; quadratic, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in trypsin, amylase, and protease activities of small intestine among dietary treatments. Furthermore, xylanase supplementation reduced excreta NH3 (linear, P < 0.05; quadratic, P < 0.05) and total mercaptan (R.SH) (linear, P < 0.01) concentration. Taken together, dietary xylanase supplementation in broilers wheat-based diets had beneficial effects on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, intestinal morphology, and microflora balance. Furthermore, the xylanase could reduce the ileal digesta viscosity and excreta odor contents.
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Perryman KR, Masey O'Neill HV, Bedford MR, Dozier WA. Methodology affects measures of phosphorus availability in growing broilers. 2. Effects of calcium feeding strategy and dietary adaptation period length on phytate hydrolysis at different locations in the gastrointestinal tract1. Poult Sci 2017; 96:622-633. [PMID: 27601686 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary adaptation period length (DAPL; 0, 24, and 48 h) and Ca feeding strategy (0.35% or 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio) on apparent phytate P (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakis dihydrogen phosphate; IP6) hydrolysis (AIP6H) and apparent digestibility (AΣIPD) of the sum of all inositol phosphate esters (ΣIP) of corn-titration diets at 3 locations (proventriculus/gizzard [Pro/Giz], jejunum, and distal ileum) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Four hundred thirty-two Ross × Ross 708 male broilers were placed into 36 battery cages and fed a common starter diet until 18 d of age. Eight semipurified diets and a control diet for DAPL were fed from 19 to 21 d of age. Digesta were collected at each location from 4 birds per pen after each DAPL. Diets formulated with a 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio had higher (P < 0.001) AIP6H and AΣIPD when measured in the jejunum and ileum, but no differences were observed in the Pro/Giz. No interaction effects between DAPL and sampling location were observed for AIP6H and AΣIPD of the control diet. Conversely, interactive effects (P < 0.05) were measured for AIP6H and AΣIPD of the corn-titration diets. The highest values for both AIP6H (73.9%) and AΣIPD (80.7%) were measured in the Pro/Giz after 24 h. Phytate hydrolysis and AΣIPD were similar regardless of DAPL when sampled from the distal ileum. Concentrations of TiO2, IP6 and ΣIP also varied (P < 0.05) in response to DAPL and sampling location. Variability was likely due to inconsistencies in the flow of inositol phosphate esters and TiO2 through the GIT, specifically the Pro/Giz. Therefore, the use of TiO2 as an inert marker may have limitations when determining the hydrolysis and digestibility of phytate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Perryman
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - H V Masey O'Neill
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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Duerr RS, Klasing KC. Effects of Added Lipids on Digestibility and Nitrogen Balance in Oiled Common Murres ( Uria aalge ) and Western Grebes ( Aechmophorus occidentalis ) Fed Four Formulations of a Critical Care Diet. J Avian Med Surg 2017. [PMID: 28644081 DOI: 10.1647/2016-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional support is a primary therapy administered to oiled animals during responses to oil spills, but data informing nutritional decision-making during events are limited. In this study, 44 common murres ( Uria aalge ) and 6 Western grebes ( Aechmophorus occidentalis ), naturally oiled by oceanic seeps off the coast of Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties, CA, USA, were assigned to 1 of 4 groups fed diets with varying levels (6.8% [no added oil], 11%, and 20%) and types (salmon, corn) of oil added to a partially purified basal diet. Birds used in the study ranged from extremely emaciated to thin body condition (62%-80% wild bird mean body mass). Acid-insoluble ash was used as an indigestible dietary marker to quantify nitrogen retention, apparent nitrogen digestibility, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy, energy digestibility, fat retention, fat digestibility, and estimated fat excretion. Fat excretion is important in these species because once birds have been cleaned they are at risk of plumage recontamination from excreted fat during care. Lower fat diets resulted in lower fat excretion but higher nitrogen retention, higher apparent nitrogen digestibility, and higher apparent metabolizable energy. Decreases in nitrogen retention were significantly related to increases in fat excretion. Regardless of diet, energy digestibility significantly declined with declines in body mass, suggesting severity of emaciation reduced a birds' ability to extract energy from food. Energy digestibility was highest in the 11% (low) salmon oil diet; hence, this diet had the highest effective energy content despite a lower gross kcal/kg diet. Diets fed during oil spills historically have had high fat concentrations to provide maximum caloric support. Results of this study suggest that lower fat diets may be more efficacious for nutritionally depleted seabirds. This study provides valuable data to guide clinical decision making regarding nutritional support during oil spills and other mass stranding events.
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Evaluation of methodological aspects of digestibility measurements in ponies fed different haylage to concentrate ratios. Animal 2017; 11:1922-1929. [PMID: 28412989 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methodological aspects of digestibility measurements were studied in four Welsh pony geldings consuming haylage-based diets with increasing proportions of a pelleted concentrate according to a 4×4 Latin square design experiment. Ponies were fed four experimental, iso-energetic (net energy (NE) basis) diets (i.e. 22 MJ NE/day) with increasing proportions of a pelleted concentrate (C) in relation to haylage (H). The absolute amounts of diet dry matter fed per day were 4.48 kg of H (100H), 3.36 and 0.73 kg of H and C (75H25C), 2.24 and 1.45 kg of H and C (50H50C) and 1.12 and 2.17 kg of H and C (25H75C). Diets were supplemented with minerals, vitamins and TiO2 (3.7 g Ti/day). Voluntary voided faeces were quantitatively collected daily during 10 consecutive days and analysed for moisture, ash, ADL, acid-insoluble ash (AIA) and Ti. A minimum faeces collection period of 6 consecutive days, along with a 14-day period to adapt the animals to the diets and become accustomed to the collection procedure, is recommended to obtain accurate estimations on dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility (OMD) in equids fed haylage-based diets supplemented with concentrate. In addition, the recovery of AIA, ADL and Ti was determined and evaluated. Mean faecal recovery over 10 consecutive days across diets for AIA, ADL and Ti was 124.9% (SEM 2.9), 108.7% (SEM 2.0) and 97.5% (SEM 0.9), respectively. Cumulative faecal recovery of AIA significantly differed between treatments, indicating that AIA is inadequate to estimate the OMD in equines. In addition, evaluation of the CV of mean cumulative faecal recoveries obtained by AIA, ADL and Ti showed greater variations in faecal excretion of AIA (9.1) and ADL (7.4) than Ti (3.7). The accuracy of prediction of OMD was higher with the use of Ti than ADL. The use of Ti is preferred as a marker in digestibility trials in equines fed haylage-based diets supplemented with increasing amounts of pelleted concentrate.
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19
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Trottier NL, Bott RC, Woodward A, Greene EA, Williams CA, Westendorf ML, Swinker AM, Mastellar SL, Martinson K. Gastrointestinal Nitrogen Metabolism of Equids and Impact on Protein Requirement. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Wang Z, Yu H, Wu X, Zhang T, Cui H, Wan C, Gao X. Effects of Dietary Zinc Pectin Oligosaccharides Chelate Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Tissue Zinc Concentrations of Broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 173:475-82. [PMID: 26920737 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of zinc pectin oligosaccharides (Zn-POS) chelate on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and tissue zinc concentrations of Arbor Acre broilers aged from 1 to 42 days. A total of 576 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 9 replicates per group and 16 chicks per replicate. Chicks were fed either a basal diet (control) or basal diet supplemented with Zn-POS at 300 (Zn-POS-300), 600 (Zn-POS-600), or 900 mg/kg (Zn-POS-900), respectively, for 42 days. A 3-day metabolism trial was conducted during the last week of the experiment feeding. The average daily gain and the average daily feed intake of Zn-POS-600 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of either the control, Zn-POS-300, or Zn-POS-900. Zn-POS-600 had the highest apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and metabolic energy among all groups. The control group had the lowest apparent digestibility of dry matter (P < 0.05), whereas the apparent digestibility of dry matter in Zn-POS-600 was higher (P < 0.05) than that of Zn-POS-300. The apparent digestibility of crude protein in Zn-POS-600 or Zn-POS-900 was higher (P < 0.05) compared to Zn-POS-300 or the control. The apparent digestibility of metabolic energy in Zn-POS-600 or Zn-POS-900 was higher (P < 0.05) than that of Zn-POS-300. Zn-POS-600 had the highest liver zinc concentrations (P < 0.05), while Zn-POS-900 had the highest pancreatic zinc concentrations (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that the supplementation of 600 mg/kg Zn-POS is optimal in improving the average daily gain and the average daily feed intake, utilization of dietary dry matter and crude protein, and increasing tissue zinc concentrations in liver and pancreas of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcheng Wang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuezhuang Wu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tietao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hu Cui
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunmeng Wan
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuhua Gao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Benvenuti MN, Giuliotti L, Pasqua C, Gatta D, Bagliacca M. Buckwheat bran (Fagopyrum esculentum) as partial replacement of corn and soybean meal in the laying hen diet. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2012.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Pauwels J, Coopman F, Cools A, Michiels J, Fremaut D, De Smet S, Janssens GPJ. Selection for growth performance in broiler chickens associates with less diet flexibility. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127819. [PMID: 26042600 PMCID: PMC4456394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global competition for high standard feed-food resources between man and livestock, such as industrial broilers, is a concerning problem. In addition, the low productivity of scavenger chickens in developing countries leaves much to be desired. Changing the ingredients, and therefore, the nutrient composition of feed intake by commercial fed as well as scavenger chickens seems like an obvious solution. In this study, the ability of four broiler chicken breeds to perform on a commercial versus a scavenger diet was tested. The four broiler breeds differed genetically in growth potential. A significant (P < 0.01) negative effect of the scavenger diet on the bodyweight of the fast growing breeds was found and this effect decreased with decreasing growth rate in the other breeds. These differences in bodyweight gain could not be explained by differences in nutrient digestibility but were caused by the lack of ability of the fast growing breeds to increase their feed intake sufficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pauwels
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Coopman
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - An Cools
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joris Michiels
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Fremaut
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium
| | - Geert P. J. Janssens
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Smeets N, Nuyens F, Van Campenhout L, Delezie E, Pannecoucque J, Niewold T. Relationship between wheat characteristics and nutrient digestibility in broilers: comparison between total collection and marker (titanium dioxide) technique. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1584-91. [PMID: 25971947 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three wheat cultivars (Orpheus, Rustic, and Viscount) were used to formulate 3 test feeds (62.4% wheat) in a broiler digestibility trial. The diets were fed to male Ross 308 broiler chickens. The wheat cultivars mainly differed in their amount of non-starch polysaccharides ( NSP: ). The cultivar Orpheus was chosen to represent a high amount of NSP (102 g/kg DM), whereas the cultivars Rustic and Viscount represented low amounts of NSP (83.4 g/kg DM and 73.9 g/kg DM, respectively). Furthermore, the cultivars Orpheus and Viscount were feed quality wheat, whereas Rustic was a milling quality wheat. Nutrient digestibilities and AMEn contents of the diets were measured from 18 to 22-days-old by total excreta collection, or with the use of the indigestible marker titanium dioxide. In addition, the ileal viscosity was measured when the broilers were 25-days-old. Wheat cultivar affected N retention, DM digestibility, and AMEn. In general, the feed formulated with the high NSP wheat cultivar Orpheus resulted in the least favorable nutrient digestibilities and AMEn, whereas the results were better when the feed was formulated with the low NSP cultivars Viscount and Rustic. Feeding the Rustic cultivar caused the highest intestinal viscosity, although this was not reflected in the animal responses. Nutrient digestibilities and AMEn content of the diets were lower when calculated with the titanium dioxide marker than with the total excreta collection procedure. Moreover, the P-values of the effect of wheat cultivar on DM digestibility, N retention, crude fat digestibility and AMEn were lower with the use of the titanium dioxide marker. It can be concluded that wheat cultivar affected nutrient digestibility and AMEn, and that the observed differences were related to the amount of NSP. Furthermore, both the titanium dioxide marker and the total excreta collection methods showed the same trends despite the different values obtained. The titanium dioxide marker method was the simplest to use and produced valid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Smeets
- Nutrition and Health, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium Kemin Europa N.V., Toekomstlaan 42, 2200, Herentals, Belgium
| | - F Nuyens
- Kemin Europa N.V., Toekomstlaan 42, 2200, Herentals, Belgium
| | - L Van Campenhout
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), Lab4Food, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)
| | - E Delezie
- ILVO (Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - J Pannecoucque
- ILVO, Plant Sciences Unit, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 109, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Niewold
- Nutrition and Health, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)
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Dietary supplementation of propionylated starch to domestic cats provides propionic acid as gluconeogenic substrate potentially sparing the amino acid valine. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e16. [PMID: 25191608 PMCID: PMC4153013 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In strict carnivorous domestic cats, a metabolic competition arises between the need to
use amino acids for gluconeogenesis and for protein synthesis both in health and disease.
The present study investigated the amino acid-sparing potential of propionic acid in cats
using dietary propionylated starch (HAMSP) supplementation. A total of thirty cats were
fed a homemade diet, supplemented with either HAMSP, acetylated starch (HAMSA) or celite
(Control) for three adaptation weeks. Propionylated starch was hypothesised to provide
propionic acid as an alternative gluconeogenic substrate to amino acids, whereas acetic
acid from HAMSA would not provide any gluconeogenic benefit. Post-adaptation, a 5-d total
faecal collection was carried out to calculate apparent protein digestibility
coefficients. Fresh faecal and blood samples were collected to analyse fermentation
endproducts and metabolites. The apparent protein digestibility coefficients did not
differ between supplements (P = 0·372) and were not affected by the
protein intake level (P = 0·808). Faecal propionic acid concentrations
were higher in HAMSP than in HAMSA (P = 0·018) and Control
(P = 0·003) groups, whereas concentrations of ammonia
(P = 0·007) were higher in HAMSA than in HAMSP cats. Tendencies for or
higher propionylcarnitine concentrations were observed in HAMSP compared with HAMSA
(P = 0·090) and Control (P = 0·037) groups, and for
tiglyl- + 3-methylcrotonylcarnitine concentrations in HAMSP as compared with Control
(P = 0·028) cats. Methylmalonylcarnitine concentrations did not differ
between groups (P = 0·740), but were negatively correlated with the
protein intake level (r –0·459, P = 0·016). These
results suggest that HAMSP cats showed more saccharolytic fermentation patterns than those
supplemented with HAMSA, as well as signs of sparing of valine in cats with a sufficient
protein intake.
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de Vries S, Kwakkel R, Pustjens A, Kabel M, Hendriks W, Gerrits W. Separation of digesta fractions complicates estimation of ileal digestibility using marker methods with Cr2 O3 and cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2010-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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26
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Zhang ZF, Kim IH. Effects of multistrain probiotics on growth performance, apparent ileal nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, cecal microbial shedding, and excreta odor contents in broilers. Poult Sci 2014; 93:364-70. [PMID: 24570458 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, and Clostridium butyricum supplementation in broilers. A total of 400 one-day-old mixed sex Ross 308 broilers with an initial average BW of 46 ± 0.5 g were randomly allotted into 4 treatments with 5 replicate pens per treatment and 20 broilers in each pen for 35 d. Dietary treatments were (1) an antibiotic-free diet (CON), (2) CON + 5 mg/kg of avilamycin, (3) CON + 1 × 10(5) cfu of multistrain probiotics/kg of diet (P1), and (4) CON + 2 × 10(5) cfu of multistrain probiotics/kg of diet (P2). Broilers fed the P1 and P2 diets had greater BW gain than broilers fed the CON diet during d 22 to 35 (P = 0.01) and overall (P = 0.02). Feed conversion ratios in P1 and P2 were decreased (P = 0.03) compared with that in CON from d 22 to 35. Ileal digestibility of most essential amino acids, with the exception of His and Phe, were increased (P < 0.05) in P1 and P2 compared with CON. Serum IgA and IgM concentrations in P2 were higher (P < 0.05) than those in CON. The cecal Lactobacillus numbers were increased (P = 0.02), and the counts of Escherichia coli were decreased (P = 0.03) in P1 and P2 compared with CON. Dietary supplementation with multistrain probiotics decreased (P < 0.05) the excreta NH3 content compared with the CON. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with multistrain probiotics improved broiler growth performance, ileal amino acids digestibility, and humoral immunity. Furthermore, the probiotics decreased the cecal numbers of E. coli and decreased the NH3 content of excreta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z F Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
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Use of acid-insoluble ash and n-alkanes as markers of soil and plant ingestion by chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Félix AP, Gabeloni LR, Brito CBM, Oliveira SG, Silva AVF, Maiorka A. Effect of β-mannanase on the digestibility of diets with different protein sources in dogs determined by different methodologies. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3060-7. [PMID: 22585789 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed at evaluating the effects of including the enzyme, β-mannanase, in dog (Canis lupus familiaris) diets based on either poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) by-product meal (PBM) or soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Meal (SBM). The second objective was to evaluate 3 methods for determining energy and nutrient digestibility values in diets fed to dogs: total fecal collection (TFC) and use of aia or crude fiber (CF) as a marker. Eight dogs were allotted to a replicated latin square (4 by 4) design. There were 2 diets based on PBM as the major protein source and 2 diets based on SBM as the major protein source. Within each protein source, 1 diet contained no β-mannanase and 1 diet contained 0.01% β-mannanase. Diets were fed for an adaptation period of 5 d followed by 5 d of TFC. Fecal score (1 = watery feces to 5 = dry, hard pellets), pH, DM, and fecal volume were determined. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, OM, CP, ether extract (EE), N-free extract (NFE), and GE, and ME content were calculated using the methods of TFC, AIA, and CF. Data were analyzed as a 2 by 2 by 3 split-split-plot design (β-mannanase, protein source, and digestibility calculation procedure). There were interactions between protein source and β-mannanase (P < 0.05). Supplementation of β-mannanase increased ATTD of nutrients and energy and ME (+ 195.3 kcal/kg) and also reduced fecal production in the diet with SBM, but not in the diet that contained PBM. There was an interaction between digestibility calculation procedure and protein source (P < 0.05). The use of AIA overestimated ATTD of the diets containing PBM, but digestibility values estimated based on TFC and CF were not different. Dogs fed diets containing SBM produced more feces with greater moisture content and lower pH compared with dogs fed the PBM diet (P < 0.05). Addition of 0.01% β-mannanase increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility and ME content of the diets containing SBM, but did not improve (P > 0.05) fecal texture. Results indicated that values for ATTD of energy and nutrients in diets containing sbm are not different if they are calculated based on TFC, AIA, or CF, but use of AIA may result in an overestimation of values for ATTD of energy and nutrients in diets containing PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Félix
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Liu S, Li S, Lu L, Xie J, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Luo X. Development of a procedure to determine standardized mineral availabilities in soybean meal for broiler chicks. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 148:32-7. [PMID: 22278097 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a procedure for estimating the standardized mineral (calcium, Ca; phosphorus, P; copper, Cu; manganese, Mn; zinc, Zn) availabilities (SMA) in soybean meal for broilers. In experiment 1, twelve 24-day-old male chicks were used to determine the length of the pre-experimental fasting period needed to empty the total tract of feed residues. Feed was removed and excreta samples were collected for 12, 24, 36 or 48 h after feed withdrawal, respectively. The result indicated that birds were fasted for at least 24 h after feed withdrawal in order to ensure that no previous feed residues remained in the digestive tract of chicks. In a subsequent experiment, forty-eight 24-day-old male chicks were used to determine SMA in soybean meal. Chicks were fasted for 24 h and then fed mineral-free or soybean meal diet for 4 h, and excreta samples were collected until 24 or 48 h after feed withdrawal. The results showed that the extended excreta collection time of 48 h after feed withdrawal was adequate for estimating SMA. The standardized availability values of Ca, P, Cu, Mn or Zn in soybean meal were 51.14%, 50.22%, 36.28%, 30.79% or 49.66%, respectively. In experiment 3, a similar bioassay was conducted with forty-eight 36-day-old male chicks to measure SMA in the same soybean meal. The standardized availability values of P (51.59%), Cu (36.37%), Mn (31.94%) or Zn (43.37%) were similar (P > 0.12) to the results of experiment 2 except for Ca (41.49%), indicating that the age of birds had no effect on the standardized availabilities of P, Cu, Mn or Zn in soybean meal. The results from this study suggested that this simple and rapid procedure could be used to determine SMA in feedstuffs (e.g., soybean meal) for broiler chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Liu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Sales J. A review on the use of indigestible dietary markers to determine total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients in horses. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Van Krimpen M, Kwakkel R, Van Der Peet-Schwering C, Den Hartog L, Verstegen M. Effects of dietary energy concentration, nonstarch polysaccharide concentration, and particle sizes of nonstarch polysaccharides on digesta mean retention time and gut development in laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2011; 52:730-41. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2011.638620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kalmar ID, Cools A, Buyse J, Roose P, Janssens GPJ. Dietary N,N-dimethylglycine supplementation improves nutrient digestibility and attenuates pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:e339-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Palander S, Näsi M, Palander P. Digestibility and energy value of cereal-based diets in relation to digesta viscosity and retention time in turkeys and chickens at different ages estimated with different markers. Arch Anim Nutr 2010; 64:238-53. [DOI: 10.1080/17450391003625029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mountzouris KC, Tsitrsikos P, Palamidi I, Arvaniti A, Mohnl M, Schatzmayr G, Fegeros K. Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition. Poult Sci 2010; 89:58-67. [PMID: 20008803 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of inclusion levels of a 5-bacterial species probiotic in broiler nutrition. Five hundred twenty-five 1-d-old male Cobb broilers were allocated in 5 experimental treatments for 6 wk. The experimental treatments received a corn-soybean coccidiostat-free basal diet and depending on the addition were labeled as follows: no addition (C), 10(8) cfu probiotic/kg of diet (P1), 10(9) cfu probiotic/kg of diet (P2), 10(10) cfu probiotic/kg of diet (P3), and 2.5 mg of avilamycin/kg of diet (A). Each treatment had 3 replicates of 35 broilers each. Treatment effects on broiler growth performance and biomarkers such as ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility, plasma Ig concentration, and cecal microflora composition were determined. Differences among treatments were considered significant when P < or = 0.05. Overall BW gain was significantly higher in treatment P1 (2,293 g) compared with P2 (2,163 g), C (2,165 g), and P3 (2,167 g), with A (2,230 g) being intermediate and not different from P1. Overall feed conversion ratio values were similar and significantly better for P1 (1.80) and A (1.80) compared with P2 (1.87), C (1.89), and P3 (1.92). Ileal apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of CP and ether extract were higher in A. Generally, treatments A and P1 showed an improved total tract ADC for DM, organic matter, ash, ether extract, and AME(n) values. The total tract ADC of CP was higher in P1, C, and P2. There were no differences between treatments regarding plasma Ig in 14- and 42-d-old broilers. Treatments P2 and P3 were effective at beneficially modulating cecal microflora composition. In particular, the lower cecal coliform concentration (log cfu/g of wet digesta) was seen in P2 (6.12) and P3 (4.90) in 14- and 42-d-old broilers, respectively, whereas at 42 d, P3 and P2 had the highest Bifidobacterium (8.31; 8.08) and Lactobacillus concentrations (8.20; 7.86), respectively. It is concluded that probiotic inclusion level had a significant effect on broiler growth responses, nutrient ADC, AME(n), and cecal microflora composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Mountzouris
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Greece.
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Vasconcellos C, Veloso J, Saliba E, Baião N, Lara L. Uso da LIPE® como indicador externo na determinação da energia metabolizável de alimentos em frangos de corte. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352007000200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Realizou-se um ensaio metabólico para avaliar a lignina purificada de eucalipto (LIPE®), como indicador na determinação da digestibilidade da energia dos alimentos para frangos de corte. Os tratamentos corresponderam a uma dieta basal e outras oito dietas contendo os alimentos-teste. Os alimentos foram: milho, milho expandido, farelo de soja, farelo de soja expandido, glúten de milho 22%, glúten de milho 60%, farinha de carne e ossos e farinha de penas e vísceras. Os alimentos protéicos e os com menor teor de proteína substituíram 25 e 40% da dieta basal, respectivamente. Foram utilizados 270 pintos de corte, linhagem Ross, de ambos os sexos, dos 21 aos 31 dias de idade. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 9×3 (rações × métodos), com três repetições. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade (CD) da energia bruta, os valores da energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e de energia metabolizável de sete das nove dietas, calculados pelos métodos da coleta total de excretas e dos indicadores de óxido crômico e LIPE®, foram semelhantes. Com os alimentos-teste, farelo de soja expandido e farinha de penas e vísceras, o uso de óxido crômico resultou em CD e valores de EMA mais altos, quando comparado com o uso da LIPE® e da coleta total de excretas que foram semelhantes entre si. Pode-se considerar que a energia metabolizável dos alimentos, calculada pelos três métodos, foram equivalentes. A LIPE® pode ser validada como indicador de digestibilidade da energia dos alimentos em frangos de corte.
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Influence of Dietary Phytate and Exogenous Phytase on Amino Acid Digestibility in Poultry: A Review. J Poult Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.43.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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