Protective effects of gallic acid against methotrexate-induced toxicity in rats

Examining the quaternary ammonium chitosan Schiff base-ZnO nanocomposite's potential as protective therapy for rats' cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity

BACKGROUND

Despite cisplatin's long history as a cornerstone in cancer therapy, both acquired chemoresistance and significant impacts on healthy tissues limit its use. Hepatotoxicity is one of its side effects. Adjunct therapies have shown promise in not only attenuating liver damage caused by cisplatin but also in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy. In this context, a new quaternary ammonium chitosan Schiff base (QACSB) was synthesized and applied as an encapsulating agent for the in-situ synthesis of QACSB-ZnO nanocomposite.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirty male albino rats were classified into Group 1 (control) distilled water, Group 2 (Cisplatin-treated) (12 mg/kg, i.p), and Group 3 (QACSB-ZnO NCs/cisplatin-treated) (150 mg/kg/day QACSB-ZnO NCs, i.p) for 14 days + a single dose of cisplatin. Liver functions, tissue TNF-α, MDA, and GSH were measured as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were performed.

RESULTS

The QACSB-ZnO NCs significantly restore liver functions, tissue TNF-α, MDA, and GSH levels (p < 0.001). Histopathological examination showed patchy necrosis in the cisplatin-treated group versus other groups. The QACSB-ZnO NCs showed a weak TGF-β1 (score = 4) and a moderate Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry expression (score = 6) versus the CP group.

CONCLUSIONS

QACSB-ZnO NCs have been shown to protect the liver from cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Implication of M2 macrophage on NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in mediating the neuroprotective effect of Canagliflozin against methotrexate-induced cognitive impairment

Methotrexate (MTX), a chemotherapeutic antimetabolite, has been linked to cognitive impairment in cancer patients. MTX-induced metabolic pathway disruption may result in decreased antioxidant activity and increased oxidative stress, influencing hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial activation. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), an oxidative stress byproduct, has been linked to MTX toxicity via the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Macrophage activation and polarization plays an important role in tissue injury. This differentiation may be mediated via either the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or NLRP3 inflammasome. Interestingly, Canagliflozin (CANA), a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor has been recently reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating macrophage polarization balance. This study aimed to investigate CANA's protective effect against MTX-induced cognitive impairment, highlighting the possible involvement of TLR4/ NF-κB crosstalk with NLRP3 inflammasome activation and macrophage polarization. Forty-eight Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups; (1) received saline orally for 30 days and intravenously on days 8 and 15. (2) received Canagliflozin (CANA; 20 mg/kg/day; p.o.) for 30 days. (3) received MTX (75 mg/kg, i.v.) on day 8 and 15, then they were injected with four i.p. injections of leucovorin (LCV): the first dose was 6 mg/ kg after 18 h, and the remaining doses were 3 mg/kg after 26, 42, and 50 h of MTX administration. (4) received MTX and LCV as in group 3 in addition to CANA as in group 2. MTX-treated rats showed cognitive deficits in spatial and learning memory as evidenced in the novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. MTX exerted an oxidative effect which was evident by the increase in MDA and decline in SOD, GSH and GPx. Moreover, it exerted an inflammatory effect via elevated caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-8. CANA treatment restored cognitive ability, reduced MTX-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation via attenuation of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling, and rebalanced macrophage polarization by promoting the M2 phenotype. Hence, targeting molecular mechanisms manipulating macrophage polarization may offer novel neuroprotective strategies for preventing or treating MTX-induced immune modulation and its detrimental sequel.

The Protective Effect of Roflumilast Against Acute Hepatotoxicity Caused by Methotrexate in Wistar Rats: In vivo Evaluation

Introduction

Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the most widely used drugs in cancer chemotherapy and treating rheumatoid arthritis. The hepatotoxicity of MTX is one of its major side effects. Roflumilast (ROF) has been recognized to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in in-vivo and in-vitro models. The present study aimed to explore the potential protective effects of roflumilast against MTX-induced liver toxicity in male Wistar rats.

Methods

High dose of 5 mg/kg for 4 consecutive days subcutaneous (S.C) injection of methotrexate for induction of acute liver injury. A total of 24 Wistar rats, rats were used in four different groups. The NS injections were given S.C to the control group once a day for 4 consecutive days. SC injections of MTX (5 mg/kg) were given to the MTX group daily for four days. At 5 mg/kg once daily for four days, the roflumilast group was given daily oral roflumilast. An injection of MTX and oral roflumilast were given to the MTX + roflumilast group once daily for four consecutive days.

Results

Administration of high dose MTX (5 mg/kg) today 4 produced a significant decrease in hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels and a significant increase in ALT and AST liver enzymes, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor suppressor protein (p53), interleukin 6, interleukin 1 levels compared to the control group. Treatment with roflumilast for 4 days significantly attenuated unfavorable changes in these parameters. According to histopathological findings, Roflumilast significantly reduced MTX-induced inflammation and degeneration in the liver. In conclusion, the findings indicate that roflumilast may have a potential therapeutic benefit in treating rats with MTX-induced liver toxicity by mitigating its effects.

Purpose

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential protective effects of roflumilast against MTX-induced liver toxicity in Wistar rats.

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Alleviates Methotrexate-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats

Andrographis paniculata is a herbal plant used in traditional medicinal approaches to treat various ailments and diseases. Methotrexate (MTX) is a clinically used immunosuppressant and anticancer drug. One of the increasing concerns with MTX use is liver toxicity. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential effect of aqueous leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata against methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity. Wistar albino rats were grouped into five groups, and the drugs were administered. MTX (20 mg/kg b.w.) was intraperitoneally injected into rats on the ninth day alone. Aqueous leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata (500 mg/kg b.w./day) was orally administered for 10 days. We confirmed the beneficial effect of aqueous extracts of Andrographis paniculata on restoring the hepatic enzyme markers, lipid profile, antioxidant level, anti-inflammatory marker (IL-10), anti-apoptosis (bcl-2), significant suppression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, and IL-6), apoptosis marker (caspase 3) and cellular tissue damage caused by MTX. Overall, we revealed that Andrographis paniculata reduces critical aspects of oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, and apoptosis, thus protecting against methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity.

Protective effects of sitagliptin on methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Methotrexate (MTX), a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressant agent, is widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and different types of cancers. However, its use has been limited by its life-threatening side effects, including nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of sitagliptin on methotrexate (MTX)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: control group, which received the vehicle for 6 days; MTX group, which received a single dose of MTX, followed by five daily doses of vehicle dosing; MTX + sitagliptin group, which received a single dose of MTX 1 h after the first sitagliptin treatment and six daily doses of sitagliptin; and sitagliptin group, which received sitagliptin for 6 days. Both MTX and sitagliptin were given as intraperitoneal injections at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. All rats were euthanized on the seventh day of the study. Kidney tissues were harvested and blood samples were collected. Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were evaluated. Furthermore, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in kidney tissue. In addition, histopathological analysis was conducted. Histopathological evaluation showed that MTX-induced marked kidney injury. Biochemical analysis revealed a significant increase of BUN and creatinine in the serum of the MTX group. Furthermore, oxidative stress and depressed antioxidant system of the kidney tissues were evident in the MTX group. Sitagliptin did not affect these endpoints when administered alone, but it significantly attenuated the observed MTX-induced effects. These results suggest that sitagliptin exhibits potent anti-oxidant properties against the nephrotoxicity induced by MTX in rats.

The diminution and modulation role of water-soluble gallic acid-carboxymethyl chitosan conjugates against the induced nephrotoxicity with cisplatin

The toxicity of cisplatin (CDDP) toward the renal tubules and its severe effects on the proximal tubules limits its further use in cancer therapy. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of gallic acid-grafted O-carboxymethyl chitosan (GA@CMCS) against nephrotoxicity induced by CDDP in rats. Renal injury was assessed in the GA@CMCS/CDDP-treated rats using kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). Moreover, the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) were measured. The comet assay was performed to measure the DNA damage. The renoprotective activity of GA@CMCS was supported by histo- and immuno-pathological studies of the kidney. GA@CMCS significantly normalized the increases in kidney homogenate of KIM-1, MDA, and NO-induced by CDDP and significantly increased GSH as compared with the CDDP group. GA@CMCS also significantly protects rat kidneys from CDDP-induced histo- and immuno-pathological changes. Both biochemical findings and histo- and immuno-pathological evidence showed the renoprotective potential of GA@CMCS against CDDP-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal dysfunction in rats. In conclusion, GA@CMCS has been shown to mitigate the nephrotoxicity impact of CDDP in cancer therapy.

Attenuation of methotrexate induced hepatotoxicity by epigallocatechin 3-gallate

Methotrexate (MTX) is currently used as first-line therapy for autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematous. However, its use is limited by its hepatotoxic potential. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an abundant catechin present in tea possesses potent antioxidant activity and effectively ameliorates oxidative stress-related disorders. This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective influence of EGCG in a MTX-induced rat model of hepatotoxicity. Sprague Dawley rats pretreated with EGCG (40 mg kg^-1 b.w., p.o.) were administered a single dose of MTX (20 mg kg^-1 b.w., i.p.) and its hepatoprotective efficacy compared with folic acid (1 mg kg^-1 b.w., i.p.). On day 10, blood samples were collected to determine plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), while the livers were examined for histopathogical changes along with levels of oxidative stress measured in terms of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, protein carbonylation (PCO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and activities of cellular enzymatic antioxidants - superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). MTX significantly increased the plasma levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH, which were prevented by pretreatment with EGCG, and was corroborated by histopathology. Additionally, MTX-induced hepatic oxidative stress as measured by increased generation of MPO, enhanced PCO, LPO, and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes was mitigated by pretreatment with EGCG. The amelioration of MTX-induced hepatotoxicity by EGCG endorsed the inclusion of an anti-oxidant during chronic administration of MTX.

Protective Effect of Silymarin and Gallic Acid against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the effects of gallic acid and silymarin against nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity caused by cisplatin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the study, 56 Wistar Albino rats were equally divided into eight groups. Group 1 was the control group; group 2 was the group receiving cisplatin; group 3 was the group receiving cisplatin + gallic acid; group 4 was the group receiving cisplatin + silymarin; group 5 was the group receiving cisplatin + silymarin + gallic acid; group 6 was the group receiving silymarin; group 7 was the group receiving gallic acid; group 8 was the group receiving gallic acid + silymarin. AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, albumin, globulin, and total protein levels were measured at the end of the study. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OH-dG) levels were measured in kidney and liver tissues. Additionally, histopathological evaluations of the tissues were also performed.

RESULTS

In kidney and liver tissues, cisplatin significantly increased MDA and 8-OHdG levels compared with treatment groups (p < 0.05). Silymarin-treated group significantly increased the SOD activity and GSH amount in the liver tissue compared with the cisplatin-treated group (p < 0.05). Gallic acid significantly increased CAT activity compared with the cisplatin-treated group (p < 0.05). It was determined that the cisplatin-treated group significantly decreased CAT and SOD activity compared with the control group (p > 0.05). Gallic acid showed a significant increase in CAT and SOD activity in kidney tissue compared with the cisplatin-treated group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

As a result, it was observed that gallic acid silymarin had a protective effect on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic effects.

Gallic acid ameliorates di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced testicular injury in adult mice

Background: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting compound inducing degeneration of testes. Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenol with various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.Purpose: This research evaluated effects of different doses of GA on DEHP-induced testicular injury in adult mice.Research Design: Male mice were randomly divided into five groups and treated with agents for two weeks; group (I) received normal saline and corn oil (5 mL/kg/day, p. o.), group (II) received DEHP (2 g/kg/day, dissolved in corn oil, p. o.), groups (III, IV, and V) received DEHP + GA (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day, p. o.). Body and testes weights, serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were evaluated. The number of sperms and sperm motility and viability were analyzed in the cauda epididymis. Histological changes, oxidative/nitrosative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines levels were examined in testes.Results: Body and testes weights, the number of spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte and early spermatid, and late spermatid and sperm vitality, and progressive motility were significantly reduced in mice exposed to DEHP. Serum testosterone level decreased and serum LH and FSH levels increased in DEHP-exposed mice. These alterations were associated with the increased oxidative stress level and inflammatory responses in testicular tissue. Treatment with GA (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) attenuated DEHP-induced alterations in oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines and reversed abnormality in sperm characteristic and number, tissue structure, and serum hormones levels.Conclusions: Results indicated that GA might be a promising agent against male gonadal toxicity induced by endocrine disrupting chemicals including DEHP.

Hepatoprotective effect of acetovanillone against methotrexate hepatotoxicity: Role of Keap-1/Nrf2/ARE, IL6/STAT-3, and NF-κB/AP-1 signaling pathways

This study targeted to examine the protective effects of acetovanillone (AV) against methotrexate (MTX)-induced hepatotoxicity. Thirty-two rats were allocated into four groups of eight animals; Group 1: Normal; Group 2: administered AV (100 ml/kg; P.O.) for 10 days; Group 3: challenged with MTX (20 mg/kg, i.p; single dose); Group 4: administered AV 5 days before and 5 days after MTX. For the first time, this study affords evidence for AV's hepatoprotective effects on MTX-induced hepatotoxicity. The underlined mechanisms behind its hepatic protection include counteracting MTX-induced oxidative injury via down-regulation of NADPH oxidase and up-regulation of Nrf2/ARE, SIRT1, PPARγ, and cytoglobin signals. Additionally, AV attenuated hepatic inflammation through down-regulation of IL-6/STAT-3 and NF-κB/AP-1 signaling. Network pharmacology analysis exhibited a high enrichment score between the interacting proteins and strongly suggested the intricate and essential role of the target proteins regulating MTX-induced oxidative damage and inflammatory perturbation. Besides, AV increased the in vitro cytotoxic activity of MTX toward PC-3, HeLa, and K562 cancer cell lines. On the whole, our investigation suggested that AV might be regarded as a promising adjuvant for the amelioration of MTX hepatotoxicity and/or increased its in vitro antitumor efficacy, and it could be used in patients receiving MTX.

Gallic acid improves the viability and mitochondrial membrane potential of post-thawed goat buck semen

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of gallic acid (GA) on frozen-thawed goat spermatozoa. Four Honamli goat bucks were used at their breeding season, and ejaculates were collected by an electroejaculator. Mixed semen was divided into the following four groups: control (0 mM), low (L; 1 mM), medium (M; 2 mM), and high (H; 4 mM) concentration of GA. All the groups were frozen and thawed in a water bath for spermatological evaluation. The lowest motility was observed in the control group (47.60 ± 5.70%) (P < 0.05), while the highest viability (62.45 ± 1.68%), plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (44.81 ± 4.57%), and high mitochondrial membrane potential (35.96 ± 2.50%) were observed in the low GA group (P < 0.05). Also, the lowest hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS +) value was found in the high GA group (47.60 ± 4.82%) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing a low concentration (1 mM) of GA to the Tris-based semen extender had a positive effect on spermatological parameters after freeze-thawing of Honamli goat semen. Further studies should be continued in other species with different doses and combinations using commercial and/or homemade semen extenders.

Effect of gallic acid on the reproduction of adolescent male Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii)

Gallic acid (GA), a phenol that is present in various plants, potentially contains antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of GA on the reproduction of adolescent male Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii (Radde, 1861)). Antioxidant levels and apoptosis in the testis, as well as reproductive physiology, were evaluated in adolescent males treated with GA. The results showed that a low dose of GA enhanced relative epididymis mass and the sperm density in the epididymis, increased the mRNA levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in the testis, and reduced the percentages of abnormal and dead sperm. In addition, a low dose of GA significantly increased the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased the level of malondialdehyde in the testis, as well as the mRNA and protein levels of the apoptosis-related gene, caspase-3. However, a high dose of GA sharply reduced the mean diameter of the seminiferous tubules compared with a low dose. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GA treatment during puberty affects the reproductive responses of male Brandt’s voles in a dose-dependent manner by regulating antioxidant levels and apoptosis.

Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies molecular targets associated with poor in vitro maturation performance of oocytes collected from ovarian stimulation

STUDY QUESTION

What is the transcriptome signature associated with poor performance of rescue IVM (rIVM) oocytes and how can we rejuvenate them?

SUMMARY ANSWER

The GATA-1/CREB1/WNT signalling axis was repressed in rIVM oocytes, particularly those of poor quality; restoration of this axis may produce more usable rIVM oocytes.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

rIVM aims to produce mature oocytes (MII) for IVF through IVM of immature oocytes collected from stimulated ovaries. It is not popular due to limited success rate in infertility treatment. Genetic aberrations, cellular stress and the absence of cumulus cell support in oocytes could account for the failure of rIVM.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

We applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to capture the transcriptomes of human in vivo oocytes (IVO) (n = 10) from 7 donors and rIVM oocytes (n = 10) from 10 donors. The effects of maternal age and ovarian responses on rIVM oocyte transcriptomes were also studied. In parallel, we studied the effect of gallic acid on the maturation rate of mouse oocytes cultured in IVM medium with (n = 84) and without (n = 85) gallic acid.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Human oocytes were collected from donors aged 28-41 years with a body mass index of <30. RNA extraction, cDNA generation, library construction and sequencing were performed in one preparation. scRNA-seq data were then processed and analysed. Selected genes in the rIVM versus IVO comparison were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. For the gallic acid study, we collected immature oocytes from 5-month-old mice and studied the effect of 10-μM gallic acid on their maturation rate.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

The transcriptome profiles of rIVM/IVO oocytes showed distinctive differences. A total of 1559 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, genes with at least 2-fold change and adjusted P < 0.05) were found to be enriched in metabolic processes, biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. Among these DEGs, we identified a repression of WNT/β-catenin signalling in rIVM when compared with IVO oocytes. We found that oestradiol levels exhibited a significant age-independent correlation with the IVO mature oocyte ratio (MII ratio) for each donor. rIVM oocytes from women with a high MII ratio were found to have over-represented cellular processes such as anti-apoptosis. To further identify targets that contribute to the poor clinical outcomes of rIVM, we compared oocytes collected from young donors with a high MII ratio with oocytes from donors of advanced maternal age and lower MII ratio, and revealed that CREB1 is an important regulator. Thus, our study identified that GATA-1/CREB1/WNT signalling was repressed in both rIVM oocytes versus IVO oocytes and in rIVM oocytes of lower versus higher quality. Consequently we investigated gallic acid, as a potential antioxidant substrate in human rIVM medium, and found that it increased the mouse oocyte maturation rate by 31.1%.

LARGE SCALE DATA

Raw data from this study can be accessed through GSE158539.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

In the rIVM oocytes of the high- and low-quality comparison, the number of samples was limited after data filtering with stringent selection criteria. For the oocyte stage identification, we were unable to predict the presence of oocyte spindle, so polar body extrusion was the only indicator.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

This study showed that GATA-1/CREB1/WNT signalling was repressed in rIVM oocytes compared with IVO oocytes and was further downregulated in low-quality rIVM oocytes, providing us the foundation of subsequent follow-up research on human oocytes and raising safety concerns about the clinical use of rescued oocytes.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

This work was supported by the Collaborative Research Fund, Research Grants Council, C4054-16G, and Research Committee Funding (Research Sustainability of Major RGC Funding Schemes), The Chinese University of Hong Kong. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, and hypolipidemic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Eryngium billardieri root on nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced type II diabetic rats

Background and purpose

Erynginum billardieri has been used to control diabetes in traditional medicine. This research was performed to study the antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and hypolipidemic effects of E. billardieri root extract (EBRE) on streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic male rats.

Experimental approach

Type two diabetic animals were treated by three different doses of EBRE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), orally administered for 4 weeks. Ultimately, after anesthesia, the glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, hepatic enzyme levels in the blood and liver, and pancreas tissues of the animals were analyzed.

Findings/Results

Induction of diabetes caused a diminution in insulin level, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and significantly enhanced the level of other lipid profiles, glucose, and liver enzymes (P < 0.05). Administration of the EBRE to diabetic-male rats significantly reduced glucose level, lipid profiles, and liver enzymes, and increased the level of HDL to near normal.

Conclusion and implications

The results of the present study showed that E. billardieri had a positive effect on diminishing the lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and controlling diabetes. The most effective dose was found to be 100 mg/kg.

Protective effects of apigenin on altered lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and antioxidant factors in methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity

Methotrexate (MTX) is used as an effective chemotherapeutic agent against autoimmune diseases and tumors. Oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of MTX-induced damage. This study aimed at examining the ameliorating effects of apigenin (API) as a natural antioxidant on MTX-induced hepatotoxicity. The rats were classified into four groups: group I: normal saline-treated, group II: MTX-treated (20 mg/kg, ip, single dose at day 7), group III: MTX + API-treated (20 mg/kg, po), and group IV: API-treated. API was administrated for 9 days. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were used as biochemical factors of MTX-induced hepatic injury. In hepatic tissues, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as oxidative stress markers along with inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) were assessed. Our results showed that MTX administration significantly increased ALP, ASP, ALT, MDA, NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels and significantly decreased antioxidant factors such as GSH, CAT, GPx, and SOD. The API pretreatment group showed a significant rise in hepatic antioxidant markers, besides significant reductions in the serum levels of AST, ALT, and ALP and hepatic content of MDA, TNF-α, NO, and IL-1β. In addition, the hepatoprotective effect of API was confirmed by histological evaluation of the liver. API can prevent MTX-induced hepatotoxicity through mitigation of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Preadministration of high-dose alpha-tocopherol improved memory impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by proteasome inhibition in rat hippocampus

Objective: The ubiquitin-proteasome system plays a key role in memory consolidation. Proteasome inhibition and free radical-induced neural damage were implicated in neurodegenerative states. In this study, it was tested whether alpha-tocopherol (αT) in low and high doses could improve the long-term memory impairment induced by proteasome inhibition and protects against hippocampal oxidative stress. Methods: Alpha-tocopherol (αT) (60, 200 mg/kg, i.p. for 5 days) was administered to rats with memory deficit and hippocampal oxidative stress induced by bilateral intra-hippocampal injection of lactacystin (32 ng/μl) and mitochondrial evaluations were performed for improvement assessments. Results: The results showed that lactacystin significantly reduced the passive avoidance memory performance and increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diminished the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in the rat hippocampus. Furthermore, Intraperitoneal administration of αT significantly increased the passive avoidance memory, glutathione content and reduced ROS, MDA levels and impaired MMP. Conclusions: The results suggested that αT has neuroprotective effects against lactacystin-induced oxidative stress and memory impairment via the enhancement of hippocampal antioxidant capacity and concomitant mitochondrial sustainability. This finding shows a way to prevent and also to treat neurodegenerative diseases associated with mitochondrial impairment.

Methyl Gallate Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats by Suppressing Oxidative Stress

Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors. The present study was aimed to investigate the cardioprotective potential of methyl gallate; an active polyphenolic nutraceutical, against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty-four female Wistar rats (150-200 g) were divided into four groups (n = 6) which consist of normal control (group I), doxorubicin control (group II), test-A (group III), and test-B (group IV). Group III and group IV animals were prophylactically treated with methyl gallate 150 mg/kg/day and 300 mg/kg/day orally, respectively, for seven days. Doxorubicin (25 mg/kg; single dose) was administered through an intraperitoneal route to group II, III, and IV animals on the seventh day to induce acute cardiotoxicity. On the 8^th day, besides ECG analysis, serum CK, CK-MB, LDH, AST, MDA, and GSH were assayed. Following gross examination of isolated hearts, histopathological evaluation was performed by light microscopy. A significant (p < 0.05) cardiac injury, as well as oxidative stress, was observed in doxorubicin control rats in comparison to normal control rats. Methyl gallate at both the doses significantly (p < 0.05) reduced doxorubicin-induced ECG changes, dyslipidaemia, and elevation of CK, CK-MB, LDH, AST, MDA and increased GSH level. Methyl gallate reversed the doxorubicin-induced histopathological changes in the heart. The present study revealed that methyl gallate exerts cardioprotection against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in female Wistar rats by suppressing oxidative stress. Our study opens the perspective to clinical studies for consideration of methyl gallate as a potential chemoprotectant nutraceutical in the combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin to limit its cardiotoxicity.

Mechanisms involved in the possible protective effect of chrysin against sodium arsenite-induced liver toxicity in rats

Arsenic as a one of the most important toxic metals could induce hepatotoxicity. Previous reports revealed the significance of oxidative stress in promoting of arsenic-induced liver toxicity. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the effect of chrysin (CHR), a natural flavonoid with potent antioxidant activity, against sodium arsenite (SA)-induced hepatotoxicity. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Group 1: received normal saline (2 ml/kg/day, orally for 21 days), Group 2: received SA (10 mg/kg/day, orally for 14 days), Group 3, 4 and 5: received CHR (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively, orally for 21 days) and SA (10 mg/kg/day, orally for 14 days) from the 7th day. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were evaluated. Moreover, liver glutathione peroxidase and myeloperoxidase activity as well as levels of protein carbonylation, malondialdehyde, glutathione, catalase, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were evaluated. Moreover, histological evaluation was done. Our results revealed that treatment with CHR (more potentially at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day) before and alongside with SA significantly mitigated the SA-induced hepatotoxicity. Also, the hepatoprotective effect of CHR was verified by the histological evaluation of the liver. The results of current study demonstrated that CHR (100 mg/kg/day) could mitigate the oxidative stress and inflammation induced by SA in liver tissue.

The radio-protective effect of rosmarinic acid against mobile phone and Wi-Fi radiation-induced oxidative stress in the brains of rats

BACKGROUND

Rosmarinus officinalis L. is an aromatic perennial herb from which rosmarinic acid (RA) can be extracted. This research was conducted to assess the effectiveness of RA against radio frequency (RF) radiation-induced oxidative stress due to 915 MHz (mobile phone) and 2450 MHz (Wi-Fi) frequencies in rats.

METHODS

The animals were separated into six groups, including group 1 receiving normal saline (NS), group 2 (NS/Wi-Fi) and group 4 (NS/mobile), which received NS plus 60 min/day of exposure to the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) for 1 month, group 3 (RA/Wi-Fi) and group 5 (RA/mobile) received RA (20 mg/kg/day, po) plus 60 min/day of EMR, and group 6 (RA) received only RA.

RESULTS

There was a significant elevation of protein carbonylation (PC), nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and significant reduction in glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the RF radiation-exposed rats' brain compared to the control group. RA reduced the levels of NO, PC and MDA and it also elevated the TAC, GPx, SOD, CAT and GSH levels in the rats' brains in the RA/Wi-Fi and RA/mobile groups compared to the NS/Wi-Fi and NS/mobile groups, respectively.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that RA can be considered a useful candidate for protecting brain tissues against RF radiation-induced oxidative stress at 915 and 2450 MHz frequencies through ameliorative effects on the antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress indices.

Aspergillus alliaceus infection fatally shifts Orobanche hormones and phenolic metabolism

In this study, the physio pathological effects of Aspergillus alliaceus (Aa, fungi, biocontrol agent) on Orobanche (parasitic plant) were investigated by hormone and phenolic substance tests. In experimental group, Orobanches were treated with the fungi, considering control group was fungus-free. Based on the hormonal tests, in the experimental group, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) levels significantly decreased, and only indole acetic acid (IAA) hormone levels were fairly higher than the control group. According to phenolic substance tests, it was found that only gallic acid, syringic acid and caffeic acid values significantly increased compared with control, and catechin and p-coumaric acid values were significantly lower. Consequently, it was determined that Aa pathogenesis (1) considerably reduces the effects of all defence hormones (JA, ABA, SA), (2) operates an inadequate defence based solely on the IAA hormone and several phenolic substances (gallic acid, syringic acid and caffeic acid), (3) and inevitably the fungi lead the Orobanche to a slow and continuous death. The results were evaluated in detail in the light of similar recent article and current literature in terms of biocontrol and pathology.

Ellagic acid reduces methotrexate-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction via up-regulating Nrf2 expression and inhibiting the IĸBα/NFĸB in rats

BACKGROUND

The clinical application of methotrexate (MTX), an efficacious cytotoxic drug, is restricted due to its associated liver toxicity. Ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenol, possesses hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

OBJECTIVES

The present study seeks to address the hepatoprotective effects of Ellagic acid (EA) against MTX-mediated oxidative stress (OS) and widen our current knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms of MTX toxicity.

METHODS

Wistar rats were orally given EA (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) for 10 successive days and at the end of the third day they were administered a single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg i.p).

RESULTS

After performing biochemical analysis, liver enzymes and malondialdehyde were significantly higher in the MTX group, indicating hepatic oxidative damage. MTX-induced OS was further confirmed with observation of events such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, mitochondrial outer membrane potential decrease, mitochondrial swelling, cytochrome c release and caspase-3/9 increase, resulting in apoptosis. Furthermore, overexpression of pro-inflammatory factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) indicated the MTX-induced inflammation in MTX-treated group. Interestingly, EA was able to significantly prevent OS, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and inflammation induced by MTX. Also, EA-treated rats demonstrated significant upregulation of both nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), which were considerably downregulated in MTX-treated rats.

CONCLUSIONS

EA protects rats against MTX-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction via up-Regulating Nrf2 and HO-1 expression and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, EA may protect patients against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity and encourage its clinical application. Graphical abstract Beneficial effect of Ellagic acid (EA) on Methotrexate (MTX)-induced liver injury: molecular mechanism.

Ellagic acid as a potential antioxidant, alleviates methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats

BACKGROUND

Hepatotoxicity is one of the most life-threatening side-effects of Methotrexate therapy. Former studies highlighted the significance of oxidative stress in promoting Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity (MIH). Hence, the current study investigated the protective effect of Ellagic acid (EA), a poly-phenolic antioxidant, against MIH.

METHODS

Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were grouped into four sets: group 1 (control), group 2 (injected intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg of Methotrexate on the 9th day), group 3 (treated orally with 10 mg/kg/day of EA for 10 days and injected with Methotrexate on the 9th day) and group 4 (treated with EA for 10 days). Subsequently, biochemical and histopathological parameters were evaluated in serum samples and liver tissues.

RESULTS

Methotrexate significantly increased activities of aminotransferases and ALP enzymes as well as levels of oxidative stress parameters in liver tissue. Likewise, Methotrexate decreased hepatic reduced glutathione level and activities of antioxidant enzymes. EA pre-treatment markedly attenuated the activities of aminotransferases and ALP, levels of oxidative stress parameters and augmented activities of antioxidant enzymes. Similarly, the remarkable protective effect of EA on liver has been confirmed by histological examination.

CONCLUSION

In sum, the current study supports the hypothesis that EA may be used as a promising pre-therapy to prevent the MIH.

Gallic acid ameliorates sodium arsenite-induced renal and hepatic toxicity in rats

Chronic exposure to toxic inorganic arsenic results in the adverse health effects including skin lesions, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders, and liver and kidney diseases. Gallic acid (GA) is an important phenolic compound, which could protect different tissues from oxidative stress induced damage. The present study investigated effects of GA against sodium arsenite (SA)-induced renal and hepatic toxicity. Thirty-five rats were randomly divided in to five groups; group 1 was treated with normal saline (2 ml/kg/day, p.o.; for 21 days); group 2 was exposed to SA (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.; for 14 days); groups 3 and 4 were treated with GA (10 and 30 mg/kg/day, respectively; for 7 days) prior to exposure to SA, and treatment was continued up to 21 days in parallel with SA administration; group 5 was treated with GA (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.; for 21 days). The level of MDA, IL-1β, NO and glutathione (GSH) and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were evaluated in kidney and liver tissues. Histopathological parameters and serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, Cr and BUN were also assessed. Treatment with GA remarkably improved SA-induced alteration of hematological and histopathological parameters; these protective effects were associated with the reduction of SA-induced elevation of MDA, IL-1β and NO levels as well as reduction of GSH level and GPx, SOD and CAT activity. Our results suggest that GA may inhibit SA-induced kidney and liver toxicity through scavenging reactive free radicals and increasing intracellular antioxidant capacity.

Gallic acid protects against ethanol-induced hepatocyte necroptosis via an NRF2-dependent mechanism

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), featured by excessive hepatocyte death and inflammation, is a prevalent disease that causes heavy health burdens worldwide. Hepatocyte necroptosis is a central event that promotes inflammation in ALD. At molecular levels, inhibition of nuclear factor (erythroid - derived 2) - like 2 (NRF2) was an important trigger for cell necroptosis. The protective effects of gallic acid (GA) on liver diseases caused by multiple factors have been elucidated, however, the role of GA in ALD remained unclear. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the anti-ALD effects of GA and further reveal the molecular mechanisms. Results showed that GA could effectively recover cell viability and reduce the release of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase by ethanol-stimulated hepatocytes. More importantly, GA limited hepatocyte necroptosis under ethanol stimulation, which was characterized by reduced expression of distinct necroptotic signals receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and RIP3 and release of high mobility group box protein 1. Mechanistically, GA could induce NRF2 expression in ethanol-incubated hepatocytes, which was a molecular basis for GA to suppress ethanol-induced hepatocyte necroptosis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that GA improved ethanol-induced hepatocyte necroptosis in vitro. Further, NRF2 activation might be requisite for GA to exert its protective effects.