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Rivero-Pino F, Casquete M, Castro MJ, Redondo del Rio P, Gutierrez E, Mayo-Iscar A, Nocito M, Corell A. Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Parallel Group Nutritional Study to Evaluate the Effects of Routine Intake of Fresh vs. Pasteurized Yogurt on the Immune System in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2024; 16:1969. [PMID: 38931322 PMCID: PMC11206341 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system is affected by the dietary products humans intake. Immune system regulation by nutrition has uses in the clinical context, but it can also benefit healthy populations by delaying or preventing the emergence of immune-mediated chronic illnesses. In this study, the purpose was to describe and compare the modulator effects on the immune system of the routine ingestion of fresh vs. pasteurized yogurt. A unicentral, prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel group 8-week nutritional study was carried out comparing the ingestion of 125 g of the products in healthy adults three times a day. A complete battery of in vitro tests on the activity of the immune system, processes and phenomena was performed. Exclusive immune-modulatory effects of fresh yogurt with respect to base line were found in terms of increased systemic IgM (primary immune responses), increased synthesis of IFN-gamma upon stimulation (Th1) and increased peripheral T cells (mainly "naive" CD4s). In the three interventions, we observed an increased phagocytic activity and burst test in granulocytes, together with increased secretion of IL-6, IL-1 β and IL-8 (pro-inflammatory) and increased CD16 expression (FcR favoring phagocytosis) in granulocytes. Overall, it is concluded that regardless of bacteria being alive or thermally inactivated, yogurt has common effects on the innate system, but the presence of live bacteria is necessary to achieve a potentiating effect on the specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rivero-Pino
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Mar Casquete
- Departamento de Pediatría, Inmunología, Obstetricia-Ginecología, Nutrición-Bromatología, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria José Castro
- Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paz Redondo del Rio
- Departamento de Pediatría, Inmunología, Obstetricia-Ginecología, Nutrición-Bromatología, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Eloina Gutierrez
- Departamento de Pediatría, Inmunología, Obstetricia-Ginecología, Nutrición-Bromatología, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Agustín Mayo-Iscar
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa & IMUVA, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Nocito
- Inmunología, Hospital Clínico de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alfredo Corell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Pediatría, Inmunología, Obstetricia-Ginecología, Nutrición-Bromatología, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
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Polyakova M, Egiazaryan A, Doroshina V, Zaytsev A, Malashin A, Babina K, Novozhilova N. The Effect of Oral Care Foams and a Spray on Salivary pH Changes after Exposure to Acidic Beverages in Young Adults. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:93. [PMID: 38668005 PMCID: PMC11049306 DOI: 10.3390/dj12040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft drinks may have a deleterious effect on dental health due to a high titratable acidity and a low pH that could be sufficient to induce tooth demineralization. The use of oral care products immediately after acidic challenge may diminish the erosive potential of soft drinks. We assessed the effect of oral care foams and a spray on salivary pH changes after exposure to Coca-Cola® in young adults. Thirty-three consenting eligible patients were recruited in this double-blind, randomized, crossover study performed in six visits. Baseline examination included unstimulated salivary flow rate, stimulated salivary buffer capacity, and the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) assessment. Salivary pH and time for pH recovery were registered after exposure to Coca-Cola® alone or that followed by the application of each of the studied products (an oral foam containing hydroxyapatite and probiotics, an oral foam containing amino fluoride, an alkaline oral spray, and tap water). Thirty-two patients completed the entire study protocol and were included in the final analysis. The mean minimum salivary pH and the mean oral clearance rate after rinsing with Coca-Cola® were 6.3 and 27 min, respectively. Further rinsing with any one of the tested solutions, including tap water, resulted in a significant improvement in these parameters. When the pH curves were plotted, the oral care products demonstrated a lower area under the curve that differed significantly from the area under the curve for Coca-Cola®; tap water did not differ significantly from Coca-Cola® and oral care products. Minimum salivary pH correlated positively with salivary buffer capacity and salivation rate, while salivary clearance correlated with OHI-S plaque scores. In conclusion, the effect of oral care foams and a spray on minimum salivary pH and salivary clearance after exposure to Coca-Cola® did not differ significantly among the tested products and tap water. Trial registration NCT06148662. Funding: none.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Polyakova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (A.E.); (V.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Anna Egiazaryan
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (A.E.); (V.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Vladlena Doroshina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (A.E.); (V.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Alexandr Zaytsev
- Institute of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Ksenia Babina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (A.E.); (V.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Nina Novozhilova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (A.E.); (V.D.); (N.N.)
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Chu PY, Yu YC, Pan YC, Dai YH, Yang JC, Huang KC, Wu YC. The Efficacy of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Supplementation in Managing Body Weight and Blood Lipids of People with Overweight: A Randomized Pilot Trial. Metabolites 2024; 14:129. [PMID: 38393021 PMCID: PMC10890272 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) in improving body weight, obesity-related outcomes, and lipid profiles of overweight people. Thirty-six overweight participants were randomly assigned to either a probiotic or a placebo group. A placebo powder or L. bulgaricus powder (containing 1 × 108 colony-forming unit (CFU) of the probiotic) was administered daily for 12 weeks. Body composition was determined, and blood tests were performed before and after the intervention. L. bulgaricus supplementation under the present condition did not affect the body weight, fat percentage, or body mass index (BMI) of the participants, while it resulted in a notable decrease in blood triglyceride (TG) levels, which corresponded to a lowering of the TG proportion in the composition of large VLDL (L-XXL sized fractions) and HDL (M and L fractions) in the probiotic-treated group. These results suggest that L. bulgaricus supplementation under the current conditions may not be helpful for losing weight, but it has the potential to decrease blood TG levels by modulating TG accumulation in or transport by VLDL/HDL in obese patients. L. bulgaricus supplements may have health-promoting properties in preventing TG-related diseases in overweight people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chun Yu
- Department of Medical Research, Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Pan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hao Dai
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
| | - Juan-Cheng Yang
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
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Shokri‐Mashhadi N, Navab F, Ansari S, Rouhani MH, Hajhashemy Z, Saraf‐Bank S. A meta-analysis of the effect of probiotic administration on age-related sarcopenia. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4975-4987. [PMID: 37701185 PMCID: PMC10494607 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Global increase in the prevalence of age-related diseases, such as sarcopenia, highlights the need of recognizing agents that improve muscle health; however, the evidence synthesis on the impact of probiotic administration on sarcopenia is scarce. To summarize and evaluate findings regarding the effect of supplementation with probiotics on sarcopenia, this meta-analysis was conducted. Using databases, including PubMed, SCOPUS, ISI-Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, interventional studies were included if they investigate the effect of probiotic administration on at least one of the components of sarcopenia up to 6 October 2022. Risk of bias evaluation was conducted using the Cochrane quality assessment tool. The random-effects model which takes between-study variations into account was used to obtain the overall effect sizes. The STATA version 14.0 was used for statistical analyses. Overall, 17 studies were included. There was high certainty of evidence that probiotic supplementation has a beneficial effect on muscle mass (kg) (WMD: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.05; I 2: 0.0%, p = .995), and muscle function (WMD: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.23; I 2: 65.6%, p = .05). Moreover, administration of probiotics for more than 12 weeks significantly increased muscle strength (WMD: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.44; I 2: 0.0%, p = .77). However, probiotic supplementation had no effect on anthropometric indices, including body mass index. Probiotic supplementation could improve muscle mass and muscle function in adults more than 55 years old. The beneficial effect of probiotics on muscle strength could appear after 12 weeks of supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Shokri‐Mashhadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Fatemeh Navab
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Shakila Ansari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rouhani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Zahra Hajhashemy
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Sahar Saraf‐Bank
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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HEMMI J, MAKINO S, YOKOO T, KANO H, ASAMI Y, TAKEDA K, SUZUKI Y, KAWAI S, NAGAOKA I, SAWAKI K, OKUMURA K. Consumption of yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 augments serum antibody titers against seasonal influenza vaccine in healthy adults. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2023; 42:73-80. [PMID: 36660594 PMCID: PMC9816052 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2022-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza is a major upper respiratory tract infection occurring in winter. Vaccination is the best method for preventing this infection. We conducted two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials to examine whether consumption of yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1, which has been reported to reduce the risk of catching the common cold, augments serum antibody titers against seasonal influenza vaccines. In the first trial, which included university students, serum antibody titers against influenza A (H3N2) and B viruses were significantly higher in the yogurt group than in the placebo group. According to the guidelines established by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the assessment of vaccines, the seroconversion rate and mean geometric increase of influenza A (H3N2) and seroprotection of influenza B met the criteria only in the yogurt group. In the second trial, which included healthy adults, serum antibody titers against influenza A (H1N1) and B viruses were significantly higher in the yogurt group than in the placebo group. The seroconversion rate and mean geometric increase of influenza B met the EMA criteria only in the yogurt group. Furthermore, the cumulative days of ill health, such as throat complaints, upper respiratory inflammation, and cold, were significantly lower in the yogurt group than in the placebo group. Therefore, daily intake of yogurt fermented with L. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 could reduce the duration of symptoms caused by respiratory infections and act as a mucosal adjuvant enhancing acquired immune responses against vaccines, leading to the improvement of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun HEMMI
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D
Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Seiya MAKINO
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D
Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan,Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of
Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan,*Corresponding author. Seiya Makino (E-mail: )
| | - Takehiro YOKOO
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D
Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Hiroshi KANO
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D
Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan,Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of
Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yukio ASAMI
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D
Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi TAKEDA
- Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of
Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Support Center, Graduate
School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421,
Japan
| | - Yoshio SUZUKI
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo
University, 1-1 Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Sachio KAWAI
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo
University, 1-1 Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Isao NAGAOKA
- Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Graduate
School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421,
Japan
| | - Keisuke SAWAKI
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo
University, 1-1 Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Ko OKUMURA
- Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of
Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan,Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine,
Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Probiotics and Postbiotics as the Functional Food Components Affecting the Immune Response. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010104. [PMID: 36677396 PMCID: PMC9862734 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The food market is one of the most innovative segments of the world economy. Recently, among consumers there is a forming trend of a healthier lifestyle and interest in functional foods. Products with positive health properties are a good source of nutrients for consumers' nutritional needs and reduce the risk of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, or obesity. They also seem to boost the immune system. One of the types of functional food is "probiotic products", which contain viable microorganisms with beneficial health properties. However, due to some technical difficulties in their development and marketing, a new alternative has started to be sought. Many scientific studies also point to the possibility of positive effects on human health, the so-called "postbiotics", the characteristic metabolites of the microbiome. Both immunobiotics and post-immunobiotics are the food components that affect the immune response in two ways: as inhibition (suppressing allergies and inflammation) or as an enhancement (providing host defenses against infection). This work's aim was to conduct a literature review of the possibilities of using probiotics and postbiotics as the functional food components affecting the immune response, with an emphasis on the most recently published works.
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Illikoud N, Mantel M, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Gagnaire V, Jan G. Dairy starters and fermented dairy products modulate gut mucosal immunity. Immunol Lett 2022; 251-252:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wang YH, Limaye A, Liu JR, Wu TN. Potential probiotics for regulation of the gut-lung axis to prevent or alleviate influenza in vulnerable populations. J Tradit Complement Med 2022; 13:161-169. [PMID: 36970463 PMCID: PMC10037066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza, also known as "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Three types of influenza virus, A, B, and C, are able to infect humans. In most people, influenza causes mild symptoms, but it can also induce severe complications and death. Annual influenza vaccines are currently the main intervention used to minimize mortality and morbidity. However, vaccination frequently fails to provide adequate protection, especially in the elderly. Traditional flu vaccine targets hemagglutinin to prevent virus infection, but the constant mutation of hemagglutinin means that it is a challenge to develop vaccines quickly enough to keep up with mutations. Thus, other methods of curbing influenza incidence would be welcomed, especially for vulnerable populations. Although influenza viruses primarily infect the respiratory tract, influenza virus infection also induces intestinal dysbiosis. Through gut microbiota-derived secreted products and the circulating immune cells, gut microbiota can affect pulmonary immunity. The crosstalk between the respiratory tract and gut microbiota, termed the "gut-lung axis", is observed in the regulation of immune responses against influenza virus infection or inflammation-induced lung damage, indicating the possibility of using probiotics to prevent influenza virus infection or alleviate respiratory symptoms. In this review, we summarize the current findings on the antiviral functions of particular probiotics and/or combinations and discuss the antiviral mechanisms and immunomodulatory activities of probiotics in vitro, in mice, and in humans. Clinical studies show probiotic supplements can provide health benefits, not only to the elderly or children with compromised immune systems, but also to young- and middle-aged adults.
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Debnath N, Kumar A, Yadav AK. Probiotics as a biotherapeutics for the management and prevention of respiratory tract diseases. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:277-291. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabendu Debnath
- Centre for Molecular Biology Central University of Jammu Samba 181143 Jammu and Kashmir (UT) India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Nutrition Biology Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh Jant‐Pali 123031 Haryana India
| | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Centre for Molecular Biology Central University of Jammu Samba 181143 Jammu and Kashmir (UT) India
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Abstract
Fermented foods (FFs) hold global attention because of their huge advantages. Their health benefits, palatability, preserved, tasteful, and aromatic properties impart potential importance in the comprehensive evaluation of FFs. The bioactive components, such as minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, amino acids, and other phytochemicals synthesized during fermentation, provide consumers with several health benefits. Fermentation of food is an ancient process that has met with many remarkable changes owing to the development of scientific technologies over the years. Initially, fermentation relied on back-slapping. Nowadays, starter cultures strains are specifically chosen for the type of fermentation process. Modern biotechnological methods are being implemented in the fermentation process to achieve the desired product in high quality. Respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections are the most severe health issues affecting human beings of all age groups, especially children and older adults, during this COVID-19 pandemic period. Studies suggest that the consumption of probiotic Lactobacillus strains containing fermented foods protects the subjects from common infectious diseases (CIDs, which is classified as upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections) by improving the host’s immune system. Further studies are obligatory to develop probiotic-based functional FFs that are effective against CIDs. Presently, we are urged to find alternative, safe, and cost-effective prevention measures against CIDs. The current manuscript briefs the production of FFs, functional properties of FFs, and their beneficial effects against respiratory tract infections. It summarizes the outcomes of clinical trials using human subjects on the effects of supplementation of FFs.
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The Effect of Oral Probiotics (Streptococcus Salivarius k12) on the Salivary Level of Secretory Immunoglobulin A, Salivation Rate, and Oral Biofilm: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051124. [PMID: 35268099 PMCID: PMC8912462 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the effect of oral probiotics containing the Streptococcus salivarius K12 strain on the salivary level of secretory immunoglobulin A, salivation rate, and oral biofilm. Thirty-one consenting patients meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-arm, parallel-group study and randomly divided into probiotic (n = 15) and placebo (n = 16) groups. Unstimulated salivation rate, concentration of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A, Turesky index, and Papillary-Marginal-Attached index were assessed after 4 weeks of intervention and 2 weeks of washout. Thirty patients completed the entire study protocol. We found no increase in salivary secretory immunoglobulin A levels and salivary flow rates in the probiotic group compared with placebo. Baseline and outcome salivary secretory immunoglobulin A concentrations (mg/L) were 226 ± 130 and 200 ± 113 for the probiotic group and 205 ± 92 and 191 ± 97 for the placebo group, respectively. A significant decrease in plaque accumulation was observed in the probiotic group at 4 and 6 weeks. Within the limitations of the present study, it may be concluded that probiotic intake (Streptococcus salivarius K12) does not affect salivation rates and secretory immunoglobulin A salivary levels but exhibits a positive effect on plaque accumulation. Trial registration NCT05039320. Funding: none.
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Immune Memory in Aging: a Wide Perspective Covering Microbiota, Brain, Metabolism, and Epigenetics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 63:499-529. [PMID: 34910283 PMCID: PMC8671603 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-specific innate and antigen-specific adaptive immunological memories are vital evolutionary adaptations that confer long-lasting protection against a wide range of pathogens. Adaptive memory is established by memory T and B lymphocytes following the recognition of an antigen. On the other hand, innate immune memory, also called trained immunity, is imprinted in innate cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. However, these mechanisms of memory generation and maintenance are compromised as organisms age. Almost all immune cell types, both mature cells and their progenitors, go through age-related changes concerning numbers and functions. The aging immune system renders the elderly highly susceptible to infections and incapable of mounting a proper immune response upon vaccinations. Besides the increased infectious burden, older individuals also have heightened risks of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, which have an immunological component. This review discusses how immune function, particularly the establishment and maintenance of innate and adaptive immunological memory, regulates and is regulated by epigenetics, metabolic processes, gut microbiota, and the central nervous system throughout life, with a focus on old age. We explain in-depth how epigenetics and cellular metabolism impact immune cell function and contribute or resist the aging process. Microbiota is intimately linked with the immune system of the human host, and therefore, plays an important role in immunological memory during both homeostasis and aging. The brain, which is not an immune-isolated organ despite former opinion, interacts with the peripheral immune cells, and the aging of both systems influences the health of each other. With all these in mind, we aimed to present a comprehensive view of the aging immune system and its consequences, especially in terms of immunological memory. The review also details the mechanisms of promising anti-aging interventions and highlights a few, namely, caloric restriction, physical exercise, metformin, and resveratrol, that impact multiple facets of the aging process, including the regulation of innate and adaptive immune memory. We propose that understanding aging as a complex phenomenon, with the immune system at the center role interacting with all the other tissues and systems, would allow for more effective anti-aging strategies.
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Abstract
Viral infections represent a major health problem worldwide. Due to the wide variety of etiological agents and their increasing resistance to anti-virals and antibiotics treatments, new strategies for effective therapies need to be developed. Scientific evidence suggests that probiotics may have prophylactic and therapeutic effects in viral diseases. Indeed, these microorganisms interact harmoniously with the intestinal microbiota and protect the integrity of the intestinal barrier as well as modulate the host immune system. Currently, clinical trials with probiotics have been documented in respiratory tract infections, infections caused by human immunodeficiency viruses, herpes, human papillomavirus and hepatic encephalopathy. However, the benefits documented so far are difficult to extrapolate, due to the strain-dependent effect. In addition, the dose of the microorganism used as well as host characteristics are other parameters that should be consider when advocating the use of probiotics to treat viral infections. This review addresses the scientific evidence of the efficacy of probiotics in clinical strains perspective in viral infectious diseases in the last 10 years.
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14
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Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Kar B, Bhuyan SK, Ghosh G, Rath G. Clinical Interventions and Budding Applications of Probiotics in the Treatment and Prevention of Viral Infections. Arch Med Res 2021; 53:122-130. [PMID: 34690010 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the period, viral infections remain the utmost challenge in front of the scientific community. Continuous shifting and drafting of viral antigenic peptides are the main drivers in the development of antiviral drug resistance. The resurgence of disease, difficulties facing the development of an effective vaccine and undesirable immunological outcomes, foster to develop an alternative therapeutic approach to combat viral infections. Biomimetic nature of viral particles competent to invade the host cell by downregulating the expression of immune responsive cells. To revive from such complications, strengthening the innate immunity places first and foremost defense mechanisms to restrict viral infiltration. Variegated probiotic strains show antiviral activity by stimulating the macrophage and dendritic cell to secret the inflammation response mediated chemokines and cytokines, production of antimicrobial peptides, and biosurfactants, modulate the antiviral gens expression, alter the proportional functionality of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory cells (Tregs), etc. With the appreciation for the antiviral activity and health benefits, however, the selectivity of specific probiotic strain from the diversified microbiome, the interactive molecular mechanism of probiotics, viability and sustainability of a specific number of a probiotic strain at the end of the shelf life, stability, selection of the formulation materials, identification and validation of the key process parameters have the major challenges for the development of an effective probiotic therapy against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pradhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Odisha, India
| | - Prativa Biswasroy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Odisha, India
| | - Biswakanth Kar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Odisha, India
| | - Sanat Kumar Bhuyan
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan University, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Odisha, India.
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15
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Gouda AS, Adbelruhman FG, Sabbah Alenezi H, Mégarbane B. Theoretical benefits of yogurt-derived bioactive peptides and probiotics in COVID-19 patients - A narrative review and hypotheses. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5897-5905. [PMID: 34177317 PMCID: PMC8213517 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The world is currently facing a frightening coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Severity of COVID-19 presentation is highly variable among infected individuals with increasingly recognized risk factors. Although observational studies suggested lower COVID-19 severity in populations consuming fermented foods, no controlled study investigated the role of diet. Yogurt, a fermented dairy product, exhibits interesting properties related to the presence of bioactive peptides and probiotics that may play a beneficial role in COVID-19 presentation and outcome. Peptides contained in yogurt are responsible for angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory, bradykinin potentiating, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antioxidant effects. The types and activity of these peptides vary widely depending on their amino acid sequence, on the probiotics used in yogurt production and on intestinal digestion. Additionally, probiotics used in yogurt exhibit direct angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory, antiviral and immune boosting activities. Since COVID-19 pathogenesis involves angiotensin II accumulation and bradykinin deficiency, yogurt bioactive peptides appear as potentially beneficial. Therefore, epidemiological investigations and randomized controlled clinical trials to evaluate the exact role of yogurt consumption on COVID-19 manifestations and outcome should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Gouda
- National Egyptian Center for Toxicological Researches, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,Poison Control and Forensic Chemistry Center, Northern Borders, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima G. Adbelruhman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamedah Sabbah Alenezi
- Poison Control and Forensic Chemistry Center, Northern Borders, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, University of Paris, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris, France,Corresponding author at: Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France.
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16
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Novel Insights into the Role of Probiotics in Respiratory Infections, Allergies, Cancer, and Neurological Abnormalities. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9030060. [PMID: 34562967 PMCID: PMC8482260 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, probiotics have attracted public attention and transformed the social perception of microorganisms, convening a beneficial role/state on human health. With aging, the immune system, body physiology, and intestinal microbiota tend to change unfavorably, resulting in many chronic conditions. The immune-mediated disorders can be linked to intestinal dysbiosis, consequently leading to immune dysfunctions and a cluster of conditions such as asthma, autoimmune diseases, eczema, and various allergies. Probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species are considered probiotic species that have a great immunomodulatory and anti-allergic effect. Moreover, recent scientific and clinical data illustrate that probiotics can regulate the immune system, exert anti-viral and anti-tumoral activity, and shields the host against oxidative stress. Additionally, microbiota programming by probiotic bacteria can reduce and prevent the symptoms of respiratory infections and ameliorate the neurological status in humans. This review describes the most recent clinical findings, including safe probiotic therapies aiming to medicate respiratory infections, allergies, cancer, and neurological disorders due to their physiological interconnection. Subsequently, we will describe the major biological mechanism by which probiotic bacteriotherapy expresses its anti-viral, anti-allergic, anticancer, and neuro-stimulatory effects.
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17
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Piccioni A, Franza L, Vaccaro V, Saviano A, Zanza C, Candelli M, Covino M, Franceschi F, Ojetti V. Microbiota and Probiotics: The Role of Limosilactobacillus Reuteri in Diverticulitis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57080802. [PMID: 34441008 PMCID: PMC8398895 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota is the set of commensal microorganisms, residing in the organism, helping proper functioning of organs and systems. The role that the microbiota plays in maintaining the health of vertebrates is widely accepted, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, where it is fundamental for immunity, development, and conversion of nutrients. Dysbiosis is an alteration of the microbiota which refers to a disturbed balance, which can cause a number of pathologies. Probiotics have proven to be effective in modulating the microbiota of the gastrointestinal system and, therefore, in promoting the health of the individual. In particular, Lactobacilli are a group of Gram-positive bacteria, which are able to produce lactic acid through glucose metabolism. They are present in different microenvironments, ranging from the vagina, to the mouth, to different tracts of the small intestine. In the present review, we will discuss the use of Limosilactobacillus in human health in general and more specifically in diverticulitis. In particular we analyze the role of Limosilactobacillus reuteri and its anti-inflammatory action. For this review, articles were identified using the electronic PubMed database through a comprehensive search, conducted by combining key terms such as "diverticulitis", "Limosilactobacillus reuteri", "human health and disease", "probiotics". We selected all the articles published in the last 10 years and screened 1017 papers. Articles referenced in the screened papers were evaluated if considered interesting for our topic. Probiotics have proven to be effective in modulating the microbiota of the gastrointestinal system and, therefore, in promoting the health of the individual. The importance of probiotics in treating diverticular disease and acute diverticulitis can be further understood if taking into consideration some pathophysiological aspects, associated to the microbiota. L. reuteri plays an important role in human health and disease. The effectiveness of L. reuteri in stimulating a correct bowl motility partly explains its effectiveness in treating diverticulitis. The most important action of L. reuteri is probably its immunomodulating activity. Levels of IL-6, IL-8, and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) are reduced after supplementation with different strands of Lactobacilli, while T-regulatory cells increase in number and activity. Anyway, new mechanisms of action of probiotics come to light from the many investigations currently taking place in numerous centres around the world and to improve how exactly probiotic administration could make the difference in the management of diverticular disease and acute diverticulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Piccioni
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (M.C.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Franza
- Emergency Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (L.F.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (C.Z.); (V.O.)
| | - Vanessa Vaccaro
- Emergency Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (L.F.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (C.Z.); (V.O.)
| | - Angela Saviano
- Emergency Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (L.F.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (C.Z.); (V.O.)
| | - Christian Zanza
- Emergency Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (L.F.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (C.Z.); (V.O.)
| | - Marcello Candelli
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (M.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Marcello Covino
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (M.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Franceschi
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (M.C.); (F.F.)
- Emergency Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (L.F.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (C.Z.); (V.O.)
| | - Veronica Ojetti
- Emergency Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (L.F.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (C.Z.); (V.O.)
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18
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Santos Ferreira RD, Dos Santos C, Maranhão Mendonça LAB, Espinola Carvalho CM, Franco OL. Immunonutrition effects on coping with COVID-19. Food Funct 2021; 12:7637-7650. [PMID: 34286803 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01278a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 implications are still a threat to global health. In the face of this pandemic, food and nutrition are key issues that can boost the immune system. The bioactivity of functional foods and nutrients (probiotics, prebiotics, water- and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, glutamine, arginine, nucleotides, and PUFAs) contributes to immune system modulation, which establishes the status of nutrients as a factor of immune competence. These foods can contribute, especially during a pandemic, to the minimization of complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, it is important to support the nutritional strategies for strengthening the immune status, associated with good eating habits, as a way to confront COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Dos Santos Ferreira
- S-Inova Biotech. Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco-UCDB, MS 79117-010 Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Dos Santos
- S-Inova Biotech. Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco-UCDB, MS 79117-010 Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech. Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco-UCDB, MS 79117-010 Campo Grande, Brazil. and Center of Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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19
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Varsha KK, Maheshwari AP, Nampoothiri KM. Accomplishment of probiotics in human health pertaining to immunoregulation and disease control. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 44:26-37. [PMID: 34330476 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is a well-established fact that the microbiome harboring the human body plays a critical role in maintaining human health and can influence treatments against various ailments. Human microbiome-based research contemplates the possibility of selecting and administering specific commensal bacterial strains to modulate the gut microbiota to attain favorable outcomes to the therapies. Consumption of probiotics and probiotic-based dietary supplements as functional foods has been a promising treatment strategy against various diseases. Clinical studies demonstrate that probiotic administration alters gut microbiota composition and instigates immune modulation in the host. The benefits of probiotics are reported to be strain-specific and depend on the host's baseline immune competence. This review explores the role of probiotics in alleviating symptoms of allergy, cancer, cardio vascular (CV) diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM), bowel diseases (IBD and IBS), periodontal disease, diseases affecting liver and kidney, neuroinflammatory diseases, and viral infections. Also, it surveyed the broad spectrum bioactive compounds produced by probiotics and possible mechanisms that trigger the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kontham Kulangara Varsha
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Padmakumar Maheshwari
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Kesavan Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, Kerala, India.
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20
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The Effect of Probiotics on Health Outcomes in the Elderly: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Studies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061344. [PMID: 34205818 PMCID: PMC8234958 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that probiotic supplementation may be efficacious in counteracting age-related shifts in gut microbiota composition and diversity, thereby impacting health outcomes and promoting healthy aging. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with probiotics in healthy older adults have utilized a wide variety of strains and focused on several different outcomes with conflicting results. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to determine which outcomes have been investigated in randomized controlled trials with probiotic supplementation in healthy older adults and what has been the effect of these interventions. For inclusion, studies reporting on randomized controlled trials with probiotic and synbiotic supplements in healthy older adults (defined as minimum age of 60 years) were considered. Studies reporting clinical trials in specific patient groups or unhealthy participants were excluded. In addition to assessment of eligibility and data extraction, each study was examined for risk of bias and quality assessment was performed by two independent reviewers. Due to the heterogeneity of outcomes, strains, study design, duration, and methodology, we did not perform any meta-analyses and instead provided a narrative overview of the outcomes examined. Of 1997 potentially eligible publications, 17 studies were included in this review. The risk of bias was low, although several studies failed to adequately describe random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and blinding. The overall study quality was high; however, many studies did not include sample calculations, and the majority of studies had a small sample size. The main outcomes examined in the trials included microbiota composition, immune-related measurements, digestive health, general well-being, cognitive function, and lipid and other biomarkers. The most commonly assessed outcome with the most consistent effect was microbiota composition; all but one study with this outcome showed significant effects on gut microbiota composition in healthy older adults. Overall, probiotic supplementation had modest effects on markers of humoral immunity, immune cell population levels and activity, as well as the incidence and duration of the common cold and other infections with some conflicting results. Digestive health, general-well-being, cognitive function, and lipid and other biomarkers were investigated in a very small number of studies; therefore, the impact on these outcomes remains inconclusive. Probiotics appear to be efficacious in modifying gut microbiota composition in healthy older adults and have moderate effects on immune function. However, the effect of probiotic supplementation on other health outcomes remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for more well-designed, sufficiently-powered studies to investigate if and the mechanisms by which probiotics impact healthy aging.
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21
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Strauss M, Mičetić-Turk D, Pogačar MŠ, Fijan S. Probiotics for the Prevention of Acute Respiratory-Tract Infections in Older People: Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:690. [PMID: 34200435 PMCID: PMC8228160 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to present the indirect influence of probiotics on the incidence and duration of acute upper respiratory-tract infections in older people, by regulating the immune system. Eight randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials met the inclusion criteria, considering the threshold of older people being 60 years and over. Single strain probiotics were used in all studies, including three probiotic strains used in fermented foods: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei CNCM I-1518 and Lacticaseibacillusparacasei Shirota, and three probiotic strains used as food supplements: Loigolactobacillus coryniformis K8 CECT5711, Bacillus subtilis CU1 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. Current evidence showed that certain probiotic strains were better than a placebo in lowering the incidence or number of older people experiencing acute upper respiratory tract infections; however, not all probiotic strains were efficient, and not all studies reported statistically significant outcomes. More high quality large-scale properly controlled clinical studies focusing on older people are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Strauss
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Health and Nutrition, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.S.); (D.M.-T.)
| | - Dušanka Mičetić-Turk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Health and Nutrition, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.S.); (D.M.-T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Maja Šikić Pogačar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Sabina Fijan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Health and Nutrition, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.S.); (D.M.-T.)
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22
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Ailioaie LM, Litscher G. Probiotics, Photobiomodulation, and Disease Management: Controversies and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094942. [PMID: 34066560 PMCID: PMC8124384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, researchers around the world have been studying intensively how micro-organisms that are present inside living organisms could affect the main processes of life, namely health and pathological conditions of mind or body. They discovered a relationship between the whole microbial colonization and the initiation and development of different medical disorders. Besides already known probiotics, novel products such as postbiotics and paraprobiotics have been developed in recent years to create new non-viable micro-organisms or bacterial-free extracts, which can provide benefits to the host with additional bioactivity to probiotics, but without the risk of side effects. The best alternatives in the use of probiotics and postbiotics to maintain the health of the intestinal microbiota and to prevent the attachment of pathogens to children and adults are highlighted and discussed as controversies and challenges. Updated knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the balance between microbiota and immune system for the introspection on the gut-lung-brain axis could reveal the latest benefits and perspectives of applied photobiomics for health. Multiple interconditioning between photobiomodulation (PBM), probiotics, and the human microbiota, their effects on the human body, and their implications for the management of viral infectious diseases is essential. Coupled complex PBM and probiotic interventions can control the microbiome, improve the activity of the immune system, and save the lives of people with immune imbalances. There is an urgent need to seek and develop innovative treatments to successfully interact with the microbiota and the human immune system in the coronavirus crisis. In the near future, photobiomics and metabolomics should be applied innovatively in the SARS-CoV-2 crisis (to study and design new therapies for COVID-19 immediately), to discover how bacteria can help us through adequate energy biostimulation to combat this pandemic, so that we can find the key to the hidden code of communication between RNA viruses, bacteria, and our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Ultramedical & Laser Clinic, 83 Arcu Street, 700135 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-83907
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23
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Raheem A, Liang L, Zhang G, Cui S. Modulatory Effects of Probiotics During Pathogenic Infections With Emphasis on Immune Regulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616713. [PMID: 33897683 PMCID: PMC8060567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to inhibit pathogenic complications and to enhance animal and poultry growth, antibiotics have been extensively used for many years. Antibiotics applications not only affect target pathogens but also intestinal beneficially microbes, inducing long-lasting changes in intestinal microbiota associated with diseases. The application of antibiotics also has many other side effects like, intestinal barrier dysfunction, antibiotics residues in foodstuffs, nephropathy, allergy, bone marrow toxicity, mutagenicity, reproductive disorders, hepatotoxicity carcinogenicity, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which greatly compromise the efficacy of antibiotics. Thus, the development of new antibiotics is necessary, while the search for antibiotic alternatives continues. Probiotics are considered the ideal antibiotic substitute; in recent years, probiotic research concerning their application during pathogenic infections in humans, aquaculture, poultry, and livestock industry, with emphasis on modulating the immune system of the host, has been attracting considerable interest. Hence, the adverse effects of antibiotics and remedial effects of probiotics during infectious diseases have become central points of focus among researchers. Probiotics are live microorganisms, and when given in adequate quantities, confer good health effects to the host through different mechanisms. Among them, the regulation of host immune response during pathogenic infections is one of the most important mechanisms. A number of studies have investigated different aspects of probiotics. In this review, we mainly summarize recent discoveries and discuss two important aspects: (1) the application of probiotics during pathogenic infections; and (2) their modulatory effects on the immune response of the host during infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Raheem
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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24
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Ale EC, Binetti AG. Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics in the Elderly: Insights Into Their Applications. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631254. [PMID: 33584631 PMCID: PMC7876055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly people are an important part of the global population who suffer from the natural processes of senescence, which lead to changes in the gut microbiota composition. These modifications have a great impact on their quality of life, bringing a general putrefactive and inflammatory status as a consequence. Some of the most frequent conditions related to this status are constipation, undernutrition, neurodegenerative diseases, susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens, and metabolic disbalance, among others. For these reasons, there is an increasing interest in improving their quality of life by non-invasive treatments such as the consumption of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. The aim of the present mini-review is to describe the benefits of these functional supplements/food according to the most recent clinical and pre-clinical studies published during the last decade. In addition, insights into several aspects we consider relevant to improve the quality of future studies are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa C Ale
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Ingeniería Química (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ana G Binetti
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Ingeniería Química (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
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25
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Lopez-Santamarina A, Lamas A, del Carmen Mondragón A, Cardelle-Cobas A, Regal P, Rodriguez-Avila JA, Miranda JM, Franco CM, Cepeda A. Probiotic Effects against Virus Infections: New Weapons for an Old War. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010130. [PMID: 33435315 PMCID: PMC7827890 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to gather the available literature investigating the effects of probiotics against the most common viral infections using in vitro trials in cell lines and in vivo clinical trials in both experimental animals and humans. Probiotics were employed to prevent and reduce symptoms of infections caused by common viruses, especially respiratory tract viruses, but also for viral digestive infections (such as rotavirus, coronavirus, or norovirus) and other viral infections (such as viruses that cause hepatitis, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, and herpes simplex virus). Different probiotics have been studied to see their possible effect against the abovementioned viruses, among which different Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus can be highlighted. In many cases, mixtures of various probiotic strains were used. Although the results obtained did not show similar results, in most cases, probiotic supplementation improved both barrier and biochemical immune responses, decreased susceptibility to viral infections, and enhanced the effects of concomitant vaccines. Works collected in this review show a beneficial effect of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of different viral infections. We found interesting results related to the prevention of viral infections, reduction of the duration of diseases, and decrease of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroa Lopez-Santamarina
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.L.-S.); (A.L.); (A.d.C.M.); (A.C.-C.); (P.R.); (C.M.F.); (A.C)
| | - Alexandre Lamas
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.L.-S.); (A.L.); (A.d.C.M.); (A.C.-C.); (P.R.); (C.M.F.); (A.C)
| | - Alicia del Carmen Mondragón
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.L.-S.); (A.L.); (A.d.C.M.); (A.C.-C.); (P.R.); (C.M.F.); (A.C)
| | - Alejandra Cardelle-Cobas
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.L.-S.); (A.L.); (A.d.C.M.); (A.C.-C.); (P.R.); (C.M.F.); (A.C)
| | - Patricia Regal
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.L.-S.); (A.L.); (A.d.C.M.); (A.C.-C.); (P.R.); (C.M.F.); (A.C)
| | - José Antonio Rodriguez-Avila
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Pachuca 42076, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | - José Manuel Miranda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.L.-S.); (A.L.); (A.d.C.M.); (A.C.-C.); (P.R.); (C.M.F.); (A.C)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos Manuel Franco
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.L.-S.); (A.L.); (A.d.C.M.); (A.C.-C.); (P.R.); (C.M.F.); (A.C)
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.L.-S.); (A.L.); (A.d.C.M.); (A.C.-C.); (P.R.); (C.M.F.); (A.C)
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Modulation of gut microbiota protects against viral respiratory tract infections: a systematic review of animal and clinical studies. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4151-4174. [PMID: 33852069 PMCID: PMC8044287 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier studies suggest that probiotics have protective effects in the prevention of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Whether such benefits apply to RTIs of viral origin and mechanisms supporting the effect remain unclear. AIM To determine the role of gut microbiota modulation on clinical and laboratory outcomes of viral RTIs. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of articles published in Embase and MEDLINE through 20 April 2020 to identify studies reporting the effect of gut microbiota modulation on viral RTIs in clinical studies and animal models. The incidence of viral RTIs, clinical manifestations, viral load and immunological outcomes was evaluated. RESULTS We included 58 studies (9 randomized controlled trials; 49 animal studies). Six of eight clinical trials consisting of 726 patients showed that probiotics administration was associated with a reduced risk of viral RTIs. Most commonly used probiotics were Lactobacillus followed by Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus. In animal models, treatment with probiotics before viral challenge had beneficial effects against influenza virus infection by improving infection-induced survival (20/22 studies), mitigating symptoms (21/21 studies) and decreasing viral load (23/25 studies). Probiotics and commensal gut microbiota exerted their beneficial effects through strengthening host immunity. CONCLUSION Modulation of gut microbiota represents a promising approach against viral RTIs via host innate and adaptive immunity regulation. Further research should focus on next generation probiotics specific to viral types in prevention and treatment of emerging viral RTIs.
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Bosco N, Noti M. The aging gut microbiome and its impact on host immunity. Genes Immun 2021; 22:289-303. [PMID: 33875817 PMCID: PMC8054695 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome plays a fundamental role in the maturation, function, and regulation of the host-immune system from birth to old age. In return, the immune system has co-evolved a mutualistic relationship with trillions of beneficial microbes residing our bodies while mounting efficient responses to fight invading pathogens. As we age, both the immune system and the gut microbiome undergo significant changes in composition and function that correlate with increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and reduced vaccination responses. Emerging studies suggest that targeting age-related dysbiosis can improve health- and lifespan, in part through reducing systemic low-grade inflammation and immunosenescence-two hallmarks of the aging process. However-a cause and effect relationship of age-related dysbiosis and associated functional declines in immune cell functioning have yet to be demonstrated in clinical settings. This review aims to (i) give an overview on hallmarks of the aging immune system and gut microbiome, (ii) discuss the impact of age-related changes in the gut commensal community structure (introduced as microb-aging) on host-immune fitness and health, and (iii) summarize prebiotic- and probiotic clinical intervention trials aiming to reinforce age-related declines in immune cell functioning through microbiome modulation or rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Bosco
- grid.419905.00000 0001 0066 4948Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Cellular Metabolism, EPFL Innovation Park, Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Noti
- grid.419905.00000 0001 0066 4948Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Gastrointestinal Health, Immunology, Vers-Chez-les-Blancs, Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Seifert G, Jeitler M, Stange R, Michalsen A, Cramer H, Brinkhaus B, Esch T, Kerckhoff A, Paul A, Teut M, Ghadjar P, Langhorst J, Häupl T, Murthy V, Kessler CS. The Relevance of Complementary and Integrative Medicine in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Review of the Literature. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:587749. [PMID: 33363186 PMCID: PMC7761649 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.587749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic people are facing risks of adverse health effects due to the restrictions implemented such as quarantine measures, reduced social contact, and self-isolation. In this qualitative review, we collected data on potential preventive and therapeutic health benefits of Complementary and Integrative Medicine (CIM) that might be useful during the COVID-19 pandemic. We have reviewed the scientific literature to summarize CIM practices that could be beneficial for improving physical and mental health and well-being of the population under the current pandemic circumstances. It must be noted that this review is not SARS-CoV-2 specific and we explicitly do not intend to make any SARS-CoV-2 specific health claims in this article. Methods and Findings: A qualitative, non-systematic literature review was conducted in Medline to identify literature describing preventive and therapeutic CIM approaches for strengthening mental and physical health. For a variety of CIM approaches clinical evidence was identified, indicating beneficial effects. CIM approaches include specific dietary measures and selected micronutrients, physical activity, techniques from Mind-Body Medicine, single botanicals or botanical compounds, and spending time in nature among others. The effects of CIM measures on conditions like obesity and hypertension are of special relevance here, as these conditions are considered as risk factors for a severe course of COVID-19. Moreover, a possibly direct effect of CIM approaches on immune functions and clinical parameters in respiratory tract infections, such as influenza, were identified. The findings of this review could be helpful for clinicians, patients, and the general population during the current pandemic when discussing and/or considering CIM options. Conclusions: CIM offers a variety of preventive and therapeutic options for strengthening physical and mental resilience, which could also be useful in the current COVID-19 pandemic. The evidence of CIM approaches with a potential benefit in the COVID-19 pandemic in different areas is worth to be analyzed. While this qualitative review has several obvious limitations, it might serve as useful starting point for further research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Seifert
- Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Otto-Heubner Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (OHC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Georg Seifert
| | - Michael Jeitler
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Stange
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Michalsen
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Cramer
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Benno Brinkhaus
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Esch
- Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion, University Clinic for Integrative Health Care, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Annette Kerckhoff
- Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion, University Clinic for Integrative Health Care, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Anna Paul
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Teut
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pirus Ghadjar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jost Langhorst
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Klinikum Bamberg, Chair for Integrative Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Häupl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vijay Murthy
- Faculty of Medicine, Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christian S. Kessler
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Naito Y, Takagi T, Yamamoto T, Watanabe S. Association between selective IgA deficiency and COVID-19. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 67:122-125. [PMID: 33041507 PMCID: PMC7533856 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to propose a hypothesis that there is a potential association between the incidence of selective IgA deficiency in various countries and COVID-19 cases. The number of deaths due to COVID-19 increased in clear proportion to the number of infected patients, and the difference in the number of deaths by country was due to the difference in the number of infected patients. The frequency of selective IgA deficiency has a strong positive correlation with the prevalence of COVID-19 per population. The low infection rate contributed to the low death rate from COVID-19 in Japan, suggesting that the extremely low frequency of selective IgA deficiency may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8066, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8066, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yamamoto
- TTC Co. Ltd., 1-20-2 Ebisu-nishi, Sibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0021, Japan
| | - Shaw Watanabe
- Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society, Life Science Promoting Association, 25-3-1004 Daijyo-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0015, Japan
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Sakaguchi W, Kubota N, Shimizu T, Saruta J, Fuchida S, Kawata A, Yamamoto Y, Sugimoto M, Yakeishi M, Tsukinoki K. Existence of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules in the Oral Cavity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176000. [PMID: 32825469 PMCID: PMC7503451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and furin, which promote entry of the virus into the host cell, have been identified as determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Dorsal tongue and gingiva, saliva, and tongue coating samples were examined to determine the presence of these molecules in the oral cavity. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that ACE2 was expressed in the stratified squamous epithelium of the dorsal tongue and gingiva. TMPRSS2 was strongly expressed in stratified squamous epithelium in the keratinized surface layer and detected in the saliva and tongue coating samples via Western blot. Furin was localized mainly in the lower layer of stratified squamous epithelium and detected in the saliva but not tongue coating. ACE2, TMPRSS2, and furin mRNA expression was observed in taste bud-derived cultured cells, which was similar to the immunofluorescence observations. These data showed that essential molecules for SARS-CoV-2 infection were abundant in the oral cavity. However, the database analysis showed that saliva also contains many protease inhibitors. Therefore, although the oral cavity may be the entry route for SARS-CoV-2, other factors including protease inhibitors in the saliva that inhibit viral entry should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Sakaguchi
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-0003, Japan; (W.S.); (N.K.); (M.Y.); (K.T.)
| | - Nobuhisa Kubota
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-0003, Japan; (W.S.); (N.K.); (M.Y.); (K.T.)
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Oral Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan;
| | - Juri Saruta
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-0003, Japan; (W.S.); (N.K.); (M.Y.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-46-822-9537
| | - Shinya Fuchida
- Division of Dental Sociology, Department of Disaster Medicine and Dental Sociology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-0003, Japan;
| | - Akira Kawata
- Division of Histology, Embryology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-0003, Japan;
| | - Yuko Yamamoto
- Division of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University Junior College, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-0003, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan;
| | - Mayumi Yakeishi
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-0003, Japan; (W.S.); (N.K.); (M.Y.); (K.T.)
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-0003, Japan; (W.S.); (N.K.); (M.Y.); (K.T.)
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