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Magalhães CODE, Sousa RALD, Mendes BF, Dias IR, Pereira RRS, Pereira GC, Lee KS, Peixoto MFD, Cassilhas RC. Accumulated HIIT inhibits anxiety and depression, improves cognitive function, and memory-related proteins in the hippocampus of aged rats. Exp Brain Res 2024:10.1007/s00221-024-06869-w. [PMID: 38864869 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) performed in a single session(1xHIIT) versus three daily sessions (3xHIIT) on fitness level and behavior of aged rats. Eighteen-month-old Wistar rats were assigned to Untrained (UN), 1xHIIT, or 3xHIIT (n = 12/group). Both groups, 1xHIIT and 3xHIIT, performed 15 min of a treadmill running HIIT protocol during 8 weeks. 1xHIIT protocol consisted of a single daily session of 15 min, while the 3xHIIT performed three daily sessions of 5 min with a 4 h interval between the sessions. Morris Water Maze (MWM) task was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory. Splash test, Forced Swim test, and Elevated Plus Maze task (EPM) were used to evaluate anhedonic, depressive-like, and anxious behaviors, respectively. Rats were euthanized, and the hippocampus was harvested for western blot analyses (CaMKII and BDNF). Both HIIT protocols improved VO2max and spatial memory. Notably, only the 3xHIIT protocol attenuated anxious and depressive-like behaviors. Western blot analyses of the hippocampus revealed that both HIIT protocols increased BDNF levels. BDNF levels were higher in the 3xHIIT when compared with 1xHIIT group, and we observed increasement of the CamKII levels just in the 3x HIIT group. Therefore, this study provides evidence indicating that accumulated HIIT sessions is more effective than traditional daily HIIT sessions in improving fitness level, cognitive function, memory, inhibiting the development of mood disorders, and enhancing BDNF and CaMKII levels in the hippocampus of aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caíque Olegário Diniz E Magalhães
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, nº 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- NNeuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, nº 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- NNeuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ferreira Mendes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, nº 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Isabela Rocha Dias
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, nº 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- NNeuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Ramona Ramalho Souza Pereira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, nº 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cruz Pereira
- Departament of Biochemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kil Sun Lee
- Departament of Biochemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Fabricio Dias Peixoto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, nº 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, nº 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil.
- NNeuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil.
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, Brazil.
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
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2
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Strohm AO, Majewska AK. Physical exercise regulates microglia in health and disease. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1420322. [PMID: 38911597 PMCID: PMC11192042 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1420322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a well-established link between physical activity and brain health. As such, the effectiveness of physical exercise as a therapeutic strategy has been explored in a variety of neurological contexts. To determine the extent to which physical exercise could be most beneficial under different circumstances, studies are needed to uncover the underlying mechanisms behind the benefits of physical activity. Interest has grown in understanding how physical activity can regulate microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglia are key mediators of neuroinflammatory processes and play a role in maintaining brain homeostasis in healthy and pathological settings. Here, we explore the evidence suggesting that physical activity has the potential to regulate microglia activity in various animal models. We emphasize key areas where future research could contribute to uncovering the therapeutic benefits of engaging in physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O. Strohm
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ania K. Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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3
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De Sousa RAL, Cassilhas RC. Microglia role as the regulator of cognitive function. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2023; 69:e20230412. [PMID: 37466612 PMCID: PMC10352012 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20230412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Physical Education Department - Diamantina (MG), Brazil
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group - Diamantina (MG), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Physical Education Department - Diamantina (MG), Brazil
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group - Diamantina (MG), Brazil
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4
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Yu X, Wang S, Wu W, Chang H, Shan P, Yang L, Zhang W, Wang X. Exploring New Mechanism of Depression from the Effects of Virus on Nerve Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1767. [PMID: 37443801 PMCID: PMC10340315 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with long-term recurrent depressed mood, pain and despair, pessimism and anxiety, and even suicidal tendencies as the main symptoms. Depression usually induces or aggravates the development of other related diseases, such as sleep disorders and endocrine disorders. In today's society, the incidence of depression is increasing worldwide, and its pathogenesis is complex and generally believed to be related to genetic, psychological, environmental, and biological factors. Current studies have shown the key role of glial cells in the development of depression, and it is noteworthy that some recent evidence suggests that the development of depression may be closely related to viral infections, such as SARS-CoV-2, BoDV-1, ZIKV, HIV, and HHV6, which infect the organism and cause some degree of glial cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. This can affect the transmission of related proteins, neurotransmitters, and cytokines, which in turn leads to neuroinflammation and depression. Based on the close relationship between viruses and depression, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the new mechanism of virus-induced depression, which is expected to provide a new perspective on the mechanism of depression and a new idea for the diagnosis of depression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Shihao Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (S.W.); (H.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenzheng Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Hongyuan Chang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (S.W.); (H.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Pufan Shan
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (S.W.); (H.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.)
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Roever L, Cavalcante BRR, Improta-Caria AC. Long-term consequences of COVID-19 on mental health and the impact of a physically active lifestyle: a narrative review. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2023; 22:19. [PMID: 37170283 PMCID: PMC10174610 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-023-00448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Respiratory viruses damage not only the upper respiratory tract in humans, but also several different organs such as the brain. Some of the neurological consequences of COVID-19 reported are anosmia, headache, stroke, declined cognitive function, and impaired mental health, among others. People who had COVID-19 have a higher risk of sequelae in the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is not known which are all possible sequelae and how long will last the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on behavioral patterns and quality of life. AIM We intend to address the long-term impacts of COVID-19 on mental health and the relevance of physical exercise during the pandemic. METHODS We conducted a literature search using PubMed to find the articles that were related to these themes. RESULTS We found 23,489 papers initially, and then we applied the inclusion/exclusion criteria to narrow down our search to 3617 articles and selected 1380 eligible articles after a thorough reading of titles and abstracts. The findings indicated that COVID-19 impacted general mental health and led many not only hospitalized patients to develop cognitive decline, memory impairment, anxiety, sleep alterations, and depressive-like behavior. Furthermore, the fear of vaccines and their effects had negatively affected mental health and directly impacted mortality rates in unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS Preventive measures must be undertaken, such as the vaccination of the entire population, vaccination hesitancy discouragement by creating awareness among individuals, and people's engagement in a physically active lifestyle, since being physically active is a low-cost and effective measure to restore or inhibit the negative outcomes from COVID-19 on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Roever
- Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Raphael Ribeiro Cavalcante
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
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Sousa RALD, de Magalhães COD, Dias IR, de Oliveira LRS, Improta-Caria AC, Cassilhas RC. Cross talk mechanisms of aerobic exercise training on obesity, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease: the role of insulin resistance. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:963-967. [PMID: 35946775 PMCID: PMC9574969 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20211210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Alto da Jacuba (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício – Diamantina (MG), Brazil.,Corresponding author:
| | - Caíque Olegário Diniz de Magalhães
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Alto da Jacuba (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício – Diamantina (MG), Brazil
| | - Isabella Rocha Dias
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Alto da Jacuba (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício – Diamantina (MG), Brazil
| | - Lucas Renan Sena de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Alto da Jacuba (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício – Diamantina (MG), Brazil
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Universidade federal da Bahia, Faculty of Medicine, Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health – Salvador (BA), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Alto da Jacuba (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício – Diamantina (MG), Brazil
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7
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De Sousa RAL. Reactive gliosis in Alzheimer's disease: a crucial role for cognitive impairment and memory loss. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:851-857. [PMID: 35286534 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to cognitive decline and memory loss. Insulin resistance in central nervous system (CNS) is a common feature in dementia. Defective insulin signaling is associated to higher levels of inflammation and to neuronal dysfunction. A reactive gliosis, a change that occurs in glial cells due to damage in CNS, seems to be one of the most important pro-inflammatory mechanisms in AD pathology. The first response to CNS injury is the migration of macrophages and microglia to the specific site of the injury. Oligodendrocytes are also recruited to to contribute with remyelination. The last component of a reactive gliosis is astrogliosis, which is the enhancement of astrocytes expression with concomitant changes in its morphology being the main cells of the glial scar. Here, we review the mechanisms by which a reactive gliosis can induce or contribute to the development and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- School of Biological Sciences and Health, Physical Education Department, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PMPGCF), Brazilian Society of Physiology, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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8
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De Sousa RAL, Improta-Caria AC. Regulation of microRNAs in Alzheimer´s disease, type 2 diabetes, and aerobic exercise training. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:559-580. [PMID: 35075500 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. The evolution and aggregation of amyloid beta (β) oligomers is linked to insulin resistance in AD, which is also the major characteristic of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Being physically inactive can contribute to the development of AD and/or T2D. Aerobic exercise training (AET), a type of physical exercise, can be useful in preventing or treating the negative outcomes of AD and T2D. AD, T2D and AET can regulate the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we review some of the changes in miRNAs expression regulated by AET, AD and T2D. MiRNAs play an important role in the gene regulation of key signaling pathways in both pathologies, AD and T2D. MiRNA dysregulation is evident in AD and has been associated with several neuropathological alterations, such as the development of a reactive gliosis. Expression of miRNAs are associated with many pathophysiological mechanisms involved in T2D like insulin synthesis, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia, intracellular signaling, and lipid profile. AET regulates miRNAs levels. We identified 5 miRNAs (miR-21, miR-29a/b, miR-103, miR-107, and miR-195) that regulate gene expression and are modulated by AET on AD and T2D. The identified miRNAs are potential targets to treat the symptoms of AD and T2D. Thus, AET is a non-pharmacological tool that can be used to prevent and fight the negative outcomes in AD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas- Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia (SBFis), Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Alto da Jacuba, nº 5000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, CEP 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
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9
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Alghamdi BS. The Effect of Melatonin and Exercise on Social Isolation-Related Behavioral Changes in Aged Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:828965. [PMID: 35211007 PMCID: PMC8861461 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.828965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social isolation (SI) is well established as an environmental factor that negatively influences different behavioral parameters, including cognitive function, anxiety, and social interaction, depending on the age of isolation. Aging is a physiological process that is associated with changes in cognitive function, locomotor activity, anxiety and emotional responses. Few studies have investigated the effect of SI in senescence, or possible interventions. In the current study, we investigated the possible complementary effects of melatonin (MLT) and exercise (Ex) in improving SI-related behavioral changes in aged rats. Forty aged Wistar rats (24 months old) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8 per group): Control (group housing), SI (individual housing for 7 weeks), SI + MLT (SI rats treated with 0.4 mg MLT/ml in drinking water), SI + Ex (SI rats treated with 60 min of swimming), and SI + MLT + Ex (SI rats treated with both MLT and Ex). Different behavioral tasks were conducted in the following sequence: open field test, elevated plus maze test, sucrose preference test, Y maze test, and Morris water maze test. Locomotor activities measured by total distance moved and velocity revealed that SI + Ex (P = 0.0038; P = 0.0015) and SI + MLT + Ex (P = 0.0001; P = 0.0003) significantly improved the locomotor activity compared with SI rats but SI + MLT (P = 0.0599; P = 0.0627) rats showed no significant change. Anxiety index score was significantly improved in SI + MLT + Ex (P = 0.0256) compared with SI rats while SI + MLT (P > 0.9999) and SI + Ex (P = 0.2943) rats showed no significant change. Moreover, latency to reach the platform in Morris water maze was significantly reduced at day 5 in SI + MLT + Ex (P = 0.0457) compared with SI rats but no change was detected in SI + MLT (P = 0.7314) or SI + Ex (P = 0.1676) groups. In conclusion, this study supports the possible potential of MLT in combination with Ex in improving physical activity, anxiety, and cognitive functions in aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrah Saeed Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Badrah Saeed Alghamdi, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-9411-3609
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de Lima NS, De Sousa RAL, Amorim FT, Gripp F, Diniz E Magalhães CO, Henrique Pinto S, Peixoto MFD, Monteiro-Junior RS, Bourbeau K, Cassilhas RC. Moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training improve cognition, and BDNF levels of middle-aged overweight men. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:463-471. [PMID: 34762211 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing worldwide, which has been associated with poor cognitive outcomes. Participating in regular physical exercise may also improve cognition, and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but the optimal exercise prescription remains to be elucidated. The purpose of the present study is to compare the effects of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) on cognition, and serum BDNF levels in middle-aged and overweight men. Twenty-five sedentary, overweight men participated in the 8-week training intervention. Subjects were randomized into MICT (n = 12) or HIIT (n = 13) and performed exercise sessions 3x/week for 8-weeks. Cognitive function, and serum BDNF levels were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Graph Pad Prism 7.0, and the level of significance was set at 5%. Significant improvements were observed in cognitive test scores, and BDNF levels in MICT and HIIT groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in cognitive function between MICT and HIIT. The present study implicates that 8 weeks of MICT or HIIT may be a very useful non-pharmacological treatment option to improve cognitive function, and BDNF levels in middle-aged overweight men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neumir Sales de Lima
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Gripp
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Caíque Olegário Diniz E Magalhães
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel Henrique Pinto
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Fabrício Dias Peixoto
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato Sobral Monteiro-Junior
- Physical Education and Sport Department, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Health Sciences, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelsey Bourbeau
- Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil.
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGMCF), UFVJM, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
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11
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Andrade TA, Fahel JS, de Souza JM, Terra AC, Souza DG, Costa VV, Teixeira MM, Bloise E, Ribeiro FM. In Utero Exposure to Zika Virus Results in sex-Specific Memory Deficits and Neurological Alterations in Adult Mice. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221121257. [PMID: 36017573 PMCID: PMC9421007 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221121257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT In utero exposure to ZIKV leads to decreased number of neurons in adult mice. Female mice exposed to ZIKV in utero exhibit lower levels of BDNF, a decrease in synaptic markers, memory deficits, and risk-taking behavior during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago A. Andrade
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Julia S. Fahel
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jessica M. de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana C. Terra
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Danielle G. Souza
- Department of Microbiology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vivian V. Costa
- Department of Morphology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Enrrico Bloise
- Department of Morphology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M. Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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12
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De Sousa RAL, Santos LG, Lopes PM, Cavalcante BRR, Improta-Caria AC, Cassilhas RC. Physical exercise consequences on memory in obesity: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13298. [PMID: 34105227 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with changes in memory. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to investigate the physical exercise consequences on memory in obesity. A search was carried out in the PubMed, Lilacs, and Scielo databases with the following descriptors: "physical exercise," "memory," and "obesity." A total of 16 studies were analyzed in this review. Low, moderate, and high intensity exercise training showed positive effects on memory in patients with obesity (100%). The animal models of obesity used in their physical exercise protocols: treadmill (72.7%) or wheel running (27.3%). Most of the animal studies (81.8%) revealed positive effects of the physical exercise protocol on memory in obesity. Mouse was the most commonly used animal (54.5%), and a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) was the most commonly method used to induce obesity (82%). We did not identify any knockout model of obesity that was used to evaluate memory and used physical exercise as the main intervention. Thus, exercise training, independently if it is resistance or endurance training, seems to be an excellent intervention to prevent and inhibit cognitive impairment and memory loss on obese patients and animal models of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil.,Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil.,Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PMPGCF), Brazilian Society of Physiology, UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Letícia Gomes Santos
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil.,Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Maurício Lopes
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil.,Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil.,Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil.,Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil.,Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PMPGCF), Brazilian Society of Physiology, UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil.,Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil
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13
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De Sousa RAL, Improta-Caria AC, Cassilhas RC. Effects of physical exercise on memory in type 2 diabetes: a brief review. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1559-1563. [PMID: 34115274 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder that can lead to memory impairment. T2D main features are insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Physical exercise is a non-pharmacological intervention that can regulate glycemic levels and fight insulin resistance in T2D, but whether it influences memory has been discussed. There are 2 main types of physical exercise: aerobic exercise and resistance exercise. Here, we review about the consequences of different physical exercise protocols on memory in diabetic subjects and animal models of T2D. Physical exercise, aerobic or resistance training, most of the times, is a capable agent to prevent and treat memory loss on diabetic subjects and animal models of T2D. However, whether aerobic and resistance training combined improve memory in subjects with T2D remains controversial. Regarding animal models of T2D, aerobic and resistance training have been showed to be capable to prevent and treat memory loss. Acute and chronic protocols of exercise, generally, induce positive physiological responses and adaptations in T2D, such as a better glucose control. The ideal physical exercise protocol that will produce the best benefits to diabetic subjects and to animal models of T2D has not been described yet. A variety of combination between intensity, volume, frequency, and duration of the physical exercise protocol on future studies is necessary to both diabetic subjects and animal models of T2D to determine the best protocol that will induce more benefits on memory in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudo em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Diamantina, Brazil.
| | | | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudo em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Diamantina, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Diamantina, Brazil
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14
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Cavalcante BRR, Improta-Caria AC, Melo VHD, De Sousa RAL. Exercise-linked consequences on epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:108079. [PMID: 34058490 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a brain disorder that leads to seizures and neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences. Physical inactivity can contribute to worse epilepsy pathophysiology. Here, we review how physical exercise affects epilepsy physiopathology. METHODS An extensive literature search was performed and the mechanisms of physical exercise on epilepsy were discussed. The search was conducted in Scopus and PubMed. Articles with relevant information were included. Only studies written in English were considered. RESULTS The regular practice of physical exercise can be beneficial for individuals with neurodegenerative diseases, such as epilepsy by decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory and stress biomarkers, increasing socialization, and reducing the incidence of epileptic seizures. Physical exercise is also capable of reducing the symptoms of depression and anxiety in epilepsy. Physical exercise can also improve cognitive function in epilepsy. The regular practice of physical exercise enhances the levels of brain-derived neuro factor (BDNF) in the hippocampi, induces neurogenesis, inhibits oxidative stress and reactive gliosis, avoids cognitive impairment, and stimulates the production of dopamine in the epileptic brain. CONCLUSION Physical exercise is an excellent non-pharmacological tool that can be used in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Physiological Science Multicentric Program, Federal University of Valleyś Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Molecular mechanisms of physical exercise on depression in the elderly: a systematic review. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3853-3862. [PMID: 33864590 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Depressive disorders are common among the elderly. Major depressive disorder will be one of the highest healthcare costs in middle and higher income countries by 2030. It is known that physical inactivity leads to negative effects on mental health in the elderly.The purpose of this review was to explore investigate the consequences of physical exercise (aerobic and resistance exercise) on major depressive disorder among elderly, and presenting its potential biological mechanisms. This study was designed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Clinical trials or randomized clinical trials or cohort studies participated of the study design. Ten studies were evaluated and the main outcomes of each were reported. Aerobic and resistance training revealed to be effective in fighting the symptoms of depression. The most common physical exercise protocol adopted to reduce the consequences of major depressive disorder in humans was the prescription of aerobic exercise at moderate-intensity lasting 60 min per session, 3 times per week, for 24 weeks. Physical exercise enhances IGF-I and activates PGC-1α/FNDC5/Irisin pathway. Physical exercise also increases expression of BDNF and its receptor, TrkB, in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex leading to upstream of ERK and inhibiting depressive-like behavior. Physical exercise brings mental health benefits and plays a crucial role in avoiding the development of major depressive disorder.
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16
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De Sousa RAL, Improta-Caria AC, Aras-Júnior R, de Oliveira EM, Soci ÚPR, Cassilhas RC. Physical exercise effects on the brain during COVID-19 pandemic: links between mental and cardiovascular health. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:1325-1334. [PMID: 33492565 PMCID: PMC7829117 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic was caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The quarantine period during corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak might affect the quality of life leading thousands of individuals to diminish the daily caloric expenditure and mobility, leading to a sedentary behavior and increase the number of health disorders. Exercising is used as a non-pharmacological treatment in many chronic diseases. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of physical exercise in COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. We also point links between exercise, mental, and cardiovascular health. The infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 affects host cells binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), which is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. If there is not enough oxygen supply the lungs and other tissues, such as the heart or brain, are affected. SARS-CoV-2 enhances ACE2 leading to inflammation and neuronal death with possible development of mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Physical exercise also enhances the ACE2 expression. Conversely, the activation of ACE2/Ang 1-7/Mas axis by physical exercise induces an antiinflammatory and antifibrotic effect. Physical exercise has beneficial effects on mental health enhancing IGF-1, PI3K, BDNF, ERK, and reducing GSK3β levels. In addition, physical exercise enhances the activity of PGC-1α/ FNDC5/Irisin pathway leading to neuronal survival and the maintenance of a good mental health. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to elevation of ACE2 levels through pathological mechanisms that lead to neurological and cardiovascular complications, while the physiological response of ACE2 to physical exercise improves cardiovascular and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PMPGCF), Brazilian Society of Physiology, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil.
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Treinamento Físico (LETFIS), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Alto da Jacuba, n° 5000 - CEP, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roque Aras-Júnior
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira
- Biodynamics of the Human Body Movement Department, School of Physical Education and Sports, Sao Paulo University - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Úrsula Paula Reno Soci
- Biodynamics of the Human Body Movement Department, School of Physical Education and Sports, Sao Paulo University - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PMPGCF), Brazilian Society of Physiology, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Treinamento Físico (LETFIS), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Alto da Jacuba, n° 5000 - CEP, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
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17
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De Sousa RAL. Animal models of gestational diabetes: characteristics and consequences to the brain and behavior of the offspring. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:199-204. [PMID: 33400069 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes (GD) is the glucose intolerance that occurs during pregnancy. Mothers who develop diabetes during gestation are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) later in life, and the risk of adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes are also increased as a function of maternal hyperglycemia. Infants who are exposed to fetal hyperglycemia show an increased risk of becoming obese and developing T2DM later in life. Due to the need of new research on this field, and the difficulty of performing studies in human brain, studies using experimental models are necessary to suggest possible ways to avoid or inhibit offspring brain damage or harmful metabolic alterations. Here, it was made a review about the characteristics of the main animal models of GD, and what are the consequences to the brain and behavior of the offspring. In many experimental models, either by pharmacological induction, diet manipulation, or in the use of transgenic animals, glycemic conditions are severe. S961, a selective insulin receptor antagonist, revealed an increased fasting blood glucose level and glucose intolerance during mid-gestation, which returned to basal levels postpartum in mice. GD contributes to offspring neuroinflammation, influences neuronal distribution in central nervous system (CNS), and apoptosis during embryogenesis, which in turn may contribute to changes in behavior and memory in adult life and aging. The usage of animal models to study GD allows to examine extensively the characteristics of this condition, the molecular mechanisms involved and the consequences to the brain and behavior of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- School of Biological Sciences and Health, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PMPGCF), Brazilian Society of Physiology, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Treinamento Físico (LETFIS), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Alto da Jacuba, n° 5000 - CEP 39100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
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