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Sun J, Xie W, Wu Y, Li Z, Li Y. Accelerated Bone Healing via Electrical Stimulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404190. [PMID: 39115981 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Piezoelectric effect produces an electrical signal when stress is applied to the bone. When the integrity of the bone is destroyed, the biopotential within the defect site is reduced and several physiological responses are initiated to facilitate healing. During the healing of the bone defect, the bioelectric potential returns to normal levels. Treatment of fractures that exceed innate regenerative capacity or exhibit delayed healing requires surgical intervention for bone reconstruction. For bone defects that cannot heal on their own, exogenous electric fields are used to assist in treatment. This paper reviews the effects of exogenous electrical stimulation on bone healing, including osteogenesis, angiogenesis, reduction in inflammation and effects on the peripheral nervous system. This paper also reviews novel electrical stimulation methods, such as small power supplies and nanogenerators, that have emerged in recent years. Finally, the challenges and future trends of using electrical stimulation therapy for accelerating bone healing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
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Armento A, Heronemus M, Truong D, Swanson C. Bone Health in Young Athletes: a Narrative Review of the Recent Literature. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:447-458. [PMID: 37289381 PMCID: PMC10248337 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to discuss the most recent published scientific evidence regarding bone health in the pediatric athlete. RECENT FINDINGS Pediatric athletes commonly suffer from overuse injuries to the physes and apophyses, as well as bone stress injuries, for which magnetic resonance imaging grading of the severity of injuries may be useful in guiding return to sport. Adolescent athletes, particularly those who train indoors and during the winter season, are at risk for vitamin D deficiency, which has important implications for bone mineral density. However, the relationship between vitamin D status and traumatic fracture risk is still unclear. While the female athlete triad is a well-established condition, the current work has led to the recognition of parallel pathophysiology in male athletes, referred to as the male athlete triad. Recent evidence suggests that transdermal 17β-estradiol treatment in amenorrhoeic female athletes is an effective adjunctive treatment to improve bone mineral density in treatment of the female athlete triad. Young athletes are at risk for musculoskeletal injuries unique to the growing skeleton. Optimizing nutritional intake, particularly related to adequate vitamin D intake and prevention of the athlete triad, is critical to optimize bone health in the young athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Armento
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 E. 16th Ave, B060, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Sports Medicine Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Marc Heronemus
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Daniel Truong
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Christine Swanson
- Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
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Lotan R, Thein R, Gordon B, Tenenbaum S, Derazne E, Tzur D, Afek A, Hershkovich O. Is There an Association between BMI, Height, and Gender and Long-Bone Fractures during Childhood and Adolescence? A Large Cross-Sectional Population Study of 911,206 Subjects. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:984. [PMID: 37371216 DOI: 10.3390/children10060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic long-bone fractures (TLFs) among children and adolescents are relatively common, with morbidity and economic consequences. Obesity has become a significant global concern. Studies have found an association between TLFs and BMI in the past but not in a large cross-sectional population study. Our study objective was to measure the incidence of TLFs in the 17-year-old general population and evaluate its association with BMI, body height, and gender. METHODS Data from a medical database containing all 17-year-old candidates' records before recruitment into mandatory military service were retrieved as BMI, height, gender, and history of TLFs. Logistic regression models assessed the association between BMI and height to TLFs. RESULTS The records of 911,206 subjects (515,339 males) were reviewed. In total, 9.65% had a history of TLFs (12.25% and 6.25% for males/females, respectively). Higher BMI was associated with TLF, with a linear trend in the odds ratio (OR) for having TLFs. The strongest association was found between obese females and TLFs (OR = 1.364, p < 0.0001). Height was an independent factor positively associated with TLFs. The OR for a TLF in the highest height quintile was 1.238 (p < 0.001) for males and 1.411 (p < 0.001) for females compared to the lowest quintile. Although TLFs were more common in males, the OR for TLFs was more prominent in females. CONCLUSIONS There is an association between BMI, body height, and TLFs in healthy adolescents. TLFs are more common in males, but the strongest association between overweight and obesity is evident in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Lotan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Holon 5822012, Israel
| | - Ran Thein
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv 5262000, Israel
| | - Barak Gordon
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Ramat Gan 91120, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Research in Military Medicine (IRMM), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shay Tenenbaum
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv 5262000, Israel
| | - Estela Derazne
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Ramat Gan 91120, Israel
| | - Dorit Tzur
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Ramat Gan 91120, Israel
| | - Arnon Afek
- Management, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv 5262000, Israel
| | - Oded Hershkovich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Holon 5822012, Israel
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Ramat Gan 91120, Israel
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Vilela FB, Silva ES, de Lourdes Noronha Motta Melo M, Oliveira RMP, Capellato P, Sachs D. Polymeric Orthosis with Electromagnetic Stimulator Controlled by Mobile Application for Bone Fracture Healing: Evaluation of Design Concepts for Medical Use. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8141. [PMID: 36431627 PMCID: PMC9698363 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: The occurrence of bone fractures is increasing worldwide, mainly due to the health problems that follow the aging population. The use of additive manufacturing and electrical stimulators can be applied for bioactive achievements in bone healing. However, such technologies are difficult to be transferred to medical practice. This work aims to develop an orthosis with a combined magnetic field (CFM) electrostimulator that demonstrates concepts and design aspects that facilitate its use in a real scenario. Methods: A 3D-printed orthosis made of two meshes was manufactured using PLA for outer mechanical stabilization mesh and TPU for inner fixation mesh to avoid mobilization. A CFM stimulator of reduced dimension controlled by a mobile application was coupled onto the orthosis. The design concepts were evaluated by health professionals and their resistance to chemical agents commonly used in daily activities were tested. Their thermal, chemical and electrical properties were also characterized. Results: No degradation was observed after exposure to chemical agents. The CMF achieved proper intensity (20-40 µT). The thermal analysis indicated its appropriate use for being modelled during clinical assessment. Conclusion: An orthosis with a coupled electrostimulator that works with a combined magnetic field and is controlled by mobile application was developed, and it has advantageous characteristics when compared to traditional techniques for application in real medical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Bueno Vilela
- Centre for Studies and Innovation in Biofunctional Advanced Materials, Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Unifei-Federal University of Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Serafim Silva
- Centre for Studies and Innovation in Biofunctional Advanced Materials, Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Unifei-Federal University of Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Rochelly Mariana Pedroso Oliveira
- Centre for Studies and Innovation in Biofunctional Advanced Materials, Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Unifei-Federal University of Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, MG, Brazil
| | - Patricia Capellato
- Centre for Studies and Innovation in Biofunctional Advanced Materials, Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Unifei-Federal University of Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Sachs
- Centre for Studies and Innovation in Biofunctional Advanced Materials, Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Unifei-Federal University of Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, MG, Brazil
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Patel H, Woods L, Teesdale-Spittle P, Dennison E. A cross-sectional study of the relationship between recreational sporting activity and calcaneal bone density in adolescents and young adults. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:218-226. [PMID: 33724899 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1903819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood and adolescence are critical periods of bone development. Sporting activity is thought to impact peak bone mass acquisition, but most studies have used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess bone health and reported associations between bone mass and elite sporting activity. The objective of this study was instead to assess the relationship between recreational sporting activity (RSA) and another bone assessment, calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (cQUS), in adolescents and young adults. METHODS We related recreational sporting activity, assessed through a lifestyle questionnaire, to heel ultrasound bone parameters in a cohort of New Zealand students aged 16-35 years. Complete datasets with data on all relevant confounders (body mass index (BMI), pubertal timing, smoking status, and alcohol consumption) were available for 452 participants. cQUS was performed using a Lunar Achilles EX II machine to obtain bone parameters, broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and speed of sound (SOS); stiffness index (SI) was derived from these measures. All descriptive statistics and statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results are presented as p-values and 95% CI. RESULTS Reported lifetime sport participation declined after an individual's mid-teens. Bone cQUS parameters (SI and BUA and T-score) were all positively associated with BMI, and current physical activity (SI, SOS, BUA, T-score, and Z-score) with SI and SOS measures most strongly associated with current high impact and past recreational sporting activity (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Calcaneal heel ultrasound bone parameters were associated with physical activity, with SI and SOS rather than BUA more strongly related to current and past recreational sporting activity in young New Zealand adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansa Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Woods
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Elaine Dennison
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand & MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton, UK
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Low Occurrence of Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Swimming? Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Sports Participation in Adolescents: Cross Sectional Study (ABCD—Growth Study). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063694. [PMID: 35329389 PMCID: PMC8952247 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to identify the association between the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms (MS) and sports participation in adolescents. The sample included 193 adolescents (11 to 17 years of age; 131 boys and 62 girls). For this cross-sectional study, participants were categorized into four groups: “no-sports”, “repetitive non-impact sports”, “high-impact sports”, and “odd-impact sports”. A questionnaire was used, which defined MS as pain or any musculoskeletal complaint that led to restriction of current normal activities. In the entire sample, 112 adolescents reported at least one episode of MS during the recording, representing 58% of the sample. Our findings highlight that adolescents regularly engaged in odd-impact sports, such as martial arts, report a higher occurrence of MS than swimmers and adolescents who do not participate in any physical activity.
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Assari S. Association Between Parental Educational Attainment and Children's Negative Urgency: Sex Differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH 2021; 8:14-22. [PMID: 34604532 DOI: 10.34172/ijer.2021.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Negative urgency reflects a specific facet of impulsivity and correlates with a wide range of health-related risk behaviors, including, but not limited to, problematic substance use. Negative urgency is also shaped by family socioeconomic position (SEP), such as parental educational attainment (PEA). This study aimed to explore sex differences regarding protective effects of PEA on children's negative urgency in the US. Methods This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study data. Baseline ABCD data included 10,535 American children in the age range of 9-10 years old. The independent variable was PEA, treated as a 5-level categorical variable. The primary outcome was negative urgency measured by the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-SS). Mixed-effects regression models were applied for data analysis. Results In sex-stratified regression models, high PEA was predictive of lower levels of negative urgency in female but not male children. In the overall sample, sex showed a statistically significant interaction with PEA on children's negative urgency, indicating a stronger protective effect of high PEA for female compared to male children. Conclusion PEA was a more salient determinant of negative urgency in female children than male ones. Our results also showed that American boys tend to have high levels of negative urgency, which is a risk factor of drug use, at all parental education levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Assari S, Boyce S, Jovanovic T. Association between Hippocampal Volume and Working Memory in 10,000+ 9-10-Year-Old Children: Sex Differences. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8050411. [PMID: 34070074 PMCID: PMC8158143 DOI: 10.3390/children8050411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study tested sex differences in the association between hippocampal volume and working memory of a national sample of 9-10-year-old children in the US. As the hippocampus is functionally lateralized (especially in task-related activities), we explored the results for the right and the left hippocampus. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study data. This analysis included baseline ABCD data (n = 10,093) of children between ages 9 and 10 years. The predictor variable was right and left hippocampal volume measured by structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). The primary outcome, list sorting working memory, was measured using the NIH toolbox measure. Sex was the moderator. Age, race, ethnicity, household income, parental education, and family structure were the covariates. RESULTS In the overall sample, larger right (b = 0.0013; p < 0.001) and left (b = 0.0013; p < 0.001) hippocampal volumes were associated with higher children's working memory. Sex had statistically significant interactions with the right (b = -0.0018; p = 0.001) and left (b = -0.0012; p = 0.022) hippocampal volumes on children's working memory. These interactions indicated stronger positive associations between right and left hippocampal volume and working memory for females compared to males. CONCLUSION While right and left hippocampal volumes are determinants of children's list sorting working memory, these effects seem to be more salient for female than male children. Research is needed on the role of socialization, sex hormones, and brain functional connectivity as potential mechanisms that may explain the observed sex differences in the role of hippocampal volume as a correlate of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-232-0445; Fax: +1-734-615-873
| | - Shanika Boyce
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA;
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
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The Mediating Role of Lean Soft Tissue in the Relationship between Somatic Maturation and Bone Density in Adolescent Practitioners and Non-Practitioners of Sports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063008. [PMID: 33804074 PMCID: PMC8000751 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the mediating effect of lean soft tissue (LST) in the association between somatic maturation and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in adolescents by sex and sport participation. The sample included 558 adolescents (401 males, mean age of 14.0 years) that were practitioners of sports (11 sport modalities, n = 402) and a non-sport group (n = 157). Somatic maturation was assessed by using a validated peak height velocity prediction equation. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess aBMD (upper and lower limbs, spine and total body less head—TBLH) and LST. For both sexes, LST mediated the association between somatic maturation and aBMD at all skeletal sites (mediation percentage ranging from 36.3% to 75.4%). For sport and non-sport groups, the LST also mediated the association between somatic maturation and aBMD at all skeletal sites (mediation percentage ranging from 51.6% to 85.6%). The direct effect was observed in all groups, except for lower limbs and TBLH in the non-sport group. The association between somatic maturation and aBMD was mediated by LST in adolescents of both sexes and regardless of involvement in organized sports. Our findings highlighted the role of improving LST to mitigate the association of somatic maturation with aBMD.
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Sex Differences in the Association between Household Income and Children's Executive Function. SEXES 2020; 1:19-31. [PMID: 33163684 DOI: 10.3390/sexes1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate sex differences in the boosting effects of household income on children's executive function in the US. This is a cross-sectional study using data from Wave 1 of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Wave 1 ABCD included 8608 American children between ages 9 and 10 years old. The independent variable was household income. The primary outcome was executive function measured by the stop-signal task. Overall, high household income was associated with higher levels of executive function in the children. Sex showed a statistically significant interaction with household income on children's executive function, indicating a stronger effect of high household income for female compared to male children. Household income is a more salient determinant of executive function for female compared to male American children. Low-income female children remain at the highest risk regarding poor executive function.
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Spika S, Breyer F. Domain-specific effects of physical activity on the demand for physician visits. Int J Public Health 2020; 65:583-591. [PMID: 32377755 PMCID: PMC7360656 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-020-01376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess domain-specific effects of physical activity (PA) in the relationship with health care utilization and to investigate whether a measure that aggregates PA across domains (leisure, transport, work) is appropriate. METHODS Data were retrieved from a longitudinal cohort study conducted in Southern Germany (women n = 1330, men n = 766). The number of physician visits was regressed on total PA and on PA differentiated by the domains leisure time, travel time and working time in a negative binomial model. RESULTS For women, no association with physician visits is found for total PA, while high leisure time physical activity (LTPA) is associated with 22% more visits. The effect of high LTPA is statistically different from the effect of high total PA. For men, no significant associations are found for both measures. CONCLUSIONS The specific, positive effect of high LTPA on physician visits among women shows that using an aggregate measure of PA is inappropriate for analyzing the relation between PA and health care utilization. Further, the positive relationship should be considered in attempts to promote physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Spika
- Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Box 135, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Breyer
- Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Box 135, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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Assari S. Racial Variation in the Association between Positive Urgency and Body Mass Index among American Children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:129-143. [PMID: 34308087 DOI: 10.22158/rhs.v5n3p129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Positive urgency reflects a specific facet of impulsivity and correlates with several health-related risk behaviors such as obesity, food addiction, and substance use. However, less is known about whether positive urgency is similarly or differently associated with high body mass index (BMI) across diverse racial groups. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate racial differences in the associations between positive urgency and BMI in 9-10-year-old children in the US. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study data. Participants were 11590 American children between ages 9 and 10 years old. The independent variable was positive urgency measured by the Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-SS). The primary outcome was BMI. Race was the moderator. Demographic variables (age and sex) were covariates. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis to adjust for the nested nature of the ABCD data. We also used weights (propensity score) to generate nationally representative results. Results In the pooled sample, race showed a statistically significant interaction with positive urgency on children's BMI, indicating a stronger effect of positive urgency on BMI for White children, compared to African American children. Conclusion The association between positive urgency and BMI seems to be weaker in African American children than in White American children. The role of individual-level risk factors such as impulsive traits may be smaller for African American than White American children. Future research should study the role of obesogenic environments and other area -level indicators in altering the effects of individual-level risk factors on BMI and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Assari S. American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Children's Body Mass Index: Diminished Returns of Parental Education and Family Income. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:64-84. [PMID: 34308086 DOI: 10.22158/rhs.v5n1p64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with several health-related outcomes, such as obesity and body mass index (BMI). However, we do not know whether SES is associated differently with children's BMI from American Indian and Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (AIAN/NHPI) families when compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) families. Aim To compare AIAN/NHPI and NHW families for associations between parental education, family income, and children's BMI in the United States (U.S). Methods This cross-sectional investigation used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study data. Participants (n = 8580) included 63 AIAN/NHPI and 8517 NHW children between ages 9 and 10. The independent variables were parental education and family income. The primary outcome was BMI. Race was the moderator. Age, sex, and family structure were covariates. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Results In the pooled sample, higher parental education and family income were associated with lower children's BMI. We found interactions between race and parental education and family income indicating weaker associations between parental education and family income and children's BMI in AIAN/NHPI families than in NHW families. Conclusion The salience of parental education and family income as social determinants of children's BMI is diminished for AIAN/NHPI families than NHW families. As a result, AIAN/NHPI children with high SES remain at risk for high BMI, while high-SES NHW children show the lowest BMI. Future research should test if obesogenic environments, food options, and physical activity-friendly neighborhoods can explain higher-than-expected BMI in high-SES AIAN/NHPI children. In other terms, more research is needed to understand if residential segregation, discrimination, and historical trauma explain the observed differences in the social patterning of childhood BMI in AIAN/NHPI and NHW communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.,Department of Urban Public Health, Charles Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
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Assari S, Islam S. Diminished Protective Effects of Household Income on Internalizing Symptoms among African American than European American Pre-Adolescents. JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, TRADE AND MARKETING MANAGEMENT 2020; 2:38-56. [PMID: 33241230 DOI: 10.22158/jetmm.v2n4p38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the differential role of race on the effect of household income on pre-adolescents' internalizing symptoms in a national sample of U.S. pre-adolescents. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Wave 1 ABCD data included 5,913 adolescents between ages 9 and 10 years old. The independent variable was household income. The primary outcome was internalizing symptoms measured by the teacher report of the Brief Problem Monitor (BPM) scale. RESULTS Overall, high household income was associated with lower levels of pre-adolescents internalizing symptoms. Race showed statistically significant interaction with household income on pre-adolescents' internalizing symptoms, controlling for all confounders, indicating weaker protective effect of high household income on internalizing symptoms for African American than European pre-adolescents. CONCLUSION High household income is a more salient protective factor against internalizing symptoms of socially privileged European American pre-adolescents than of historically marginalized African Americans pre-adolescents. Elimination of internalizing behavioral gaps across racial groups requires more than equalizing socioeconomic status. Future research should study the moderating role of institutional and structural racism experienced by African American families across all income levels. Such research may explain why pre-adolescent African Americans with high household income remain at high risk of internalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sondos Islam
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Assari S. Sex Differences in the Association between Cortical Thickness and Children's Behavioral Inhibition. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY & BEHAVIOR RESEARCH 2020; 2:49-64. [PMID: 33241229 DOI: 10.22158/jpbr.v2n2p49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate sex differences in the association between cortical thickness and behavioral inhibition of 9-10 years old American children. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional investigation used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Baseline ABCD data of 10249 American children between ages 9 and 10 were analyzed. The independent variable was cortical thickness measured by structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). The primary outcome, behavioral inhibition, was measured based on the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), and behavioral approach system (BAS). Sex was the moderator. Age, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status indicators, and intracranial volume were covariates. RESULTS In the overall sample, high cortical thickness was not associated with behavioral inhibition in children. Sex showed a statistically significant interaction with cortical thickness's effect on children's behavioral inhibition, net of all confounders. The interaction indicated a statistically stronger positive effect of high cortical thickness on male behavioral inhibition compared to female children. CONCLUSION Cortical thickness is a determinant of behavioral inhibition for male but not female American children. Male but not female children show better behavioral inhabitation at higher levels of cortical thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Assari S. Racial Variation in the Association between Suicidal History and Positive and Negative Urgency among American Children. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE STUDIES 2020; 4:39-53. [PMID: 33163908 DOI: 10.22158/jecs.v4n4p39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive and negative urgency reflect specific facets of impulsivity and correlate with several health-related risk behaviors such as aggression, substance use, and suicide. Less is known about how positive and negative urgency are associated with suicidal behaviors of diverse racial groups. AIM To investigate racial differences in the positive associations between positive and negative urgency and suicide in children in US. MATERIALS AND METHODS This longitudinal study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Participants were 10535 American children between ages 9 and 10 years old who were followed for up to one year. The independent variable was suicide history. The primary outcomes were the positive and negative urgency measured by the Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-SS). Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. RESULTS In the overall sample, suicidality was associated with positive and negative urgency in children. Race showed a statistically significant interaction with suicidality on children's positive and negative urgency, indicating stronger effects of suicidality on positive and negative urgency for White, compared to Black and Other/Mixed race children respectively. CONCLUSION The effects of positive and negative urgency for suicidality of American children depend on race. White American children show the strongest links between positive and negative urgency and risk of suicide, while the effects of positive and negative urgency on children suicide are weaker for Black and Other/Mixed race children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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