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Sharif Swallah M, Bondzie-Quaye P, Wang H, Shao CS, Hua P, Alrasheed Bashir M, Benjamin Holman J, Sossah FL, Huang Q. Potentialities of Ganoderma lucidum extracts as functional ingredients in food formulation. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113161. [PMID: 37689913 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the recognized therapeutic characteristics of G. lucidum, it is one of the most extensively researched mushrooms as a chemopreventive agent and as a functional food. It is a known wood-degrading basidiomycete possessing numerous pharmacological functions and is termed a natural pharmacy store due to its rich number of active compounds which have proved to portray numerous therapeutic properties. This current review highlights studies on the potentialities of G. lucidum extracts as functional ingredients on organoleptic and nutritional properties of food products (e.g., dairy, wine, beverage, bakery, meat, and other products). In addition, the study delved into various aspects of encapsulated G. lucidum extracts, their morphological and rheological characteristics, prebiotic and immunomodulatory importance, the effects on apoptosis, autophagy, cancer therapy, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, antioxidant activities, and safety concerns. These findings have significant implications for the development of new products in the food and pharmaceutical industries. On the other hand, the various active compounds extracted from G. lucidum exhibited no toxic or adverse effects, and the appeal for it as a dietary food, natural remedy, and health-fortifying food is drastically increasing as well as attracting the interest of both the industrial and scientific communities. Furthermore, the formation of functional foods based on G. lucidum appears to have actual promise and exciting prospects in nutrition, food, and pharmaceutical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharif Swallah
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Precious Bondzie-Quaye
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Han Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Shao
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Pei Hua
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mona Alrasheed Bashir
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Joseph Benjamin Holman
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Frederick Leo Sossah
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Oil Palm Research Institute, Coconut Research Programme, P.O. Box 245, Sekondi, Ghana
| | - Qing Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Ye T, Ge Y, Jiang X, Song H, Peng C, Liu B. A review of anti-tumour effects of Ganoderma lucidum in gastrointestinal cancer. Chin Med 2023; 18:107. [PMID: 37641070 PMCID: PMC10463474 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is the most common cancer in the world and one of the main causes of cancer-related death. Clinically, surgical excision and chemotherapy are the main treatment methods for GI cancer, which is unfortunately accompanied with serious adverse reactions and drug toxicity, bringing irreversible damage to patients and seriously affecting the quality of life. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has a long history of medicinal and edible use in China. Its bioactive compounds mainly include polysaccharides, triterpenes, and proteins, which have potential anti-tumor activities by inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting metastasis, and regulating autophagy. Currently, there is no in-depth review on the anti-tumor effect of G. lucidum in GI cancer. Therefore, this review is an attempt to compile the basic characteristics, anti-GI caner mechanisms, and clinical application of G. lucidum, aiming to provide a reference for further research on the role of G. lucidum in the prevention and treatment of GI cancer from the perspective of traditional Chinese and western medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Yang Ge
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Department of Technology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China.
| | - Can Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Cancer Research Centre, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China.
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Gariboldi MB, Marras E, Ferrario N, Vivona V, Prini P, Vignati F, Perletti G. Anti-Cancer Potential of Edible/Medicinal Mushrooms in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10120. [PMID: 37373268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible/medicinal mushrooms have been traditionally used in Asian countries either in the cuisine or as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. In recent decades, they have aroused increasing attention in Europe as well, due to their health and nutritional benefits. In particular, among the different pharmacological activities reported (antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiviral, immunomodulating, antidiabetic, etc.), edible/medicinal mushrooms have been shown to exert in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects on several kinds of tumors, including breast cancer. In this article, we reviewed mushrooms showing antineoplastic activity again breast cancer cells, especially focusing on the possible bioactive compounds involved and their mechanisms of action. In particular, the following mushrooms have been considered: Agaricus bisporus, Antrodia cinnamomea, Cordyceps sinensis, Cordyceps militaris, Coriolus versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus. We also report insights into the relationship between dietary consumption of edible mushrooms and breast cancer risk, and the results of clinical studies and meta-analyses focusing on the effects of fungal extracts on breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marras
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Nicole Ferrario
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Veronica Vivona
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Pamela Prini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Vignati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Perletti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Wang M, Yu H, He Y, Liao S, Xu D. Cross-talk between traditional Chinese medicine and Parkinson's disease based on cell autophagy. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH - MODERN CHINESE MEDICINE 2023; 7:100235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
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Current Uses of Mushrooms in Cancer Treatment and Their Anticancer Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810502. [PMID: 36142412 PMCID: PMC9504980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Various chemotherapeutic drugs have been extensively used for cancer treatment. However, current anticancer drugs cause severe side effects and induce resistance. Therefore, the development of novel and effective anticancer agents with minimal or no side effects is important. Notably, natural compounds have been highlighted as anticancer drugs. Among them, many researchers have focused on mushrooms that have biological activities, including antitumor activity. The aim of this review is to discuss the anticancer potential of different mushrooms and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We provide information regarding the current clinical status and possible modes of molecular actions of various mushrooms and mushroom-derived compounds. This review will help researchers and clinicians in designing evidence-based preclinical and clinical studies to test the anticancer potential of mushrooms and their active compounds in different types of cancers.
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Oke MA, Afolabi FJ, Oyeleke OO, Kilani TA, Adeosun AR, Olanbiwoninu AA, Adebayo EA. Ganoderma lucidum: Unutilized natural medicine and promising future solution to emerging diseases in Africa. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:952027. [PMID: 36071846 PMCID: PMC9441938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.952027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known medicinal mushroom that has been used for the prevention and treatment of different ailments to enhance longevity and health specifically in China, Japan, and Korea. It was known as "God's herb" in ancient China as it was believed to prolong life, enhance the youthful spirit and sustain/preserve vitality. G. lucidum is seldom collected from nature and is substantially cultivated on wood logs and sawdust in plastic bags or bottles to meet the international market demand. Both in vitro and in vivo studies on the copious metabolic activities of G. lucidum have been carried out. Varied groups of chemical compounds including triterpenoids, polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, nucleosides, alkaloids, steroids, lactones, lectins, fatty acids, and enzymes with potent pharmacological activities have been isolated from the mycelia and fruiting bodies of G. lucidum. Several researchers have reported the abundance and diversification of its biological actions triggered by these chemical compounds. Triterpenoids and polysaccharides of G. lucidum have been reported to possess cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, hypocholesterolemic, antihistaminic effects, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic antiallergic, neuroprotective, antitumor, immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic activities. Various formulations have been developed, patented, and utilized as nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and pharmaceuticals from G. lucidum extracts and active compounds. Thus, this review presents current updates on emerging infectious diseases and highlights the scope, dynamics, and advances in infectious disease management with a particular focus on Ganoderma lucidum, an unutilized natural medicine as a promising future solution to emerging diseases in Africa. However, details such as the chemical compound and mode of action of each bioactive against different emerging diseases were not discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Oke
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - F. J. Afolabi
- Mushrooms Department, National Biotechnology Development Centre, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - O. O. Oyeleke
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - T. A. Kilani
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - A. R. Adeosun
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - A. A. Olanbiwoninu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - E. A. Adebayo
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Mushrooms Department, National Biotechnology Development Centre, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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Luo ML, Huang W, Zhu HP, Peng C, Zhao Q, Han B. Advances in indole-containing alkaloids as potential anticancer agents by regulating autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112827. [PMID: 35316753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and cancer development is often associated with disturbances in the autophagy process. Autophagy is a catabolic process involved in many physiological processes, crucial for cell growth and survival. It is an intracellular lysosomal/vacuolar degradation system. In this system, inner cytoplasmic cell membrane is degraded by lysosomal hydrolases, and the products are released back into the cytoplasm. Indole alkaloids are natural products extensively found in nature and have been proven to possess various pharmacological activities. In recent years, pharmacological studies have demonstrated another potential of indole alkaloids, autophagy regulation. The regulation may contribute to the efficacy of indole alkaloids in preventing and treating cancer. This review summarizes the current understanding of indole alkaloids' effect on tumor cells and autophagy. Then, we focus on mechanisms by which indole alkaloids can target the autophagy process associated with cancer, including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, ROS signaling pathway, Beclin-1, and so on. Literature has been surveyed primarily from 2009 to Nov. 2021, and some semisynthetic or fully synthetic indole derivatives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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El Sheikha AF. Nutritional Profile and Health Benefits of Ganoderma lucidum "Lingzhi, Reishi, or Mannentake" as Functional Foods: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. Foods 2022; 11:1030. [PMID: 35407117 PMCID: PMC8998036 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has a long history of medicinal uses in the Far East countries of more than 2000 years due to its healing properties. Recently, G. lucidum has come under scientific scrutiny to evaluate its content of bioactive components that affect human physiology, and has been exploited for potent components in the pharmacology, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics industries. For instance, evidence is accumulating on the potential of this mushroom species as a promising antiviral medicine for treating many viral diseases, such as dengue virus, enterovirus 71, and recently coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Still, more research studies on the biotherapeutic components of G. lucidum are needed to ensure the safety and efficiency of G. lucidum and promote the development of commercial functional foods. This paper provides an extensive overview of the nutraceutical value of Ganoderma lucidum and the development of commercial functional food. Moreover, the geo-origin tracing strategies of this mushroom and its products are discussed, a highly important parameter to ensure product quality and safety. The discussed features will open new avenues and reveal more secrets to widely utilizing this mushroom in many industrial fields; i.e., pharmaceutical and nutritional ones, which will positively reflect the global economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly Farag El Sheikha
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 1101 Zhimin Road, Nanchang 330045, China;
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Bioengineering and Technological Research Centre for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 1101 Zhimin Road, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 1101 Zhimin Road, Nanchang 330045, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Minufiya University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt
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Ahmad MF, Wahab S, Ahmad FA, Ashraf SA, Abullais SS, Saad HH. Ganoderma lucidum: A potential pleiotropic approach of ganoderic acids in health reinforcement and factors influencing their production. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Joshi BP, Bhandare VV, Patel P, Sharma A, Patel R, Krishnamurthy R. Molecular modelling studies and identification of novel phytochemical inhibitor of DLL3. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:3089-3109. [PMID: 35220906 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2045224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has been recently considered the most diagnosed cancer in male. DLL3 is overexpressed in CRPC-NE but not in localised prostate cancer or BPH. There are no effective treatments for neuroendocrine differentiated prostate cancer due to a lack of understanding of DLL3 structure and function. The structure of DLL3 is not yet determined using any experimental techniques. Hence, the structure-based drug discovery approach against prostate cancer has not shown great success. In present study, molecular modelling techniques were employed to generate three-dimensional structure of DLL3 and performed its thorough structural analysis. Further, all-atom molecular dynamics simulation was performed to obtain energetically favourable conformation. Further, we used a virtual screening using a library of >13800 phytochemicals from the IMPPAT database and other literature to select the best possible phytochemical inhibitor for DLL3 and identified the top five compounds. Relative binding affinity was calculated using the MM-PBSA approach. ADMET properties of the screened compounds reveal the toxic effect of Gnemonol C. We believe these studied physicochemical properties, functional domain identification, and binding site identification would be very useful to gain more structural and functional insights of DLL3; also, it can be used to infer their pharmacodynamics properties of DLL3 which was recently reported as an important prostate cancer target. The current study also proposes that Ergosterol Peroxide, Dioslupecin A, Mulberrofuran K, and Caracurine V have strong affinities and could serve as plausible inhibitors against DLL3. We believe this study would further help develop better drug candidates against neuroendocrine prostate cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Prittesh Patel
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh Patel
- Bioinformatics and Supercomputer Lab., Department of Biosciences (UGC-SAP-DRS-II & DST-FIST-I), Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Ramar Krishnamurthy
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Gujarat, India
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Liu G, Zeng T. Sporoderm-Removed Ganoderma lucidum Spore Powder May Suppress the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Through PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Erk Pathway. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 20:15347354211062157. [PMID: 34841952 PMCID: PMC8649442 DOI: 10.1177/15347354211062157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a key factor of therapeutic failure in tumor patients, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be explored and novel effective curative strategies are urgently required. Emerging evidence suggests that sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder can suppress tumor growth and metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms of action remain elusive. In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder against esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC). The expression of MCP-1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells was detected by Western blotting. The MTS assay was used to assess the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells viability. The clone formation assay was used to evaluate to the proliferation ability of KYSE140 and KYSE510 cells. Apoptosis and the cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to analyze the migration of KYSE140 and KYSE510 cells. Invasion was also analyzed by the Transwell assay. The expressions of PI3K, AKT/p-AKT, Erk/p-Erk, JNK1, and mTOR were detected by Western blotting. We found that the MCP-1 protein was highly expressed in KYSE140 and KYSE510. In addition, sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder treatment was found to inhibit esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation, to block the cell cycle, to induce cell apoptosis and to inhibit cell migration and invasion. Finally, we found that sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder decreased the expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Erk signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder suppresses esophageal squamous cell carcinomas by involving MCP-1, regulated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Erk signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Cancer Therapy Challenge: It Is Time to Look in the "St. Patrick's Well" of the Nature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910380. [PMID: 34638721 PMCID: PMC8508794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer still remains a leading cause of death despite improvements in diagnosis, drug discovery and therapy approach. Therefore, there is a strong need to improve methodologies as well as to increase the number of approaches available. Natural compounds of different origins (i.e., from fungi, plants, microbes, etc.) represent an interesting approach for fighting cancer. In particular, synergistic strategies may represent an intriguing approach, combining natural compounds with classic chemotherapeutic drugs to increase therapeutic efficacy and lower the required drug concentrations. In this review, we focus primarily on those natural compounds utilized in synergistic approached to treating cancer, with particular attention to those compounds that have gained the most research interest.
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Gujiansan Ameliorates Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head by Regulating Autophagy via the HIF-1 α/BNIP3 Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6683007. [PMID: 34512780 PMCID: PMC8426065 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6683007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Clinically, the traditional Chinese medicine compound Gujiansan has been widely used in the treatment of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH). The present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of Gujiansan. Methods A rat model of SANFH was established by the injection of dexamethasone (DEX) at a high dosage of 25 mg/kg/d. Then, Gujiansan was intragastrically administered for 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks, and histological examination of the femoral head was performed. The expression levels of related mRNAs and proteins were analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, and the levels of bone biochemical markers and cytokines were detected with ELISA kits. Results Gujiansan administration ameliorated SANFH and induced the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), LC3, and Beclin-1 in the rat model in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and Gujiansan promoted osteocalcin secretion at the femoral head. In addition, Gujiansan increased the levels of bone formation- and bone resorption-specific markers (osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b), N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX-1), and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-1)) and decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Conclusions Gujiansan accelerates the formation of a new bone, promotes the absorption of the damaged bone, inhibits the inflammatory response, induces autophagy of the femoral head via the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway, and ultimately ameliorates SANFH.
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Fu L, Han BK, Meng FF, Wang JW, Wang TY, Li HJ, Sun YY, Zou GN, Li XR, Li W, Bi YF, Ke Y, Liu HM. Jaridon 6, a new diterpene from Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara, can display anti-gastric cancer resistance by inhibiting SIRT1 and inducing autophagy. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5720-5733. [PMID: 34411362 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tumor resistance is the main cause of treatment failure and is associated with many tumor factors. Jaridon 6, a new diterpene extracted from Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara, which has been previously extracted by our research team, has been tested having more obvious advantages in resistant tumor cells. However, its mechanism is unclear. In this study, we studied the effect and the specific mechanism of Jaridon 6 in resistant gastric cancer cells. Cytotoxicity test, colony test, western blotting, and nude test verified the anti-drug resistance ability of Jaridon 6 in the MGC803/PTX and MGC803/5-Fu cells. Jaridon 6 has shown obvious inhibitory effects in the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) enzyme test. Transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence tests further proved the autophagic action of Jaridon 6. Jaridon 6 could inhibit the proliferation of the resistant gastric cancer cell in vivo and in vitro. Jaridon 6 inhibited SIRT1 enzyme and induced autophagy by inhibiting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway. Thus, it may be considered for treating gastric cancer resistance by individual or combined administration, as an SIRT1 inhibitor and autophagy inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Bing-Kai Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Fang-Feng Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Tian-Ye Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hui-Ju Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Ying-Ying Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Guo-Na Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-Rui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yue-Feng Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Ke
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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15
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Panda MK, Paul M, Singdevsachan SK, Tayung K, Das SK, Thatoi H. Promising Anti-cancer Therapeutics From Mushrooms: Current Findings and Future Perceptions. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:1164-1191. [PMID: 33032507 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666201008164056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, medicines derived from natural sources have drawn much attention as potential therapeutic agents in the suppression and treatment of cancer because of their low toxicity and fewer side effects. OBJECTIVE The present review aims to assess the currently available knowledge on the ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of bioactive compounds obtained from medicinal mushrooms towards cancer treatment. METHODS A literature search has been conducted for the collection of research papers from universally accepted scientific databases. These research papers and published book chapters were scrutinized to retrieve information on ethnomedicinal uses of mushrooms, different factors involved in cancer cell proliferation, clinical and in silico pharmaceutical studies made for possible treatments of cancer using mushroom derived compounds. Overall, 241 articles were retrieved and reviewed from the year 1970 to 2020, out of which 98 relevant articles were finally considered for the preparation of this review. RESULTS This review presents an update on the natural bioactive substances derived from medicinal mushrooms and their role in inhibiting the factors responsible for cancer cell proliferation. Along with it, the present review also provides information on the ethnomedicinal uses, solvents used for extraction of anti-cancer metabolites, clinical trials, and in silico studies that were undertaken towards anticancer drug development from medicinal mushrooms. CONCLUSION The present review provides extensive knowledge on various anti-cancer substances obtained from medicinal mushrooms, their biological actions, and in silico drug designing approaches, which could form a basis for the development of natural anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunmaya K Panda
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Baripada-757003, Odisha, India
| | - Manish Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Baripada-757003, Odisha, India
| | - Sameer K Singdevsachan
- Spinco Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Spinco Towers, No. 934, 5th A cross, Service Road, HRBR Layout 1st Block, Kalyan Nagar, Bengaluru-560043, Karnataka, India
| | - Kumananda Tayung
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Swagat K Das
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar- 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Hrudayanath Thatoi
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Baripada-757003, Odisha, India
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16
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Acharya B, Chaijaroenkul W, Na-Bangchang K. Atractylodin inhibited the migration and induced autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma cells via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and p38MAPK signalling pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1191-1200. [PMID: 33885818 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of atractylodin (ATD), the bioactive compound from Atractylodes lancea, on migration and autophagy status of cholangiocarcinoma cell line were investigated. METHODS Cytotoxic activity and effects on cell migration and invasion were evaluated by MTT and trans-well assay, respectively. Autophagy and underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated using flow cytometry and western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS ATD regulated the activity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and p38MAPK signalling pathways which contributed to autophagy induction. HuCCT-1 cell growth was inhibited by ATD in a time- and dose-dependent manner. ATD inhibited the migration and invasion of HuCCT1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. It also induced autophagy in HuCCT1 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The SB202190 (autophagy inducer) and 3-MA (autophagy inhibitor) significantly increased and decreased the rate of ATD-induced autophagy, respectively. The 24 h exposure of ATD inhibited the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and increased Beclin-1 expression and LC3 conversion. It also reduced p-AKT/AKT, p-mTOR/mTOR and p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK. CONCLUSIONS ATD inhibits the proliferation and induces CCA cell autophagy via regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR and p38MAPK signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwanath Acharya
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wanna Chaijaroenkul
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Drug discovery, and Development Center, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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17
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Shliapina VL, Yurtaeva SV, Rubtsova MP, Dontsova OA. At the Crossroads: Mechanisms of Apoptosis and Autophagy in Cell Life and Death. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:106-115. [PMID: 34377561 PMCID: PMC8327148 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are conserved processes that regulate cell survival and death under stress conditions. Apoptosis aims to remove cells from the body with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. Autophagy promotes removal of damaged organelles, protein aggregates, and cellular pathogens, stimulating cell survival. The signaling pathways involved in the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy largely overlap, leading to both competition and unidirectional interaction, which is of particular interest in investigating them as potential targets for cancer, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease therapies. This review analyzes the main pathways of molecular interactions between autophagy and apoptosis, which is necessary for understanding the mechanism maintaining the balance between cell death and survival under unfavorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. L. Shliapina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119997 Russia
| | | | - M. P. Rubtsova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - O. A. Dontsova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119997 Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 121205 Russia
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18
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Dai R, Liu M, Nik Nabil WN, Xi Z, Xu H. Mycomedicine: A Unique Class of Natural Products with Potent Anti-tumour Bioactivities. Molecules 2021; 26:1113. [PMID: 33669877 PMCID: PMC7923288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycomedicine is a unique class of natural medicine that has been widely used in Asian countries for thousands of years. Modern mycomedicine consists of fruiting bodies, spores, or other tissues of medicinal fungi, as well as bioactive components extracted from them, including polysaccharides and, triterpenoids, etc. Since the discovery of the famous fungal extract, penicillin, by Alexander Fleming in the late 19th century, researchers have realised the significant antibiotic and other medicinal values of fungal extracts. As medicinal fungi and fungal metabolites can induce apoptosis or autophagy, enhance the immune response, and reduce metastatic potential, several types of mushrooms, such as Ganoderma lucidum and Grifola frondosa, have been extensively investigated, and anti-cancer drugs have been developed from their extracts. Although some studies have highlighted the anti-cancer properties of a single, specific mushroom, only limited reviews have summarised diverse medicinal fungi as mycomedicine. In this review, we not only list the structures and functions of pharmaceutically active components isolated from mycomedicine, but also summarise the mechanisms underlying the potent bioactivities of several representative mushrooms in the Kingdom Fungi against various types of tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
| | - Mengfan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
| | - Wan Najbah Nik Nabil
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
- Pharmaceutical Services Program, Ministry of Health, Selangor 46200, Malaysia
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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19
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Ahmad MF. Ganoderma lucidum: A rational pharmacological approach to surmount cancer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:113047. [PMID: 32504783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been broadly used for health endorsement as well as longevity for over 2000 years in Asian countries. It is an example of an ancient remedy and known as immortality mushroom. It has been employed as a health promoting agent owing to its broad pharmacological and therapeutical approaches. It has been confirmed that G. lucidum exhibits significant potency to prevent and treat different types of cancers such as breast, prostate, colon, lung and cervical. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore anticancer effects of various pharmacologically active compounds obtained from G. lucidum and their possible mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Goggle Scholar, Saudi Digital Library and Cochrane Library until October 11, 2019. Search was made by using keywords such as anticancer evidence, mechanism of action, pharmacology, antioxidant, toxicity, chemotherapy, triterpenoids and polysaccharides of G. lucidum. RESULTS Various chemical compounds from G. lucidum exhibit anticancer properties mainly through diverse mechanism such as cytotoxic properties, host immunomodulators, metabolizing enzymes induction, prohibit the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in cancer cells. Among the various compounds of G. lucidum triterpenoids and polysaccharides are under the major consideration of studies due to their several evidence of preclinical and clinical studies against cancer. CONCLUSION Natural alternatives associated with mild side effects are the basic human need of present therapy to eradicate the new emerging disorders. This review is an attempt to compile pharmacologically active compounds of G. lucidum those exhibit anti cancer effects either alone or along with chemotherapy and anticancer mechanisms against various cancer cells, clinical trials, chemotherapy induced toxicity challenges with limitations. It acts as a possible substitute to combat cancer growth with advance and conventional combination therapies as natural alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Kong MY, Li LY, Lou YM, Chi HY, Wu JJ. Chinese herbal medicines for prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer: From molecular mechanisms to potential clinical applications. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2020; 18:369-384. [PMID: 32758397 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, leading to immense social and economic burdens. Currently, the main treatments for CRC include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC, the prognosis for CRC patients remains poor. Furthermore, the occurrence of side effects and toxicities severely limits the clinical use of these therapies. Therefore, alternative medications with high efficacy but few side effects are needed. An increasing number of modern pharmacological studies and clinical trials have supported the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) for the prevention and treatment of CRC. CHMs may be able to effectively reduce the risk of CRC, alleviate the adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy, and prolong the survival time of patients with advanced CRC. Studies of molecular mechanisms have provided deeper insight into the roles of molecules from CHMs in treating CRC. This paper summarizes the current understanding of the use of CHMs for the prevention and treatment of CRC, the main molecular mechanisms involved in these processes, the role of CHMs in modulating chemotherapy-induced adverse reactions, and CHM's potential role in epigenetic regulation of CRC. The current study provides beneficial information on the use of CHMs for the prevention and treatment of CRC in the clinic, and suggests novel directions for new drug discovery against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Yan Kong
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Le-Yan Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Mei Lou
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Yu Chi
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China.
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21
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Chen M, Xiao D, Liu W, Song Y, Zou B, Li L, Li P, Cai Y, Liu D, Liao Q, Xie Z. Intake of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides reverses the disturbed gut microbiota and metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:890-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Forouzanfar F, Mousavi SH. Targeting Autophagic Pathways by Plant Natural Compounds in Cancer Treatment. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:1237-1249. [PMID: 32364070 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200504072635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, natural compounds of plant origin with anticancer effects have gained more attention because of their clinical safety and broad efficacy profiles. Autophagy is a multistep lysosomal degradation pathway that may have a unique potential for clinical benefit in the setting of cancer treatment. To retrieve articles related to the study, the databases of Google Scholar, Web of sciences, Medline and Scopus, using the following keywords: Autophagic pathways; herbal medicine, oncogenic autophagic pathways, tumor-suppressive autophagic pathways, and cancer were searched. Although natural plant compounds such as resveratrol, curcumin, oridonin, gossypol, and paclitaxel have proven anticancer potential via autophagic signaling pathways, there is still a great need to find new natural compounds and investigate the underlying mechanisms, to facilitate their clinical use as potential anticancer agents through autophagic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Hu Z, Du R, Xiu L, Bian Z, Ma C, Sato N, Hattori M, Zhang H, Liang Y, Yu S, Wang X. Protective effect of triterpenes of Ganoderma lucidum on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses and acute liver injury. Cytokine 2020; 127:154917. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Aiello P, Sharghi M, Mansourkhani SM, Ardekan AP, Jouybari L, Daraei N, Peiro K, Mohamadian S, Rezaei M, Heidari M, Peluso I, Ghorat F, Bishayee A, Kooti W. Medicinal Plants in the Prevention and Treatment of Colon Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2075614. [PMID: 32377288 PMCID: PMC7187726 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2075614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The standard treatment for cancer is generally based on using cytotoxic drugs, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. However, the use of traditional treatments has received attention in recent years. The aim of the present work was to provide an overview of medicinal plants effective on colon cancer with special emphasis on bioactive components and underlying mechanisms of action. Various literature databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, were used and English language articles were considered. Based on literature search, 172 experimental studies and 71 clinical cases on 190 plants were included. The results indicate that grape, soybean, green tea, garlic, olive, and pomegranate are the most effective plants against colon cancer. In these studies, fruits, seeds, leaves, and plant roots were used for in vitro and in vivo models. Various anticolon cancer mechanisms of these medicinal plants include induction of superoxide dismutase, reduction of DNA oxidation, induction of apoptosis by inducing a cell cycle arrest in S phase, reducing the expression of PI3K, P-Akt protein, and MMP as well; reduction of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins, and decrease of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin B1 and cyclin E. Plant compounds also increase both the expression of the cell cycle inhibitors p53, p21, and p27, and the BAD, Bax, caspase 3, caspase 7, caspase 8, and caspase 9 proteins levels. In fact, purification of herbal compounds and demonstration of their efficacy in appropriate in vivo models, as well as clinical studies, may lead to alternative and effective ways of controlling and treating colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Aiello
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maedeh Sharghi
- Nursing and Midwifery School, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Azam Pourabbasi Ardekan
- Lung Diseases and Allergy Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Leila Jouybari
- Nursing Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Nahid Daraei
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Peiro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sima Mohamadian
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Rezaei
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Heidari
- Lung Diseases and Allergy Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ilaria Peluso
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Fereshteh Ghorat
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Boulevard, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Wesam Kooti
- Lung Diseases and Allergy Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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25
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Sharifi-Rad J, Ozleyen A, Boyunegmez Tumer T, Oluwaseun Adetunji C, El Omari N, Balahbib A, Taheri Y, Bouyahya A, Martorell M, Martins N, Cho WC. Natural Products and Synthetic Analogs as a Source of Antitumor Drugs. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E679. [PMID: 31683894 PMCID: PMC6920853 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease and one of the major issues of health concern, especially for the public health system globally. Nature is a source of anticancer drugs with abundant pool of diverse chemicals and pharmacologically active compounds. In recent decade, some natural products and synthetic analogs have been investigated for the cancer treatment. This article presents the utilization of natural products as a source of antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran.
| | - Adem Ozleyen
- Graduate Program of Biomolecular Sciences, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17020, Turkey.
| | - Tugba Boyunegmez Tumer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17020, Turkey.
| | - Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
- Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo University, Iyamho, Edo State 300271, Nigeria.
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10100, Morocco.
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
| | - Yasaman Taheri
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran.
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile.
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepcion 4070386, Chile.
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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26
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Kim SH, Kim H. Astaxanthin Modulation of Signaling Pathways That Regulate Autophagy. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100546. [PMID: 31547619 PMCID: PMC6836186 DOI: 10.3390/md17100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal pathway that degrades and recycles unused or dysfunctional cell components as well as toxic cytosolic materials. Basal autophagy favors cell survival. However, the aberrant regulation of autophagy can promote pathological conditions. The autophagy pathway is regulated by several cell-stress and cell-survival signaling pathways that can be targeted for the purpose of disease control. In experimental models of disease, the carotenoid astaxanthin has been shown to modulate autophagy by regulating signaling pathways, including the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), cellular homolog of murine thymoma virus akt8 oncogene (Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Astaxanthin is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases by regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhn Hyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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27
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Li X, Xie Y, Peng J, Hu H, Wu Q, Yang BB. Ganoderiol F purified from Ganoderma leucocontextum retards cell cycle progression by inhibiting CDK4/CDK6. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:3030-3043. [PMID: 31544588 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1667705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to purify molecules possess anti-cancer cell activity from the fruit body of Ganoderma leucocontextum. Bio-activity-guided purification and chromatographic separation of Ganoderma leucocontextum extract led to the enrichment of bioactive fractions and isolation of a single compound. The purified compound was identified as Ganoderiol F, which induced cancer cell death. In the in vivo experiments, we founded ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction inhibited tumor growth in the mice injected with 4T1 cells. We found that Ganoderiol F-mediated suppression of breast cancer cell viability occurred through cell cycle arrest. Ganoderiol F down-regulated expression of cyclin D, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin E and CDK2 and inhibited cell cycle progression arresting the cells in G1 phase. In addition, Ganoderiol F up-regulated pro-apoptotic Foxo3, down-regulated anti-apoptotic c-Myc, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w leading to apoptosis in human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. These results showed that c-Myc, cyclin D-CDK4/CDK6 and cyclin E-CDK2 are the central components of Ganoderiol F regulation of cell cycle progression. Hence Ganoderiol F may serve as a potential CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor for breast cancer therapy. Abbreviations: GLE: Ganoderma leucocontextum ethanol extract; GLEA: Ganoderma leucocontextum ethyl acetate fraction; GLPE: Ganoderma leucocontextum petroleum ether fraction; RP-HPLC: reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatograph; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; FBS: fetal bovine serum; PAGE: polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , Canada
| | - Yizhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd ., Guangzhou , China
| | - Juanjuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Huiping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Burton B Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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28
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Patanapongpibul M, Chen QH. Immune Modulation of Asian Folk Herbal Medicines and Related Chemical Components for Cancer Management. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3042-3067. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170705112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Various exciting immunotherapies aiming to address immune deficiency induced
by tumor and treatment hold promise in improving the quality of life and survival
rate of cancer patients. It is thus becoming an important and rewarding arena to develop
some appropriate immune modulators for cancer prevention and/or treatment. Exploitation
of natural products-based immune modulators is of particular imperative because the
potential of numerous traditional herbal medicines and edible mushrooms in boosting
human immune system has long been verified by folklore practices. This review summarizes
the immune modulations of various herbal medicines and edible mushrooms, their
crude extracts, and/or key chemical components that have been, at least partly, associated
with their cancer management. This article also tabulates the origin of species, key
chemical components, and clinical studies of these herbal medicines and edible mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manee Patanapongpibul
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, United States
| | - Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, United States
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29
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Chang Y, Kong R. Ganoderic acid A alleviates hypoxia-induced apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation in rat neural stem cells through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1448-1456. [PMID: 30838711 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effects of ganoderic acid A (GAA), a lanostane triterpene, on hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy (HIE) remain unclear. We aimed to figure out the specific role of GAA in hypoxia-treated neural stem cells (NSCs) as well as the regulatory mechanisms. Primary rat NSCs were incubated under hypoxia to simulate HIE. Viability and apoptosis of hypoxia-injured NSCs were measured by cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Proteins related to apoptosis, autophagy, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways were evaluated by Western blot analysis. LY294002 and rapamycin were added to inhibit the PI3K/AKT pathway and mTOR pathway, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried out to test the release of proinflammatory cytokines. We found that hypoxia-induced decrease of cell viability, increases of apoptotic cells and autophagy, and the release of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were all attenuated by GAA stimulation. Activation of caspases induced by hypoxia was alleviated by GAA. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway eliminated the effects of GAA on apoptosis and proinflammatory cytokines release in hypoxia-injured NSCs. Meanwhile, inhibition of the mTOR pathway abrogated the effects of GAA on cell autophagy in hypoxia-injured NSCs. In conclusion, GAA alleviated hypoxia-induced injury in NSCs might be through activating the PI3K/AKT and mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ruifang Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital (East Branch), Jining, China
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30
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Martínez-Montemayor MM, Ling T, Suárez-Arroyo IJ, Ortiz-Soto G, Santiago-Negrón CL, Lacourt-Ventura MY, Valentín-Acevedo A, Lang WH, Rivas F. Identification of Biologically Active Ganoderma lucidum Compounds and Synthesis of Improved Derivatives That Confer Anti-cancer Activities in vitro. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:115. [PMID: 30837881 PMCID: PMC6389703 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) demonstrate significant anti-cancer activity against triple negative inflammatory breast cancer models. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the bioactive compounds of GLE responsible for this anti-cancer activity. We performed NMR, X-ray crystallography and analog derivatization as well as anti-cancer activity studies to elucidate and test the compounds. We report the structures of the seven most abundant GLE compounds and their selective efficacy against triple negative (TNBC) and inflammatory breast cancers (IBC) and other human cancer cell types (solid and blood malignancies) to illustrate their potential as anti-cancer agents. Three of the seven compounds (ergosterol, 5,6-dehydroergosterol and ergosterol peroxide) exhibited significant in vitro anti-cancer activities, while we report for the first time the structure elucidation of 5,6-dehydroergosterol from Ganoderma lucidum. We also show for the first time in TNBC/IBC cells that ergosterol peroxide (EP) displays anti-proliferative effects through G1 phase cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction via caspase 3/7 activation, and PARP cleavage. EP decreased migratory and invasive effects of cancer cells while inhibiting the expression of total AKT1, AKT2, BCL-XL, Cyclin D1 and c-Myc in the tested IBC cells. Our investigation also indicates that these compounds induce reactive oxygen species, compromising cell fate. Furthermore, we generated a superior derivative, ergosterol peroxide sulfonamide, with improved potency in IBC cells and ample therapeutic index (TI > 10) compared to normal cells. The combined studies indicate that EP from Ganoderma lucidum extract is a promising molecular scaffold for further exploration as an anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taotao Ling
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ivette J. Suárez-Arroyo
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Gabriela Ortiz-Soto
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Mercedes Y. Lacourt-Ventura
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Anibal Valentín-Acevedo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Walter H. Lang
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fatima Rivas
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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31
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Sun Y, Sun L. Cellular and Molecular Mechanism of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) Against Tumor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1182:79-118. [PMID: 31777015 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9421-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer potential of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) and its extracts has been widely demonstrated, including antiproliferative and apoptosis inductive, antimetastatic, antiangiogenic, and multidrug resistance reversional activities, involving a variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms besides antitumor immunology. Intrinsic- and extrinsic-initiated apoptotic pathway in association with cell cycle arresting, telomerase inhibiting, autophagy, and oxidative stress is involved in the antiproliferative and apoptosis inductive activities of Ganoderma and its extracts. The inhibition of tumor cell adhesion, invasion, and migration by Ganoderma and its extracts involves molecular mechanisms such as AP-1, NF-κB, MMP, cadherin, β-integrin, c-Met, FAK, EMT, and so on. Targeting the major pro-angiogenic stimulus, VEGF, and its receptor contributes to the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by Ganoderma and its extracts. Inhibition against the ATP-dependent transmembrane drug transporter such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the surface of resistant tumor cells to prevent reduction of the intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs by pumping out the drugs plays an important role in the activities of Ganoderma and its extracts to reverse tumor cell multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China.
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32
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Qiu Y, Li C, Wang Q, Zeng X, Ji P. Tanshinone IIA induces cell death via Beclin-1-dependent autophagy in oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC-9 cell line. Cancer Med 2018; 7:397-407. [PMID: 29316373 PMCID: PMC5806115 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (TAN) is one of the major functional compounds of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and possesses the ability to suppress the growth of multiple cancer cell types via its apoptosis‐ and autophagy‐inducing functions. In this study, the effect of TAN therapy on the survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was evaluated, and the underlying mechanism involved in the treatment was investigated. Human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell SCC‐9 was used for in vitro assays and induction in an OSCC xenograft mouse model. The tumor cells were subjected to TAN administration at different concentrations. Then the apoptosis and autophagy processes in SCC‐9 cells were evaluated and the activities of Beclin‐1/Atg7/Atg12‐Atg5 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways were determined. In addition, by knocking down the expression of Beclin‐1 in SCC‐9 cells, the study also assessed the role of the indicator in the anti‐OSCC effect of TAN. Results of in vitro assays were further validated with an OSCC xenograft mouse model. Administration of TAN‐induced cell apoptosis and upregulated the expression of cleaved‐caspase‐3. Simultaneously, the autophagy process in SCC‐9 cells was initiated by TAN, which was signaled by the formation of autophagosomes and increase in the ratio of LC3 II/LC3I. The above processes were associated with the activation of Beclin‐1/Atg7/Atg12‐Atg5 signaling and inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Our results also inferred a partially Beclin‐1‐dependent mechanism of action of TAN in OSCC cells: knockdown of the Beclin‐1 blocked the effect of TAN on SCC‐9 cells both in vivo and in vitro. Our study provided a preliminary explanation of the mechanism involved in TAN effect: the agent exerted its autophagy‐inducing effect against OSCC in a multipronged manner, by both inducing the Beclin‐1/Atg7/Atg12‐Atg5 pathway and suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Qiu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, North Songshi Road #426, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Conghua Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, North Songshi Road #426, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Qinhua Wang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, North Songshi Road #426, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Xingqi Zeng
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, North Songshi Road #426, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, North Songshi Road #426, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, North Songshi Road #426, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, North Songshi Road #426, Chongqing, 401147, China
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33
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Wu WW, Ye ZJ, Xu YM, Zhang J, Tang JS. Ergosta-7,22-diene-2β,3α,9α-triol (EGDT) from Ganoderma lucidum inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by blocking EGFR signaling pathway. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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34
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Natural compounds and combination therapy in colorectal cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:582-594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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35
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Zhu J, Arsovska B, Kozovska K. Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Post-Operative Treatment with Chinese Herbs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ym.2018.21005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Shang YY, Yao M, Zhou ZW, Jian-Cui, Li-Xia, Hu RY, Yu YY, Qiong-Gao, Biao-Yang, Liu YX, Dang J, Zhou SF, Nan-Yu. Alisertib promotes apoptosis and autophagy in melanoma through p38 MAPK-mediated aurora a signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107076-107088. [PMID: 29291012 PMCID: PMC5739797 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of Alisertib (ALS), a selective Aurora kinase A (AURKA) inhibitor, in melanoma. We found that ALS exerts anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and pro-autophagic effects on A375 and skmel-5 melanoma cells by inhibiting p38 MAPK signaling. SB202190, a p38 MAPK-selective inhibitor, enhanced ALS-induced apoptosis and autophagy in both cell lines. ALS induced cell cycle arrest in melanoma cells through activation of the p53/p21/cyclin B1 pathway. Knockdown of p38 MAPK enhanced ALS-induced apoptosis and reduced ALS-induced autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy sensitized melanoma cells to ALS-induced apoptosis. These data indicate ALS is a potential therapeutic agent for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Shang
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R.China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R.China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jian-Cui
- Department of Anesthesia, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R.China
| | - Li-Xia
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R.China
| | - Rong-Ying Hu
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R.China
| | - Ying-Yao Yu
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R.China
| | - Qiong-Gao
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R.China
| | - Biao-Yang
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R.China
| | - Yu-Xi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R.China
| | - Jie Dang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R.China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nan-Yu
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R.China
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37
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Li K, Na K, Sang T, Wu K, Wang Y, Wang X. The ethanol extracts of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum inhibit colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2803-2813. [PMID: 29048673 PMCID: PMC5780033 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.6010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been reported to possess a variety of pharmacological activities including anticancer effects. However, the anti-colorectal cancer effects and the potential molecular mechanisms of the ethanol extracts of sporoderm-broken spores of G. lucidum (BSGLEE), which mainly contains triterpenoids, have not been reported. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anticancer effects and molecular mechanisms exerted by BSGLEE on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. MTT assay revealed that BSGLEE at 1.6 to 10 mg/ml significantly inhibited HCT116 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that BSGLEE induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, which are associated with deregulation of the expression of key genes and proteins (p21, p16, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, bax, NAG-1, PARP and caspase-3) that regulate apoptosis and cell cycle cascades. Moreover, BSGLEE significantly inhibited HCT116 cell migration via downregulating MMP-1, MMP-2 and upregulating E-cadherin expression at mRNA levels. Oral gavage of 75 and 150 mg/kg BSGLEE significantly inhibited HCT116 xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, which was accompanied by suppressed Ki-67 staining as determined by immunochemistry. Collectively, we found that BSGLEE effectively inhibits colorectal cancer carcinogenesis through induction of apoptosis, inhibition of migration and promotion of cell cycle arrest. Our results suggest that triterpenoids of sporoderm-broken spores of G. lucidum ethanol extracts may serve as a promising anticancer agent for colorectal cancer chemoprevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Kun Na
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Sang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Kaikai Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xingya Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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Yuan R, Hou Y, Sun W, Yu J, Liu X, Niu Y, Lu JJ, Chen X. Natural products to prevent drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1401:19-27. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyikun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Ying Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Yanan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau; Macao China
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Kinases Involved in Both Autophagy and Mitosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091884. [PMID: 28858266 PMCID: PMC5618533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both mitosis and autophagy are highly regulated dynamic cellular processes and involve various phosphorylation events catalysed by kinases, which play vital roles in almost all physiological and pathological conditions. Mitosis is a key event during the cell cycle, in which the cell divides into two daughter cells. Autophagy is a process in which the cell digests its own cellular contents. Although autophagy regulation has mainly been studied in asynchronous cells, increasing evidence indicates that autophagy is in fact tightly regulated in mitosis. Here in this review, we will discuss kinases that were originally identified to be involved in only one of either mitosis or autophagy, but were later found to participate in both processes, such as CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases), Aurora kinases, PLK-1 (polo-like kinase 1), BUB1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1), MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1), AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), PI3K (phosphoinositide-3 kinase) and protein kinase B (AKT). By focusing on kinases involved in both autophagy and mitosis, we will get a more comprehensive understanding about the reciprocal regulation between the two key cellular events, which will also shed light on their related therapeutic investigations.
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Gu YP, Yang XM, Luo P, Li YQ, Tao YX, Duan ZH, Xiao W, Zhang DY, Liu HZ. Inhibition of acrolein-induced autophagy and apoptosis by a glycosaminoglycan from Sepia esculenta ink in mouse Leydig cells. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 163:270-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Wu L, Liang W, Chen W, Li S, Cui Y, Qi Q, Zhang L. Screening and Analysis of the Marker Components in Ganoderma lucidum by HPLC and HPLC-MS n with the Aid of Chemometrics. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040584. [PMID: 28383512 PMCID: PMC6154496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma triterpenes (GTs) are the major secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum, which is a popularly used traditional Chinese medicine for complementary cancer therapy. The present study was to establish a fingerprint evaluation system based on Similarity Analysis (SA), Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the identification and quality control of G. lucidum. Fifteen samples from the Chinese provinces of Hainan, Neimeng, Shangdong, Jilin, Anhui, Henan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Fujian were analyzed by HPLC-PAD and HPLC-MSn. Forty-seven compounds were detected by HPLC, of which forty-two compounds were tentatively identified by comparing their retention times and mass spectrometry data with that of reference compounds and reviewing the literature. Ganoderic acid B, 3,7,15-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxolanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid, lucidenic acid A, ganoderic acid G, and 3,7-oxo-12-acetylganoderic acid DM were deemed to be the marker compounds to distinguish the samples with different quality according to both CA and PCA. This study provides helpful chemical information for further research on the anti-tumor activity and mechanism of action of G. lucidum. The results proved that fingerprints combined with chemometrics are a simple, rapid and effective method for the quality control of G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfang Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wenyi Liang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wenjing Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Shi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yaping Cui
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Qi Qi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Lanzhen Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Chen Y, Lv J, Li K, Xu J, Li M, Zhang W, Pang X. Sporoderm-Broken Spores of Ganoderma lucidum Inhibit the Growth of Lung Cancer: Involvement of the Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:1151-60. [PMID: 27618151 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1208832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum (SBGS) and their extracts exhibited a wide range of biological activities. In the present study, we prepare ethanol/ethanol extract (E/E-SBGS) and ethanol/aqueous extract (E/A-SBGS) from SBGS and examine their antitumor activities against human lung cancer. Our results showed that E/E-SBGS, not E/A-SBGS, inhibited the survival and migration of lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. E/E-SBGS arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase and triggered apoptosis by decreasing the expression and activity of cell cycle regulators, cyclin B1 and cdc2, as well as anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. Consequently, colony formation of lung cancer cells was markedly blocked by E/E-SBGS at subtoxic concentrations. Oral administration of both E/E-SBGS and SBGS significantly suppressed tumor volume and tumor weight without gross toxicity in mice. Mechanism study showed that E/E-SBGS dose-dependently suppressed the activation of Akt, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and their downstream molecules S6 kinase and 4E-BP1 in treated tumor cells. Taken together, these results indicate that the ethanol extract of sporoderm-broken spores of G. lucidum suppresses the growth of human lung cancer, at least in part, through inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, suggesting its potential role in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chen
- a Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jing Lv
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai , China
| | - Kun Li
- c National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Jing Xu
- d Zhejiang Rare Herb Medicine Engineering Research Center , Jinhua , Zhejiang , China
| | - Mingyan Li
- e Shouxiangu Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Jinhua , Zhejiang , China
| | - Wen Zhang
- f Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- f Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai , China
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Hsieh MJ, Lin CW, Chiou HL, Yang SF, Chen MK. Dehydroandrographolide, an iNOS inhibitor, extracted from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, induces autophagy in human oral cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30831-49. [PMID: 26356821 PMCID: PMC4741571 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, which is constitutively executed at the basal level in all cells, promotes cellular homeostasis by regulating the turnover of organelles and proteins. Andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide (DA) are the two principle components of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees. and are the main contributors to its therapeutic properties. However, the pharmacological activities of dehydroandrographolide (DA) remain unclear. In this study, DA induces oral cancer cell death by activating autophagy. Treatment with autophagy inhibitors inhibited DA-induced human oral cancer cell death. In addition, DA increased LC3-II expression and reduced p53 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, DA induced autophagy and decreased cell viability through modulation of p53 expression. DA-induced autophagy was triggered by an activation of JNK1/2 and an inhibition of Akt and p38. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that DA induced autophagy in human oral cancer cells by modulating p53 expression, activating JNK1/2, and inhibiting Akt and p38. Finally, an administration of DA effectively suppressed the tumor formation in the oral carcinoma xenograft model in vivo. This is the first study to reveal the novel function of DA in activating autophagy, suggesting that DA could serve as a new and potential chemopreventive agent for treating human oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.,School of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chiou
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
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Mu L, Wang T, Chen Y, Tang X, Yuan Y, Zhao Y. β-Elemene enhances the efficacy of gefitinib on glioblastoma multiforme cells through the inhibition of the EGFR signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1427-36. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Shao Y, Qiao L, Wu L, Sun X, Zhu D, Yang G, Zhang X, Mao X, Chen W, Liang W, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Structure Identification and Anti-Cancer Pharmacological Prediction of Triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. Molecules 2016; 21:E678. [PMID: 27213329 PMCID: PMC6273610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma triterpenes (GTs) are the major secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum, which is a popularly used traditional Chinese medicine for complementary cancer therapy. In the present study, systematic isolation, and in silico pharmacological prediction are implemented to discover potential anti-cancer active GTs from G. lucidum. Nineteen GTs, three steroids, one cerebroside, and one thymidine were isolated from G. lucidum. Six GTs were first isolated from the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum, including 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid methyl ester (1), 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid (2), 3β,7β,15α,28-tetrahydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid (3), ganotropic acid (4), 26-nor-11,23-dioxo-5α-lanost-8-en-3β,7β,15α,25-tetrol (5) and (3β,7α)-dihydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien- 11-one (6). (4E,8E)-N-d-2'-hydroxypalmitoyl-l-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-spingodienine (7), and stigmasta-7,22-dien-3β,5α,6α-triol (8) were first reported from the genus Ganodema. By using reverse pharmacophoric profiling of the six GTs, thirty potential anti-cancer therapeutic targets were identified and utilized to construct their ingredient-target interaction network. Then nineteen high frequency targets of GTs were selected from thirty potential targets to construct a protein interaction network (PIN). In order to cluster the pharmacological activity of GTs, twelve function modules were identified by molecular complex detection (MCODE) and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. The results indicated that anti-cancer effect of GTs might be related to histone acetylation and interphase of mitotic cell cycle by regulating general control non-derepressible 5 (GCN5) and cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), respectively. This research mode of extraction, isolation, pharmacological prediction, and PIN analysis might be beneficial to rapidly predict and discover pharmacological activities of novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Shao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Liansheng Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Lingfang Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xuefei Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Dan Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Guanghui Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xin Mao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wenjing Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wenyi Liang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Lanzhen Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Li L, Guo HJ, Zhu LY, Zheng L, Liu X. A supercritical-CO2 extract of Ganoderma lucidum spores inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell migration by reversing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:491-497. [PMID: 27064008 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is an oriental medical mushroom that has been widely used in Asian countries for centuries to prevent and treat different diseases, including cancer. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of A supercritical-CO2 extract of G. lucidum spores on the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cholangiocarcinoma cells. STUDY DESIGN This was an in vitro study with human cholangiocarcinoma TFK-1 cells treated with varying concentrations of G. lucidum. METHODS A supercritical-CO2 extract of G. lucidum spores (GLE) was obtained from completely sporoderm-broken germinating G. lucidum spores by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SCF-CO2) extraction. GLE pre-incubated with human cholangiocarcinoma TFK-1 cells prior to TGF-β1 treatment (2ng/ml) for 48h. Changes in EMT markers were analyzed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The formation of F-actin stress fibers was assessed via immunostaining with phalloidin and examined using confocal microscopy. Additionally, the effect of the GLE on TGF-β1-induced migration was investigated by a Boyden chamber assay. RESULTS TGF-β1-induced reduction in E-cadherin expression was associated with a loss of epithelial morphology and cell-cell contact. Concomitant increases in N-cadherin and Fibronectin were evident in predominantly elongated fibroblast-like cells. The GLE suppressed the TGF-β1-induced morphological changes and the changes in cadherin expression, and also inhibited the formation of F-actin stress fibers, which are a hallmark of EMT. The GLE also inhibited TGF-β1-induced migration of TFK-1 cells. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new evidence that GLE suppress cholangiocarcinoma migration in vitro through inhibition of TGF-β1-induced EMT. The GLE may be clinically applied in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hui-Jun Guo
- Basic Medical College Jiangxi University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ling-Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Limin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Academy of Food and Health Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
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Law BYK, Mok SWF, Wu AG, Lam CWK, Yu MXY, Wong VKW. New Potential Pharmacological Functions of Chinese Herbal Medicines via Regulation of Autophagy. Molecules 2016; 21:359. [PMID: 26999089 PMCID: PMC6274228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a universal catabolic cellular process for quality control of cytoplasm and maintenance of cellular homeostasis upon nutrient deprivation and environmental stimulus. It involves the lysosomal degradation of cellular components such as misfolded proteins or damaged organelles. Defects in autophagy are implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases including cancers, myopathy, neurodegenerations, infections and cardiovascular diseases. In the recent decade, traditional drugs with new clinical applications are not only commonly found in Western medicines, but also highlighted in Chinese herbal medicines (CHM). For instance, pharmacological studies have revealed that active components or fractions from Chaihu (Radix bupleuri), Hu Zhang (Rhizoma polygoni cuspidati), Donglingcao (Rabdosia rubesens), Hou po (Cortex magnoliae officinalis) and Chuan xiong (Rhizoma chuanxiong) modulate cancers, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease via autophagy. These findings shed light on the potential new applications and formulation of CHM decoctions via regulation of autophagy. This article reviews the roles of autophagy in the pharmacological actions of CHM and discusses their new potential clinical applications in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - An Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Margaret Xin Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Clearance of Damaged Mitochondria Through PINK1 Stabilization by JNK and ERK MAPK Signaling in Chlorpyrifos-Treated Neuroblastoma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1844-1857. [PMID: 26892626 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control and clearance of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy are important cellular activities. Studies have shown that PTEN-induced putative protein kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin play central roles in triggering mitophagy; however, little is known regarding the mechanism by which PINK1 modulates mitophagy in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced stress. In this study, chlorpyrifos (CPF)-induced ROS caused mitochondrial damage and subsequent engulfing of mitochondria in double-membrane autophagic vesicles, indicating that clearance of damaged mitochondria is due to mitophagy. CPF treatment resulted in PINK1 stabilization on the outer mitochondrial membrane and subsequently increased Parkin recruitment from the cytosol to the abnormal mitochondria. We found that PINK1 physically interacts with Parkin in the mitochondria of CPF-treated cells. Furthermore, a knockdown of PINK1 strongly inhibited the LC3-II protein level by blocking Parkin recruitment. This indicates that CPF-induced mitophagy is due to PINK1 stabilization in mitochondria. We observed that PINK1 stabilization was selectively regulated by ROS-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling activation but not p38 signaling. In the mitochondria of CPF-exposed cells, pretreatment with specific inhibitors of JNK and ERK1/2 significantly decreased PINK1 stabilization and Parkin recruitment and blocked the LC3-II protein level. Specifically, JNK and ERK1/2 inhibition also dramatically blocked the interaction between PINK1 and Parkin. Our results demonstrated that PINK1 regulation plays a critical role in CPF-induced mitophagy. The simple interpretation of these results is that JNK and ERK1/2 signaling regulates PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy in the mitochondria of CPF-treated cells. Overall, this study proposes a novel molecular regulatory mechanism of PINK1 stabilization under CPF exposure.
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Kao CH, Bishop KS, Xu Y, Han DY, Murray PM, Marlow GJ, Ferguson LR. Identification of Potential Anticancer Activities of Novel Ganoderma lucidum Extracts Using Gene Expression and Pathway Network Analysis. GENOMICS INSIGHTS 2016; 9:1-16. [PMID: 27006591 PMCID: PMC4778854 DOI: 10.4137/gei.s32477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi) has been used for the general promotion of health in Asia for many centuries. The common method of consumption is to boil lingzhi in water and then drink the liquid. In this study, we examined the potential anticancer activities of G. lucidum submerged in two commonly consumed forms of alcohol in East Asia: malt whiskey and rice wine. The anticancer effect of G. lucidum, using whiskey and rice wine-based extraction methods, has not been previously reported. The growth inhibition of G. lucidum whiskey and rice wine extracts on the prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 and DU145, was determined. Using Affymetrix gene expression assays, several biologically active pathways associated with the anticancer activities of G. lucidum extracts were identified. Using gene expression analysis (real-time polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) and protein analysis (Western blotting), we confirmed the expression of key genes and their associated proteins that were initially identified with Affymetrix gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi H.J. Kao
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen S. Bishop
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yuanye Xu
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dug Yeo Han
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pamela M. Murray
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gareth J. Marlow
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynnette R. Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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