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Yang F, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Shaha A, Wang Y, Wang X, Deng Y, Lai J, Kang N. Metabolic reprogramming and its clinical implication for liver cancer. Hepatology 2023; 78:1602-1624. [PMID: 36626639 PMCID: PMC10315435 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells often encounter hypoxic and hypo-nutrient conditions, which force them to make adaptive changes to meet their high demands for energy and various biomaterials for biomass synthesis. As a result, enhanced catabolism (breakdown of macromolecules for energy production) and anabolism (macromolecule synthesis from bio-precursors) are induced in cancer. This phenomenon is called "metabolic reprogramming," a cancer hallmark contributing to cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance. HCC and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are 2 different liver cancers with high intertumoral heterogeneity in terms of etiologies, mutational landscapes, transcriptomes, and histological representations. In agreement, metabolism in HCC or CCA is remarkably heterogeneous, although changes in the glycolytic pathways and an increase in the generation of lactate (the Warburg effect) have been frequently detected in those tumors. For example, HCC tumors with activated β-catenin are addicted to fatty acid catabolism, whereas HCC tumors derived from fatty liver avoid using fatty acids. In this review, we describe common metabolic alterations in HCC and CCA as well as metabolic features unique for their subsets. We discuss metabolism of NAFLD as well, because NAFLD will likely become a leading etiology of liver cancer in the coming years due to the obesity epidemic in the Western world. Furthermore, we outline the clinical implication of liver cancer metabolism and highlight the computation and systems biology approaches, such as genome-wide metabolic models, as a valuable tool allowing us to identify therapeutic targets and develop personalized treatments for liver cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Yang
- BA/MD Joint Admission Scholars Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Leena Hilakivi-Clarke
- Food Science and Nutrition Section, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Aurpita Shaha
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Xianghu Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Yibin Deng
- Department of Urology, Masonic Cancer Center, The University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jinping Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Ningling Kang
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
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2
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Kalam F, James DL, Li YR, Coleman MF, Kiesel VA, Cespedes Feliciano EM, Hursting SD, Sears DD, Kleckner AS. Intermittent fasting interventions to leverage metabolic and circadian mechanisms for cancer treatment and supportive care outcomes. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2023; 2023:84-103. [PMID: 37139971 PMCID: PMC10157769 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting entails restricting food intake during specific times of day, days of the week, religious practice, or surrounding clinically important events. Herein, the metabolic and circadian rhythm mechanisms underlying the proposed benefits of intermittent fasting for the cancer population are described. We summarize epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical studies in cancer published between January 2020 and August 2022 and propose avenues for future research. An outstanding concern regarding the use of intermittent fasting among cancer patients is that fasting often results in caloric restriction, which can put patients already prone to malnutrition, cachexia, or sarcopenia at risk. Although clinical trials do not yet provide sufficient data to support the general use of intermittent fasting in clinical practice, this summary may be useful for patients, caregivers, and clinicians who are exploring intermittent fasting as part of their cancer journey for clinical outcomes and symptom management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Kalam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University. Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dara L James
- College of Nursing, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yun Rose Li
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Division of Quantitative Medicine & Systems Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael F Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Violet A Kiesel
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dorothy D Sears
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Amber S Kleckner
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Clifton KK, Ma CX, Fontana L, Peterson LL. Intermittent fasting in the prevention and treatment of cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71:527-546. [PMID: 34383300 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic caloric restriction (CR) has powerful anticarcinogenic actions in both preclinical and clinical studies but may be difficult to sustain. As an alternative to CR, there has been growing interest in intermittent fasting (IF) in both the scientific and lay community as a result of promising study results, mainly in experimental animal models. According to a survey by the International Food Information Council Foundation, IF has become the most popular diet in the last year, and patients with cancer are seeking advice from oncologists about its beneficial effects for cancer prevention and treatment. However, as discussed in this review, results from IF studies in rodents are controversial and suggest potential detrimental effects in certain oncologic conditions. The effects of IF on human cancer incidence and prognosis remain unknown because of a lack of high-quality randomized clinical trials. Preliminary studies suggest that prolonged fasting in some patients who have cancer is safe and potentially capable of decreasing chemotherapy-related toxicity and tumor growth. However, because additional trials are needed to elucidate the risks and benefits of fasting for patients with cancer, the authors would not currently recommend patients undergoing active cancer treatment partake in IF outside the context of a clinical trial. IF may be considered in adults seeking cancer-prevention benefits through means of weight management, but whether IF itself affects cancer-related metabolic and molecular pathways remains unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K Clifton
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Cynthia X Ma
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Charles Perkins Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lindsay L Peterson
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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4
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Mansour DF, Abdallah HMI, Ibrahim BMM, Hegazy RR, Esmail RSE, Abdel-Salam LO. The Carcinogenic Agent Diethylnitrosamine Induces Early Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Proliferation in Rat Liver, Stomach and Colon: Protective Effect of Ginger Extract. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2551-2561. [PMID: 31450931 PMCID: PMC6852799 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.8.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diethylnitrosamine (DENA), a well-known dietary carcinogen, related to cancer initiation of various organs. The present study investigated the deleterious mechanisms involved in the early destructive changes of DENA in different organs namely, liver, stomach and colon and the potential protective effect of GE against these mechanisms. Methods: Adult male albino rats were assigned into four groups. A normal control group received the vehicle, another group was injected with a single necrogenic dose of DENA (200 mg/kg, i.p) on day 21. Two groups received oral GE (108 or 216 mg/kg) daily for 28 days. Sera, liver, stomach and colon were obtained 7 days after DENA injection. Serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were detected as well as reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde, nitric oxide metabolites, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and nuclear factorerythroid 2-related factor2 (Nrf2) in liver, stomach and colon. Histopathological studies and immunohistochemical examination of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) were conducted. Results: DENA induced elevation in liver function enzymes with significant increase in oxidation and inflammation biomarkers and AFP while decreased levels of Nrf2 in liver, stomach and colon were detected. Histologically, DENA showed degenerative changes in hepatocytes and inflammatory foci. Inflammatory foci displayed increased expression of COX2 in immunohistochemical staining. GE-pretreatment improved liver function and restored normal GSH with significant mitigation of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers compared to DENA-treated group. AFP was reduced by GE in both doses, while Nrf2 increased significantly. Histology and immunostaining of hepatic COX-2 were remarkably improved in GE-treated groups in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: GE exerted a potential anti-proliferative activity against DENA in liver, stomach and colon via Nrf2 activation, whilst suppression of oxidation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina F Mansour
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice,, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt
| | - Heba M I Abdallah
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Bassant M M Ibrahim
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Rehab R Hegazy
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Reham S E Esmail
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
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Sharma S, Mehak, Chhimwal J, Patial V, Sk UH. Dendrimer-conjugated podophyllotoxin suppresses DENA-induced HCC progression by modulation of inflammatory and fibrogenic factors. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:560-567. [PMID: 31367338 PMCID: PMC6621132 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00103d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin has been explored as an anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial agent; however, its low water solubility and toxicity limit its use. In this study, the efficacy of a more soluble and less toxic polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer-conjugated podophyllotoxin (DPODO) was evaluated against chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice. HCC was induced by giving 0.01% diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in drinking water for 16 weeks. The HCC-induced mice were treated with 10 or 20 mg per kg body weight DPODO. The DENA administration led to HCC development, characterized by anisocytosis, karyomegaly, inflammation and degenerative changes in the liver. The DPODO treatment at 10 mg and 20 mg doses significantly reduced the histopathological changes in liver tissue. The DPODO treatment also significantly lowered the levels of inflammatory markers IL-6 and NF-κB in serum and tissue, respectively. Further, the treatment also significantly reduced fibrous tissue deposition in the liver, which was further confirmed by the reduced mRNA levels and tissue expression of fibrogenic markers TGF-β and α-SMA in the liver. The results of the present study indicate that DPODO treatment suppresses the progression of HCC by modulating the inflammatory and fibrogenic factors, which play important roles in HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory , Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , H.P. , India . ;
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research , Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , H.P. , India
| | - Mehak
- Natural Products Chemistry and Process Development Division , Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , H.P. , India
| | - Jyoti Chhimwal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory , Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , H.P. , India . ;
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research , Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , H.P. , India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory , Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , H.P. , India . ;
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research , Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , H.P. , India
| | - Ugir Hossain Sk
- Natural Products Chemistry and Process Development Division , Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , H.P. , India
- Clinical and Translational Research , Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute , Kolkata 700026 , India .
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6
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Campisano S, Bertran E, Caballero-Díaz D, La Colla A, Fabregat I, Chisari AN. Paradoxical role of the NADPH oxidase NOX4 in early preneoplastic stages of hepatocytes induced by amino acid deprivation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:714-722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Harvie MN, Howell T. Could Intermittent Energy Restriction and Intermittent Fasting Reduce Rates of Cancer in Obese, Overweight, and Normal-Weight Subjects? A Summary of Evidence. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:690-705. [PMID: 27422504 PMCID: PMC4942870 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.011767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal studies and human observational data link energy restriction (ER) to reduced rates of carcinogenesis. Most of these studies have involved continuous energy restriction (CER), but there is increasing public and scientific interest in the potential health and anticancer effects of intermittent energy restriction (IER) or intermittent fasting (IF), which comprise periods of marked ER or total fasting interspersed with periods of normal eating. This review summarizes animal studies that assessed tumor rates with IER and IF compared with CER or ad libitum feed consumption. The relevance of these animal data to human cancer is also considered by summarizing available human studies of the effects of IER or IF compared with CER on cancer biomarkers in obese, overweight, and normal-weight subjects. IER regimens that include periods of ER alternating with ad libitum feed consumption for 1, 2, or 3 wk have been reported to be superior to CER in reducing tumor rates in most spontaneous mice tumor models. Limited human data from short-term studies (≤6 mo) in overweight and obese subjects have shown that IER can lead to greater improvements in insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment) than can CER, with comparable reductions in adipokines and inflammatory markers and minor changes in the insulin-like growth factor axis. There are currently no data comparing IER or IF with CER in normal-weight subjects. The benefits of IER in these short-term trials are of interest, but not sufficient evidence to recommend the use of IER above CER. Longer-term human studies of adherence to and efficacy and safety of IER are required in obese and overweight subjects, as well as normal-weight subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Harvie
- Genesis Prevention Centre, University Hospital South Manchester National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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8
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Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (betatrophin) is a stress-response protein that down-regulates expression of adipocyte triglyceride lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:130-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Lack of amino acids in mouse hepatocytes in culture induces the selection of preneoplastic cells. Cell Signal 2012; 24:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Marengo B, Bottini C, La Porta CAM, Domenicotti C, Tessitore L. Inactivation of PEMT2 in hepatocytes initiated by DENA in fasted/refed rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:234-41. [PMID: 16756957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) is the enzyme that converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) into phosphatidylcholine. We have previously shown that PEMT suppressed hepatoma growth by triggering apoptosis. We investigate whether PEMT controlled cell death and cell proliferation triggered by fasting/refeeding and whether it is a marker of early preneoplastic lesions. The induction of programmed cell death and suppression of cell proliferation by fasting were associated with enhanced PEMT expression and activity, and with a decrease in CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase expression. Refeeding returned the liver growth and expression of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase to control levels, while the expression of PEMT decreased to below control values. After DENA administration, PEMT protein, evaluated by Western blotting, slightly increased, but it remained below control levels. The treatment with 20 mg/kg DENA to refed rats induced the appearance of initiated hepatocytes that were negative for PEMT expression. Present findings indicate that PEMT is a novel tumour marker for early liver preneoplastic lesions.
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11
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Tessitore L, Bollito E. Early induction of TGF-beta1 through a fasting-re-feeding regimen promotes liver carcinogenesis by a sub-initiating dose of diethylnitrosamine. Cell Prolif 2006; 39:105-16. [PMID: 16542346 PMCID: PMC6496430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that a sub-necrogenic dose (20 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) can induce the development of liver cancer when rats undergo a fasting-re-feeding regimen. The present study was undertaken to establish whether fasting followed by re-feeding builds up mechanisms able to trigger liver fibrosis, eventually leading to cirrhosis and cancer. Adult male rats, for fasted 4 days, were given 20 mg/kg of DENA after 1 day of re-feeding; in parallel, consistently fed animals receiving 20 mg/kg (sub-necrogenic) or 200 mg/kg (necrogenic dose) of DENA were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. All three groups were then subjected to the 2-acetylaminofluorene/carbon tetrachloride promoting regimen. Fasting induced moderate apoptosis in liver tissue, as evidenced by increased levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and Bax proteins and by a dramatic drop in the level of Bcl-2. Subsequent re-feeding caused all changes to revert except TGF-beta1 up-regulation. Histological findings of inflammation and fibrosis were consistently associated with increased production of TGF-beta1, the inflammatory cytokine with the most pronounced profibrogenic action. Thus, up-regulation of TGF-beta1 expression appears as a major mechanism by which the fasting-re-feeding regimen predisposes to initiation and promotion of liver carcinogenesis in rats. Avoiding fasting-re-feeding could be considered in the nutritional status of patients with liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tessitore
- Department of Chemical, Nutritional, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University 'A. Avogadro', East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
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12
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Caderni G, Perrelli MG, Cecchini F, Tessitore L. Enhanced growth of colorectal aberrant crypt foci in fasted/refed rats involves changes in TGFbeta1 and p21CIP expressions. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23:323-7. [PMID: 11872640 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/23.2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that fasting/refeeding enhances the initiation phase of liver and colorectal carcinogenesis in rats. The present study was undertaken to establish whether cycles of fasting/refeeding carried out during the promotion phase of carcinogenesis may also affect the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), preneoplastic lesions induced in the colon by azoxymethane (AOM). We were also interested in studying whether this effect might be mediated by changes in the proliferation, apoptosis or expression of TGFbeta1 and p21CIP genes in the colon. 44 male Fisher 344 rats were given a single dose of AOM (20 mg/kg s.c.) and one week later, they were exposed to 5 cycles of 4 days fasting followed by 7-10 days of refeeding (refed rats); controls were regularly fed; the rats were killed 2, 8 or 30 days after the last cycle of fasting. Fasting/refeeding caused a dramatic increase in crypt multiplicity when compared with regularly fed rats (AC/ACF was 4.30 +/- 1.3 in refed and 2.38 +/- 0.4 in regularly fed rats, P < 0.005 means +/- SD), while no significant changes were observed in the number of ACF/colon. In the two experimental groups, cell proliferation was higher in ACF than in the surrounding mucosa, but proliferative indexes were higher and the apoptotic index lower in ACF of refed rats compared with regularly fed rats. TGFbeta1 expression was higher in the ACF of refed rats than in those of fully fed controls while p21CIP was less expressed in refed rats than in controls. These results suggest that fasting/refeeding is a risk factor for colon cancer and must be taken into account for cancer prevention in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Caderni
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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13
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Tessitore L, Sesca E, Vance DE. Inactivation of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-2 in aflatoxin-induced liver cancer and partial reversion of the neoplastic phenotype by PEMT transfection of hepatoma cells. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:362-7. [PMID: 10760824 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000501)86:3<362::aid-ijc10>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase(PEMT) is an enzyme in liver that catalyzes the stepwise methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine, in addition to the main pathway that synthesizes phosphatidylcholine directly from choline. We have reported that PEMT is permanently inactivated in liver cancer induced by the Solt and Farber model. Here we studied, (i) whether similar changes also occur in the progression of hepatocarcinoma triggered by aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) in rats; (ii) whether the hepatoma phenotype could be reversed by over-expression of PEMT2. We found that PEMT2 protein decreased in pre-neoplastic nodules and virtually disappeared in hepatocellular carcinoma induced by AFB(1) due to decreased levels of mRNA without any deletion or mutation of the DNA sequence. PEMT activity, which reflects the function of both PEMT1 and PEMT2, was lower in nodules and negligible in the tumor, consistent with its regulation at the level of gene transcription. McArdle hepatoma cells transfected with PEMT2 failed to form anchorage-independent colonies in soft agar, while the vector-transfected control line grew efficiently. Moreover, PEMT2-transfected cells were also poorly tumorigenic in vivo in athymic mice, as shown by the lower tumor incidence, the longer cancer-free-time and the lower tumor volume and weight. Together, these data indicate that the loss of PEMT function may contribute to malignant transformation of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tessitore
- Department of Medical Sciences, "Amedeo Avogadro" University of East Piedmont, Turin, Italy.
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14
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Caderni G, Bollito E, Tessitore L. Colon cancer is induced by a single low dose of azoxymethane in fasted-refed rats. Nutr Cancer 2000; 35:137-42. [PMID: 10693167 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc352_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that fasting-refeeding enhanced the growth of preneoplastic lesions in the colon of rats induced by 20 mg/kg of azoxymethane (AOM). Here we studied whether fasting-refeeding could also affect 1) the induction of colon cancer by the same dose of AOM and 2) the induction of foci by lower doses of AOM that do not induce foci in fully fed rats. Fully fed and fasted-refed rats were given AOM by single subcutaneous injection, and the development of foci or tumors was evaluated three months or one year later. The results of the long-term carcinogenesis experiments showed that the total incidence of tumors was increased in the fasted-refed rats. Moreover, although fully fed rats developed foci only when injected with 7.5, 10, or 20 mg/kg of the carcinogen, a significant number of foci were also induced by 5 mg/kg in fasted-refed rats. The crypt multiplicity of foci was also higher when rats were exposed to fasting-refeeding, even when the number of foci was unchanged. These data suggest that growth perturbations induced by fasting-refeeding lead to the development of preneoplastic lesions with doses of AOM too low to trigger foci in fully fed rats and produce enhanced sensitivity to the development of intestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Caderni
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
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15
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Tessitore L, Tomasi C, Greco M. Fasting-induced apoptosis in rat liver is blocked by cycloheximide. Eur J Cell Biol 1999; 78:573-9. [PMID: 10494864 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-9335(99)80023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of cycloheximide (CH) on the fasting-induced changes of rat liver cell and protein turnover has been investigated. Late starvation phase (3-4-day-fasting period) was characterised by a decrease in liver weight and protein and DNA content. The loss of DNA was not related to liver cell necrosis but due not only to depression of cell proliferation as shown by the drop in the labelling index but also induction of apoptosis. This type of apoptosis was documented by the increase in the apoptotic index (cells labelled by TUNEL) and transglutaminase activity as well as by DNA fragmentation. The liver cells of fasted rats appeared smaller as shown by the higher cell density and DNA/protein ratio than in controls. Females were more resistant to fasting-induced apoptosis than males. A single dose of CH, a drug primary known as inhibitor of protein synthesis, induced or enhanced apoptosis in fed and 2-days fasted male rats, respectively, without any sign of cell necrosis. On the contrary, the administration of repeated doses of CH blocked apoptosis induced by fasting. CH "froze" protein and DNA content as well as apoptotic process at the level of 2 days-fasted rats. While fasting-induced liver protein loss resulted from a marked reduction in protein synthesis with a slight decrease in degradation, repeated treatment with CH virtually blocked protein loss by abolishing protein catabolism. These data suggest a direct relationship between the catabolic side of protein turnover and the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tessitore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Corpet DE, Peiffer G, Taché S. Glycemic index, nutrient density, and promotion of aberrant crypt foci in rat colon. Nutr Cancer 1998; 32:29-36. [PMID: 9824854 PMCID: PMC2566797 DOI: 10.1080/01635589809514713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We speculated that a diet with a high glycemic index (GI) or a diet with a low nutrient density (nutrient-to-calorie ratio) would enhance colon carcinogenesis, presumably via increased insulin resistance. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received an azoxymethane injection (20 mg/kg) and were randomized into five groups given an AIN-76 diet containing 1) 65% starch by weight, 2) 65% glucose (GI = 100), 3) 65% fructose (GI = 23), 4) 82% starch, or 5) 39% oil and 39% sucrose. The nutrient density of Diets 4 and 5 was one-half that of Diets 1-3. Promotion was assessed by the multiplicity (number of crypts) of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), an early marker of colon carcinogenesis. Insulin resistance was estimated by the FIRI index (blood insulin x blood glucose), by plasma triglycerides, and by visceral fat. To confirm the results in another rat strain, the experiment was duplicated in 48 Fischer (F344) rats. Results show that 1) the ACF multiplicity was not different in glucose- and fructose-fed rats (p > 0.7): diets with contrasting GI had the same effect on ACF growth; 2) diets of low nutrient density increased visceral fat (p < 0.05) but reduced the ACF size in F344 rats (p < 0.001, no reduction in SD rats); and 3) indirect insulin resistance markers (FIRI index, blood triglycerides, and visceral fat) did not correlate with ACF multiplicity. These results do not support the hypothesis that diets with a high GI or low nutrient density or diets that increase some indirect insulin resistance markers can promote colon carcinogenesis in F344 or SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis E. Corpet
- XENOBIOTIQUES, Xénobiotiques
INRA : UR1089Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de ToulouseFR
| | - Ginette Peiffer
- XENOBIOTIQUES, Xénobiotiques
INRA : UR1089Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de ToulouseFR
| | - Sylviane Taché
- XENOBIOTIQUES, Xénobiotiques
INRA : UR1089Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de ToulouseFR
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