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Biabani N, Taherpour K, Ghasemi HA, Akbari Gharaei M, Hafizi M, Nazaran MH. Dietary advanced chelate technology-based 7-mineral supplement improves growth performance and intestinal health indicators during a mixed Eimeria challenge in broiler chickens. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110277. [PMID: 39094330 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The health and productivity of broilers may be improved by optimizing the availability and levels of trace minerals (TM) in their feed, especially in the presence of parasites. This study investigated the effects of replacing inorganic TM (ITM) with an advanced chelate technology-based 7 TM (ACTM) on performance, hematology, lesion score, oocyst shedding, gut morphology, and tight junction structure in broilers challenged with mixed Eimeria species. There were 480 1-day-old broiler chickens divided into 5 groups: uninfected negative control and recommended levels of ITM (NC); infected positive control and recommended levels of ITM (PC); or PC supplemented with salinomycin (SAL); PC diet with 50 % ACTM instead of ITM (ACTM50); or PC diet with 100 % ACTM instead of ITM (ACTM100). All groups, except NC, were orally challenged with mixed Eimeria spp. oocysts on day 14. Each group had 6 replicate cages, with 16 birds per replicate. The results showed that the NC, SAL, and ACTM100 groups had higher (P < 0.05) body weight, average daily gain (ADG), and European production efficiency index (EPEI), as well as a lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion, mortality rate, and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio compared to the PC group, with the NC group having the highest ADG and EPEI throughout the experiment. The SAL and ACTM100 groups had lower (P < 0.05) intestinal lesion scores and oocyst numbers compared to the PC group, although all coccidiosis-challenged groups had higher oocyst shedding compared to the NC group. On day 24, the challenged birds in the SAL and ACTM100 groups had higher (P < 0.05) villus height and surface area in the duodenum and ileum, as well as a higher (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum. The expression levels of jejunal CLDN1 and ZO-1 were also higher (P < 0.05) in the ACTM100 and SAL groups compared to the PC and ACTM50 groups at 24 days of age. In conclusion, while using ACTM in broiler diets at 50 % of the commercial recommended levels maintained performance and physiological responses, complete replacement with ACTM improved growth performance and intestinal health characteristics, similar to salinomycin under Eimeria challenge conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Biabani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Kamran Taherpour
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Hossein Ali Ghasemi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | | | - Maryam Hafizi
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran
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Jespersen JC, Sommer KM, White CS, Froebel LE, Dorigam JCDP, Harsh BN, Dilger RN. Effects of a coccidiosis challenge on dietary methionine recommendations in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103502. [PMID: 38350387 PMCID: PMC10875611 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Broilers are commonly exposed to coccidiosis infections, and the use of dietary strategies to reduce losses in growth performance has practical implications for the poultry industry. Methionine (Met) is typically the first limiting amino acid for broilers and is involved in metabolic and immunological pathways; however, literature is conflicting on how dietary Met requirements are affected by environmental stressors. Our objective was to assess how the Met requirement changes during coccidiosis based on results of growth performance, carcass traits, and health outcomes. Two trials were conducted using 780 male Ross 308 broiler chicks in floor pens randomly assigned to 1 of 12 experimental treatments. All birds received common starter (d 0-10) and finisher (d 24-35, Trial 2 only) diets, and only differed based on their assigned experimental grower diet (d 10-24). Trial 1 experimental grower diets ranged from 2.61 to 6.21 g/kg digestible Met. Trial 2 experimental grower diets were formulated to contain 15% below, at, or 15% above the Met requirement determined in Trial 1. Birds were exposed to a coccidiosis challenge on d 11, with blood and tissue collection (1 bird/pen) on d 18 and carcass processing on d 35 (2 birds/pen) in Trial 2. Data were analyzed using a 1- or 2-way ANOVA. A non-linear regression analysis was conducted in Trial 1 to determine the Met requirement of 4.32 g of digestible Met/kg of diet using BW gain. Coccidiosis infection reduced (P < 0.05) growth performance during the experimental grower and overall study periods in Trial 2. Increasing dietary Met from below requirement to meeting requirement during the grower period improved (P < 0.001) BW gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR), but this effect was only significant between treatments below and above the requirement for the overall study period. There was an interactive effect (P = 0.038) on FCR for the overall study period. These findings provide evidence that the Met requirement is likely increased during coccidiosis based on growth performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jespersen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K M Sommer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - C S White
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - L E Froebel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - B N Harsh
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - R N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Moore RJ. Necrotic enteritis and antibiotic-free production of broiler chickens: Challenges in testing and using alternative products. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:288-298. [PMID: 38371475 PMCID: PMC10869589 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The global trend towards raising broiler chickens without the use of in-feed antibiotics (IFAs) means that there is an ongoing need to develop alternative treatments capable of delivering the benefits that IFAs previously provided. IFAs supported the productivity performance of chickens and played a key role in maintaining their health. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important disease of broilers that affects health, productivity, and welfare, and was previously well controlled by IFAs. However, with the reduction in IFA use, NE is resurgent in some countries. Vaccines and various feed additives, including pre-, pro-, and postbiotics, phytobiotics, fatty acids, and phage therapies have been introduced as alternative methods of NE control. While some of these feed additives have specific activity against the NE pathogen, Clostridium perfringens, most have the more general goal of reinforcing gut health. Extensive reviews of the effects of many of these feed additives on gut health have been published recently. Hence, rather than cover previously well reviewed areas of research this review focuses on the challenges and pitfalls in undertaking experimental assessment of alternative NE treatments and translating laboratory research to real world commercial production settings. The review is based on the author's particular experience, reading, thoughts, and analysis of the available information and inevitably presents a particular understanding that is likely to be at odds with others thinking on these issues. It is put forward to stimulate thinking and discussion on the issues covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Afonso CL, Afonso AM. Next-Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Microbial Agents in Avian Clinical Samples. Vet Sci 2023; 10:690. [PMID: 38133241 PMCID: PMC10747646 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS), with its undoubtedly superior diagnostic capacity over real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and direct-non-targeted NGS (ntNGS), with its higher capacity to identify and characterize multiple agents, are both likely to become diagnostic methods of choice in the future. tNGS is a rapid and sensitive method for precise characterization of suspected agents. ntNGS, also known as agnostic diagnosis, does not require a hypothesis and has been used to identify unsuspected infections in clinical samples. Implemented in the form of multiplexed total DNA metagenomics or as total RNA sequencing, the approach produces comprehensive and actionable reports that allow semi-quantitative identification of most of the agents present in respiratory, cloacal, and tissue samples. The diagnostic benefits of the use of direct tNGS and ntNGS are high specificity, compatibility with different types of clinical samples (fresh, frozen, FTA cards, and paraffin-embedded), production of nearly complete infection profiles (viruses, bacteria, fungus, and parasites), production of "semi-quantitative" information, direct agent genotyping, and infectious agent mutational information. The achievements of NGS in terms of diagnosing poultry problems are described here, along with future applications. Multiplexing, development of standard operating procedures, robotics, sequencing kits, automated bioinformatics, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence (AI) are disciplines converging toward the use of this technology for active surveillance in poultry farms. Other advances in human and veterinary NGS sequencing are likely to be adaptable to avian species in the future.
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Youssef IM, Khalil HA, Jaber FA, Alhazzaa RA, Alkholy SO, Almehmadi AM, Alhassani WE, Al-Shehri M, Hassan H, Hassan MS, Abd El Halim HS, El-Hack MEA, Youssef KM, Abo-Samra MA. Influence of dietary mannan-oligosaccharides supplementation on hematological characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, immune response and histological state of laying hens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103071. [PMID: 37734356 PMCID: PMC10518593 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the influence of dietary mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) on the immune system, hematological traits, blood biochemical parameters, and histological state of laying hens. At 34 wk of age, The Mandarah chicken strain's 120 laying hens and 12 cocks were divided into 4 groups, each with 30 hens and 3 cocks. The first group performed as a control group, which nourished on a basal diet. The second, third, and fourth experimental groups received 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 g/kg of MOS and a base diet, respectively. Birds obtained MOS at numerous doses significantly (P ˂ 0.05) raised serum levels of immunoglobulin Y (IgY), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and avian influenza (AI) antibodies compared to control birds. Furthermore, adding MOS at a level of 0.1 g/kg diet significantly improved the immune response of the control group. Additionally, compared to the control group, treated birds with MOS at various dosages did not significantly enhance hematological parameters such as red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Compared to control birds, birds fed MOS at all levels exhibited considerably lower serum cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values. Also, compared to other treated birds, MOS-treated birds displayed improved histological examination of the small intestine, isthmus, and testis compared to the control group, particularly in birds fed MOS at 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg diet. It could be concluded that using MOS at 0.1 or 2 g/kg diet can successfully improve the physiological performance and overall health of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Youssef
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Hassan A Khalil
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Fatima A Jaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha A Alhazzaa
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah O Alkholy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. BOX. 715. 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif M Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. BOX. 715. 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa E Alhassani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. BOX. 715. 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Shehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Hassan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy S Hassan
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Haiam S Abd El Halim
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Khaled M Youssef
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Maher A Abo-Samra
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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El-Maddawy ZK, El-sawy AESF, Ashoura NR, Aboelenin SM, Soliman MM, Ellakany HF, Elbestawy AR, El-Shall NA. Use of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Anticoccidial Agents in Broiler Chickens along with Its Impact on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status and Hematobiochemical Profile. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:74. [PMID: 35054467 PMCID: PMC8779200 DOI: 10.3390/life12010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the pathogenesis of coccidiosis in broiler chickens was tested. A total of 160 1-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n = 40). Group 1: unchallenged, unmedicated; Group 2: challenged, unmedicated; Group 3: challenged, supplemented with diclazuril (1 ppm); Group 4: challenged, supplemented with ZnO-NPs (20 ppm). Mixed Eimeria species (E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. mivati, and E. tenella) of a commercial coccidial vaccine (FORTEGRA®) were used to perform the coccidial challenge by 15× of its vaccinal dose on the 14th day of age. Diclazuril and ZnO-NPs supplementation in Group 3 and 4, respectively, reduced the mortality rate due to coccidial challenge to 5.8% compared to 11.9% in Group 2. The growth performance was improved by ZnO-NPs in coccidiosis-infected group (p ≤ 0.05) compared to Group 2 and was comparable to that of Group 3 (p ≥ 0.05). The average oocyst count was lower in Groups 3 and 4 (7.8 × 103 and 14.3 × 103, respectively) than in Group 2 (67 × 103 oocysts). Group 3 had a decreased gross lesion score in duodenum and caecum (p ≤ 0.05) as well as jujenum and ileum (p ≥ 0.05) compared to Group 2; while the average lesion scores of all intestinal parts in Group 4 were significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05). However, diclazuril was superior to ZnO-NPs in reducing caecal lesion score (p ≤ 0.05). Plasma carotenoids levels were increased by diclazuril (p ≥ 0.05) and ZnO-NPs (p ≤ 0.05) supplementation compared to Group 2. Oxidative stress appeared on the fourth week post-challenge (pc) in Group 2 (p ≤ 0.05) compared to Group 1, while the dietary supplementation with either diclazuril or ZnO-NPs numerically decreased Malondialdhyde (p ≥ 0.05) and statistically increased antioxidant activity (p ≤ 0.05). Both medications significantly improved the PCV%, Hb% and RBCs count on the 6th-day and 4th-week pc (p ≤ 0.05) compared to Group 2, though this improvement was higher significantly in Group 4 than Group 3 on the 6th day pc (p ≤ 0.05). Neither coccidial challenge nor medications had an impact on the total WBCs count as well as organ index, except Bursa of fabricious index that significantly improved by ZnO-NPs on the 4th-week pc compared to Group 2. Coccidial challenge reduced total protein and globulin levels and increased the serum alanine aminotransferase, serum cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels (p ≤ 0.05) compared to Group 1, while those of both medicated groups (Group 3 and 4) were comparable to Group 1 (p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, ZnO-NPs were found to be as effective as diclazuril against coccidiosis. However, further research is needed to fully comprehend its anticoccidial mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Khamis El-Maddawy
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt; (Z.K.E.-M.); (A.E.-s.F.E.-s.); (N.R.A.)
| | - Abd El-salam Fawzy El-sawy
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt; (Z.K.E.-M.); (A.E.-s.F.E.-s.); (N.R.A.)
| | - Neveen Ragab Ashoura
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt; (Z.K.E.-M.); (A.E.-s.F.E.-s.); (N.R.A.)
| | | | - Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hany Fawzy Ellakany
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (H.F.E.); (A.R.E.)
| | - Ahmed Ragab Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (H.F.E.); (A.R.E.)
| | - Nahed Ahmed El-Shall
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
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Messaï A, Redouane-Salah S. Dietary use of Artemisia herba alba Asso as a potential coccidiostat against cæcal coccidiosis: haematological parameter variations. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 54:28. [PMID: 34961903 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-03038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study consists of the evaluation of the anticoccidial effect of Artemisia herba-alba Asso during experimental coccidial infection. Four groups of 30 broiler chickens were formed: the negative control (G1), the positive control (G2), the infected Monensin-treated group (G3), and the infected Artemisia-treated group (G4). Each infected bird received orally 105 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. No mortality was recorded in both G1 and G4. Haematocrit levels showed great variations from the 7th day post-infection, especially in G2 (20.87% ± 5.77). By day 10 P-I, haematocrit recovery was rapid particularly in G4 (28.07% ± 1.50). Haemoglobin concentration also decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in all infected groups by the 7th day P-I. The reduction was very marked, but not statistically significant, in G2 (6.47 g/dL ± 1.67) against (10.53 g/dL ± 0.25) in G1. It was less marked in G4 (8.05 g/dL ± 1.56). Results show the protective effect of A. herba-alba Asso by improving the lesion score and the haematological parameters affected during coccidian infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Messaï
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University Mohamed-Khider of Biskra, PO Box 145 RP, 07000, Biskra, Algeria. .,PIARA (Promotion of Innovation, Agriculture in Arid Regions) Research Laboratory, University Mohamed-Khider of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria.
| | - Sara Redouane-Salah
- PIARA (Promotion of Innovation, Agriculture in Arid Regions) Research Laboratory, University Mohamed-Khider of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria.,Department of Natural and Life Sciences, University Mohamed-Khider of Biskra, PO Box 145 RP, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
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Abdul Rasheed MS, Tiwari UP, Oelschlager ML, Smith BN, Jespersen JC, Escobar J, Olmeda-Geniec N, Dilger RN. Dietary supplementation with anti-IL-10 antibody during a severe Eimeria challenge in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6493-6502. [PMID: 33248564 PMCID: PMC7705005 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuation of host IL-10 activity during Eimeria infection may elicit a robust Th1 response to eliminate the parasite from the gut epithelium. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of feeding IL-10 neutralizing antibody delivered via a dried egg product (DEP) on growth performance, immune responsivity, and gut health outcomes during a severe challenge with either Eimeria acervulina (study 1) or Eimeria tenella (study 2) following FDA CVM #217 protocol to test anticoccidial products. A total of 720 male Ross 308 chicks were used in each study, with 15 replicate cages of 12 birds and the following 4 treatments: sham-inoculated (uninfected) control diet (UCON), Eimeria-infected control diet (ICON), and Eimeria-infected control diet supplemented with DEP at 2 levels (165 [I-165] or 287 [I-287] U/tonne in study 1 and 143 [I-143] or 287 [I-287] U/tonne in study 2). Individual birds assigned to infected treatment groups received a single oral dose of either 200,000 E. acervulina (study 1) or 80,000 E. tenella (study 2) oocysts at 12 d of age (i.e., d post inoculation [DPI] 0), whereas uninfected birds were sham-inoculated with tap water. A one-way ANOVA was performed on outcomes including growth performance, hematology, serum chemistry profiles, immunophenotyping profiles, and intestinal lesion scores. In both studies, DPI 0 to 7 weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were worse (P < 0.05) in all infected groups compared with the UCON group. Compared with ICON, DEP supplementation elicited no differences on overall growth performance. Histopathology and lesion scores revealed severe damage to the gut epithelium owing to the Eimeria challenge, yet DEP supplementation did not improve these outcomes or oocyst shedding, hematological measurements, or serum chemistry. However, DEP supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the percentage of circulating CD3+ cells at 6 DPI in study 2. These results indicate that DEP does not appear to elicit a coccidiostatic effect during a severe infection with E. acervulina or E. tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Abdul Rasheed
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - U P Tiwari
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - M L Oelschlager
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - B N Smith
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J C Jespersen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J Escobar
- Nutritional Health, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
| | - N Olmeda-Geniec
- Nutritional Health, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
| | - R N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Sugiharto S, Widiastuti E, Isroli I, Yudiarti T, Sartono TA, Wahyuni HI. Effect of feeding fermented mixture of cassava pulp and Moringa oleifera leaf meal on immune responses, antioxidative status, biochemistry indices, and intestinal ecology of broilers. Vet World 2020; 13:392-399. [PMID: 32255984 PMCID: PMC7096295 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.392-399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study investigated the effect of feeding fermented mixture of cassava pulp and Moringa oleifera leaf meal (FCPMO) on the immune responses, antioxidative status, biochemical parameters, and intestinal ecology of broiler chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four hundred Lohmann broiler chickens were distributed to four groups of diets including CONT (corn-soybean-based feed with no additive), BACI (corn-soybean-based diet supplemented with 0.1% zinc bacitracin), FERM (diet containing 20% FCPMO), and FERB (diet containing 20% FCPMO and added with 0.1% Bacillus subtilis). At days 4, 14, and 19, the chicks were vaccinated using commercial Newcastle disease-infectious bursal disease (ND-IBD), IBD, and ND vaccines, respectively. At day 35, blood was sampled and digesta was obtained from the ileum and caecum. Furthermore, the duodenal segment was obtained. RESULTS The BACI, FERM, and FERB groups had higher (p<0.05) serum superoxide dismutase activity than control. The malondialdehyde was lower (p=0.07) in BACI, FERM, and FERB than that in CONT. The BACI and FERM had lower (p<0.05) leukocytes and lymphocytes than CONT. The hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and hematocrit were lower (p<0.05) in BACI and FERM than those in CONT and FERB. Serum total triglyceride was lower (p<0.05) in FERM and FERB than that in CONT. The FERM and FERB had higher (p<0.05) albumin levels. Serum globulin level was lower (p<0.05) in FERB than that in BACI, but did not differ from that in CONT and FERM. The numbers of coliform, lactose-negative-enterobacteria and enterobacteria were lower (p<0.05) in FERB than that in other treatment groups. Crypt depth (CD) was higher (p<0.05) in FERM, while the villi height to CD ratio was lower (p<0.05) in FERM than that in CONT and FERB. The treatments showed no effect (p>0.05) on cecal volatile fatty acids production. CONCLUSION Feeding FCPMO improved immune responses, antioxidative status, and physiological conditions, but had less effect on the intestinal ecology of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugiharto Sugiharto
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Endang Widiastuti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Isroli Isroli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Turrini Yudiarti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Tri A Sartono
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Hanny I Wahyuni
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
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Muraina IA, Gotep JG, Tanko JT, Onyiche TE, Aladelokun OB, Dapuliga CC, Forcados GE, Ozele N, Samuel AL, Oladipo OO, Akanbi OB, Okewole PA, Ahmed MS. Anticoccidial effects of Khaya senegalensis aqueous stem bark extract on broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria species. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1249-1255. [PMID: 32006232 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Graded concentrations (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) of the aqueous stem bark extract of Khaya senegalensis was evaluated for its therapeutic efficacy against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chicken. The phytochemical analysis shows the presence of tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides and steroids. There was significant reduction in oocyst count across the groups in a graded dose manner with 800 mg/kg being the most efficacious dose. There was also weight gain across the treatment groups with immuno-modulatory and erythropoetic activities observed. Also, a significant (p < 0.05) graded dose-dependent reduction in the oocyst count in the treatment groups. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in mean weight gain was also recorded across the experimental groups except the negative control. The haematology also showed a dose-dependent increase in red blood cells, haemoglobin and packed cell volume of the treatment groups. The extract had no significant difference (p > 0.05) on the white blood cells, but a slight decrease in the white blood cells and heterophil counts was observed at 400 mg/kg. Furthermore, the aspartate amino transaminase level showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Fluctuating levels of other serum biochemical parameters such as total protein, albumin and potassium were observed. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in the sodium concentration was observed. In addition, oxidative stress biomarkers such as catalase significantly increased (p < 0.05) in all the experimental groups in addition to the concomitant increase in reduced gluthathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Conclusively, the aqueous extract of K. senegalensis was effective in the management of coccidiosis thus supporting its folkloric use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa A Muraina
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Jurbe G Gotep
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - James T Tanko
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - ThankGod E Onyiche
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Oladimeji B Aladelokun
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Christiana C Dapuliga
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Gilead E Forcados
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Nonyelim Ozele
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Ann L Samuel
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Olusola O Oladipo
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Olatunde B Akanbi
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, PMB 01, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Philip A Okewole
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, PMB 01, Nigeria
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Khatlab ADS, Del Vesco AP, de Oliveira Neto AR, Fernandes RPM, Gasparino E. Dietary supplementation with free methionine or methionine dipeptide mitigates intestinal oxidative stress induced by Eimeria spp. challenge in broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:58. [PMID: 31297194 PMCID: PMC6598363 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the effects of Eimeria spp. challenge and dietary supplementation with free methionine or methionine dipeptide on animal performance; expression of genes associated with the immune system, antioxidant system, and amino acid transport in the jejunum; and redox status of the jejunum of broiler chickens. Methods A randomized, 2 × 3 factorial design was used, in which Eimeria spp. challenge was the first factor (Eimeria-challenged, EC, or unchallenged, UC, broilers) and methionine supplementation was the second factor (non-supplemented, NS; free dl-methionine, dl-Met; and methionine dipeptide, dl-methionyl-dl-methionine, dl-MMet). At 14 days of age, chickens were inoculated orally with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria praecox, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria mitis. Birds were killed by cervical dislocation 144 h post-inoculation (PI), and the jejunum was collected for biochemical and molecular analyses. Results EC broilers had a 13% lower feed intake (FI), 37% lower body weight gain (BWG), and 39% higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) than UC broilers. Chickens fed the dl-Met diet had higher BWG (about 12% higher) and better FCR (about 12% lower) than chickens fed the NS diet. EC chickens had lower relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius (51.8%) and higher relative weights of the spleen and whole intestine (53.6% and 26.3%, respectively) than UC chickens. Eimeria spp. challenge led to an increase in the levels of oxidative substances, such as nitrite and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), in the jejunum of chickens 144 h PI. Among UC chickens, those fed the dl-Met diet had higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lower catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. EC chickens that received the NS diet had higher carbonylated protein content (CP). This result was associated with their lower TAC and catalase activity. The lower TAC in EC chickens might have been due to reduced expression of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) genes. Chickens fed the dl-Met and dl-MMet diets had lower nitrite content. Eimeria spp. challenge suppressed neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B0AT1), peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), interleukin 2 (IL2), and occludin (OCLN) gene expression and enhanced cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT-1) and interferon gamma (IFNG) gene expression. The highest PEPT1 expression level was observed in broilers fed the dl-MMet diet, and the lowest TLR5 expression level was found in broilers fed the NS diet. Conclusion Our results show for the first time that supplementation with methionine as free amino acid or dipeptide helps protect the intestinal cells of broilers under Eimeria spp. challenge from the oxidative damage induced by free radicals, mainly through modulation of the antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica de Souza Khatlab
- 1Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Del Vesco
- 2Animal Science Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, S/N, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000 Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Pereira Miranda Fernandes
- 4Physiology Departament, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, S/N, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Eliane Gasparino
- 1Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900 Brazil
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12
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Griss LG, Galli GM, Fracasso M, Silva AD, Fortuoso B, Schetinger MRC, Morch VM, Boiago MM, Gris A, Mendes RE, Baldissera MD, Stefani LM, da Silva AS. Oxidative stress linked to changes of cholinesterase and adenosine deaminase activities in experimentally infected chicken chicks with Eimeria spp. Parasitol Int 2019; 71:11-17. [PMID: 30849474 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Both oxidative stress and alterations in adenosinergic and cholinergic systems participate in initiation and progression of parasitic infectious diseases. Nevertheless, the involvement of these pathways during eimeriosis remains poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of adenosinergic and cholinergic systems in regulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress in chicken chicks experimentally infected with Eimeria spp. Two groups were formed for comparison at 3 time points (days 5, 10 and 15) of infection (PI): uninfected (control) and infected. Erythrocyte counts, hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were lower in infected chicks on day 15 post-infection (PI). Total leukocytes, heterophil and lymphocyte counts were higher in infected chicks on days 5 and 10 PI, while eosinophil counts were higher only on day 10 PI. Serum levels of total protein and globulins were higher in infected chicks on days 10 and 15 PI, while triglycerides and cholesterol levels were lower on day 15 PI. Acetylcholinesterase activity in total blood and butyrylcholinesterase activity in serum were higher in infected chicks on day 15 PI, while adenosine deaminase activity was higher on day 10 PI and lower on day 15 PI compared with the respective control. Finally, serum levels of reactive oxygen species and catalase activity in total blood were higher in infected chicks on day 15 PI, while superoxide dismutase activity in total blood was lower at the same time of infection. These data suggest that cholinergic and adenosinergic systems display a pro-inflammatory profile that contributes to impairment of immune and inflammatory responses in a mixed Eimeria infection. Furthermore, oxidative stress may contribute to clinical signs of disease as well as to pathogenesis. In summary, the impairment of immune response and alterations in blood antioxidant/oxidant status contributes to disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Griss
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Fracasso
- Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Anielen D Silva
- Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Fortuoso
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa C Schetinger
- Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera M Morch
- Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcel M Boiago
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil; Graduate Program of Animal Science, UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Anderson Gris
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - Ricardo E Mendes
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Lenita M Stefani
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil; Graduate Program of Animal Science, UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil; Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Sugiharto S, Isroli I, Yudiarti T, Widiastuti E. The effect of supplementation of multistrain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals to the basal diet on the growth performance, carcass traits, and physiological response of broilers. Vet World 2018; 11:240-247. [PMID: 29657411 PMCID: PMC5891882 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.240-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of supplementation of multistrain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals to the broiler chicken diets on their growth performance, hematological parameters, and carcass traits. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and eighty-eight Lohmann 1-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four groups, i.e., control (without additional supplementation) and three experimental treatments where basal diet was enriched by 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1% of multistrain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals, respectively. Blood sampling was conducted on day 28, while the selected organs and eviscerated carcasses were collected on day 42. Results: Dietary supplementation did not affect (p>0.05) the final body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of broilers. Supplementation by 0.1% and 0.5% of multistrain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals reduced (p≤0.05) heart relative weight of broilers. Dietary supplementation tended (p=0.07) to increase the relative weight of ileum and pancreas of broilers. Supplemented birds had lower (p≤0.05) numbers of leukocytes and eosinophils compared to unsupplemented birds. There were tendencies that supplementation of multistrain probiotics in combination with vitamins and minerals resulted in lower (p=0.07) counts of lymphocytes and heterophils when compared with no supplementation. Supplementation by 0.5% of multistrain probiotics in combination with vitamins and minerals resulted in lower (p≤0.05) serum concentration of uric acid when compared with control. There was no significant effect of dietary supplementation on carcass traits, pH, and drip loss of broiler breast muscles. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of commercial broiler feeds with 0.5% of multistrain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals was potential to improve digestive functions and physiological status of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugiharto Sugiharto
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Isroli Isroli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Turrini Yudiarti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Endang Widiastuti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
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Awais MM, Akhtar M, Anwar MI, Khaliq K. Evaluation of Saccharum officinarum L. bagasse-derived polysaccharides as native immunomodulatory and anticoccidial agents in broilers. Vet Parasitol 2018; 249:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Khan RSA, Sajid S, Habib M, Ali W, Salah-ud-Din Shah M, Sarfraz M. History of Gumboro (infectious bursal disease) in Pakistan. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 25:453-459. [PMID: 28579874 PMCID: PMC5447420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease is the second important viral disease of poultry which affects the young growing pullets. The end fate appears in huge economic losses to poultry industry. Throughout the world, cheapest source of animal protein is chicken meat. It was initially reported in Europe; soon it spreads worldwide and causes drastic losses. In Pakistan, first of all this disease was reported in 1971. It is the first review to track the IBDV history in Pakistan. It provides comprehensive details of forty-six years researchers work in controlling this important disease. Different scientists worked to fill the gap areas to achieve the goal. Present review covers all the research aspects being explored in Pakistan since first report.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanaullah Sajid
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mudasser Habib
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ali
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Maliha Sarfraz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Abstract
Due to the ongoing need to protect poultry from virulent Newcastle disease virus, all commercial poultry flocks in Israel are vaccinated according to a defined programme using a combination of live and inactivated vaccines. The vaccination protocol for broilers during the years of the study comprised a live vaccine administered by spray on the day of hatching, inactivated vaccine by subcutaneous injection at 10-12 days of age, and another live vaccine given by aerosol at 17-21 days of age. A cross-sectional study was designed in order to examine the influence of herd immunity on the risk of Newcastle disease outbreak in broiler flocks. The study was based on the extensive field data kept in the Poultry Health Laboratories database. The results of serology tests employing haemagglutination inhibition for Newcastle disease virus were analysed and crossed with the list of flocks that had been diagnosed with ND in the years 2007-2014. At the peak of induced immunization (fifth week of growth), 87.5% of the tested flocks had achieved herd immunity (≥85% of birds in the flock with an HI titre ≥4). Based on a logistic regression model, the odds ratio for ND in flocks without herd immunity was 3.7 (95% CI 1.8-7.3, P-value < 0.001). The higher the percentage of birds with low HI titres the higher the risk of ND outbreak. Under field conditions, herd immunity is an important indicator for the risk of ND outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Wiseman
- a The Poultry Health Laboratories , The Egg and Poultry Board , Kiryat Malachi , Israel
| | - Elyakum M Berman
- a The Poultry Health Laboratories , The Egg and Poultry Board , Kiryat Malachi , Israel
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