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Murthy MK, Khandayataray P, Padhiary S, Samal D. A review on chromium health hazards and molecular mechanism of chromium bioremediation. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:461-478. [PMID: 35537040 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Living beings have been devastated by environmental pollution, which has reached its peak. The disastrous pollution of the environment is in large part due to industrial wastes containing toxic pollutants. The widespread use of chromium (Cr (III)/Cr (VI)) in industries, especially tanneries, makes it one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants. Chromium pollution is widespread due to ineffective treatment methods. Bioremediation of chromium (Cr) using bacteria is very thoughtful due to its eco-friendly and cost-effective outcome. In order to counter chromium toxicity, bacteria have numerous mechanisms, such as the ability to absorb, reduce, efflux, or accumulate the metal. In this review article, we focused on chromium toxicity on human and environmental health as well as its bioremediation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samprit Padhiary
- Department of Biotechnology, Academy of Management and Information Technology, Khordha, India
| | - Dibyaranjan Samal
- Department of Biotechnology, Academy of Management and Information Technology, Khordha, India
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Ventura L, Gnetti L, Milanese G, Rossi M, Leo L, Cattadori S, Silva M, Leonetti A, Minari R, Musini L, Nicole P, Magrini FI, Bocchialini G, Silini EM, Tiseo M, Sverzellati N, Carbognani P. Relationship Between the Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) and Lung Adenocarcinoma Patterns: New Possible Insights. Arch Bronconeumol 2023:S0300-2896(23)00114-X. [PMID: 37032196 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate a potential relationship between the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and the aggressiveness of lung adenocarcinoma (ADC). METHODS Patients who underwent radical surgery for lung ADC between 2001 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. DLCO values were dichotomized into DLCOlow (<80% of predicted) and DLCOnormal (≥80%). Relationships between DLCO and ADC histopathological features, clinical features, as well as with overall survival (OS), were evaluated. RESULTS Four-hundred and sixty patients were enrolled, of which 193 (42%) were included in the DLCOlow group. DLCOlow was associated with smoking status, low FEV1, micropapillary and solid ADC, tumour grade 3, high tumour lymphoid infiltrate and presence of tumour desmoplasia. In addition, DLCO values were higher in low-grade ADC and progressively decreased in intermediate and high-grade ADC (p=0.024). After adjusting for clinical variables, at multivariable logistic regression analysis, DLCOlow still showed a significant correlation with high lymphoid infiltrate (p=0.017), presence of desmoplasia (p=0.065), tumour grade 3 (p=0.062), micropapillary and solid ADC subtypes (p=0.008). To exclude the association between non-smokers and well-differentiated ADC, the relationship between DLCO and histopathological ADC patterns was confirmed in the subset of 377 former and current smokers (p=0.021). At univariate analysis, gender, DLCO, FEV1, ADC histotype, tumour grade, stage, pleural invasion, tumour necrosis, tumour desmoplasia, lymphatic and blood invasion were significantly related with OS. At multivariate analysis, only gender (p<0.001), tumour stage (p<0.001) and DLCO (p=0.050) were significantly related with the OS. CONCLUSIONS We found a relationship between DLCO and ADC patterns as well as with tumour grade, tumour lymphoid infiltrate and desmoplasia, suggesting that lung damage may be associated with tumour aggressiveness.
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-914-594-3105; Fax: +1-914-594-4163
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Inflammaging, an Imbalanced Immune Response That Needs to Be Restored for Cancer Prevention and Treatment in the Elderly. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102562. [PMID: 34685542 PMCID: PMC8533838 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, new advances in society and health have brought an increased life expectancy. However, at the same time, aging comes with complications that impact the development of autoimmunity, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. These complications affect the quality of life and impact the public health system. Specifically, with aging, a low-grade chronic sterile systemic inflammation with self-reactivity in the absence of acute infection occurs termed inflammaging. Inflammaging is related to an imbalanced immune response that can be either naturally acquired with aging or accelerated due to external triggers. Different molecules, metabolites and inflammatory forms of cell death are highly involved in these processes. Importantly, adoptive cellular immunotherapy is a modality of treatment for cancer patients that administers ex vivo expanded immune cells in the patient. The manipulation of these cells confers them enhanced proinflammatory properties. A general consequence of proinflammatory events is the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Herein, we review subsets of immune cells with a pertinent role in inflammaging, relevant proteins involved in these inflammatory events and external triggers that enhance and accelerate these processes. Moreover, we mention relevant preclinical studies that demonstrate associations of chronic inflammation with cancer development.
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Bou Chebl R, Safa R, Sabra M, Chami A, Berbari I, Jamali S, Makki M, Tamim H, Abou Dagher G. Sepsis in patients with haematological versus solid cancer: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e038349. [PMID: 33593761 PMCID: PMC7888325 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine the outcome of haematological and patients with solid cancer presenting with sepsis to the emergency department (ED). DESIGN Single-centred, retrospective cohort study. Setting conducted at an academic emergency department of a tertiary hospital. PARTICIPANTS All patients >18 years of age admitted with sepsis were included. INTERVENTIONS Patients were stratified into two groups: haematological and solid malignancy. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME The primary outcome of the study was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, ICU and hospital lengths of stay and mechanical ventilation duration. RESULTS 442 sepsis cancer patients were included in the study, of which 305 patients (69%) had solid tumours and 137 patients (31%) had a haematological malignancy. The mean age at presentation was 67.92 (±13.32) and 55.37 (±20.85) (p<0.001) for solid and liquid tumours, respectively. Among patients with solid malignancies, lung cancer was the most common source (15.6%). As for the laboratory workup, septic solid cancer patients were found to have a higher white blood count (12 576.90 vs 9137.23; p=0.026). During their hospital stay, a total of 158 (51.8%) patients with a solid malignancy died compared with 57 (41.6%) patients with a haematological malignancy (p=0.047). There was no statistically significant association between cancer type and hospital mortality (OR 1.15 for liquid cancer p 0.58). There was also no statistically significant difference regarding intravenous fluid administration, vasopressor use, steroid use or intubation. CONCLUSION Solid tumour patients with sepsis or septic shock are at the same risk of mortality as patients with haematological tumours. However, haematological malignancy patients admitted with sepsis or septic shock have higher rates of bacteraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralphe Bou Chebl
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rawan Safa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Sabra
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Chami
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Iskandar Berbari
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Jamali
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maha Makki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hani Tamim
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gilbert Abou Dagher
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Porter DW, Orandle M, Zheng P, Wu N, Hamilton RF, Holian A, Chen BT, Andrew M, Wolfarth MG, Battelli L, Tsuruoka S, Terrones M, Castranova V. Mouse pulmonary dose- and time course-responses induced by exposure to nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:24-38. [PMID: 32028803 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1723746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: In this study, we compared in vitro and in vivo bioactivity of nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NDMWCNT) to MWCNT to test the hypothesis that nitrogen doping would alter bioactivity.Materials and Methods: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the multilayer structure of MWCNT with an average layer distance of 0.36 nm, which was not altered by nitrogen doping: the nanomaterials had similar widths and lengths. In vitro studies with THP-1 cells and alveolar macrophages from C57BL/6 mice demonstrated that NDMWCNT were less cytotoxic and stimulated less IL-1β release compared to MWCNT. For in vivo studies, male C57BL/6J mice received a single dose of dispersion medium (DM), 2.5, 10 or 40 µg/mouse of NDMWCNT, or 40 µg/mouse of MWCNT by oropharyngeal aspiration. Animals were euthanized between 1 and 7 days post-exposure for whole lung lavage (WLL) studies.Results and Discussion: NDMWCNT caused time- and dose-dependent pulmonary inflammation. However, it was less than that caused by MWCNT. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was assessed in particle-exposed mice by determining cytokine production in WLL fluid at 1 day post-exposure. Compared to DM-exposed mice, IL-1β and IL-18 were significantly increased in MWCNT- and NDMWCNT-exposed mice, but the increase caused by NDMWCNT was less than MWCNT. At 56 days post-exposure, histopathology determined lung fibrosis in MWCNT-exposed mice was greater than NDMWCNT-exposed mice.Conclusions: These data indicate nitrogen doping of MWCNT decreases their bioactivity, as reflected with lower in vitro and in vivo toxicity inflammation and lung disease. The lower activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome may be responsible. Abbreviations: NDMWCNT: nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes; MWCNT: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; HRTEM: high resolution transmission electron microscopy; IL-1ß: interleukin-1ß; DM: dispersion medium; WLL: whole lung lavage; IL-18: interleukin-18; GSD: geometric standard deviation; XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; SEM: standard error of the mean; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; LPS: lipopolysacharride; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; AM: alveolar macrophage; PMN: polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale W Porter
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marlene Orandle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Raymond F Hamilton
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Bean T Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Andrew
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael G Wolfarth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lori Battelli
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Shuji Tsuruoka
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, Shinshu University, Nagano-shi, Japan
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, Shinshu University, Nagano-shi, Japan.,Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Vince Castranova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Sapalidis K, Sardeli C, Pavlidis E, Koimtzis G, Koulouris C, Michalopoulos N, Mantalovas S, Tsiouda T, Passos I, Kosmidis C, Giannakidis D, Surlin V, Katsaounis A, Alexandrou V, Amaniti A, Zarogoulidis P, Huang H, Li Q, Mogoanta S, Kesisoglou I. Scar tissue to lung cancer; pathways and treatment. J Cancer 2019; 10:810-818. [PMID: 30854086 PMCID: PMC6400809 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer still remains diagnosed at a late stage although we have novel diagnostic techniques at our disposal. However; for metastatic disease we have novel therapies based on pharmacogenomics. Tumor heterogenity provides us different treatments. There are several reasons for carcinogenesis; fibrosis and scar tissue provides an environment that induces malignancy. In the current review we will try and elucidate the pathways involved from scar tissue to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Sapalidis
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Sardeli
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstathios Pavlidis
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Koimtzis
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charilaos Koulouris
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Michalopoulos
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stylianos Mantalovas
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Tsiouda
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Passos
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christoforos Kosmidis
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Giannakidis
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Valeriu Surlin
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Katsaounis
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vyron Alexandrou
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Amaniti
- Anaisthisiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Haidong Huang
- The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Center of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Center of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stelian Mogoanta
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Isaac Kesisoglou
- Third Department of Surgery, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Clinicopathologic characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer in patients with smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 67:239-246. [PMID: 30187259 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-018-1007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinicopathologic characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to evaluate the biological behavior of this disease. We investigated the association between smoking-related COPD, the recurrence-free proportion (RFP) and the clinicopathological features of clinical stage I NSCLC patients. METHODS Between 2005 and 2014, 218 consecutive patients with clinical stage I NSCLC underwent complete resection with lobectomy or greater and systematic lymph node dissection. Differences in categorical outcomes were evaluated by the χ2 test. RFPs were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences were evaluated using the log-rank test. RESULTS The 5-year RFP of clinical stage I NSCLC patients with smoking-related COPD was 55%, which was significantly lower than in those without smoking-related COPD (85%; p < 0.001). Postoperative pathological factors, including moderate or poor histological differentiation, intratumoral vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis, were detected more often in patients with smoking-related COPD. In adenocarcinoma patients, the 5-year RFP of patients with smoking-related COPD was 47%, which was significantly lower than in those without smoking-related COPD (87%; p < 0.001). The presence of a solid component was more frequently found in patients with smoking-related COPD (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION Clinical stage I NSCLC patients with smoking-related COPD have histologically more invasive tumors than those without smoking-related COPD.
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Nakazawa S, Shimizu K, Mogi A, Kuwano H. Low diffusing capacity, emphysema, or pulmonary fibrosis: who is truly pulling the lung cancer strings? J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:600-602. [PMID: 29607119 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.12.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seshiru Nakazawa
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Shimizu
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akira Mogi
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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10
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Deng Z, Li Z, Sun C, Xie H, Chen Z, Liu J, Wang H, Zhang C, Wang G. The association between inflammation, the microbiome and urethane-induced pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6352-6360. [PMID: 29725395 PMCID: PMC5920366 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is amongst the most common types of cancer throughout the world. The overall 5-year survival rate is ~17%. A number of studies have demonstrated that the microbiome existing within the host may affect the level of inflammation, and consequently contribute to the carcinogenesis of certain types of cancer. To investigate the role of inflammation and the microbiome in the carcinogenesis of lung cancer, an intervention study involving mice, including a control group (C; n=5), a urethane-induced pulmonary adenocarcinoma group (U; n=5) and a prebiotics intervention group (P; n=5) was carried out. This pulmonary adenocarcinoma model was reviewed, and incidences of the disease were identified using histopathology. The levels of the inflammatory cytokines nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 in the sera samples were measured using an ELISA technique. In addition, high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene segment was used to analyze the species present in the microbiome of the lower airways and intestinal tracts of mice. The results demonstrated that groups P and U exhibited altered histopathology and the development of lung adenocarcinoma tumors, but no differences were observed between the groups. The level of inflammation, determined by measuring the levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 inflammatory cytokines, was significantly lower in group P compared with group U (P<0.05), and was significantly higher in group P compared with group C (P<0.05). Overall, the microbiomes of the lower respiratory and intestinal tracts did not change markedly among the 3 groups, in terms of the size of colonies and Shannon diversity indices. However, at a family and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level, certain microbiota were altered. For example, the abundance of the Clostridiales and Lachnospiraceae families was lower in the lung and intestinal tracts subsequent to urethane-induced treatment compared with in the control group (P<0.05), and the level of abundance of the Clostridiales family increased to similar levels within the control group (P<0.05), when prebiotics were administered. The levels of abundance of the S24-7, Bacteroidales and Firmicutes families were higher in the intestinal tract compared with the control group (P<0.05), and following treatment with prebiotics, the levels of abundance of these families decreased to similar levels observed in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, inflammation and the microbiome serve important roles in the carcinogenesis of lung cancer. Additionally, prebiotics may increase the efficacy of lung cancer treatment by modulating levels of inflammation and the composition of the microbiome. The associations between inflammation, the microbiome and lung cancer require attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghua Deng
- Baodi Clinical Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of The PLA, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Sun
- Baodi Clinical Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xie
- Baodi Clinical Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Zhengang Chen
- Baodi Clinical Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Baodi Clinical Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Baodi Clinical Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of The PLA, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Baodi Clinical Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
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11
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Shields PG, Berman M, Brasky TM, Freudenheim JL, Mathe E, McElroy JP, Song MA, Wewers MD. A Review of Pulmonary Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes in the Context of Smoking: A Focus on Inflammation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:1175-1191. [PMID: 28642230 PMCID: PMC5614602 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is increasing rapidly, but their effects on lung toxicity are largely unknown. Smoking is a well-established cause of lung cancer and respiratory disease, in part through inflammation. It is plausible that e-cig use might affect similar inflammatory pathways. E-cigs are used by some smokers as an aid for quitting or smoking reduction, and by never smokers (e.g., adolescents and young adults). The relative effects for impacting disease risk may differ for these groups. Cell culture and experimental animal data indicate that e-cigs have the potential for inducing inflammation, albeit much less than smoking. Human studies show that e-cig use in smokers is associated with substantial reductions in blood or urinary biomarkers of tobacco toxicants when completely switching and somewhat for dual use. However, the extent to which these biomarkers are surrogates for potential lung toxicity remains unclear. The FDA now has regulatory authority over e-cigs and can regulate product and e-liquid design features, such as nicotine content and delivery, voltage, e-liquid formulations, and flavors. All of these factors may impact pulmonary toxicity. This review summarizes current data on pulmonary inflammation related to both smoking and e-cig use, with a focus on human lung biomarkers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(8); 1175-91. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Micah Berman
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Public Health, Ohio
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ewy Mathe
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Joseph P McElroy
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Min-Ae Song
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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12
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Bauer AK, Upham BL, Rondini EA, Tennis MA, Velmuragan K, Wiese D. Toll-like receptor expression in human non-small cell lung carcinoma: potential prognostic indicators of disease. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91860-91875. [PMID: 29190881 PMCID: PMC5696147 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lung cancer remains the highest cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are innate immune receptors that have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic properties. Based on findings from epidemiological studies and in rodents, we hypothesized that elevated TLR expression would be a positive prognostic indicator of disease in non-small cell lung carcinoma patients. Results Higher mRNA expression of TLR1-3 and 5-8 were significantly associated with increased overall survival (OS) when analyzed individually or as a group in both non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients and in the adenocarcinoma (ADC) subtype. Significant co-expression of many TLR combinations in ADC patients were also observed via RNA sequencing. Immunostaining demonstrated TLR4 and 8 significantly correlated in tumor tissue, similar to RNA. Methods We used kmplot.com to perform a meta-analysis on mRNA expression of TLR1-10 to determine any significant associations with OS in NSCLC and the ADC subtype. cBioportal was also used simultaneously to assess co-expression in TLR1-10 in ADC patients via RNA sequencing and to identify any molecular alterations. Lastly, immunostaining for a subset of TLRs was conducted on ADC patients. Conclusions Expression of innate immune receptors TLR1-10 is associated with improved survival outcomes in NSCLC. Thus, further evaluation of their predictive capacity and therapeutic utility is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brad L Upham
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rondini
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Meredith A Tennis
- Department of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kalpana Velmuragan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David Wiese
- McLaren Regional Medical Center, Flint, MI, 48532, USA
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Triptolide-Assisted Phosphorylation of p53 Suppresses Inflammation-Induced NF-κB Survival Pathways in Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00149-17. [PMID: 28533220 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00149-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays important roles in cancer initiation and progression. Resolving chronic inflammation or blocking inflammatory signal transduction may prevent cancer development. Here, we report that the combined low-dose use of two anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin and triptolide, reduces spontaneous lung cancer incidence from 70% to 10% in a mouse model. Subsequent studies reveal that such treatment has little effect on resolving chronic inflammatory conditions in the lung, but it significantly blocks the NF-κB-mediated expression of proliferation and survival genes in cancer cells. Furthermore, triptolide and aspirin induce distinct mechanisms to potentiate each other to block NF-κB nuclear localization stimulated by inflammatory cytokines. While aspirin directly inhibits IκB kinases (IKKs) to phosphorylate IκBα for NF-κB activation, triptolide does not directly target IKKs or other factors that mediate IKK activation. Instead, it requires p53 to inhibit IκBα phosphorylation and degradation. Triptolide binds to and activates p38α and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), which phosphorylate and stabilize p53. Subsequently, p53 competes with IκBα for substrate binding to IKKβ and thereby blocks IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. Inhibition of p38α and ERK1/2 or p53 mutations could abolish the inhibitory effects of triptolide on NF-κB. Our study defines a new p53-dependent mechanism for blocking NF-κB survival pathways in cancer cells.
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14
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Abstract
Tobacco smoke is a known human carcinogen that primarily produces malignant lesions in the respiratory tract, although it also affects multiple other sites. A reliable and practical animal model of tobacco smoke–induced lung cancer would be helpful for in studies of product modification and chemoprevention. Over the years, many attempts to reproduce lung cancer in experimental animals exposed to tobacco smoke have been made, most often with negative or only marginally positive results. In hamsters, malignant lesions have been produced in the larynx, but not in the deeper lung. Female rats and female B6C3F1 mice, when exposed over lifetime to tobacco smoke, develop tumors in the nasal passages and also in the lung. Contrary to what is seen in human lung cancers, most rodent tumors are located peripherally and only about half of them show frank malignant features. Distant metastases are extremely rare. Male and female strain A mice exposed to 5 months to tobacco smoke and then kept for another 4 months in air respond to tobacco smoke with increased lung tumor multiplicities. However, the increase over background levels is comparatively small, making it difficult to detect significant differences when the effects of chemopreventive agents are evaluated. On the other hand, biomarkers of exposure and of effect as well as evaluation of putative carcinogenic mechanisms in rats and mice exposed to tobacco smoke allow detection of early events and their modification by different smoke types or chemopreventive agents. The challenge will be to make such data broadly acceptable and accepted in lieu of having to do more and more long term studies involving larger and larger number of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspeter Witschi
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
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15
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Kim YW, Lee CH, Jin KN, Lee JK, Heo EY, Park SS, Chung HS, Kim DK. The regional association between bronchiectasis and lung cancer in chest CT. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16:151. [PMID: 27846869 PMCID: PMC5111282 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited studies have examined the association between lung cancer and bronchiectasis (BE). This study evaluated the regional association between BE and lung cancer by analyzing the lobar location of lung cancer in patients with underlying BE. Methods This clustered multi-level study enrolled patients who had underlying BE and were newly diagnosed with lung cancer between January 1, 2010 and May 30, 2013 in two referral hospitals in South Korea. By analyzing the presence of lung cancer and underlying BE as event variables at the level of lung lobes on chest computed tomography (CT), we evaluated the association of BE and lung cancer by the locations of the diseases. Results Eighty-one patients with BE and combined lung cancer were enrolled. Within 486 lung lobes of the patients, combined BE and lung cancer in the same lobe was found in 11 lobes (2.3 %). Using the general estimating equation assuming BE as a risk factor of lung cancer, the results indicated that the prevalence of lung cancer was significantly lower in the lobes with pre-existing BE (β = −1.09, p-value = 0.001). Conclusions Regionally, pre-existing BE was associated with a lower risk of the occurrence of lung cancer in the same lobe. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12890-016-0311-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Wook Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Nam Jin
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kyu Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramaero-5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Heo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramaero-5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramaero-5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Soon Chung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramaero-5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog Kyeom Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramaero-5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Alexander CM, Xiong KN, Velmurugan K, Xiong J, Osgood RS, Bauer AK. Differential innate immune cell signatures and effects regulated by toll-like receptor 4 during murine lung tumor promotion. Exp Lung Res 2016; 42:154-73. [PMID: 27093379 PMCID: PMC5506691 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2016.1164263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor promotion is an early and critical stage during lung adenocarcinoma (ADC). We previously demonstrated that Tlr4 mutant mice were more susceptible to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-induced pulmonary inflammation and tumor promotion in comparison to Tlr4-sufficient mice. Our study objective was to elucidate the underlying differences in Tlr4 mutant mice in innate immune cell populations, their functional responses, and the influence of these cellular differences on ADC progenitor (type II) cells following BHT-treatment. BALB (Tlr4-sufficient) and C.C3-Tlr4(Lps-d)/J (BALB(Lpsd); Tlr4 mutant) mice were treated with BHT (promoter) followed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and flow cytometry processing on the lungs. ELISAs, Club cell enrichment, macrophage function, and RNA isolation were also performed. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) co-cultured with a type II cell line were used for wound healing assays. Innate immune cells significantly increased in whole lung in BHT-treated BALB(Lpsd) mice compared to BALB mice. BHT-treated BALB(Lpsd) mice demonstrated enhanced macrophage functionality, increased epithelial wound closure via BMDMs, and increased Club cell number in BALB(Lpsd) mice, all compared to BALB BHT-treated mice. Cytokine/chemokine (Kc, Mcp1) and growth factor (Igf1) levels also significantly differed among the strains and within macrophages, gene expression, and cell surface markers collectively demonstrated a more plastic phenotype in BALB(Lpsd) mice. Therefore, these correlative studies suggest that distinct innate immune cell populations are associated with the differences observed in the Tlr4-mutant model. Future studies will investigate the macrophage origins and the utility of the pathways identified herein as indicators of immune system deficiencies and lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla-Maria Alexander
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Colorado School of Public Health , University of Colorado at Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Ka-Na Xiong
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Colorado School of Public Health , University of Colorado at Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Kalpana Velmurugan
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Colorado School of Public Health , University of Colorado at Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Julie Xiong
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Colorado School of Public Health , University of Colorado at Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Ross S Osgood
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Alison K Bauer
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Colorado School of Public Health , University of Colorado at Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado , USA
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17
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Morris GF, Danchuk S, Wang Y, Xu B, Rando RJ, Brody AR, Shan B, Sullivan DE. Cigarette smoke represses the innate immune response to asbestos. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12652. [PMID: 26660560 PMCID: PMC4760433 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both cigarette smoke (CS) and asbestos cause lung inflammation and lung cancer, and at high asbestos exposure levels, populations exposed to both of these carcinogens display a synergistic increase in the development of lung cancer. The mechanisms through which these two toxic agents interact to promote lung tumorigenesis are poorly understood. Here, we begin to dissect the inflammatory signals induced by asbestos in combination with CS using a rodent inhalation model and in vitro cell culture. Wild‐type C57BL/6 mice were exposed to room air as a control, CS, and/or asbestos (4 days per week to CS and 1 day per week to asbestos for 5 weeks). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected following exposure and analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Asbestos‐exposed mice displayed an increased innate immune response consistent with NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Compared to mice exposed only to asbestos, animals coexposed to CS + asbestos displayed attenuated levels of innate immune mediators and altered inflammatory cell recruitment. Histopathological changes in CS + asbestos‐exposed mice correlated with attenuated fibroproliferative lesion development relative to their counterparts exposed only to asbestos. In vitro experiments using a human monocyte cell line (THP‐1 cells) supported the in vivo results in that coexposure to cigarette smoke extract repressed NLRP3 inflammasome markers in cells treated with asbestos. These observations indicate that CS represses central components of the innate immune response to inhaled asbestos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert F Morris
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Program in Lung Biology, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Svitlana Danchuk
- Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Lung Biology, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Yu Wang
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Program in Lung Biology, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Beibei Xu
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Program in Lung Biology, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Roy J Rando
- Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University Health Sciences Center Program in Lung Biology, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Arnold R Brody
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Program in Lung Biology, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Bin Shan
- College of Medical Sciences, Washington State University Spokane Program in Lung Biology, Spokane, Washington
| | - Deborah E Sullivan
- Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Lung Biology, New Orleans, Louisiana
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18
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Strohbehn AL, Sohn EH. Evolution of septated cavitary subretinal fluid after treatment of choroidal metastasis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015; 46:482-4. [PMID: 25932728 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20150422-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An 83-year-old man presented with a 10-day history of decreased vision in the left eye. He was found to have choroidal metastases from lung adenocarcinoma that exhibited unilateral septated cavitary subretinal fluid on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). This fluid evolved into atypical lamellar sheets after treatment with systemic chemotherapy and orbital radiation prior to resolution. This is the first description demonstrating cavitary subretinal fluid pockets on spectral-domain OCT from lung cancer; attention is given to its unusual course and proposed pathogenesis.
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19
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Song JM, Qian X, Teferi F, Pan J, Wang Y, Kassie F. Dietary diindolylmethane suppresses inflammation-driven lung squamous cell carcinoma in mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 8:77-85. [PMID: 25403850 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions of the lung such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known to increase lung cancer risk, particularly lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). In the present study, we developed a mouse model of inflammation-driven LSCC that was induced by N-nitroso-trischloroethylurea (NTCU) and enhanced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent proinflammatory agent contained in tobacco and tobacco smoke, and determined the chemopreventive effects of BioResponse diindolylmethane (DIM) in the same model. Compared with mice treated with NTCU alone, mice treated with the combination of NTCU and LPS had a 9-fold increase in the number of bronchioles with LSCC. Also, compared with mice treated with LPS alone, mice treated with NTCU plus LPS showed significantly increased expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL1α, IL6, and TNFα (all three increased about 7-fold). Parallel to the increased cytokine gene expression, the NTCU plus LPS-treated group exhibited significantly enhanced activation of NF-κB, STAT3, ERK, p-38, and Akt, expression of p53, COX-2, and Mcl-1, and NF-κB- and STAT3-DNA binding in the lung. Dietary administration of DIM (10 μmol/g diet or 2,460 ppm) to mice treated with NTCU plus LPS reduced the incidence of LSCC by 2-fold, suppressed activation/expression of proinflammatory and procarcinogenic proteins and NF-κB- and STAT3-DNA binding, but not the expression of cytokines and p53. This study highlights the potential significance of our mouse model to identify promising drugs or dietary agents for the chemoprevention of human LSCC and that DIM is a very good candidate for clinical lung cancer chemoprevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Song
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Xuemin Qian
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Fitsum Teferi
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Yian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Fekadu Kassie
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
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20
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Zhou DM, Zhu DD, Lu QF, Qiao WB, Zhuang YZ. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence and mutations of the lung cancer model inbred rat strain (Muridae; Rattus). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:1260-1. [PMID: 25391029 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.945546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We reported the complete mitochondrial genome sequencing of an important Lung cancer model inbred rat strain for the first time. The total length of the mitogenome was 16,312 bp. It harbored 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 non-coding control region. The mutation sites were analyzed by comparing with the reference BN strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ming Zhou
- a Department of Oncology Ward Two , Daqing Oil Field General Hospital , Daqing , People's Republic of China and
| | - Dan-Dan Zhu
- a Department of Oncology Ward Two , Daqing Oil Field General Hospital , Daqing , People's Republic of China and
| | - Qing-Feng Lu
- a Department of Oncology Ward Two , Daqing Oil Field General Hospital , Daqing , People's Republic of China and
| | - Wen-Bo Qiao
- b Department of Oncology , Cancer Hospital of Harbin , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhi Zhuang
- a Department of Oncology Ward Two , Daqing Oil Field General Hospital , Daqing , People's Republic of China and
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21
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Schiavon M, Marulli G, Nannini N, Pasello G, Lunardi F, Balestro E, Perissinotto E, Rebusso A, Saetta M, Rea F, Calabrese F. COPD-related adenocarcinoma presents low aggressiveness morphological and molecular features compared to smoker tumours. Lung Cancer 2014; 86:311-7. [PMID: 25454198 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adenocarcinoma comprises a group of diseases with heterogeneous clinical and molecular characteristics. COPD and lung cancer are strictly related; to date it is unknown if COPD-associated cancers have different features from tumours arising in non-COPD patients. Our aim was to study COPD-associated adenocarcinoma phenotypes mainly focusing on morphological and molecular aspects, in comparison to smoke-related cancer without COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2010 to 2013, 54 patients with adenocarcinoma (20 COPD and 34 smokers) were prospectively studied. Each patient underwent a complete clinical and instrumental assessment. Morphological studies included analysis of growth pattern, cell proliferation (Ki-67/MIB1 expression) and parameters of intra- and peri-tumoral remodelling (inflammation, fibrosis and necrosis). Genetic analysis of EGFR and KRAS mutations was also performed. RESULTS The two groups were comparable for the main demographic and biohumoral parameters except for increased blood basophil cell count in the COPD group. Compared to COPD, tumours of smokers presented an increased percentage of solid component (median: 20% vs 5%, p=0.02), a reduced percentage of lepidic pattern (median: 0% vs 10%, p=0.06) and higher Ki-67/MIB1 median value (55% vs 30%, p=0.02). In multivariate analysis lepidic and solid histological pattern were significantly influenced by clinical group (p=0.03 and 0.05, respectively). Concerning EGFR mutation, no differences were found between groups while KRAS mutation presented a trend of higher percentage in smokers compared to COPD (41% vs 20%, p=NS). Adenocarcinoma with KRAS mutation showed a higher value of Ki-67/MIB1 (65% vs 35%, p=0.048) and prevalent solid pattern (35% vs 10%, p=0.019) in comparison to wild-type form. CONCLUSIONS COPD-related adenocarcinoma presents molecular and morphological features of lower aggressiveness (increased lepidic component, reduced solid pattern, lower cell proliferation and less frequent KRAS mutation) compared to smokers. Different molecular mechanisms could be associated with the development of COPD associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Schiavon
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Marulli
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Nazarena Nannini
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Pasello
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Lunardi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Balestro
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Egle Perissinotto
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rebusso
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Saetta
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Rea
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via N. Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Siegrist KJ, Reynolds SH, Kashon ML, Lowry DT, Dong C, Hubbs AF, Young SH, Salisbury JL, Porter DW, Benkovic SA, McCawley M, Keane MJ, Mastovich JT, Bunker KL, Cena LG, Sparrow MC, Sturgeon JL, Dinu CZ, Sargent LM. Genotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes at occupationally relevant doses. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:6. [PMID: 24479647 PMCID: PMC3923549 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes are commercially-important products of nanotechnology; however, their low density and small size makes carbon nanotube respiratory exposures likely during their production or processing. We have previously shown mitotic spindle aberrations in cultured primary and immortalized human airway epithelial cells exposed to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). In this study, we examined whether multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) cause mitotic spindle damage in cultured cells at doses equivalent to 34 years of exposure at the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL). MWCNT induced a dose responsive increase in disrupted centrosomes, abnormal mitotic spindles and aneuploid chromosome number 24 hours after exposure to 0.024, 0.24, 2.4 and 24 μg/cm2 MWCNT. Monopolar mitotic spindles comprised 95% of disrupted mitoses. Three-dimensional reconstructions of 0.1 μm optical sections showed carbon nanotubes integrated with microtubules, DNA and within the centrosome structure. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated a greater number of cells in S-phase and fewer cells in the G2 phase in MWCNT-treated compared to diluent control, indicating a G1/S block in the cell cycle. The monopolar phenotype of the disrupted mitotic spindles and the G1/S block in the cell cycle is in sharp contrast to the multi-polar spindle and G2 block in the cell cycle previously observed following exposure to SWCNT. One month following exposure to MWCNT there was a dramatic increase in both size and number of colonies compared to diluent control cultures, indicating a potential to pass the genetic damage to daughter cells. Our results demonstrate significant disruption of the mitotic spindle by MWCNT at occupationally relevant exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Sargent LM, Porter DW, Staska LM, Hubbs AF, Lowry DT, Battelli L, Siegrist KJ, Kashon ML, Mercer RR, Bauer AK, Chen BT, Salisbury JL, Frazer D, McKinney W, Andrew M, Tsuruoka S, Endo M, Fluharty KL, Castranova V, Reynolds SH. Promotion of lung adenocarcinoma following inhalation exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:3. [PMID: 24405760 PMCID: PMC3895742 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered carbon nanotubes are currently used in many consumer and industrial products such as paints, sunscreens, cosmetics, toiletries, electronic processes and industrial lubricants. Carbon nanotubes are among the more widely used nanoparticles and come in two major commercial forms, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and the more rigid, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The low density and small size of these particles makes respiratory exposures likely. Many of the potential health hazards have not been investigated, including their potential for carcinogenicity. We, therefore, utilized a two stage initiation/promotion protocol to determine whether inhaled MWCNT act as a complete carcinogen and/or promote the growth of cells with existing DNA damage. Six week old, male, B6C3F1 mice received a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of either the initiator methylcholanthrene(MCA, 10 μg/g BW, i.p.), or vehicle (corn oil). One week after i.p. injections, mice were exposed by inhalation to MWCNT (5 mg/m³, 5 hours/day, 5 days/week) or filtered air (controls) for a total of 15 days. At 17 months post-exposure, mice were euthanized and examined for lung tumor formation. RESULTS Twenty-three percent of the filtered air controls, 26.5% of the MWCNT-exposed, and 51.9% of the MCA-exposed mice, had lung bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas and lung adenocarcinomas. The average number of tumors per mouse was 0.25, 0.81 and 0.38 respectively. By contrast, 90.5% of the mice which received MCA followed by MWCNT had bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas and adenocarcinomas with an average of 2.9 tumors per mouse 17 months after exposure. Indeed, 62% of the mice exposed to MCA followed by MWCNT had bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinomas compared to 13% of the mice that received filtered air, 22% of the MCA-exposed, or 14% of the MWCNT-exposed. Mice with early morbidity resulting in euthanasia had the highest rate of metastatic disease. Three mice exposed to both MCA and MWCNT that were euthanized early had lung adenocarcinoma with evidence of metastasis (5.5%). Five mice (9%) exposed to MCA and MWCNT and 1 (1.6%) exposed to MCA developed serosal tumors morphologically consistent with sarcomatous mesotheliomas, whereas mice administered MWCNT or air alone did not develop similar neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that some MWCNT exposures promote the growth and neoplastic progression of initiated lung cells in B6C3F1 mice. In this study, the mouse MWCNT lung burden of 31.2 μg/mouse approximates feasible human occupational exposures. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that caution should be used to limit human exposures to MWCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Sargent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | | | - Ann F Hubbs
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - David T Lowry
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Lori Battelli
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Katelyn J Siegrist
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Michael L Kashon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Robert R Mercer
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | | | - Bean T Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | | | - David Frazer
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Michael Andrew
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | | | | | - Kara L Fluharty
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Vince Castranova
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Steven H Reynolds
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop L-3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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The involvement of NRF2 in lung cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:746432. [PMID: 23577226 PMCID: PMC3614183 DOI: 10.1155/2013/746432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor, erythroid-derived 2, like 2 (NRF2) is a key regulator of antioxidants and cellular stress responses. The role of NRF2 in pulmonary neoplasia, a diverse disease for which few biomarkers exist, is complicated and appears to depend on several main factors including the existence of activating mutations in NRF2 and/or loss of function mutations in KEAP1 and the stage of carcinogenesis studied, particularly in the mouse models tested. Therapeutic strategies for lung cancer targeting NRF2 have observed mixed results, both anti- and protumorigenic effects; however, these differences seem to reflect the mutation status of NRF2 or KEAP1. In this paper, we will discuss the studies on human NRF2 and the mechanisms proposed, several mouse models using various mice deficient in NRF2, as well as xenograft models, and the chemotherapeutic strategies using the NRF2 pathway.
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Hawley B, Volckens J. Proinflammatory effects of cookstove emissions on human bronchial epithelial cells. INDOOR AIR 2013; 23:4-13. [PMID: 22672519 PMCID: PMC3449229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Approximately half of the world's population uses biomass fuel for indoor cooking and heating. This form of combustion typically occurs in open fires or primitive stoves. Human exposure to emissions from indoor biomass combustion is a global health concern, causing an estimated 1.5 million premature deaths each year. Many 'improved' stoves have been developed to address this concern; however, studies that examine exposure-response with cleaner-burning, more efficient stoves are few. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of traditional and cleaner-burning stove emissions on an established model of the bronchial epithelium. We exposed well-differentiated, normal human bronchial epithelial cells to emissions from a single biomass combustion event using either a traditional three-stone fire or one of two energy-efficient stoves. Air-liquid interface cultures were exposed using a novel, aerosol-to-cell deposition system. Cellular expression of a panel of three pro-inflammatory markers was evaluated at 1 and 24 h following exposure. Cells exposed to emissions from the cleaner-burning stoves generated significantly fewer amounts of pro-inflammatory markers than cells exposed to emissions from a traditional three-stone fire. Particulate matter emissions from each cookstove were substantially different, with the three-stone fire producing the largest concentrations of particles (by both number and mass). This study supports emerging evidence that more efficient cookstoves have the potential to reduce respiratory inflammation in settings where solid fuel combustion is used to meet basic domestic needs. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Emissions from more efficient, cleaner-burning cookstoves produced less inflammation in well-differentiated bronchial lung cells. The results support evidence that more efficient cookstoves can reduce the health burden associated with exposure to indoor pollution from the combustion of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie Hawley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, 1681 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, 1681 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
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Hill T, Osgood RS, Velmurugan K, Alexander CM, Upham BL, Bauer AK. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Utilized Ex Vivo to Validate In Vivo Findings: Inhibition of Gap Junction Activity in Lung Tumor Promotion is Toll-Like Receptor 4-Dependent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5. [PMID: 25035812 PMCID: PMC4098145 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9929.1000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
TLR4 protects against lung tumor promotion and pulmonary inflammation in mice. Connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap junction gene, was increased in Tlr4 wildtype compared to Tlr4-mutant mice in response to promotion, which suggests gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) may be compromised. We hypothesized that the early tumor microenvironment, represented by Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) from Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT; promoter)-treated mice, would produce TLR4-dependent changes in pulmonary epithelium, including dysregulation of GJIC in the Tlr4-mutant (BALBLps-d) compared to the Tlr4-sufficient (BALB; wildtype) mice. BHT (4 weekly doses) was injected ip followed by BALF collection at 24 h. BALF total protein and total macrophages were significantly elevated in BHT-treated BALBLps-d over BALB mice, similar to previous findings. BALF was then utilized in an ex vivo manner to treat C10 cells, a murine alveolar type II cell line, followed by the scrape-load dye transfer assay (GJIC), Cx43 immunostaining, and quantitative RT-PCR (Mcp-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1). GJIC was markedly reduced in C10 cells treated with BHT-treated BALBLps-d BALF for 4 and 24 h compared to BALB and control BALF from the respective mice (p < 0.05). Mcp-1, a chemokine, was also significantly increased in the BHT-treated BALBLps-d BALF compared to the BALB mice, and Cx43 protein expression in the cell membrane altered. These novel findings suggest signaling from the BALF milieu is involved in GJIC dysregulation associated with promotion and links gap junctions to pulmonary TLR4 protection in a novel ex vivo model that could assist in future potential tumor promoter screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ross S Osgood
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kalpana Velmurugan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Carla-Maria Alexander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brad L Upham
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Lansing, USA
| | - Alison K Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemicals including multiple genotoxic lung carcinogens. The classic mechanisms of carcinogen metabolic activation to DNA adducts, leading to miscoding and mutations in critical growth control genes, applies to this mixture but some aspects are difficult to establish because of the complexity of the exposure. This article discusses certain features of this mechanism including the role of nicotine and its receptors; lung carcinogens, co-carcinogens and related substances in cigarette smoke; structurally characterized DNA adducts in the lungs of smokers; the mutational consequences of DNA adduct formation in smokers' lungs; and biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen uptake as related to lung cancer. While there are still uncertainties which may never be fully resolved, the general mechanisms by which cigarette smoking causes lung cancer are well understood and provide insights relevant to prevention of lung cancer, the number one cancer killer in the world, causing 1.37 million deaths per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Impairment of alveolar type-II cells involved in the toxicity of Aflatoxin G1 in rat lung. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3222-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kreisel D, Gelman AE, Higashikubo R, Lin X, Vikis HG, White JM, Toth KA, Deshpande C, Carreno BM, You M, Taffner SM, Yokoyama WM, Bui JD, Schreiber RD, Krupnick AS. Strain-specific variation in murine natural killer gene complex contributes to differences in immunosurveillance for urethane-induced lung cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4311-7. [PMID: 22751136 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and results from a complex interaction between carcinogen exposure and inherent susceptibility. Despite its prevalence, genetic factors that predispose to the development of lung cancer remain elusive. Inbred mouse models offer a unique and clinically relevant tool to study genetic factors that contribute to lung carcinogenesis due to the development of tumors that resemble human adenocarcinoma and broad strain-specific variation in cancer incidence after carcinogen administration. Here, we set out to investigate whether strain-specific variability in tumor immunosurveillance contributes to differences in lung cancer. Using bone marrow transplantation, we determined that hematopoietic cells from lung cancer-resistant mice could significantly impede the development of cancer in a susceptible strain. Furthermore, we show that this is not due to differences in tumor-promoting inflammatory changes or variability in immunosurveillance by the adaptive immune system but results from strain-specific differences in natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Using a newly discovered congenic strain of mice, we show a previously unrecognized role for strain-specific polymorphisms in the natural killer gene complex (NKC) in immunosurveillance for carcinogen-induced lung cancer. Because polymorphisms in the NKC are highly prevalent in man, our data may explain why certain individuals without obvious risk factors develop lung cancer whereas others remain resistant to the disease despite heavy environmental carcinogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kreisel
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology and Immunology, and Internal Medicine,The Alvin Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Phospho-sulindac (OXT-328) inhibits the growth of human lung cancer xenografts in mice: enhanced efficacy and mitochondria targeting by its formulation in solid lipid nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3090-101. [PMID: 22723123 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the antitumor efficacy of solid lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated phospho-sulindac (SLN-PS) in human lung cancer. METHODS PS was incorporated into SLNs using the emulsion evaporation technique. We determined the antitumor activity of SLN-PS in cultured lung cancer cells. The performance of SLN-PS was further evaluated by pharmacokinetic studies in mice and in a model of human lung cancer xenografts in nude mice. RESULTS SLN-PS was >4-fold more potent than PS in inhibiting the growth of A549 and H510 cells in vitro. SLN-PS enhanced cellular uptake and facilitated PS accumulation in mitochondria, leading to oxidative stress and apoptosis via the mitochondrial-apoptosis pathway. SLN-PS was highly effective in suppressing the growth of A549 xenografts (78% inhibition compared to control, p < 0.01); while PS had no significant effect. Formulation of PS in SLNs resulted in improved pharmacokinetics in mice and an enhanced (≈ 14-fold) accumulation of PS and its metabolites in A549 xenografts. Finally, SLN-PS enhanced urinary F2-isoprostane uniquely in mice bearing A549 xenografts compared to untreated controls, suggesting that SLN-PS specifically induced oxidative stress in tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that SLN-PS is efficacious in suppressing the growth of lung cancer and merits further evaluation.
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31
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The bed and the bugs: interactions between the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:462-70. [PMID: 22548722 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumors have been increasingly recognized as organs with a complexity that approaches, and may even exceed, that of healthy tissues. When viewed from this perspective, the biology of a tumor can be understood only by studying tumor cell heterogeneity and the microenvironment that is constructed during the course of tumorigenesis and malignant progression. Recent work has revealed the existence of cancer stem cells, the "bugs", with the capacity for self-renewal and tumor propagation. In addition, it is now recognized that the tumor microenvironment, the "bed", plays a critical role in supporting cancer stem cells and also may promote neoplasia and malignant progression. The interdependence of the cell-intrinsic features of cancer, including the cancer stem cell "bugs" and the tumor microenvironment "bed", is only beginning to be understood. In this review, we highlight the rapidly evolving concepts about the interactions between tumor stem cells and their microenvironment, the insights gained from studying their normal tissue counterparts, and the questions and controversies surrounding this area of research, with an emphasis on breast and lung cancer. Finally, we address evidence supporting the notion that eliminating the bed as well as the bugs should lead to more effective and personalized cancer treatments that improve patient outcome.
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Incidence, treatment options, and outcomes of lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2012; 18:131-7. [PMID: 22262137 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e32834f2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An associative and mechanistic link between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer has long been suspected. This review describes the current understanding of the incidence, mechanism of association, treatment options, and outcome for lung cancer with COPD. RECENT FINDINGS COPD patients have an increased risk of lung cancer that is independent of smoking. New evidence suggests that there is an inverse relationship between the severity of airflow obstruction and the risk of lung cancer. Chronic inflammation associated with COPD may play a role in the development of lung cancer, and targeting airway inflammation with inhaled corticosteroids has been suggested as a possible preventive strategy. Although surgical lobectomy remains the standard of care for early stage lung cancer, less invasive approaches such as sublobar resection, stereotactic body radiation therapy, and radiofrequency ablation are promising techniques for patients with limited pulmonary reserve. SUMMARY Progress is being made in identifying mechanistic links between COPD and lung cancer, which may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for both disorders. Patients with COPD are likely to benefit from less-invasive surgical and nonsurgical treatment strategies for lung cancer, but further study is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these procedures.
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Munley MT, Moore JE, Walb MC, Isom SP, Olson JD, Zora JG, Kock ND, Wheeler KT, Miller MS. Cancer-prone mice expressing the Ki-rasG12C gene show increased lung carcinogenesis after CT screening exposures. Radiat Res 2011; 176:842-8. [PMID: 21962004 PMCID: PMC3244170 DOI: 10.1667/rr2649.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A >20-fold increase in X-ray computed tomography (CT) use during the last 30 years has caused considerable concern because of the potential carcinogenic risk from these CT exposures. Estimating the carcinogenic risk from high-energy, single high-dose exposures obtained from atomic bomb survivors and extrapolating these data to multiple low-energy, low-dose CT exposures using the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) model may not give an accurate assessment of actual cancer risk. Recently, the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) reported that annual CT scans of current and former heavy smokers reduced lung cancer mortality by 20%, highlighting the need to better define the carcinogenic risk associated with these annual CT screening exposures. In this study, we used the bitransgenic CCSP-rtTA/Ki-ras mouse model that conditionally expresses the human mutant Ki-ras(G12C) gene in a doxycycline-inducible and lung-specific manner to measure the carcinogenic risk of exposure to multiple whole-body CT doses that approximate the annual NLST screening protocol. Irradiated mice expressing the Ki-ras(G12C) gene in their lungs had a significant (P = 0.01) 43% increase in the number of tumors/mouse (24.1 ± 1.9) compared to unirradiated mice (16.8 ± 1.3). Irradiated females had significantly (P < 0.005) more excess tumors than irradiated males. No tumor size difference or dose response was observed over the total dose range of 80-160 mGy for either sex. Irradiated bitransgenic mice that did not express the Ki-ras(G12C) gene had a low tumor incidence (≤ 0.1/mouse) that was not affected by exposure to CT radiation. These results suggest that (i) estimating the carcinogenic risk of multiple CT exposures from high-dose carcinogenesis data using the LNT model may be inappropriate for current and former smokers and (ii) any increased carcinogenic risk after exposure to fractionated low-dose CT-radiation may be restricted to only those individuals expressing cancer susceptibility genes in their tissues at the time of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Munley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Joseph E. Moore
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Matthew C. Walb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Scott P. Isom
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - John D. Olson
- Center for Biomolecular Imaging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - J. Gregory Zora
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Nancy D. Kock
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Kenneth T. Wheeler
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Mark Steven Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
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Vikis HG, Gelman AE, Franklin A, Stein L, Rymaszewski A, Zhu J, Liu P, Tichelaar JW, Krupnick AS, You M. Neutrophils are required for 3-methylcholanthrene-initiated, butylated hydroxytoluene-promoted lung carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:993-1002. [PMID: 22006501 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown a link between chronic inflammation and lung tumorigenesis. Inbred mouse strains vary in their susceptibility to methylcholanthrene (MCA)-initiated butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-promoted lung carcinogenesis. In the present study we investigated whether neutrophils play a role in strain dependent differences in susceptibility to lung tumor promotion. We observed a significant elevation in homeostatic levels of neutrophils in the lungs of tumor-susceptible BALB/cByJ (BALB) mice compared to tumor-resistant C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Additionally, BHT treatment further elevated neutrophil numbers as well as neutrophil chemoattractant keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl1) levels in BALB lung airways. Lung CD11c+ cells were a major source of KC expression and depletion of neutrophils in BALB mice resulted in a 71% decrease in tumor multiplicity. However, tumor multiplicity did not depend on the presence of T cells, despite the accumulation of T cells following BHT treatment. These data demonstrate that neutrophils are essential to promote tumor growth in the MCA/BHT two-step lung carcinogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris G Vikis
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Dougan M, Li D, Neuberg D, Mihm M, Googe P, Wong KK, Dranoff G. A dual role for the immune response in a mouse model of inflammation-associated lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2436-46. [PMID: 21537082 DOI: 10.1172/jci44796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Both principal factors known to cause lung cancer, cigarette smoke and asbestos, induce pulmonary inflammation, and pulmonary inflammation has recently been implicated in several murine models of lung cancer. To further investigate the role of inflammation in the development of lung cancer, we generated mice with combined loss of IFN-γ and the β-common cytokines GM-CSF and IL-3. These immunodeficient mice develop chronic pulmonary inflammation and lung tumors at a high frequency. Examination of the relationship between these tumors and their inflammatory microenvironment revealed a dual role for the immune system in tumor development. The inflammatory cytokine IL-6 promoted optimal tumor growth, yet wild-type mice rejected transplanted tumors through the induction of adaptive immunity. These findings suggest a model whereby cytokine deficiency leads to oncogenic inflammation that combines with defective antitumor immunity to promote lung tumor formation, representing a unique system for studying the role of the immune system in lung tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dougan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Raviv S, Hawkins KA, DeCamp MM, Kalhan R. Lung cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: enhancing surgical options and outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:1138-46. [PMID: 21177883 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201008-1274ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk for both the development of primary lung cancer, as well as poor outcome after lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Because of existing impairments in lung function, patients with COPD often do not meet traditional criteria for tolerance of definitive surgical lung cancer therapy. Emerging information regarding the physiology of lung resection in COPD indicates that postoperative decrements in lung function may be less than anticipated by traditional prediction tools. In patients with COPD, more inclusive consideration for surgical resection with curative intent may be appropriate as limited surgical resections or nonsurgical therapeutic options provide inferior survival. Furthermore, optimizing perioperative COPD medical care according to clinical practice guidelines including smoking cessation can potentially minimize morbidity and improve functional status in this often severely impaired patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Raviv
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N St. Clair Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Redente EF, Dwyer-Nield LD, Merrick DT, Raina K, Agarwal R, Pao W, Rice PL, Shroyer KR, Malkinson AM. Tumor progression stage and anatomical site regulate tumor-associated macrophage and bone marrow-derived monocyte polarization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2972-85. [PMID: 20431028 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) encourage and coordinate neoplastic growth. In late stage human lung adenocarcinoma, TAMs exhibited mixed M1 (classical; argI(low)iNOS(high)) and M2 (alternative; argI(high)iNOS(low)) polarization based on arginine metabolism. In several murine cancer models including chemically and genetically-induced primary lung tumors, prostate tumors, colon xenografts, and lung metastases, TAMs expressed argI(high)iNOS(low) early during tumor formation; argI(low)iNOS(high) polarization also occurred during malignancy in some models. In a chemically-induced lung tumor model, macrophages expressed argI(high)iNOS(low) within one week after carcinogen treatment, followed by similar polarization of bone marrow-derived monocytes (BDMCs) a few days later. TAMs surrounding murine prostate tumors also expressed argI(high)iNOS(low) early during tumorigenesis, indicating that this polarization is not unique to neoplastic lungs. In a human colon cancer xenograft model, the primary tumor was surrounded by argI(high)iNOS(low)-expressing TAMs, and BDMCs also expressed argI(high)iNOS(low), but pulmonary macrophages adopted argI(high)iNOS(low) polarization only after tumors metastasized to the lungs. Persistence of tumors is required to maintain TAM polarization. Indeed, in both conditional mutant Kras- and FGF10-driven models of lung cancer, mice expressing the transgene develop lung tumors that regress rapidly when the transgene is silenced. Furthermore, pulmonary macrophages expressed argI(high)iNOS(low) on tumor induction, but then returned to argI(low) iNOS(low) (no polarization) after tumors regressed. Manipulating TAM function or depleting TAMs may provide novel therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating many types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Redente
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Nickens KP, Patierno SR, Ceryak S. Chromium genotoxicity: A double-edged sword. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:276-88. [PMID: 20430016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Certain forms of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] are known respiratory carcinogens that induce a broad spectrum of DNA damage. Cr(VI)-carcinogenesis may be initiated or promoted through several mechanistic processes including, the intracellular metabolic reduction of Cr(VI) producing chromium species capable of interacting with DNA to yield genotoxic and mutagenic effects, Cr(VI)-induced inflammatory/immunological responses, and alteration of survival signaling pathways. Cr(VI) enters the cell through non-specific anion channels, and is metabolically reduced by agents including ascorbate, glutathione, and cysteine to Cr(V), Cr(IV), and Cr(III). Cr(III) has a weak membrane permeability capacity and is unable to cross the cell membrane, thereby trapping it within the cell where it can bind to DNA and produce genetic damage leading to genomic instability. Structural genetic lesions produced by the intracellular reduction of Cr(VI) include DNA adducts, DNA-strand breaks, DNA-protein crosslinks, oxidized bases, abasic sites, and DNA inter- and intrastrand crosslinks. The damage induced by Cr(VI) can lead to dysfunctional DNA replication and transcription, aberrant cell cycle checkpoints, dysregulated DNA repair mechanisms, microsatelite instability, inflammatory responses, and the disruption of key regulatory gene networks responsible for the balance of cell survival and cell death, which may all play an important role in Cr(VI) carcinogenesis. Several lines of evidence have indicated that neoplastic progression is a result of consecutive genetic/epigenetic changes that provide cellular survival advantages, and ultimately lead to the conversion of normal human cells to malignant cancer cells. This review is based on studies that provide a glimpse into Cr(VI) carcinogenicity via mechanisms including Cr(VI)-induced death-resistance, the involvement of DNA repair mechanisms in survival after chromium exposure, and the activation of survival signaling cascades in response to Cr(VI) genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Nickens
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, United States
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Deng J, Fujimoto J, Ye XF, Men TY, Van Pelt CS, Chen YL, Lin XF, Kadara H, Tao Q, Lotan D, Lotan R. Knockout of the tumor suppressor gene Gprc5a in mice leads to NF-kappaB activation in airway epithelium and promotes lung inflammation and tumorigenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:424-37. [PMID: 20354164 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models can be useful for increasing the understanding of lung tumorigenesis and assessing the potential of chemopreventive agents. We explored the role of inflammation in lung tumor development in mice with knockout of the tumor suppressor Gprc5a. Examination of normal lung tissue and tumors from 51 Gprc5a(+/+) (adenoma incidence, 9.8%; adenocarcinoma, 0%) and 38 Gprc5a(-/-) mice (adenoma, 63%; adenocarcinoma, 21%) revealed macrophage infiltration into lungs of 45% of the Gprc5a(-/-) mice and 8% of Gprc5a(+/+) mice and the direct association of macrophages with 42% of adenomas and 88% of adenocarcinomas in the knockout mice. Gprc5a(-/-) mouse lungs contained higher constitutive levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and were more sensitive than lungs of Gprc5a(+/+) mice to stimulation of NF-kappaB activation by lipopolysaccharide in vivo. Studies with epithelial cells cultured from tracheas of Gprc5a(-/-) and Gprc5a(+/+) mice revealed that Gprc5a loss is associated with increased cell proliferation, resistance to cell death in suspension, and increased basal, tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced, and lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB activation, which were reversed partially in Gprc5a(-/-) adenocarcinoma cells by reexpression of Gprc5a. Compared with Gprc5a(+/+) cells, the Gprc5a(-/-) cells produced higher levels of chemokines and cytokines and their conditioned medium induced more extensive macrophage migration. Silencing Gprc5a and the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB in Gprc5a(+/+) and Gprc5a(-/-) cells, respectively, reversed these effects. Thus, Gprc5a loss enhances NF-kappaB activation in lung epithelial cells, leading to increased autocrine and paracrine interactions, cell autonomy, and enhanced inflammation, which may synergize in the creation of a tumor-promoting microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Deng
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Reynolds SD, Malkinson AM. Clara cell: progenitor for the bronchiolar epithelium. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:1-4. [PMID: 19747565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clara cells were first described as a morphologically distinct cell type by Kolliker in 1881, but they take their name from the seminal study of human and rabbit bronchioles by Max Clara in 1937. Since their discovery, Clara cells have been identified as central players in protecting the airway from environmental exposures. The diverse functions of Clara cells in lung homeostasis include roles in xenobiotic metabolism, immune system regulation, and progenitor cell activity. Recent identification of a sub-population of Clara cells as a bronchiolar tissue-specific stem cell and a potential tumor initiating cell has focused the attention of cell and molecular biologists on the Clara cell and its behavior under normal and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Reynolds
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Hecht SS, Kassie F, Hatsukami DK. Chemoprevention of lung carcinogenesis in addicted smokers and ex-smokers. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:476-88. [PMID: 19550424 PMCID: PMC3876956 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprevention of lung carcinogenesis is one approach to controlling the epidemic of lung cancer caused by cigarette smoking. The target for chemoprevention should be the activities of the multiple carcinogens, toxicants, co-carcinogens, tumour promoters and inflammatory compounds in cigarette smoke. At present there are many agents, both synthetic and naturally occurring, that prevent lung tumour development in well-established animal models. It seems likely that logically constructed mixtures of these agents, developed from the ground up, will be necessary for the prevention of lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Beaver LM, Stemmy EJ, Constant SL, Schwartz A, Little LG, Gigley JP, Chun G, Sugden KD, Ceryak SM, Patierno SR. Lung injury, inflammation and Akt signaling following inhalation of particulate hexavalent chromium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 235:47-56. [PMID: 19109987 PMCID: PMC3640501 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Certain particulate hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds are human respiratory carcinogens that release genotoxic soluble chromate, and are associated with fibrosis, fibrosarcomas, adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. We postulate that inflammatory processes and mediators may contribute to the etiology of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis, however the immediate (0-24 h) pathologic injury and immune responses after exposure to particulate chromates have not been adequately investigated. Our aim was to determine the nature of the lung injury, inflammatory response, and survival signaling responses following intranasal exposure of BALB/c mice to particulate basic zinc chromate. Factors associated with lung injury, inflammation and survival signaling were measured in airway lavage fluid and in lung tissue. A single chromate exposure induced an acute immune response in the lung, characterized by a rapid and significant increase in IL-6 and GRO-alpha levels, an influx of neutrophils, and a decline in macrophages in lung airways. Histological examination of lung tissue in animals challenged with a single chromate exposure revealed an increase in bronchiolar cell apoptosis and mucosal injury. Furthermore, chromate exposure induced injury and inflammation that progressed to alveolar and interstitial pneumonitis. Finally, a single Cr(VI) challenge resulted in a rapid and persistent increase in the number of airways immunoreactive for phosphorylation of the survival signaling protein Akt, on serine 473. These data illustrate that chromate induces both survival signaling and an inflammatory response in the lung, which we postulate may contribute to early oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Beaver
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Erik J. Stemmy
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Stephanie L. Constant
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Arnold Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Laura G. Little
- The University of Montana, Department of Chemistry, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - Jason P. Gigley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Gina Chun
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Kent D. Sugden
- The University of Montana, Department of Chemistry, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - Susan M. Ceryak
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- GW Cancer Institute, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Steven R. Patierno
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- GW Cancer Institute, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
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Salinas NR, Lopes CT, Palma PV, Oshima CT, Bueno V. Lung tumor development in the presence of sphingosine 1-phosphate agonist FTY720. Pathol Oncol Res 2009; 15:549-54. [PMID: 19214784 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-009-9152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Urethane is a chemical carcinogen which causes lung tumorigenesis in mice with similarities to human adenocarcinoma (AC). The sphingosine 1-phosphate agonist FTY720 administered to mice in doses above 5 mg/kg/day has been able to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma and bladder cancer. We used BALB/c mice in urethane-induced lung cancer model to investigate the effects of a lower dose of FTY720 (1 mg/kg/day). The benefits of FTY720 were associated with the time point of the compound administration. FTY720 30 Group presented lower incidence and smaller area of lung nodules, decreased PCNA and increased Caspase-3 expressions. The findings in FTY720 0 Group (nodule multiplicity and area, PCNA expression) were similar to Urethane Group suggesting that the administration of the compound at early time point did not affect lung tumor development. FTY720 90 Group presented the biggest nodule area which was associated with increased PCNA and decreased Caspase-3 expressions. FTY720 (30 days and 90 days) administration decreased CD4 + splenocytes and blood lymphocytes which caused opposite effects in lung tumor development - impairment and improvement respectively.In conclusion, FTY720 in low dose did not provide lung tumor inhibition in mice but its administration 30 days after the chemical carcinogen (Urethane) injection was associated with impaired tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália R Salinas
- UNIFESP, Immunology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, 4 degrees andar, CEP 04023-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bauer AK, Rondini EA. Review paper: the role of inflammation in mouse pulmonary neoplasia. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:369-90. [PMID: 19176494 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0217-b-rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a risk factor for the development of many types of neoplasia, including skin, colon, gastric, and mammary cancers, among others. Chronic pulmonary diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, predispose to lung neoplasia. We will review the mouse literature examining the role of inflammation in lung neoplasia, focusing specifically on genetic susceptibility, pharmacologic modulation of inflammatory pathways, and both transgenic and knockout mouse models used to assess pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways involved in lung neoplasia. Identification of molecular mechanisms that govern the association between inflammation and pulmonary neoplasia could provide novel preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for a disease in which few biomarkers currently exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA).
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Valdez CA, Saavedra JE, Showalter BM, Davies KM, Wilde TC, Citro ML, Barchi JJ, Deschamps JR, Parrish D, El-Gayar S, Schleicher U, Bogdan C, Keefer LK. Hydrolytic reactivity trends among potential prodrugs of the O2-glycosylated diazeniumdiolate family. Targeting nitric oxide to macrophages for antileishmanial activity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3961-70. [PMID: 18533711 PMCID: PMC2574667 DOI: 10.1021/jm8000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylated diazeniumdiolates of structure R 2NN(O)NO-R' (R' = a saccharide residue) are potential prodrugs of the nitric oxide (NO)-releasing but acid-sensitive R 2NN(O)NO (-) ion. Moreover, cleaving the acid-stable glycosides under alkaline conditions provides a convenient protecting group strategy for diazeniumdiolate ions. Here, we report comparative hydrolysis rate data for five representative glycosylated diazeniumdiolates at pH 14, 7.4, and 3.8-4.6 as background for further developing both the protecting group application and the ability to target NO pharmacologically to macrophages harboring intracellular pathogens. Confirming the potential in the latter application, adding R 2NN(O)NO-GlcNAc (where R 2N = diethylamino or pyrrolidin-l-yl and GlcNAc = N-acetylglucosamin-l-yl) to cultures of infected mouse macrophages that were deficient in inducible NO synthase caused rapid death of the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania major with no host cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Larry K. Keefer
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 301-846-1467. Fax: 301-846-5946. E-mail:
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Wilson DO, Weissfeld JL, Balkan A, Schragin JG, Fuhrman CR, Fisher SN, Wilson J, Leader JK, Siegfried JM, Shapiro SD, Sciurba FC. Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:738-44. [PMID: 18565949 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200803-435oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE To study the relationship between emphysema and/or airflow obstruction and lung cancer in a high-risk population. OBJECTIVE We studied lung cancer related to radiographic emphysema and spirometric airflow obstruction in tobacco-exposed persons who were screened for lung cancer using chest computed tomography (CT). METHODS Subjects completed questionnaires, spirometry, and low-dose helical chest CT. CT scans were scored for emphysema based on National Emphysema Treatment Trial criteria. Multiple logistic regressions estimated the independent associations between various factors, including radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction, and subsequent lung cancer diagnosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Among 3,638 subjects, 57.5, 18.8, 14.6, and 9.1% had no, trace, mild, and moderate-severe emphysema, and 57.3, 13.6, 22.8, and 6.4% had no, mild (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] I), moderate (GOLD II), and severe (GOLD III-IV) airflow obstruction. Of 3,638 subjects, 99 (2.7%) received a lung cancer diagnosis. Adjusting for sex, age, years of cigarette smoking, and number of cigarettes smoked daily, logistic regression showed the expected lung cancer association with the presence of airflow obstruction (GOLD I-IV, odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-3.27). A second logistic regression showed lung cancer related to emphysema (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 2.21-5.73). After additional adjustments for GOLD class, emphysema remained a strong and statistically significant factor related to lung cancer (OR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.91-5.15). CONCLUSIONS Emphysema on CT scan and airflow obstruction on spirometry are related to lung cancer in a high-risk population. Emphysema is independently related to lung cancer. Both radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction should be considered when assessing lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Wilson
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Stearman RS, Dwyer-Nield L, Grady MC, Malkinson AM, Geraci MW. A Macrophage Gene Expression Signature Defines a Field Effect in the Lung Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2008; 68:34-43. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Azad N, Rojanasakul Y, Vallyathan V. Inflammation and lung cancer: roles of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:1-15. [PMID: 18176884 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701436460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The lung is a highly specialized organ that facilitates uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. Due to its unique structure providing enormous surface area to outside ambient air, it is vulnerable to numerous pathogens, pollutants, oxidants, gases, and toxicants that are inhaled continuously from air, which makes the lung susceptible to varying degrees of oxidative injury. To combat these unrelenting physical, chemical, and biological insults, the respiratory epithelium is covered with a thin layer of lining fluid containing several antioxidants and surfactants. Inhaled toxic agents stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which in turn provoke inflammatory responses resulting in the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These subsequently stimulate the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes into the lung so as to combat the invading pathogens or toxic agents. In addition to the beneficial effects, persistent inhalation of the invading pathogens or toxic agents may result in overwhelming production of ROS/RNS, producing chronic inflammation and lung injury. During inflammation, enhanced ROS/RNS production may induce recurring DNA damage, inhibition of apoptosis, and activation of proto-oncogenes by initiating signal transduction pathways. Therefore, it is conceivable that chronic inflammation-induced production of ROS/RNS in the lung may predispose individuals to lung cancer. This review describes the complex relationship between lung inflammation and carcinogenesis, and highlights the role of ROS/RNS in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Azad
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Molecular analysis of a multistep lung cancer model induced by chronic inflammation reveals epigenetic regulation of p16 and activation of the DNA damage response pathway. Neoplasia 2007; 9:840-52. [PMID: 17971904 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular hallmarks of inflammation-mediated lung carcinogenesis have not been fully clarified, mainly due to the scarcity of appropriate animal models. We have used a silica-induced multistep lung carcinogenesis model driven by chronic inflammation to study the evolution of molecular markers and genetic alterations. We analyzed markers of DNA damage response (DDR), proliferative stress, and telomeric stress: gamma-H2AX, p16, p53, and TERT. Lung cancer-related epigenetic and genetic alterations, including promoter hypermethylation status of p16(CDKN2A), APC, CDH13, Rassf1, and Nore1A, as well as mutations of Tp53, epidermal growth factor receptor, K-ras, N-ras, and c-H-ras, have been also studied. Our results showed DDR pathway activation in preneoplastic lesions, in association with inducible nitric oxide synthase and p53 induction. p16 was also induced in early tumorigenic progression and was inactivated in bronchiolar dysplasias and tumors. Remarkably, lack of mutations of Ras and epidermal growth factor receptor, and a very low frequency of Tp53 mutations suggest that they are not required for tumorigenesis in this model. In contrast, epigenetic alterations in p16(CDKN2A), CDH13, and APC, but not in Rassf1 and Nore1A, were clearly observed. These data suggest the existence of a specific molecular signature of inflammation-driven lung carcinogenesis that shares some, but not all, of the molecular landmarks of chemically induced lung cancer.
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50
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Peebles KA, Lee JM, Mao JT, Hazra S, Reckamp KL, Krysan K, Dohadwala M, Heinrich EL, Walser TC, Cui X, Baratelli FE, Garon E, Sharma S, Dubinett SM. Inflammation and lung carcinogenesis: applying findings in prevention and treatment. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2007; 7:1405-21. [PMID: 17944566 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.10.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung carcinogenesis is a complex process requiring the acquisition of genetic mutations that confer the malignant phenotype as well as epigenetic alterations that may be manipulated in the course of therapy. Inflammatory signals in the lung cancer microenvironment can promote apoptosis resistance, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and secretion of proangiogenic and immunosuppressive factors. Here, we discuss several prototypical inflammatory mediators controlling the malignant phenotype in lung cancer. Investigation into the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the tumor-promoting effects of inflammation in lung cancer has revealed novel potential drug targets. Cytokines, growth factors and small-molecule inflammatory mediators released in the developing tumor microenvironment pave the way for epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the shift from a polarized, epithelial phenotype to a highly motile mesenchymal phenotype that becomes dysregulated during tumor invasion. Inflammatory mediators within the tumor microenvironment are derived from neoplastic cells as well as stromal and inflammatory cells; thus, lung cancer develops in a host environment in which the deregulated inflammatory response promotes tumor progression. Inflammation-related metabolic and catabolic enzymes (prostaglandin E(2) synthase, prostaglandin I(2) synthase and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase), cell-surface receptors (E-type prostaglandin receptors) and transcription factors (ZEB1, SNAIL, PPARs, STATs and NF-kappaB) are differentially expressed in lung cancer cells compared with normal lung epithelial cells and, thus, may contribute to tumor initiation and progression. These newly discovered molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of lung cancer provide novel opportunities for targeted therapy and prevention in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Peebles
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine & Hospitalists, Department of Medicine, UCLA Lung Cancer Research Program, CA, USA.
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