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Klaus-Karwisch S, Merkle A, Werner S, Ruf L, Woll A, Härtel S, Altmann S. Sprint and jump performances of female athletes are enhanced in the evening but not associated with individual chronotype. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1427-1434. [PMID: 37828767 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2267659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Sprint and jump performances represent performance-determining parameters in individual and team sports. Fluctuations in performance depending on the daytime raise the question of the best time to train and compete. Given the scarce research on females, this study aimed to analyze the influence of daytime on sprint and jump performances and to investigate whether the performance difference is related to the chronotype. Thus, 23 female sports students completed a questionnaire to assess their chronotype followed by performing two 30 m sprints, 5 Repeated Jump Tests (5RJT), and countermovement jumps (CMJ) in the morning (7:00-9:00 h) and evening (17:00-19:00 h). Time after 5 m, 10 m, and 30 m during the sprints, reactive strength index (RSI) during the 5RJTs, and jump height during the CMJs were examined. The performance during the 30 m sprint (t(22) = 5.28, p < 0.01 moderate effect size: 0.50) and the two jump tests (5RJT: t(22) = 8.27, p < 0.01 large effect size: 0.95; CMJ: t(22) = 5.46, p < 0.01 moderate effect size: 0.79) were significantly better in the evening than in the morning. There was no significant correlation between chronotype and the time-of-day effect. The results should be considered when planning training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Klaus-Karwisch
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alina Merkle
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Selina Werner
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ludwig Ruf
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
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2
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Renziehausen JM, Bergquist AM, Park JH, Hill EC, Wells AJ, Stout JR, Fukuda DH. Time of Day Effects on Anaerobic Performance Using a Nonmotorized Treadmill. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2002-2007. [PMID: 37729513 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Renziehausen, JM, Bergquist, AM, Park, J-H, Hill, EC, Wells, AJ, Stout, JR, and Fukuda, DH. Time of day effects on anaerobic performance using a nonmotorized treadmill. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2002-2007, 2023-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of time of day on performance during a maximal effort sprinting assessment (30nmt) and determine potential differences based on chronotype and sex. Twenty-six recreationally active men (n = 12) and women (n = 14) between the ages of 18 and 35 years old (21.5 ± 2.4 years) completed the 30nmt at 9:00 am, 2:00 pm, and 7:00 pm in a randomized order over a 24-hour period. Resting heart rate and temperature assessments were taken at each visit. A dietary recall and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire were used to assess kilocalories (kcals) and chronotype, respectively. Two-way (time x sex) repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted to determine differences in peak/mean power, peak/mean velocity, distance, resting heart rate, temperature, and kcals at each time point. Paired sample t tests were used to assess peak and nadir of each performance variable. A significance level was set at p < 0.05. There was a significant main effect for temperature (p < 0.001), resting heart rate (p = 0.007), and pre-exercise caloric intake (p = 0.021) throughout the day. No significant main effects for time were found for peak power (p = 0.766), mean power (p = 0.094), peak velocity (p = 0.497), mean velocity (p = 0.193), or distance (p = 0.262). There were no significant time × sex interactions for any dependent performance variables (p > 0.05). Significant differences were shown between the peak and nadir of each performance variable (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in performance during maximal effort anaerobic assessments shown throughout the day; however, peak/nadir of performance times may be individualized and differ between morning types and intermediate types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Renziehausen
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Amy M Bergquist
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Joon-Hyuk Park
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Adam J Wells
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David H Fukuda
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Costa CMA, Narciso FV, Brant VM, Silva A, Borba DDA, Rosa JPP, Wanner SP, Romano-Silva MA, de Mello MT. Can the inner eye canthus temperature be used as an alternative method to measure core temperature in sleep-deprived individuals? J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103716. [PMID: 37806067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Core temperature is used in several situations, including studies on biological rhythms and circadian markers of physical performance. Measuring the inner eye canthus (Tco) temperature is a method proposed to identify core temperature, but it has shown little concordance in physical exercise situations and has not yet been used in studies with measurements taken throughout the day. The objective of this study was to compare the measurements and daily behavior of Tco obtained by infrared thermography with rectal temperature (Tre) during a prolonged waking protocol. Eleven male individuals participated in the study, who remained in the laboratory for at least 38 h using an actigraph to determine the wakefulness time and were monitored during the entire period. The Tre and Tco measurements were performed every 3 h. The ANOVA was used for repeated measurements followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test to find the limits of concordance/proximity, while the Bland and Altman method and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient were used to establish the reliability between the pairs. The significance level adopted was p < 0.05. The results demonstrate significant differences, low levels of concordance and unsatisfactory reliability levels between Tco and Tre at all 13 analyzed moments, in addition to not showing measurement reliability when all data are used together with the 143 temperature measurements. Daily behavior analysis shows moments with similar behavior with an increase in Tco and Tre, but at other times the behavior was the opposite, with a decrease in one measurement and an increase in the other. Based on the results presented, it is not recommended to use the inner eye canthus temperature as a substitute for rectal temperature for measuring core temperature at different times of the day or in sleep-deprived individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Magno Amaral Costa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Instituto Federal do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Campus Rio Pomba, Rio Pomba, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Center for Psychobiology and Exercise Studies, Department of Sports, Physical Education School, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Veruska Narciso
- Center for Psychobiology and Exercise Studies, Department of Sports, Physical Education School, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centro Universitário Mario Palmério (UNIFUCAMP), Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Valdênio Martins Brant
- Center for Psychobiology and Exercise Studies, Department of Sports, Physical Education School, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Andressa Silva
- Center for Psychobiology and Exercise Studies, Department of Sports, Physical Education School, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Diego de Alcantara Borba
- Center for Psychobiology and Exercise Studies, Department of Sports, Physical Education School, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Science and of Movement, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - João Paulo Pereira Rosa
- Center for Psychobiology and Exercise Studies, Department of Sports, Physical Education School, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil.
| | - Samuel Penna Wanner
- Center for Psychobiology and Exercise Studies, Department of Sports, Physical Education School, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Center for Psychobiology and Exercise Studies, Department of Sports, Physical Education School, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Kang J, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Bush JA, Finnerty C, DiFiore M, Garcia A, Beller N. Time-of-Day Effects of Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Responses and Endurance Performance-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2080-2090. [PMID: 37026733 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kang, J, Ratamess, NA, Faigenbaum, AD, Bush, JA, Finnerty, C, DiFiore, M, Garcia, A, and Beller, N. Time-of-day effects of exercise on cardiorespiratory responses and endurance performance-A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2080-2090, 2023-The time-of-day effect of exercise on human function remains largely equivocal. Hence, this study aimed to further analyze the existing evidence concerning diurnal variations in cardiorespiratory responses and endurance performance using a meta-analytic approach. Literature search was conducted through databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Article selection was made based on inclusion criteria concerning subjects' characteristics, exercise protocols, times of testing, and targeted dependent variables. Results on oxygen uptake (V̇ o2 ), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio, and endurance performance in the morning (AM) and late afternoon or evening (PM) were extracted from the chosen studies. Meta-analysis was conducted with the random-effects model. Thirty-one original research studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Meta-analysis revealed higher resting V̇ o2 (Hedges' g = -0.574; p = 0.040) and resting HR (Hedges' g = -1.058; p = 0.002) in PM than in AM. During exercise, although V̇ o2 remained indifferent between AM and PM, HR was higher in PM at submaximal (Hedges' g = -0.199; p = 0.046) and maximal (Hedges' g = -0.298; p = 0.001) levels. Endurance performance as measured by time-to-exhaustion or the total work accomplished was higher in PM than in AM (Hedges' g = -0.654; p = 0.001). Diurnal variations in V̇ o2 appear less detectable during aerobic exercise. The finding that exercising HR and endurance performance were greater in PM than in AM emphasizes the need to consider the effect of circadian rhythm when evaluating athletic performance or using HR as a criterion to assess fitness or monitor training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kang
- Human Performance Laboratory, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey
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Nobari H, Azarian S, Saedmocheshi S, Valdés-Badilla P, García Calvo T. Narrative review: The role of circadian rhythm on sports performance, hormonal regulation, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19636. [PMID: 37809566 PMCID: PMC10558889 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was a narrative review of the importance of circadian rhythm (CR), describes the underlying mechanisms of CR in sports performance, emphasizes the reciprocal link between CR, endocrine homeostasis and sex differences, and the unique role of the circadian clock in immune system function and coordination. Method As a narrative review study, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (core collection) databases using the keywords "circadian rhythm", "sports performance", "hormonal regulation", "immune system", and "injury prevention". Inclusion criteria were studies published in English and peer-reviewed journals until July 2023. Studies that examined the role of CR in sports performance, hormonal status, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes were selected for review. Results CR is followed by almost all physiological and biochemical activities in the human body. In humans, the superchiasmatic nucleus controls many daily biorhythms under solar time, including the sleep-wake cycle. A body of literature indicates that the peak performance of essential indicators of sports performance is primarily in the afternoon hours, and the evening of actions occurs roughly at the peak of core body temperature. Recent studies have demonstrated that the time of day that exercise is performed affects the achievement of good physical performance. This review also shows various biomarkers of cellular damage in weariness and the underlying mechanisms of diurnal fluctuations. According to the clock, CR can be synchronized with photonic and non-photonic stimuli (i.e., temperature, physical activity, and food intake), and feeding patterns and diet changes can affect CR and redox markers. It also emphasizes the reciprocal links between CR and endocrine homeostasis, the specific role of the circadian clock in coordinating immune system function, and the relationship between circadian clocks and sex differences. Conclusion The interaction between insufficient sleep and time of day on performance has been established in this study because it is crucial to balance training, recovery, and sleep duration to attain optimal sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Somayeh Azarian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Saber Saedmocheshi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, 3530000, Chile
- Sports Coach Career, School of Education, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, 2520000, Chile
| | - Tomás García Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Bruggisser F, Knaier R, Roth R, Wang W, Qian J, Scheer FAJL. Best Time of Day for Strength and Endurance Training to Improve Health and Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:34. [PMID: 37208462 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current recommendations for physical exercise include information about the frequency, intensity, type, and duration of exercise. However, to date, there are no recommendations on what time of day one should exercise. The aim was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis to investigate if the time of day of exercise training in intervention studies influences the degree of improvements in physical performance or health-related outcomes. METHODS The databases EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to January 2023. Eligibility criteria were that the studies conducted structured endurance and/or strength training with a minimum of two exercise sessions per week for at least 2 weeks and compared exercise training between at least two different times of the day using a randomized crossover or parallel group design. RESULTS From 14,125 screened articles, 26 articles were included in the systematic review of which seven were also included in the meta-analyses. Both the qualitative synthesis and the quantitative synthesis (i.e., meta-analysis) provide little evidence for or against the hypothesis that training at a specific time of day leads to more improvements in performance-related or health-related outcomes compared to other times. There was some evidence that there is a benefit when training and testing occur at the same time of day, mainly for performance-related outcomes. Overall, the risk of bias in most studies was high. CONCLUSIONS The current state of research provides evidence neither for nor against a specific time of the day being more beneficial, but provides evidence for larger effects when there is congruency between training and testing times. This review provides recommendations to improve the design and execution of future studies on this topic. REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42021246468).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Bruggisser
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Knaier
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ralf Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Bommasamudram T, Ravindrakumar A, Varamenti E, Tod D, Edwards BJ, Peter IG, Pullinger SA. Daily variation in time-trial sporting performance: A systematic review. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1167-1182. [PMID: 35815685 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2090373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Few functional measures related to time-trial display diurnal variation. The diversity of tests/protocols used to assess time-trial performance on diurnal effects and the lack of a standardised approach hinder agreement in the literature. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to investigate and systematically review the evidence relating to time-of-day differences in time-trial measures and to examine the main aspects related to research design important for studies of a chronobiological nature. The entire content of Manipal Academy of Higher Education electronic library and Qatar National Library, and electronic databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus and Web of Science were searched. Research studies published in peer-reviewed journals and non-peer reviewed studies, conducted in male adult participants aged ≥18 y before November 2021 were screened/included. Studies assessing tests related to time-trials in any modality between a minimum of 2 time-points during the day (morning [06:30-10:30 h] vs evening [14:30-20:00 h]) were deemed eligible. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) process was used to assess the evidence to inform recommendations. The primary search revealed that a total of 10 from 40 articles were considered eligible and subsequently included. Six were conducted using cycling, two using running and two using swimming as the mode of exercise. Distances ranged from 1 to 16.1-km in distance or 15 to 20-min time in the cycling and running time-trials, and 50 to 200-m in the swimming time-trials. Only four studies found one or several of their performance variables to display daily variations, with significantly better values in the evening; while six studies found no time-of-day significance in any variables assessed. The magnitude of difference ranged from 2.9% to 7.1% for performance time to complete a cycling time-trial, while running and swimming did not find any differences for performance time. Power output during a 16.1-km time trial in cycling also found evening performance to be significantly better by 10%. The only other observed differences were stroke rate and stroke length during a swimming time-trial and stroke rate (cycles.min-1) during a cycling time-trial. The magnitude of difference is dependent on exercise modality, individual chronotype, the training status of the individual and sample size differences. The lack of diurnal variation present in the majority of studies can in-part be explained with some of the methodological limitations and issues present related to quality and control. It is paramount that research assessing diurnal variation in performance uses appropriate session timings around the core body temperature minimum (~05:00 h; morning) and maximum (~17:00 h; evening). Although, differences in motivation/arousal, habitual training times, chronotypes and genotypes could provide an explanation as to why some studies/variables did not display time-of-day variation, more work is needed to provide an accurate conclusion. There is a clear demand for a rigorous, standardised approach to be adopted by future investigations which control factors that specifically relate to investigations of time-of-day, such as appropriate familiarisation, counterbalancing the order of administration of tests, providing sufficient recovery time between sessions and testing within a controlled environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulasiram Bommasamudram
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Aishwarya Ravindrakumar
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - David Tod
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ben J Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Irene G Peter
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Judo specific fitness test performance variation from morning to evening: specific warm-ups impacts performance and its diurnal amplitude in female judokas. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:92. [PMID: 35596178 PMCID: PMC9123763 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of specific tests are used to standardize competition performance. Specific Judo fitness test (SJFT) can be applied by considering the start of the competition qualifiers in the morning and the continuation of the final competitions in the evening. The improvement of test performances can be achieved with warm-up for elevating heart rate (HR) and muscle temperature such as raise, activate, mobilise, potentiate (RAMP) protocols. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of different warm-up protocols on SJFT at different times of the day in female judokas. METHODS Ten volunteer women participated in this study, who regularly participated in judo training for more than 5 years and actively competed in international competitions. Judokas completed SJFT, either after no warm-up, or RAMP protocols like specific warm-up (SWU), and dynamic warm-up for two times a day in the morning: 09:00-10:00 and in the evening: 16:00-17:00, with at least 2 days between test sessions. The following variables were recorded: throws performed during series A, B, and C; the total number of throws; HR immediately and 1 min after the test, and test index after different warm-ups. RESULTS When analyzed evening compared to the morning without discriminating three warm-up protocols, evening results statistically significant number of total throws performed during series A, B, and C, the total number of throws; HR immediately and 1 min after the test, and test index than morning results (p < 0.01). Moreover, RAMP protocols interaction with time have demonstrated an impact on SJFT for index [F(2) = 4.15, p = 0.024, ηp2: 0.19] and changes after 1 min HR [F(1.370)= 7.16, p = 0.008, ηp2: 0.29]. HR after 1 min and test index results were statistically significant in favor of SWU (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, SJFT performance showed diurnal variation and judo performances of the judokas can be affected more positively in the evening hours especially after RAMP protocols.
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Westmattelmann D, Stoffers B, Sprenger M, Grotenhermen JG, Schewe G. The Performance-Result Gap in Mixed-Reality Cycling – Evidence From the Virtual Tour de France 2020 on Zwift. Front Physiol 2022; 13:868902. [PMID: 35634146 PMCID: PMC9136089 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.868902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mixed-reality sports are increasingly reaching the highest level of sport, exemplified by the first Virtual Tour de France, held in 2020. In road races, power output data are only sporadically available, which is why the effect of power output on race results is largely unknown. However, in mixed-reality competitions, measuring and comparing the power output data of all participants is a fundamental prerequisite for evaluating the athlete’s performance. Objective: This study investigates the influence of different power output parameters (absolute and relative peak power output) as well as body mass and height on the results in mixed-reality competitions. Methods: We scrape data from all six stages of the 2020 Virtual Tour de France of women and men and analyze it using regression analysis. Third-order polynomial regressions are performed as a cubic relationship between power output and competition result can be assumed. Results: Across all stages, relative power output over the entire distance explains most of the variance in the results, with maximum explanatory power between 77% and 98% for women and between 84% and 99% for men. Thus, power output is the most powerful predictor of success in mixed-reality sports. However, the identified performance-result gap reveals that other determinants have a subordinate role in success. Body mass and height can explain the results only in a few stages. The explanatory power of the determinants considered depends in particular on the stage profile and the progression of the race. Conclusion: By identifying this performance-result gap that needs to be addressed by considering additional factors like competition strategy or the specific use of equipment, important implications for the future of sports science and mixed-reality sports emerge.
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Robles-González L, Aguilar-Navarro M, López-Samanes Á, Ruiz-Moreno C, Muñoz A, Varillas-Delgado D, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Helge JW, Ruiz JR, Amaro-Gahete FJ. No diurnal variation is present in maximal fat oxidation during exercise in young healthy women: a cross-over study. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:936-942. [PMID: 35437101 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2067007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) seems to show a diurnal variation in men, which favors an increased performance in the afternoon than the morning. At present, it remains unknown whether the observed MFO and Fatmax diurnal variation in men is also present in women. Therefore, the current study examined the diurnal variations of MFO and Fatmax in women. Nineteen healthy women (age: 26.9±8.7 years, maximum oxygen uptake: 39.8±6.5 ml/kg/min) participated in the study. MFO and Fatmax were determined by a graded exercise test in cycloergometer using a cross-over design performed on two separate daytime schedules, one conducted in the morning (8 am - 11 am) and one in the afternoon (5 pm - 8 pm). Stoichiometric equations were used to calculate fat oxidation rates. There were no significant differences between MFO-morning and MFO-afternoon (0.24±0.10 vs. 0.23±0.07 g/min, respectively; P=0.681). Similarly, there was no significant differences between Fatmax-morning and Fatmax-afternoon (41.1±4.7 vs. 42.6±5.5 % of maximal oxygen uptake, respectively; P=0.305). These results persisted after controlling for fat mass percentage (all P>0.5). In summary, the main finding of the present study was that MFO and Fatmax were similar independent of the time-of-day when the exercise test is performed in healthy women. These results have important clinical implications since they suggest that, in contrast to what was found in men, MFO and Fatmax show similar rates during the course of the day in women.Highlights MFO and Fatmax were similar during afternoon and morning in young healthy women.Our results suggest that, in women, it does not matter when endurance exercise is performed in term of fat metabolism during exercise.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT004320446..
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Robles-González
- EFFECTS-262 Research group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Millán Aguilar-Navarro
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Moreno
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Muñoz
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - David Varillas-Delgado
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, Spain
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11
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Knaier R, Qian J, Roth R, Infanger D, Notter T, Wang W, Cajochen C, Scheer FA. Diurnal Variation in Maximum Endurance and Maximum Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:169-180. [PMID: 34431827 PMCID: PMC10308487 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diurnal variations in physical performance can affect athletes' success in competitive sports depending on whether the time of peak performance concurs with the time of competition. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the diurnal variation in maximum endurance and strength performance. METHODS The databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched from inception to November 2020. The search string was externally reviewed according to PRESS guidelines, and the review was conducted in accordance to PRISMA guidelines and registered beforehand on PROSPERO. Eligibility criteria were that 1) the studies included humans and 2) any kind of maximum endurance or maximum strength test was performed at 3) a minimum of three different times of the day. There were no restrictions regarding study design, participants' sex, age, or fitness levels. RESULTS From 10,460 screened articles, 63 articles met all three inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis on the harmonizable 29 studies provided evidence for diurnal variations in physical performance. In detail, the overall effect sizes (95% confidence intervals) were 0.23 (0.05-0.40), 0.73 (0.37-1.09), 0.39 (0.18-0.60), and 0.79 (0.28-1.30) for endurance exercise tests, maximum power output in the Wingate test, handgrip strength, and jump height, respectively, all in favor of higher performance in the evening. The overall risk of bias in individual studies was moderately high. CONCLUSIONS There is strong evidence that anaerobic power and jump height are maximal between 1300 and 2000 h. There is some evidence that handgrip strength peaks between 1400 and 2100 h, but only little evidence that there is a time of peak performance in maximum endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Knaier
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ralf Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Infanger
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timo Notter
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank A.J.L. Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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12
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Kusumoto H, Ta C, Brown SM, Mulcahey MK. Factors Contributing to Diurnal Variation in Athletic Performance and Methods to Reduce Within-Day Performance Variation: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S119-S135. [PMID: 32868676 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kusumoto, H, Ta, C, Brown, SM, and Mulcahey, MK. Factors contributing to diurnal variation in athletic performance and methods to reduce within-day performance variation: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S119-S135, 2021-For many individuals, athletic performance (e.g., cycle ergometer output) differs based on the time of day (TOD). This study identified factors contributing to diurnal variation in athletic performance and methods to reduce TOD performance variation. Comprehensive searches of PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Libraries were conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Peer-reviewed publications reporting quantitative, significant diurnal variation (p ≤ 0.05) of athletic performance with explanations for the differences were included. Studies providing effective methods to reduce diurnal variation were also included. Literature reviews, studies involving nonhuman or nonadult subjects, studies that intentionally manipulated sleep duration or quality, and studies deemed to be of poor methodological quality using NIH Quality Assessment Tools were excluded. Forty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Body temperature differences (n = 13), electromyographic parameters (n = 10), serum biomarker fluctuations (n = 5), athlete chronotypes (n = 4), and differential oxygen kinetics (n = 3) were investigated as significant determinants of diurnal variation in sports performance. Successful techniques for reducing diurnal athletic performance variability included active or passive warm-up (n = 9), caffeine ingestion (n = 2), and training-testing TOD synchrony (n = 3). Body temperature was the most important contributor to diurnal variation in athletic performance. In addition, extended morning warm-up was the most effective way to reduce performance variation. Recognizing contributors to diurnal variation in athletic performance may facilitate the development of more effective training regimens that allow athletes to achieve consistent performances regardless of TOD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Canhnghi Ta
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Symone M Brown
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mary K Mulcahey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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13
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Ünver Ş, Atan T. Does circadian rhythm have an impact on anaerobic performance, recovery and muscle damage? Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:950-958. [PMID: 33715550 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1899197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of circadian rhythms (CR) on anaerobic performance and subsequent recovery, muscle damage, and respiratory muscle strength. Twenty diurnally active male football players (age, 22.20 ± 3.14 y) were asked to perform the Wingate anaerobic power test three times for 30 s each at 09:00, 14:00 and 19:00 h, with a minimum recovery period of 1 week between each testing day. Pretest oral temperature, respiratory muscle strength, oxygen saturation, and rating of perceived exertion were recorded at three different time of the day. To examine post-exercise recovery, heart rate (HR) and lactic acid (LA) levels were recorded before and after the tests. Blood samples were collected 20 min after each test to assess muscle damage. The body temperature taken at 19:00 h was the highest of the three (p < .01). After the tests, the LA value at 19:00 h was higher than that at 09:00 h (p < .05). According to CR, the HR values measured after anaerobic exercise were higher at 14:00 h (p < .05). The peak power value was higher at 14:00 h than at 19:00 h (p < .058). CR does not affect muscle damage and respiratory muscle strength. Further, at 14:00 h, anaerobic power was higher and recovery occurred faster compared to the other test times of 09:00 and 19:00 h. Therefore, it is recommended that anaerobic training should be performed early in the afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şaban Ünver
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Tülin Atan
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
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14
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Constantini K, Bouillet AC, Wiggins CC, Martin BJ, Chapman RF. Ventilatory Responsiveness during Exercise and Performance Impairment in Acute Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:295-305. [PMID: 32694376 PMCID: PMC8058857 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An adequate increase in minute ventilation to defend arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) during hypoxic exercise is commonly viewed as an important factor contributing to large inter-individual variations in the degree of exercise performance impairment in hypoxia. Although the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) could provide insight into the underpinnings of such impairments, it is typically measured at rest under isocapnic conditions. Thus, we aimed to determine whether 1) HVR at rest and during exercise are similar and 2) exercise HVR is related to the degree of impairment in cycling time trial (TT) performance from normoxia to acute hypoxia (∆TT). METHODS Sixteen endurance-trained men (V˙O2peak, 62.5 ± 5.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) performed two poikilocapnic HVR tests: one during seated rest (HVRREST) and another during submaximal cycling (HVREX). On two separate visits, subjects (n = 12) performed a 10-km cycling TT while breathing either room air (FiO2 = 0.21) or hypoxic gas mixture (FiO2 = 0.16) in a randomized order. RESULTS HVREX was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than HVRREST (1.52 ± 0.47 and 0.22 ± 0.13 L·min-1·%SpO2-1, respectively), and these measures were not correlated (r = -0.16, P = 0.57). ∆TT was not correlated with HVRREST (P = 0.70) or HVREX (P = 0.54), but differences in ventilation and end-tidal CO2 between hypoxic and normoxic TT and the ventilatory equivalent for CO2 during normoxic TT explained ~85% of the variance in performance impairment in acute hypoxia (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION We conclude that 1) HVR is not an appropriate measure to predict the exercise ventilatory response or performance impairments in acute hypoxia and 2) an adequate and metabolically matched increase in exercise ventilation, but not the gain in the ventilatory response to hypoxia, is essential for mitigating hypoxia-induced impairments in endurance cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna C Bouillet
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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15
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Ramírez-Maldonado M, Jurado-Fasoli L, Del Coso J, R Ruiz J, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Caffeine increases maximal fat oxidation during a graded exercise test: is there a diurnal variation? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:5. [PMID: 33413459 PMCID: PMC7792284 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that caffeine increases the maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) and aerobic capacity, which are known to be lower in the morning than in the afternoon. This paper examines the effect of caffeine intake on the diurnal variation of MFO during a graded exercise test in active men. METHODS Using a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experimental design, 15 active caffeine-naïve men (age: 32 ± 7 years) completed a graded exercise test four times at seven-day intervals. The subjects ingested 3 mg/kg of caffeine or a placebo at 8 am in the morning and 5 pm in the afternoon (each subject completed tests under all four conditions in a random order). A graded cycling test was performed. MFO and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) were measured by indirect calorimetry, and the intensity of exercise that elicited MFO (Fatmax) calculated. RESULTS MFO, Fatmax and VO2max were significantly higher in the afternoon than in the morning (all P < 0.05). Compared to the placebo, caffeine increased mean MFO by 10.7% (0.28 ± 0.10 vs. 0.31 ± 0.09 g/min respectively, P < 0.001) in the morning, and by a mean 29.0% (0.31 ± 0.09 vs. 0.40 ± 0.10 g/min, P < 0.001) in the afternoon. Caffeine also increased mean Fatmax by 11.1% (36.9 ± 14.4 [placebo] vs. 41.0 ± 13.1%, P = 0.005) in the morning, and by 13.1% (42.0 ± 11.6 vs. 47.5 ± 10.8%, P = 0.008) in the afternoon. CONCLUSION These findings confirm the previously reported diurnal variation in the whole-body fat oxidation rate during graded exercise in active caffeine-naïve men, and indicate that the acute ingestion of 3 mg/kg of caffeine increases MFO, Fatmax and VO2max independent of the time of day. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04320446 . Registered 25 March 2020 - Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Ramírez-Maldonado
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Av. Conocimiento S/n, 18011, Granada, Spain
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Av. Conocimiento S/n, 18011, Granada, Spain.
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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16
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Gold, silver or bronze: circadian variation strongly affects performance in Olympic athletes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16088. [PMID: 33033271 PMCID: PMC7544825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian system affects physiological, psychological, and molecular mechanisms in the body, resulting in varying physical performance over the day. The timing and relative size of these effects are important for optimizing sport performance. In this study, Olympic swim times (from 2004 to 2016) were used to determine time-of-day and circadian effects under maximal motivational conditions. Data of athletes who made it to the finals (N = 144, 72 female) were included and normalized on individual levels based on the average swim times over race types (heat, semifinal, and final) per individual for each stroke, distance and Olympic venue. Normalized swim times were analyzed with a linear mixed model and a sine fitted model. Swim performance was better during finals as compared to semi-finals and heats. Performance was strongly affected by time-of-day, showing fastest swim times in the late afternoon around 17:12 h, indicating 0.32% improved performance relative to 08:00 h. This study reveals clear effects of time-of-day on physical performance in Olympic athletes. The time-of-day effect is large, and exceeds the time difference between gold and silver medal in 40%, silver and bronze medal in 64%, and bronze or no medal in 61% of the finals.
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17
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Effects of Time of Day on Pacing in a 4-km Time Trial in Trained Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1455-1459. [PMID: 33017804 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Time of day has been shown to impact athletic performance, with improved performance observed in the late afternoon-early evening. Diurnal variations in physiological factors may contribute to variations in pacing selection; however, research investigating time-of-day influence on pacing is limited. PURPOSE To investigate the influence of time-of-day on pacing selection in a 4-km cycling time trial (TT). METHODS Nineteen trained male cyclists (mean [SD] age 39.0 [10.7] y, height 1.8 [0.1] m, body mass 78.0 [9.4] kg, VO2max 62.1 [8.7] mL·kg-1·min-1) completed a 4-km TT on 5 separate occasions at 08:30, 11:30, 14:30, 17:30, and 20:30. All TTs were completed in a randomized order, separated by a minimum of 2 d and maximum of 7 d. RESULTS No time-of-day effects were observed in pacing as demonstrated by similar power outputs over 0.5-km intervals (P = .78) or overall mean power output (333.0 [38.9], 339.8 [37.2], 335.5 [31.2], 336.7 [35.2], and 334.9 [35.7] W; P = .45) when TTs were performed at 08:30, 11:30, 14:30, 17:30, and 20:30. Preexercise tympanic temperature demonstrated a time-of-day effect (P < .001), with tympanic temperature higher at 14:30 and 17:30 than at 08:30 and 11:30. CONCLUSION While a biological rhythm was present in tympanic temperature, pacing selection and performance when completing a 4-km cycling TT were not influenced by time of day. The findings suggest that well-trained cyclists can maintain a robust pacing strategy for a 4-km TT regardless of time of the day.
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18
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Chronobiological Effects on Mountain Biking Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186458. [PMID: 32899823 PMCID: PMC7558596 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND the aim of this study was to analyze the chronobiology influence on the mechanical, kinematic, and physiological variables in a mountain bike (MTB) time trial. METHODS 16 mountain bike (MTB) male athletes volunteered to participate. Their characteristics were as follows: body mass 70.2 ± 5.4 kg, stature 172.7 ± 4.0 cm, body fat 9.8 ± 3.5%, and VO2max 52.3 ± 3.9 mL/kg/min. Two 20 min MTB maximal protocols were applied, the first one in the morning and a second one in the afternoon period. RESULTS No differences were found for all the variables studied, except for the pedaling cadence (stroke rate), which showed higher values during the morning protocol (85.06 ± 7.58 vs. 82.63 ± 7.41 rpm; p = 0.044). Significant correlations between morning and afternoon physiological and mechanical variables were observed: heart rate (r = 0.871); external mechanical power-maximum (r = 0.845), mean (r = 0.938), and relative (r = 0.933), as well as in the cadence-stroke rate (r = 0.825). CONCLUSIONS our results reveal a similar impact and significant relationship between morning and afternoon impact concerning the majority of the physiological and mechanical variables, which indicates that the period of the day does not influence the external and internal impact associated with the MTB time trial maximal protocol.
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Wright SE, Palmer C. Physiological and Behavioral Factors in Musicians' Performance Tempo. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:311. [PMID: 33192375 PMCID: PMC7478117 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Musicians display individual differences in their spontaneous performance rates (tempo) for simple melodies, but the factors responsible are unknown. Previous research suggests that musical tempo modulates listeners' cardiovascular activity. We report an investigation of musicians' melody performances measured over a 12-h day and subsequent changes in the musicians' physiological activity. Skilled pianists completed four testing sessions in a single day as cardiac activity was recorded during an initial 5 min of baseline rest and during performances of familiar and unfamiliar melodies. Results indicated slower tempi for familiar and unfamiliar melodies at early testing times. Performance rates at 09 h were predicted by differences in participants' alertness and musical training; these differences were not explained by sleep patterns, chronotype, or cardiac activity. Individual differences in pianists' performance tempo were consistent across testing sessions: participants with a faster tempo at 09 h maintained a faster tempo at later testing sessions. Cardiac measures at early testing times indicated increased heart rates and more predictable cardiac dynamics during music performance than baseline rest, and during performances of unfamiliar melodies than familiar melodies. These findings provide the first evidence of cardiac dynamics that are unique to music performance contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Wright
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Palmer
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Abstract
Caffeine is a widely utilized performance-enhancing supplement used by athletes and non-athletes alike. In recent years, a number of meta-analyses have demonstrated that caffeine's ergogenic effects on exercise performance are well-established and well-replicated, appearing consistent across a broad range of exercise modalities. As such, it is clear that caffeine is an ergogenic aid-but can we further explore the context of this ergogenic aid in order to better inform practice? We propose that future research should aim to better understand the nuances of caffeine use within sport and exercise. Here, we propose a number of areas for exploration within future caffeine research. These include an understanding of the effects of training status, habitual caffeine use, time of day, age, and sex on caffeine ergogenicity, as well as further insight into the modifying effects of genotype. We also propose that a better understanding of the wider, non-direct effects of caffeine on exercise, such as how it modifies sleep, anxiety, and post-exercise recovery, will ensure athletes can maximize the performance benefits of caffeine supplementation during both training and competition. Whilst not exhaustive, we hope that the questions provided within this manuscript will prompt researchers to explore areas with the potential to have a large impact on caffeine use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK. .,The Prenetics DNAFit Research Centre, London, UK.
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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21
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Roveda E, Mulè A, Galasso L, Castelli L, Scurati R, Michielon G, Esposito F, Caumo A, Montaruli A. Effect of chronotype on motor skills specific to soccer in adolescent players. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:552-563. [PMID: 32093513 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1729787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms influence daily behavior, psychological and physiological functions, as well as physical performance. Three chronotypes are distinguished according to the preferences people typically display for activity at certain times of day: Morning, Neither, and Evening types (M-, N- and E-types). The chronotype changes with age: eveningness tends to be stronger in youth and morningness in older age. The progressive shift toward eveningness during adolescence creates misalignment with morning society schedules and can lead to a deterioration in intellectual and physical performance. Soccer is one of the world's most popular sports practiced by adolescents and soccer workouts are usually held after school in the afternoon or evening. Performance in soccer is related to a host of factors, including physiological variables and motor skills that have a circadian variation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chronotype on motor skills specific to soccer, specifically whether agility, aerobic endurance, and explosive power differ among the three chronotypes in relation to the time of day. For this study 141 adolescent soccer players filled in the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) for the assessment of chronotype. A subsample of 75 subjects, subdivided in M-types (n= 25), E-types (n= 25), and N-types (n= 25), performed three tests (Sargent Jump Test - SJT, Illinois Agility Test - IAT, and 6-Minutes Run Test - 6MRT) at a morning and an evening training session (9:00 am and 6:00 pm). Mixed ANOVA was used to test the interactions between chronotypes, physical performance, and time. On all tests, better performance during the morning than the evening session was observed for the M-types (p< .05), whereas the E-types performed better in the evening than in the morning session (p< .05), and no differences in test performance were detected for the N-types. These findings underline the importance of a correct chronobiological approach to sports training. Scheduling training sessions according to an athlete's circadian preferences could be a valid strategy to enhance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roveda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - A Mulè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Galasso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Scurati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Michielon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - A Caumo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Montaruli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Rising vs. falling phases of core temperature on endurance exercise capacity in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:481-491. [PMID: 31894415 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Core temperature (Tc) shows rising (05:00-17:00 h) and falling (17:00-05:00 h) phases. This study examined the time-of-day effects on endurance exercise capacity and heat-loss responses to control Tc in the heat at around the midpoint of the rising and falling phases of Tc. METHODS Ten male participants completed cycling exercise at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion in the heat (30 °C, 50% relative humidity). Participants commenced exercise in the late morning at 10:00 h (AM) or evening at 21:00 h (PM). RESULTS Time to exhaustion was 28 ± 13% (mean ± SD) longer in PM (49.1 ± 16.3 min) than AM (38.7 ± 14.6 min; P < 0.001). Tc before and during exercise were higher in PM than AM (both P < 0.01) in accordance with the diurnal variation of Tc. The rates of rise in Tc, mean skin temperature, thermal sensation and rating of perceived exertion during exercise were slower in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). Dry and evaporative heat losses and skin blood flow during exercise were greater in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). During 30-min post-exercise recovery, the rates of fall in Tc and skin blood flow were faster and thermal sensation was lower in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that endurance exercise capacity is greater and heat-loss responses to control Tc during and following exercise in the heat are more effective in the late evening than morning. Moreover, perceived fatigue during exercise and thermal perception during and following exercise are lower in the late evening than morning.
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23
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Eichner ER. Body Clocks, Jet Lag, and Sports Performance. Curr Sports Med Rep 2020; 19:1-2. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Postolache TT, Gulati A, Okusaga OO, Stiller JW. An Introduction to Circadian Endocrine Physiology: Implications for Exercise and Sports Performance. ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Diurnal Variation of Maximal Fat-Oxidation Rate in Trained Male Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1140-1146. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the diurnal variation of maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) in trained male athletes. Methods: A total of 12 endurance-trained male athletes age 24.7 (4.1) y participated in the study. The authors measured MFO, Fatmax, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), and VO2 percentage at ventilatory threshold 2 with a graded exercise protocol performed on 2 days separated by 1 wk. One test was performed in the morning and the other in the afternoon. The authors assessed the participants’ chronotype using the HÖME questionnaire. Results: MFO and Fatmax were greater in the afternoon than in the morning (Δ = 13%, P < .001 and Δ = 6%, P = .001, respectively), whereas there were similar VO2max and ventilatory threshold 2 in the morning, than in the afternoon test (Δ = 0.2%, P = .158 and Δ = 7%, P = .650, respectively). There was a strong positive association between VO2max and MFO in both morning and afternoon assessments (R2 = .783, P = .001 and R2 = .663, P < .001, respectively). Similarly, there was a positive association between VO2max and Fatmax in both morning and afternoon assessments (R2 = .406, P = .024 and R2 = .414, P = .026, respectively). Conclusion: MFO and Fatmax may partially explain some of the observed diurnal variation in the performance of endurance sports.
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In Athletes, the Diurnal Variations in Maximum Oxygen Uptake Are More Than Twice as Large as the Day-to-Day Variations. Front Physiol 2019. [PMID: 30936835 DOI: 10.3389./fphys.2019.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In competitive sports any substantial individual differences in diurnal variations in maximal performance are highly relevant. Previous studies have exclusively focused on how the time of day affects performance and disregarded the maximal individual diurnal variation of performance. Thus, the aims of this study were (1) to investigate the maximum diurnal variation in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), (2) to compare the diurnal variation of VO2max during the day to the day-to-day variation in VO2max, and (3) to investigate if there is a time-of-day effect on VO2max. Ten male and seven female athletes (mean VO2max: 58.2 ± 6.9 ml/kg/min) performed six maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests including a verification-phase at six different times of the day (i.e., diurnal variation) and a seventh test at the same time the sixth test took place (i.e., day-to-day variation). The test times were 7:00, 10:00, 13:00, 16:00, 19:00, and 21:00. The order of exercise tests was the same for all participants to ensure sufficient recovery but the time of day of the first exercise test was randomized. We used paired t-tests to compare the nadir and peak of diurnal variations, day-to-day variations and the difference between diurnal and day-to-day variations. The mean difference in VO2max was 5.0 ± 1.9 ml/kg/min (95% CI: 4.1, 6.0) for the diurnal variation and 2.0 ± 1.0 ml/kg/min (95% CI: 1.5, 2.5) for the day-to-day variation. The diurnal variation was significantly higher than the day-to-day variation with a mean difference of 3.0 ± 2.1 ml/kg/min (95% CI: 1.9, 4.1). The linear mixed effects model revealed no significant differences in VO2max for any pairwise comparison between the different times of the day (all p > 0.11). This absence of a time-of-day effect is explained by the fact that peak VO2max was achieved at different times of the day by different athletes. The diurnal variations have meaningful implications for competitive sports and need to be considered by athletes. However, the results are also relevant to research. To increase signal-to-noise-ratio in intervention studies it is necessary to conduct cardiopulmonary exercise testing at the same time of the day for pre- and post-intervention exercise tests.
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Knaier R, Infanger D, Niemeyer M, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. In Athletes, the Diurnal Variations in Maximum Oxygen Uptake Are More Than Twice as Large as the Day-to-Day Variations. Front Physiol 2019; 10:219. [PMID: 30936835 PMCID: PMC6431663 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In competitive sports any substantial individual differences in diurnal variations in maximal performance are highly relevant. Previous studies have exclusively focused on how the time of day affects performance and disregarded the maximal individual diurnal variation of performance. Thus, the aims of this study were (1) to investigate the maximum diurnal variation in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), (2) to compare the diurnal variation of VO2max during the day to the day-to-day variation in VO2max, and (3) to investigate if there is a time-of-day effect on VO2max. Ten male and seven female athletes (mean VO2max: 58.2 ± 6.9 ml/kg/min) performed six maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests including a verification-phase at six different times of the day (i.e., diurnal variation) and a seventh test at the same time the sixth test took place (i.e., day-to-day variation). The test times were 7:00, 10:00, 13:00, 16:00, 19:00, and 21:00. The order of exercise tests was the same for all participants to ensure sufficient recovery but the time of day of the first exercise test was randomized. We used paired t-tests to compare the nadir and peak of diurnal variations, day-to-day variations and the difference between diurnal and day-to-day variations. The mean difference in VO2max was 5.0 ± 1.9 ml/kg/min (95% CI: 4.1, 6.0) for the diurnal variation and 2.0 ± 1.0 ml/kg/min (95% CI: 1.5, 2.5) for the day-to-day variation. The diurnal variation was significantly higher than the day-to-day variation with a mean difference of 3.0 ± 2.1 ml/kg/min (95% CI: 1.9, 4.1). The linear mixed effects model revealed no significant differences in VO2max for any pairwise comparison between the different times of the day (all p > 0.11). This absence of a time-of-day effect is explained by the fact that peak VO2max was achieved at different times of the day by different athletes. The diurnal variations have meaningful implications for competitive sports and need to be considered by athletes. However, the results are also relevant to research. To increase signal-to-noise-ratio in intervention studies it is necessary to conduct cardiopulmonary exercise testing at the same time of the day for pre- and post-intervention exercise tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Knaier
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Infanger
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Max Niemeyer
- Department Medicine, Training and Health, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Grgic J, Lazinica B, Garofolini A, Schoenfeld BJ, Saner NJ, Mikulic P. The effects of time of day-specific resistance training on adaptations in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:449-460. [PMID: 30704301 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1567524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present paper endeavored to elucidate the topic on the effects of morning versus evening resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy by conducting a systematic review and a meta-analysis of studies that examined time of day-specific resistance training. This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines with searches conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. The Downs and Black checklist was used for the assessment of the methodological quality of the included studies. Studies that examined the effects of time of day-specific resistance training (while equating all other training variables, such as training frequency and volume, between the groups) on muscle strength and/or muscle size were included in the present review. The random effects model was used for the meta-analysis. Meta-analyses explored (1) the differences in strength expression between morning and evening hours at baseline; (2) the differences in strength within the groups training in the morning and evening by using their post-intervention strength data from the morning and evening strength assessments; (3) the overall differences between the effects of morning and evening resistance training (with subgroup analyses conducted for studies that assessed strength in the morning hours and for the studies that assessed strength in the evening hours). Finally, a meta-analysis was also conducted for studies that assessed muscle hypertrophy. Eleven studies of moderate and good methodological quality were included in the present review. The primary findings of the review are as follows: (1) at baseline, a significant difference in strength between morning and evening is evident, with greater strength observed in the evening hours; (2) resistance training in the morning hours may increase strength assessed in the morning to similar levels as strength assessed in the evening; (3) training in the evening hours, however, maintains the general difference in strength across the day, with greater strength observed in the evening hours; (4) when comparing the effects between the groups training in the morning versus in the evening hours, increases in strength are similar in both groups, regardless of the time of day at which strength assessment is conducted; and (5) increases in muscle size are similar irrespective of the time of day at which the training is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- a Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Bruno Lazinica
- b Faculty of Education, Department of Kinesiology , J.J. Strossmayer University , Osijek , Croatia
| | - Alessandro Garofolini
- a Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | | | - Nicholas J Saner
- a Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Pavle Mikulic
- d Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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30
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Vitale JA, Weydahl A. Chronotype, Physical Activity, and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1859-1868. [PMID: 28493061 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many variables related to sport have been shown to have circadian rhythms. Chronotype is the expression of circadian rhythmicity in an individual, and three categories of chronotype are defined: morning types (M-types), evening types (E-types), and neither types (N-types). M-types show earlier peaks of several psychophysiological variables during the day than E-types. The effect of chronotype on athletic performance has not been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present review was to study the effect of chronotype on athletic performance and the psychophysiological responses to physical activity. METHODS The present review adheres to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) reporting guidelines. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for scientific papers using the keywords "chronotype", "circadian typology", "morningness", and "eveningness" in combination with each of the words "sport", "performance", and "athletic." Relevant reference lists were inspected. We limited the search results to peer-reviewed papers published in English from 1985 to 2015. RESULTS Ten papers met our inclusion criteria. Rating of perceived exertion and fatigue scores in relation to athletic performances are influenced by chronotype: M-types perceived less effort when performing a submaximal physical task in the morning than did N- and E-types. In addition, M-types generally showed better athletic performances, as measured by race times, in the morning than did N- and E-types. Other results concerning chronotype effect on physiological responses to physical activity were not always consistent: heterogeneous samples and different kinds of physical activity could partially explain these discrepancies. CONCLUSIONS Sports trainers and coaches should take into account the influence of both the time of day and chronotype effect when scheduling training sessions into specific time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andi Weydahl
- UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Alta, Norway
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ADAMS JD, SEKIGUCHI YASUKI, SUH HYUNGYU, SEAL ADAMD, SPRONG CAMERONA, KIRKLAND TRACIEW, KAVOURAS STAVROSA. Dehydration Impairs Cycling Performance, Independently of Thirst: A Blinded Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:1697-1703. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Boudenot A. Stratégies de l’échauffement sportif à l’entraînement et en compétition. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Diurnal Variation in Physiological and Immune Responses to Endurance Sport in Highly Trained Runners in a Hot and Humid Environment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3402143. [PMID: 29861827 PMCID: PMC5971328 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3402143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological and immunological response of highly trained runners to an intense bout of exercise performed at two different times of day, in a hot, humid environment. Methods Using a crossover randomized design, 13 highly trained runners (range [Formula: see text] 64-79 ml·kg-1 min-1) performed a 10 km time trial run in hot (28°C) and humid conditions (70%), at 2 different times of day (09:00 hs and 18:00 hs). Venous blood samples were taken to determine WBCs (white blood cells), IL-6 (interleukin-6), CC16 (club cell protein 16), and HSP70 (heat shock protein-70) concentrations. Upper respiratory tract inflammation was additionally assessed using a nasal lavage procedure. Results A significant diurnal difference (p < 0.05) was found for core body temperature, total WBC, and neutrophil and lymphocyte concentrations with higher values at 18:00 hs. A phase response in IL-6, HSP70, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and CC16 was noted, being more pronounced at 18:00 hs, whilst core body temperature and HR phase responses were more pronounced at 09:00 hs. Conclusion In hot and humid conditions, athletes may wish to consider, when possible, racing and particularly training in the morning where the least homeostatic perturbation occurs.
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Otani H, Kaya M, Tamaki A, Goto H, Goto T, Shirato M. Diurnal effects of prior heat stress exposure on sprint and endurance exercise capacity in the heat. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:982-995. [PMID: 29561175 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1448855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Active individuals often perform exercises in the heat following heat stress exposure (HSE) regardless of the time-of-day and its variation in body temperature. However, there is no information concerning the diurnal effects of a rise in body temperature after HSE on subsequent exercise performance in a hot environnment. This study therefore investigated the diurnal effects of prior HSE on both sprint and endurance exercise capacity in the heat. Eight male volunteers completed four trials which included sprint and endurance cycling tests at 30 °C and 50% relative humidity. At first, volunteers completed a 30-min pre-exercise routine (30-PR): a seated rest in a temperate environment in AM (AmR) or PM (PmR) (Rest trials); and a warm water immersion at 40 °C to induce a 1 °C increase in core temperature in AM (AmW) or PM (PmW) (HSE trials). Volunteers subsequently commenced exercise at 0800 h in AmR/AmW and at 1700 h in PmR/PmW. The sprint test determined a 10-sec maximal sprint power at 5 kp. Then, the endurance test was conducted to measure time to exhaustion at 60% peak oxygen uptake. Maximal sprint power was similar between trials (p = 0.787). Time to exhaustion in AmW (mean±SD; 15 ± 8 min) was less than AmR (38 ± 16 min; p < 0.01) and PmR (43 ± 24 min; p < 0.01) but similar with PmW (24 ± 9 min). Core temperature was higher from post 30-PR to 6 min into the endurance test in AmW and PmW than AmR and PmR (p < 0.05) and at post 30-PR and the start of the endurance test in PmR than AmR (p < 0.05). The rate of rise in core temperature during the endurance test was greater in AmR than AmW and PmW (p < 0.05). Mean skin temperature was higher from post 30-PR to 6 min into the endurance test in HSE trials than Rest trials (p < 0.05). Mean body temperature was higher from post 30-PR to 6 min into the endurance test in AmW and PmW than AmR and PmR (p < 0.05) and the start to 6 min into the endurance test in PmR than AmR (p < 0.05). Convective, radiant, dry and evaporative heat losses were greater on HSE trials than on Rest trials (p < 0.001). Heart rate and cutaneous vascular conductance were higher at post 30-PR in HSE trials than Rest trials (p < 0.05). Thermal sensation was higher from post 30-PR to the start of the endurance test in AmW and PmW than AmR and PmR (p < 0.05). Perceived exertion from the start to 6 min into the endurance test was higher in HSE trials than Rest trials (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that an approximately 1 °C increase in core temperature by prior HSE has the diurnal effects on endurance exercise capacity but not on sprint exercise capacity in the heat. Moreover, prior HSE reduces endurance exercise capacity in AM, but not in PM. This reduction is associated with a large difference in pre-exercise core temperature between AM trials which is caused by a relatively lower body temperature in the morning due to the time-of-day variation and contributes to lengthening the attainment of high core temperature during exercise in AmR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Otani
- a Faculty of Health Care Sciences , Himeji Dokkyo University , Himeji , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Kaya
- b Hyogo University of Health Sciences , Kobe , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Akira Tamaki
- b Hyogo University of Health Sciences , Kobe , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Heita Goto
- c Kyushu Kyoritsu University , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Takayuki Goto
- d National Institute of Technology, Akashi College , Akashi , Hyogo , Japan
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Grant MC, Glen J. An investigation into sleep patterns and the effect of time of day on performance in youth swimmers. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1424774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Clare Grant
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| | - Jonathan Glen
- Dundee Academy of Sport, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
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Bardis CN, Kavouras SA, Adams JD, Geladas ND, Panagiotakos DB, Sidossis LS. Prescribed Drinking Leads to Better Cycling Performance than Ad Libitum Drinking. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1244-1251. [PMID: 28079705 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drinking ad libitum during exercise often leads to dehydration ranging from -1% to -3% of body weight. PURPOSE This article aimed to study the effect of a prescribed hydration protocol matching fluid losses on a simulated 30-km criterium-like cycling performance in the heat (31.6°C ± 0.5°C). METHODS Ten elite heat-acclimatized male endurance cyclists (30 ± 5 yr, 76.5 ± 7.2 kg, 1.81 ± 0.07 m, V˙O2peak = 61.3 ± 5.2 mL·min·kg, body fat = 10.5% ± 3.3%, Powermax = 392 ± 33 W) performed three sets of criterium-like cycling, which consisted of a 5-km cycling at 50% power max followed by a 5-km cycling all out at 3% grade (total 30 km). Participants rode the course on two separate occasions and in a counterbalanced order, during either ad libitum drinking (AD; drink water as much as they wished) or prescribed drinking (PD; drink water every 1 km to much fluid losses). To design the fluid intake during PD, participants performed a familiarization trial to calculate fluid losses. RESULTS After the exercise protocol, the cyclist dehydrated by -0.5% ± 0.3% and -1.8% ± 0.7% of their body weight for the PD and AD trial, respectively. The mean cycling speed for the third bout of the 5-km hill cycling was greater in the PD trial (30.2 ± 2.4 km·h) compared with the AD trial (28.8 ± 2.6 km·h) by 5.1% ± 4.8% (P < 0.05). Gastrointestinal, mean skin, and mean body temperatures immediately after the last hill climbing were greater in the AD compared with the PD trial (P < 0.05). Overall, sweat sensitivity during the three climbing bouts was lower in the AD (15.6 ± 5.7 g·W·m) compared with the PD trial (22.8 ± 3.4 g·W·m, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The data suggested that PD to match fluid losses during exercise in the heat provided a performance advantage because of lower thermoregulatory strain and greater sweating responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas N Bardis
- 1Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, GREECE; 2Hydration Science Lab, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; 3Section of Sport Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, GREECE; and 4Department of Kinesiology and Health and Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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Takizawa K, Yamaguchi T, Shibata K. Warm-Up Exercises May Not Be So Important for Enhancing Submaximal Running Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:1383-1390. [PMID: 28475548 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Takizawa, K, Yamaguchi, T, and Shibata, K. Warm-up exercises may not be so important for enhancing submaximal running performance. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1383-1390, 2018-The purpose of this study was to determine an appropriate warm-up intensity for enhancing performance in submaximal running at 90% vV[Combining Dot Above]O2max (it assumes 3,000-5,000 m in track events). Seven trained male university athletes took part in this study (age: 21.3 ± 2.1 years, height: 169.3 ± 4.7 cm, body mass: 58.4 ± 5.6 kg, V[Combining Dot Above]O2max: 73.33 ± 5.46 ml·kg·min). Each subject ran on a treadmill at 90% vV[Combining Dot Above]O2max until exhaustion after 1 of 4 warm-up treatments. The 4 warm-up treatments were no warm-up, 15 minutes running at 60% vV[Combining Dot Above]O2max, at 70% vV[Combining Dot Above]O2max, and at 80% vV[Combining Dot Above]O2max. The running performance was evaluated by time to exhaustion (TTE). V[Combining Dot Above]O2, and vastus lateralis muscle temperature were also measured. There were no significant differences in TTE among the warm-up exercises (p > 0.05). V[Combining Dot Above]O2 in no warm-up showed slower reaction than the other warm-up exercises. Regarding, the vastus lateralis muscle temperature immediately after warm-up, no warm-up was significantly (p < 0.01) lower compared with the other warm-up exercises. Our results suggested that submaximal running performance was not affected by the presence or absence of a warm-up or by warm-up intensity, although physiological changes occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takizawa
- Institute of Physical Development Research, Sapporo, Japan.,Sports Training Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taichi Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Food Ecology and Sports Science, Department of Foods Science and Human Wellness, College of Agriculuture, Food and Environment Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shibata
- Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Gogte K, Srivastav P, Miyaru GB. Effect of Passive, Active and Combined Warm up on Lower Limb Muscle Performance and Dynamic Stability in Recreational Sports Players. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:YC05-YC08. [PMID: 28511496 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24766.9595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Warm up is an activity that is done before a sports activity. The warm up can be done actively and passively. The preferred mode is active warm up in athletes. There are inconclusive effects of passive warm up compared with an active warm up on short term muscle performance. The cumulative effect of passive and active warm up on muscle performance and dynamic stability is not known. AIM To find out the effects of passive, active and combined warm up on lower limb muscle performance and dynamic stability in recreational sports players. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized crossover study was done on 19 recreational lower limb dominant sports players. Three different warm ups were included in the study passive, active and combined. Active warm up included series of activities like cycling, leg press, jump squats, squat jumps while passive warm up included application of moist heat for a period of 20 minutes on lower limb muscles. Combined warm up included both passive and active warm up. Six different sequences were made from these three warm ups. Subjects were screened and allotted into different groups based on the six warm up sequences after sequence randomization with 48 hours wash out period. After every warm up session Vertical Jump Test (VJT) and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) was performed and results were recorded. Study duration was one year and six months. RESULTS There was no difference noticed in both the outcome measures. Mean and SD values for passive, active and combined warm up are 47.62±9.64, 48.50±10.16 and 48.87±10.70 respectively in Vertical Jump Test (VJT) and 85.43±8.61, 85.17±8.60 and 85.17±8.38 respectively for SEBT. The p-value for mean difference between passive-active, active-combined, combined-passive are 0.67, 1.00, 0.51 respectively, for VJT and 1.00, 1.00, 1.00 respectively for SEBT. CONCLUSION All warm ups are equally effective in short term sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedar Gogte
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Science, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Prateek Srivastav
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Science, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesh Balthillaya Miyaru
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Science, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Zourdos MC, Bazyler CD, Jo E, Khamoui AV, Park BS, Lee SR, Panton LB, Kim JS. Impact of a Submaximal Warm-Up on Endurance Performance in Highly Trained and Competitive Male Runners. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2017; 88:114-119. [PMID: 27636554 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2016.1224294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a submaximal running warm-up on running performance in male endurance athletes (n = 16, Mage = 21 ± 2 years, MVO2max = 69.3 ± 5.1 mL/kg/min). METHOD Endurance performance was determined by a 30-min distance trial after control and submaximal running warm-up conditions in a randomized crossover fashion. The warm-up began with 5 min of quiet sitting, followed by 6 min of submaximal running split into 2-min intervals at speeds corresponding to 45%, 55%, and 65% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). A 2-min walk at 3.2 km/hr concluded the 13-min warm-up protocol. For the control condition, participants sat quietly for 13 min. VO2 and heart rate (HR) were determined at Minutes 0, 5, and 13 of the pre-exercise protocol in each condition. RESULTS At the end of 13 min prior to the distance trial, mean VO2 (warm-up = 14.1 ± 2.2 mL/kg/min vs. control = 5.5 ± 1.7 mL/kg/min) and mean HR (warm-up = 105 ± 11 bpm vs. control = 67 ± 11 bpm) were statistically greater (p < .001) in the warm-up condition compared with the control condition. The distance run did not statistically differ (p = .37) between the warm-up (7.8 ± 0.5 km) and control (7.7 ± 0.6 km) conditions; however, effect size calculation revealed a small effect (d = 0.2) in favor of the warm-up condition. Thus, the warm-up employed may have important and practical implications to determine placing among high-level athletes in close races. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a submaximal running warm-up may have a small but critical effect on a 30-min distance trial in competitive endurance athletes. Further, the warm-up elicited increases in physiological variables VO2 and HR prior to performance; thus, a submaximal specific warm-up should warrant consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward Jo
- c California State Polytechnic University , Pomona
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Frikha M, Chaâri N, Mezghanni N, Souissi N. Influence of warm-up duration and recovery interval prior to exercise on anaerobic performance. Biol Sport 2017; 33:361-366. [PMID: 28090140 PMCID: PMC5143772 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1221830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of different active warm-up (AWU) durations and the rest interval separating it from exercise on anaerobic performance. Eleven male physical education students (22.6 ± 2.52 years; 179.2 ± 4.3 cm; 82.5 ± 9.7 kg; mean ± SD) participated in a cross-over randomized study, and they all underwent the Wingate test after three AWU durations: 5 min (AWU5), 15 min (AWU15) and 20 min (AWU20), with recovery (WREC) or without a recovery interval (NREC) separating the AWU and anaerobic exercise performance. All the AWUs consisted of pedalling at a constant pace of 60 rpm at 50% of the maximal aerobic power. The rest interval between the end of warm-up and the beginning of exercise was set at 5 min. During the Wingate test, peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and the fatigue index (FI) were recorded and analysed. Oral temperature was recorded at rest and at the end of the warm-up. Likewise, rest, post-warm-up and post-Wingate heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during each session. The ANOVA showed a significant effect of recovery interval, warm-up duration and measurement point on RPE scores (P<0.001). Although the effect of AWU duration on MP and PP was significant (P<0.05), the effect of the recovery interval on both parameters was not significant (P>0.05). Moreover, the analyses showed a significant interaction between recovery interval and AWU duration (P<0.001 and P<0.05 for MP and PP respectively). The AWU15 duration improves the MP and PP when associated with a recovery interval prior to exercise of 5 min. However, the AWU5 duration allows better improvement of power output when the exercise is applied immediately after the warm-up. Consequently, physically active males, as well as educators and researchers interested in anaerobic exercise, must take into account the duration of warm-up and the following recovery interval when practising or assessing activities requiring powerful lower limb muscle contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frikha
- Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization" National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia; College of Education, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, KSA
| | - N Chaâri
- Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization" National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - N Mezghanni
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax Tunisia
| | - N Souissi
- Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization" National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia; National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
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López-Samanes Á, Moreno-Pérez D, Maté-Muñoz JL, Domínguez R, Pallarés JG, Mora-Rodriguez R, Ortega JF. Circadian rhythm effect on physical tennis performance in trained male players. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2121-2128. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1258481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro López-Samanes
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, European University of Atlantic, Santander, Spain
| | | | - José L. Maté-Muñoz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús G. Pallarés
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Juan F. Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Brager AJ, Mistovich RJ. Game Times and Higher Winning Percentages of West Coast Teams of the National Football League Correspond With Reduced Prevalence of Regular Season Injury. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:462-467. [PMID: 27893483 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brager, AJ and Mistovich, RJ. Game times and higher winning percentages of west coast teams of the National Football League correspond with reduced prevalence of regular season injury. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 462-467, 2017-West coast teams of the National Football League are more statistically likely to win home night games against east coast opponents. The alignment of game times with daily rhythms of alertness is thought to contribute to this advantage. This study aims to determine whether rates of turnovers and injuries during the regular season, putative measures of mental and physical fatigue, impact winning percentages. Regular season schedules and rates of turnovers for each of the 32 teams were obtained from Pro-Football-Reference. We developed our own metric of injury risk for each position obtained from depth charts and regular season schedules. This metric compared cumulative weeks on injury reserve with cumulative time zone travel. West coast teams traveled 4 times as often as east coast teams. However, teams traveling eastward won twice as many games. There was no relationship between the extent and direction of travel and number of turnovers. Losing teams had more turnovers. The offensive and defensive lines in Central Time (CT) were placed on injury reserve 4 times as often as offensive and defensive lines in Pacific Time (PT). Injury prevalence in CT vs. PT was most prominent midseason. Plotting midseason game time relative to biological time revealed that PT teams play games closer to endogenous peaks in alertness, whereas CT teams play games closer to endogenous troughs in alertness. Overall, closer alignment of game time with the endogenous "alerting" signal may protect west coast teams from fatigue-related injuries and suggests for modified strength and conditioning programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- 1Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; and 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Bowdle RH, Warren BL, Kim J. Time of day effect on isokinetic peak torque during knee flexion and extension. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-160628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Boyett JC, Giersch GEW, Womack CJ, Saunders MJ, Hughey CA, Daley HM, Luden ND. Time of Day and Training Status Both Impact the Efficacy of Caffeine for Short Duration Cycling Performance. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100639. [PMID: 27754419 PMCID: PMC5084026 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This project was designed to assess the effects of time of day and training status on the benefits of caffeine supplementation for cycling performance. Twenty male subjects (Age, 25 years; Peak oxygen consumption, 57 mL·kg−1·min−1) were divided into tertiles based on training levels, with top and bottom tertiles designated as ‘trained’ (n = 7) and ‘untrained’ (n = 7). Subjects completed two familiarization trials and four experimental trials consisting of a computer-simulated 3-km cycling time trial (TT). The trials were performed in randomized order for each combination of time of day (morning and evening) and treatment (6mg/kg of caffeine or placebo). Magnitude-based inferences were used to evaluate all treatment effects. For all subjects, caffeine enhanced TT performance in the morning (2.3% ± 1.7%, ‘very likely’) and evening (1.4% ± 1.1%, ‘likely’). Both untrained and trained subjects improved performance with caffeine supplementation in the morning (5.5% ± 4.3%, ‘likely’; 1.0% ± 1.7%, ‘likely’, respectively), but only untrained subjects rode faster in the evening (2.9% ± 2.6%, ‘likely’). Altogether, our observations indicate that trained athletes are more likely to derive ergogenic effects from caffeine in the morning than the evening. Further, untrained individuals appear to receive larger gains from caffeine in the evening than their trained counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Boyett
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Gabrielle E W Giersch
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Christopher J Womack
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Michael J Saunders
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Christine A Hughey
- Department of Chemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Hannah M Daley
- Department of Chemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Nicholas D Luden
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
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Kavaliauskas M, Steer TP, Babraj JA. Cardiorespiratory fitness and aerobic performance adaptations to a 4-week sprint interval training in young healthy untrained females. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016; 13:17-23. [PMID: 28479931 PMCID: PMC5397461 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to test the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness and aerobic performance measures in young females. Methods Eight healthy, untrained females (age 21 ± 1 years; height 165 ± 5 cm; body mass 63 ± 6 kg) completed cycling peak oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 peak), 10-km cycling time trial (TT) and critical power (CP) tests pre- and post-SIT. SIT protocol included 4 × 30-s “all-out” cycling efforts against 7 % body mass interspersed with 4 min of active recovery performed twice per week for 4 weeks (eight sessions in total). Results There was no significant difference in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 peak following SIT compared to the control period (control period: 31.7 ± 3.0 ml kg−1 min−1; post-SIT: 30.9 ± 4.5 ml kg−1 min−1; p > 0.05), but SIT significantly improved time to exhaustion (TTE) (control period: 710 ± 101 s; post-SIT: 798 ± 127 s; p = 0.00), 10-km cycling TT (control period: 1055 ± 129 s; post-SIT: 997 ± 110 s; p = 0.004) and CP (control period: 1.8 ± 0.3 W kg−1; post-SIT: 2.3 ± 0.6 W kg−1; p = 0.01). Conclusions These results demonstrate that young untrained females are responsive to SIT as measured by TTE, 10-km cycling TT and CP tests. However, eight sessions of SIT over 4 weeks are not enough to provide sufficient training stimulus to increase \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykolas Kavaliauskas
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, 2.B.38, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN UK
| | - Thomas P Steer
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| | - John A Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
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Abstract
Robust circadian rhythms in metabolic processes have been described in both humans and animal models, at the whole body, individual organ, and even cellular level. Classically, these time-of-day-dependent rhythms have been considered secondary to fluctuations in energy/nutrient supply/demand associated with feeding/fasting and wake/sleep cycles. Renewed interest in this field has been fueled by studies revealing that these rhythms are driven, at least in part, by intrinsic mechanisms and that disruption of metabolic synchrony invariably increases the risk of cardiometabolic disease. The objectives of this paper are to provide a comprehensive review regarding rhythms in glucose, lipid, and protein/amino acid metabolism, the relative influence of extrinsic (eg, neurohumoral factors) versus intrinsic (eg, cell autonomous circadian clocks) mediators, the physiologic roles of these rhythms in terms of daily fluctuations in nutrient availability and activity status, as well as the pathologic consequences of dyssynchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R McGinnis
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Martin E Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Küüsmaa M, Sedliak M, Häkkinen K. Effects of time-of-day on neuromuscular function in untrained men: Specific responses of high morning performers and high evening performers. Chronobiol Int 2015; 32:1115-24. [PMID: 26361893 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1065269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been clearly established that maximal force varies during the day in human muscles but the exact mechanisms behind the diurnal rhythms are still not fully clarified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the diurnal rhythms in maximal isometric force production in a large group of participants and also by separating the high morning performance types (n = 8) and the high evening performance types (n = 19) from the neutral types (n = 45) based on their actual maximal isometric force levels. Measurements were performed in the morning (7:26 h ± 63 min) and in the evening (17:57 h ± 74 min) for maximal bilateral isometric leg press force (MVCLP) together with myoelectric activity (EMGLP), maximal unilateral isometric knee extension force (MVCKE) and maximal voluntary activation level (VA%) during maximal unilateral isometric knee extension force (MVCVA) together with myoelectric activity (EMGVA). In addition, venous blood samples were drawn four times a day and serum testosterone and cortisol concentrations were analyzed. None of the participants belonged to the extreme morning or evening chronotype according to the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. In the total group of participants, MVCLP and MVCKE were 4.4 ± 12.9% (p < 0.01) and 4.3 ± 10.6% (p < 0.01) higher in the evening compared to the morning. MVCVA and VA% did not show significant diurnal variation. The high morning performance types showed lower force values in the evening compared to the morning for MVCLP (10.8 ± 9.1%; p < 0.05) and MVCKE (5.7 ± 4.9%; p < 0.05). No significant diurnal variation was observed for MVCVA and VA%. The high evening performance types showed higher force values in the evening for MVCLP (16.1 ± 15.9%; p < 0.001), MVCKE (13.5 ± 11.3%; p < 0.001) and MVCVA (6.2 ± 9.9%; p < 0.05) with a concomitant higher VA% in the evening (p < 0.05). The neutral types showed significantly higher evening force values for the MVCLP (2.1 ± 6.7%; p < 0.05). All the other neuromuscular variables did not show significant diurnal variations. EMGLP and EMGVA did not show significant diurnal fluctuations in any group. Serum testosterone and cortisol concentrations showed normal daily rhythms with higher values observed in the morning in all of the groups (p < 0.001). Between-group differences were observed for MVCLP (p < 0.001) and MVCKE (p < 0.001) between all of the three groups. Diurnal changes in VA% differed between the high evening performance types and the neutral types (p < 0.05) and the testosterone/cortisol ratio (p < 0.05) as well as vastus lateralis EMGVA (p < 0.05) differed between the high morning and high evening performance types. In conclusion, we were able to identify the high morning performance types, the high evening performance types and the neutral types who showed significantly different diurnal rhythms in force production, irrespective of their actual chronotype. Therefore, the questionnaires designed to determine the chronotype may not always be sensitive enough to determine the "morningness" or "eveningness" in maximal neuromuscular performance. In general, central factors could partially explain the diurnal fluctuations in maximal strength performance, but peripheral mechanisms were also possibly involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Küüsmaa
- a Department of Biology of Physical Activity , University of Jyvaskyla , Jyvaskyla , Finland and
| | - Milan Sedliak
- b Faculty of Physical Education and Sport , Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- a Department of Biology of Physical Activity , University of Jyvaskyla , Jyvaskyla , Finland and
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Che Jusoh MR, Morton RH, Stannard SR, Mündel T. A reliable preloaded cycling time trial for use in conditions of significant thermal stress. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 1:296-301. [PMID: 25943681 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of a 15-min time trial preloaded with 45 min of fixed-intensity cycling under laboratory conditions of thermal stress. Eight trained cyclists/triathletes (41 ± 10 years, VO2 peak: 69 ± 8 mL/kg/min, peak aerobic power: 391 ± 72 W) completed three trials (the first a familiarization) where they cycled at ∼ 55% VO2 peak for 45 min followed by a 15-min time trial (∼75% VO2 peak) under conditions of significant thermal stress (WBGT: 26.7 ± 0.8 °C, frontal convective airflow: 20 km/h). Seven days separated the trials, which were conducted at the same time of day following 24 h of exercise and dietary control. Reliability increased when a familiarization trial was performed, with the resulting coefficient of variation and intraclass correlation coefficient of the work completed during the 15-min time trial, 3.6% and 0.96, respectively. Therefore, these results demonstrate a high level of reliability for a 15-min cycling time trial following a 45-min preload when performed under laboratory conditions of significant thermal stress using trained cyclists/triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Che Jusoh
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Improvements on neuromuscular performance with caffeine ingestion depend on the time-of-day. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 18:338-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Factors to consider when assessing diurnal variation in sports performance: the influence of chronotype and habitual training time-of-day. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1339-49. [PMID: 25631930 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare morning and evening time-trial performance, RPE and mood state of trained swimmers, taking into account chronotype, habitual training time-of-day and PERIOD3 (PER3) variable number tandem repeat genotype. METHODS Twenty-six swimmers (18 males, age: 32.6 ± 5.7 years) swam 200 m time trials (TT) at 06h30 and 18h30 in a randomised order. RESULTS There was no difference between morning and evening performance when the swimmers were considered as a single group (06h30: 158.8 ± 22.7 s, 18h30: 158.5 ± 22.0 s, p = 0.611). However, grouping swimmers by chronotype and habitual training time-of-day allowed us to detect significant diurnal variation in performance, such that morning-type swimmers and those who habitually train in the morning were faster in the 06h30 TT (p = 0.036 and p = 0.011, respectively). This was accompanied by lower ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scores post-warm-up, higher vigour and lower fatigues scores prior to the 06h30 TT in morning-type swimmers or those who trained in the morning. Similarly, neither types and those who trained in the evenings had lower fatigue and higher vigour prior to the 18h30 TT. CONCLUSIONS It appears that both chronotype and habitual training time-of-day need to be considered when assessing diurnal variation in performance. From a practical point of view, athletes and coaches should be aware of the potentially powerful effect of training time on shifting time-of-day variation in performance.
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