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Wannouch YJ, Leahey SR, Whitworth-Turner CM, Oliver JL, Yh KC, Laffer JC, Leicht AS. A Comprehensive Analysis of 10-Yard Sprint Reliability in Male and Female Youth Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e477-e488. [PMID: 39074246 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wannouch, YJ, Leahey, SR, Whitworth-Turner, CM, Oliver, JL, YH, KC, Laffer, JC, and Leicht, AS. A comprehensive analysis of 10-yard sprint reliability in male and female youth athletes. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): e477-e488, 2024-This study investigates the inter-week test-retest reliability of 9.14 meter (10 yard) sprint times in youth athletes. Although essential for assessing athletic ability and training efficacy, the critical and comprehensive examination of both relative and absolute reliability indices for short-distance sprints has been insufficient in youth contexts. One hundred ninety-eight youth athletes (128 males and 70 females) underwent 2 sprint attempts across 2 separate trials 24 hours apart and within 7 days of each other. The sprints were measured using dual-beam timing gates to capture split times for 0-4.57 meter (0-5 yards), 4.57-9.14 meter (5-10 yards), and 0-9.14 meter (0-10 yards). The minimal mean difference between the best sprint times across trials was 0.02 ± 0.13 seconds for males and 0.003 ± 0.14 seconds for females. No significant mean differences were found between trials for either gender (males: p = 0.0875; females: p = 0.8752), suggesting no systematic bias in sprint times. The SEM was 0.092 seconds for males and 0.099 seconds for females, with a corresponding SEMCV% of 4.6 and 4.8%. The overall coefficient of variation was 9.8% for males and 8.9% for females. Intraclass correlation coefficient values suggested that the sprint times across trials were reliable (males: 0.80; females: 0.76). The minimal detectable change was 0.25 seconds for males, 0.27 seconds for females. Cohen's d indicated trivial effects (<0.2) for males (0.154) and females (0.021). Minimal mean differences, a low SEM , and consistent ICC values demonstrate that the 0-9.14 meter sprint is a reliable assessment in youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef J Wannouch
- Precision Sport Science, Redwood City, California
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus, Australia
| | | | - Craig M Whitworth-Turner
- Division of Recreation and Intercollegiate Athletics (DRIA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | | | | | - Anthony S Leicht
- Sport & Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Cardiel-Sánchez S, Rubio-Peirotén A, Molina-Molina A, García-Cebadera Gómez C, Almenar-Arasanz A, Ráfales-Perucha A, Roche-Seruendo LE, Cartón-Llorente A. Effects of Plyometric Training on Running Biomechanics and Jumping Ability of U14 Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00516. [PMID: 39178063 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cardiel-Sánchez, S, Rubio-Peirotén, A, Molina-Molina, A, García-Cebadera Gómez, C, Almenar-Arasanz, A, Ráfales-Perucha, A, Roche-Seruendo, LE, and Cartón-Llorente, A. Effects of plyometric training on running biomechanics and jumping ability of U14 athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Children under the age of 14 years (U14) are particularly susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders because of growth spurts. Plyometric training has been shown to be beneficial for both injury reduction and performance enhancement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of plyometric training on the jumping ability and running biomechanics of U14 track-and-field athletes. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. Thirty-five (18 female and 17 male) U14 athletes (age: 12.5 ± 1.2 years; height: 152.3 ± 7.7 cm; body mass: 47.3 ± 6.9 kg) were randomized into experimental and control groups. All subjects completed their usual training for 4 weeks, and those in the intervention group added a low-volume plyometric program twice a week. Preintervention and postintervention assessments included a countermovement jump (CMJ) to determine maximum jump height, 10-second repeated jumps to assess reactive strength index (RSI), and a 3-minute run at 12 km·h-1 to analyze running kinematics contact time, flight time, step length (SL), step frequency (SF), mean power output, vertical spring stiffness, and leg spring stiffness (LSS). The results revealed no main effect of time for any of the variables. A group-by-time interaction was found for RSI (p = 0.045) in the intervention group, whereas a significant increase in LSS was also found after the intervention (p = 0.031). However, no changes in CMJ height or other running parameters were observed. The significance level for the study was set at ρ ≤ 0.05. Plyometric-jump training may improve the stretch-shortening cycle in U14 athletes by increasing RSI and LSS. Athletes and coaches in running-related sports should be aware of these short-term effects when aiming to optimize the energy storage and release mechanism.
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Vasileiou SS, Asimakidis ND, Dalamitros AA, Manou V. Effects of an 8-Week In-Season Explosive Power Training Program on Neuromuscular Performance and Lower-Limb Asymmetries in Young Male Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00514. [PMID: 39178053 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vasileiou, SS, Asimakidis, ND, Dalamitros, AA, and Manou, V. Effects of an 8-week in-season explosive power training program on neuromuscular performance and lower limb asymmetries in young male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-This study analyzed the effects of incorporating 8 weeks of twice-weekly explosive power training on neuromuscular performance and lower-limb asymmetries applied to soccer. Thirty-five young male soccer players were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (EXP: n = 18; mean age: 13.7 ± 0.8 years; height: 166.9 ± 8.4 cm; body mass: 58.5 ± 12.8 kg) or the control group (CON: n = 17; mean age: 13.7 ± 0.9 years; height: 168.8 ± 9.1 cm; body mass: 58.0 ± 11.4 kg). Before (TP1) and after the training period (TP2) neuromuscular performance (countermovement jump [CMJ], 10 and 20 m sprint times [T10 and T20], change of direction ability [COD]) and lower-limb asymmetries (single-leg CMJ [SLCMJ]) were evaluated. The asymmetry index (AI) for COD and CMJ tests was also calculated. Significant differences (from TP1 to TP2) were revealed for all the tested parameters in the EXP group (1.50-4.9%, p < 0.00 to 0.12, effect size [ES] = -0.44 to 0.27). For the CON group, T10, T20 505 for nondominant limb and SLCMJ performances for both limbs were significantly improved (0.85 to 1.5%, p < 0.00 to 0.21, ES = -0.36 to 0.37). Finally, the AI remained relatively unchanged for both tests and groups (1.28-3.33%, p = 0.162-0.521). These results indicate that adding twice-weekly explosive power training for 8 weeks can improve neuromuscular performance and reduce lower-limb asymmetries to a greater degree than soccer training alone in young male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos S Vasileiou
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; and
| | - Nikolaos D Asimakidis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; and
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Athanasios A Dalamitros
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; and
| | - Vasiliki Manou
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; and
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Teixeira JE, Encarnação S, Branquinho L, Morgans R, Afonso P, Rocha J, Graça F, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM, Ferraz R, Forte P. Data Mining Paths for Standard Weekly Training Load in Sub-Elite Young Football Players: A Machine Learning Approach. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:114. [PMID: 39051275 PMCID: PMC11270353 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test a machine learning (ML) model to predict high-intensity actions and body impacts during youth football training. Sixty under-15, -17, and -19 sub-elite Portuguese football players were monitored over a 6-week period. External training load data were collected from the target variables of accelerations (ACCs), decelerations (DECs), and dynamic stress load (DSL) using an 18 Hz global positioning system (GPS). Additionally, we monitored the perceived exertion and biological characteristics using total quality recovery (TQR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), session RPE (sRPE), chronological age, maturation offset (MO), and age at peak height velocity (APHV). The ML model was computed by a feature selection process with a linear regression forecast and bootstrap method. The predictive analysis revealed that the players' MO demonstrated varying degrees of effectiveness in predicting their DEC and ACC across different ranges of IQR. After predictive analysis, the following performance values were observed: DEC (x¯predicted = 41, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0), lower IQR (IQRpredicted = 36.6, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0), and upper IQR (IQRpredicted = 46 decelerations, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0). The player's MO also demonstrated the ability to predict their upper IQR (IQRpredicted = 51, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62), lower IQR (IQRpredicted = 40, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62), and ACC (x¯predicted = 46 accelerations, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62). The ML model showed poor performance in predicting the players' ACC and DEC using MO (MSE = 2.47-4.76; RMSE = 1.57-2.18: R2 = -0.78-0.02). Maturational concerns are prevalent in football performance and should be regularly checked, as the current ML model treated MO as the sole variable for ACC, DEC, and DSL. Applying ML models to assess automated tracking data can be an effective strategy, particularly in the context of forecasting peak ACC, DEC, and bodily effects in sub-elite youth football training.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (J.R.); (F.G.)
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Samuel Encarnação
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal
- Department of Pysical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luís Branquinho
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Biosciences Higher School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ryland Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - João Rocha
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (J.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Francisco Graça
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (J.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beria Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal
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Zhang J, Wei A, Xie C. Effects of Sprint Interval Training Surface on Physical Fitness Attributes of Collegiate Female Soccer Players: Identifying Individual Responses to Training on Grass, Sand, and Land Surfaces. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:465-474. [PMID: 38841634 PMCID: PMC11149069 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the optimal surface for sprint interval training to maximize transfer effects on physical performance measures on the grass pitch. Using a randomized controlled trial design, 40 collegiate female soccer players were equally assigned to three experimental groups performing short sprint interval training (SSIT: 4 sets of 10 repetitions with 5 seconds all-out running, with a 50-second recovery period between each effort and a 3-minute rest interval between sets) on SAND, GRASS, LAND, and a control group. Before and after a 7-week training period, participants underwent a series of field-based tests to evaluate countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m linear sprint, Illinois change of direction (CoD) speed, Yo-Yo IR1, 2.4 km time trial, and maximal kicking distance (MKD) performance. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was conducted on the data, along with Bonferroni post hoc testing. After the intervention, the control group did not show any changes, while the SAND, GRASS and LAND training groups demonstrated improvements (p = 0.001) in their performance as follows: CMJ (effect size [ES] = 1.21, 0.97, 0.64), 20-m linear sprint (ES = -0.81, -0.55, -0.41), Illinois CoD (ES = -0.72, -0.79, -0.41), Yo-Yo IR1 (ES = 1.86, 1.19, 1.12), 2.4 km time trail (ES = -0.82, -0.62, -0.49), and MKD (ES = 0.60, 0.90, 0.72), respectively. Comparative analysis of SAND, GRASS, and LAND revealed that performing SSIT on SAND results in a significantly greater gain in CMJ than LAND (p = 0.041). Analyzing individual responses to training interventions indicated that the training surface had a favorable influence on CMJ (SAND vs. LAND, p = 0.009), but on other variables no statistically significant (p > 0.05) differences were observed. Considering these findings, it is advised that strength and conditioning coaches use the SAND surface as the initial choice for SSIT sessions regarding greater gains (i.e., ES) in performance. This recommendation aims to facilitate more favorable transfer in physical fitness adaptation on a soccer grass pitch. In case of unavailability of SAND surface, GRASS surface would be a suitable alternative to enhance the physical fitness of collegiate female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Liaoning Normal University, Dalian Liaoning, China
| | - Aodong Wei
- Liaoning Normal University, Dalian Liaoning, China
| | - Chao Xie
- Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang Hubei, China
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Li X, Xue K. Optimizing Short Sprint Interval Training for Young Soccer Players: Unveiling Optimal Rest Distributions to Maximize Physiological Adaptations. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:475-486. [PMID: 38841640 PMCID: PMC11149070 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Present study aimed to compare the effects of SSIT intervention with varying rest distributions on hormonal, physiological, and performance adaptations in soccer players. Thirty-six players were randomly divided into three SSIT groups, each performing 4 sets of 6-10 repetitions of 6-second all-out running with rest intervals at ratios of 1:3, 1:6, and 1:9. Prior to and following the 7-week training period, aerobic fitness indices and anaerobic power were evaluated using a graded exercise test with a gas collection system and a lower-body Wingate test, respectively. Also, sport-specific bio-motor abilities were determined by measuring vertical jump, 20-m sprint, and T-test change of direction speed, Yo-Yo IR1 and maximal kicking distance. Hormonal status was also monitored by evaluating testosterone and cortisol levels. Following the 7-week training period, all SSIT interventions resulted in significant enhancements (p < 0.05) in soccer-related performance, physiological parameters, and hormonal adaptations, exhibiting effect sizes that ranged from small to large. Comparative analysis indicated that the 1:9 SSIT results in greater adaptive responses (p < 0.05) in the vertical jump, peak power, testosterone, and cortisol compared to the 1:3 SSIT group. By contrast, the 1:3 SSIT group induced more adaptive responses (p < 0.05) in the mean power output, maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), and Yo-Yo IR1 compared to the 1:9 SSIT group. Hence, for enhancing physical performance, especially vertical jump height, anaerobic peak power, and hormonal adaptations, the 1:9 SSIT ratio is preferable. Conversely, shorter rest intervals (specifically, the 1:3 SSIT ratio) are better suited for eliciting heightened adaptive responses in mean power output, V̇O2max, and Yo-Yo IR1 over the 7-week training period among young male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Li
- School of Physical Education, Shandong Women's University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Xue
- Department of Social Sciences, Shandong Medical College, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Aouichaoui C, Krichen S, Tounsi M, Ammar A, Tabka O, Chatti S, Zaouali M, Zouch M, Trabelsi Y. Reference Values of Physical Performance in Handball Players Aged 13-19 Years: Taking into Account Their Biological Maturity. Clin Pract 2024; 14:305-326. [PMID: 38391410 PMCID: PMC10887511 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract14010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological maturity status significantly influences success in handball, impacting an athlete's performance and overall development. This study aimed to examine the anthropometric and physical performance variables concerning age and maturity status, establishing reference values for physical performance among Tunisian players. A total of 560 handball players (309 males and 251 females aged 13-19 years) were categorized based on maturity status: early (n = 98), average (n = 262), and late (n = 200), determined through Mirwald and colleagues' equations. Anthropometric, physical fitness, and physiological data were collected for reference value creation. Our findings revealed significantly higher anthropometric parameters (p = 0.003) in late-maturing athletes compared to their early-maturing counterparts. Post-pubertal athletes showed significantly superior (p = 0.002) jumping ability, change of direction, and aerobic performance compared to their pre-pubertal peers. Additionally, male athletes outperformed females in both fitness (p = 0.001) and aerobic (p = 0.001) performance. A notable age-by-maturity interaction emerged for most performance outcomes (η2 ranging from 0.011 to 0.084), highlighting increased sex-specific differences as athletes progressed in age. Percentile values are provided for males and females, offering valuable insights for coaches and sports scientists to design personalized training programs. Understanding a player's performance relative to these percentiles allows trainers to tailor workouts, addressing specific strengths and weaknesses for enhanced development and competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirine Aouichaoui
- Research Laboratory, Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology: From Integrated to Molecular "Biology, Medicine and Health", LR19ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse University, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of Manouba, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Samir Krichen
- Research Laboratory, Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology: From Integrated to Molecular "Biology, Medicine and Health", LR19ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse University, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Tounsi
- Research Laboratory, Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology: From Integrated to Molecular "Biology, Medicine and Health", LR19ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse University, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Oussama Tabka
- Research Laboratory, Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology: From Integrated to Molecular "Biology, Medicine and Health", LR19ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse University, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Salem Chatti
- Research Laboratory, Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology: From Integrated to Molecular "Biology, Medicine and Health", LR19ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse University, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Monia Zaouali
- Research Laboratory, Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology: From Integrated to Molecular "Biology, Medicine and Health", LR19ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse University, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Zouch
- Research Laboratory, Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology: From Integrated to Molecular "Biology, Medicine and Health", LR19ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse University, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory, Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology: From Integrated to Molecular "Biology, Medicine and Health", LR19ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse University, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
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Zhu Z, Wu H, Li L, Jia M, Li D. Effects of diverse resistance training modalities on performance measures in athletes: a network meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1302610. [PMID: 38370012 PMCID: PMC10870238 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1302610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Jumping ability is one of the necessary qualities for athletes. Previous studies have shown that plyometric training and complex training including plyometrics can improve athletes' jumping ability. With the emergence of various types of complex training, there is uncertainty about which training method has the best effect. This study conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of plyometric-related training on athletes' jumping ability, to provide some reference for coaches to design training plans. Methods: We systematically searched 3 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) up to July 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials investigating plyometrics related training in athletes. The two researchers conducted literature screening, extraction and quality assessment independently. We performed a network meta-analysis using Stata 16. Results: We analyzed 83 studies and found that complex training, which includes high-intensity intervals and plyometric exercises, was the most effective method for improving squat jumps (SURCA = 96%). In the case of countermovement jumps a combination of electrostimulation and plyometric training yielded the best results (SURCA = 97.6%). Weightlifting training proved to be the most effective for the standing long jump (SURCA = 81.4%), while strength training was found to be the most effective for the five bounces test (SURCA = 87.3%). Conclusion: Our current study shows that complex training performs more efficient overall in plyometric-related training. However, there are different individual differences in the effects of different training on different indicators (e.g., CMJ, SJ, SLJ, 5BT) of athletes. Therefore, in order to ensure that the most appropriate training is selected, it is crucial to accurately assess the physical condition of each athlete before implementation. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, Registration and protocol CRD42023456402.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhu
- College of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Haowen Wu
- College of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Longpeng Li
- College of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Mingyuan Jia
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Li
- Department of International Culture Education, Chodang University, Muan, Republic of Korea
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Söyler M, Zileli R, Çingöz YE, Kılınçarslan G, Kayantaş İ, Altuğ T, Asan S, Şahin M, Gürkan AC. The effect of high-intensity plyometric training on anaerobic performance parameters: a pilot study in U17 elite A league. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16648. [PMID: 38223755 PMCID: PMC10787543 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity plyometric training (HIPT) on some parameters in elite soccer players in the U17. Volunteer soccer players were randomly divided into two groups according to their positions: the regular training (RT) group (age: 16.71 ± 0.47 years; stature: 163.46 ± 3.31 cm; body weight: 61.04 ± 1.59 kg) and the HIPT group (age: 16.64 ± 0.50 years; stature: 165.60 ± 3.03 cm; body weight: 59.76 ± 1.92 kg), and each group included five defenders, five midfielders, and four attackers. While the RT group did only routine soccer training, the HIPT group performed high-intensity plyometric training three days a week in addition to routine soccer training. In the study, body weight, stature, sprint (10 m, 30 m, and 40 m), jump (standing long jump, right and left-limb triple hop) and 5-0-5 change of direction speed test measurements of the soccer players were taken. Skewness and Kurtosis values obtained from the pre-test and post-test measurements were calculated to test whether the normality assumption of the study was met. A mixed measure two-way ANOVA test was used to determine the difference between the pre-test and post-test. The significance was set as p < 0.05. The results indicated that 8-week high- intensity plyometric training provided more improvement in measured performance parameters than routine soccer training. As a result, when the data obtained is examined, it can be said that HIPT had better values in sprint, jump, and change of direction parameters, so plyometric training was more beneficial for anaerobic parameters than routine soccer training in children. It is recommended that the trainers make their plans considering these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Söyler
- Vocational School of Social Sciences, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Türkiye
| | - Raif Zileli
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Türkiye
| | | | | | - İdris Kayantaş
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye
| | - Tolga Altuğ
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı, Türkiye
| | - Selim Asan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Musa Şahin
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Karabük University, Karabük, Türkiye
| | - Alper Cenk Gürkan
- Vocational School of Healthy Services, Gazi University Ankara, Ankara, Türkiye
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10
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Chen L, Huang Z, Xie L, He J, Ji H, Huang W, Li D, Zhou Y, Sun J. Maximizing plyometric training for adolescents: a meta-analysis of ground contact frequency and overall intervention time on jumping ability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21222. [PMID: 38040837 PMCID: PMC10692103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training boosts adolescents' jumping ability, crucial for athletic success and health. However, the best total ground contact frequency (TGCF) and overall intervention time (OIT) for these exercises remain unclear. This meta-analysis aims to identify optimal TGCF and OIT in plyometric training for adolescents, focusing on countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) outcomes. This systematic review encompassed five databases and included 38 studies with 50 randomized controlled experiments and 3347 participants. We used the Cochrane risk assessment tool for study quality and Review Manager 5.4 for data analysis. The current meta-analysis incorporated a total of 38 studies, comprising 50 sets of randomized controlled trials, to investigate the influence of different TGCFs and OITs on plyometric training. The Cochrane risk assessment tool indicated that all the included studies were classified as low risk. Various TGCFs in plyometric training positively affected CMJ and SJ heights in adolescents. The TGCF of less than 900 was ideal for enhancing CMJ, whereas more than 1400 was effective for SJ. The optimal OIT was 400-600 min, specifically, 500-600 min for CMJ and 400-500 min for SJ. Plyometric training improves jumping ability in adolescents. Lower ground contact frequency (< 900 contacts) enhances CMJ, while higher ground contact frequency (> 1400 contacts) is more effective for SJ. Optimal intervention time ranges from 400 to 600 min, with 500 to 600 min benefiting CMJ and 400 to 500 min improving SJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunxin Chen
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijing Huang
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin He
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongshen Ji
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Huang
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duanying Li
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanfeng Zhou
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Portella DL, Vidal-Espinoza R, Sulla-Torres J, Castelli Correia de Campos LF, Gomez-Campos R, Cossio-Bolaños M. Reference values for body composition and physical fitness of young Brazilian elite soccer players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1285952. [PMID: 38028780 PMCID: PMC10652792 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1285952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: a) to verify whether body composition and physical fitness should be analyzed by chronological age and/or maturity stage in young Brazilian soccer players and b) to propose reference values for the evaluation of body composition and physical fitness by maturity stage in elite soccer players. Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was carried out in 206 young Brazilian soccer players (11-16 years old). The sample selection was non-probabilistic by convenience. Weight and standing height were evaluated. Body composition (BC) was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BC indicators [(percent fat (%F), Fat-free mass (FFM), Fat mass (FM) and Bone mass (BM)] were extracted. For physical fitness (PF), we applied the Flexibility (cm) sit and reach tests, explosive strength tests [Counter Movement Jump CMJ (cm) and horizontal jump HJ (cm)], speed [Speed 10, 20, 30 and 40 m (seconds)] and Yo-Yo endurance level I test. Percentiles were constructed for BC and PF using the LMS method [L (Lambda; skewness), M (Mu; median) and S (Sigma; coefficient of variation)]. Results: The explanatory power between chronological age (CA) with BC was: FM (R2 = 0.03%), FFM (R 2 = 0.66%) and BM (R 2 = 0.62%), while between maturity status (MS) with BC were: FM (R 2 = 0.04%), FFM (R 2 = 0.71%) and BM (R 2 = 0.66). The explanatory power between the CA with the physical fitness tests ranged from: (R 2 = 0.22-0.62%). While between MS with physical fitness the values ranged from: (R 2 = 0.23-0.64%). Percentiles per MS (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75, P85, P90, P95 and P97) were proposed for both BC and PF. Conclusion: The results of the study have shown that the evaluation of BC and PF of young soccer players should be performed by controlling for MS rather than for CA. The inclusion of a non-invasive method to control MS by means of percentiles during puberty may contribute to the development of retention and exclusion of young soccer players, thus, they may have a better chance of achieving sporting success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leite Portella
- School of Physical Education, Master Program in Innovation in Health Education, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ruben Vidal-Espinoza
- Escuela de Ingenieria de Sistemas, Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Rossana Gomez-Campos
- Carrera de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Marco Cossio-Bolaños
- Carrera de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
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12
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Li G, Wu W, Zhen K, Zhang S, Chen Z, Lv Y, Hou X, Yu L. Effects of different drop height training on lower limb explosive and change of direction performance in collegiate Sanda athletes. iScience 2023; 26:107972. [PMID: 37829202 PMCID: PMC10565765 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of 6 weeks of 40-, 60-, or 80-cm drop jump (DJ) training on lower limb explosive and change of direction (CoD) performance in collegiate Sanda athletes. Repeated-measure ANOVA revealed that there was a significant group × time interaction for standing long jump test (p = 0.006), counter movement jump test (p = 0.026), Illinois agility test (p = 0.003), square test (p = 0.018), Nebraska test (p = 0.027), t test (p = 0.032), and hexagon test (p = 0.012) due to the best performance observed at post-test compared with pre-test for DJ60 (effect size = 0.89-2.89), and the improvement was higher than that of the other groups. These findings suggest that 6 weeks of DJ training could improve the lower limb explosive and CoD performance in collegiate Sanda athletes and that 60 cm may be the optimal drop height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Wu
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhen
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyan Zhang
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhou Chen
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- School of Sport Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Laikang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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13
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Ho IMK, Weldon A, Yong JTH, Lam CTT, Sampaio J. Using Machine Learning Algorithms to Pool Data from Meta-Analysis for the Prediction of Countermovement Jump Improvement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20105881. [PMID: 37239607 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To solve the research-practice gap and take one step forward toward using big data with real-world evidence, the present study aims to adopt a novel method using machine learning to pool findings from meta-analyses and predict the change of countermovement jump. The data were collected through a total of 124 individual studies included in 16 recent meta-analyses. The performance of four selected machine learning algorithms including support vector machine, random forest (RF) ensemble, light gradient boosted machine, and the neural network using multi-layer perceptron was compared. The RF yielded the highest accuracy (mean absolute error: 0.071 cm; R2: 0.985). Based on the feature importance calculated by the RF regressor, the baseline CMJ ("Pre-CMJ") was the most impactful predictor, followed by age ("Age"), the total number of training sessions received ("Total number of training_session"), controlled or non-controlled conditions ("Control (no training)"), whether the training program included squat, lunge, deadlift, or hip thrust exercises ("Squat_Lunge_Deadlift_Hipthrust_True", "Squat_Lunge_Deadlift_Hipthrust_False"), or "Plyometric (mixed fast/slow SSC)", and whether the athlete was from an Asian pacific region including Australia ("Race_Asian or Australian"). By using multiple simulated virtual cases, the successful predictions of the CMJ improvement are shown, whereas the perceived benefits and limitations of using machine learning in a meta-analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indy Man Kit Ho
- Department of Sports and Recreation, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), Chai Wan, Hong Kong, China
- The Asian Academy for Sports and Fitness Professionals, Chai Wan, Hongkong, China
| | - Anthony Weldon
- Centre for Life and Sport Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
| | - Jason Tze Ho Yong
- Department of Sports and Recreation, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), Chai Wan, Hong Kong, China
| | - Candy Tze Tim Lam
- Department of Sports and Recreation, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), Chai Wan, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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14
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Sortwell A, Moran J, Afonso J, Clemente FM, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Pedley J, Granacher U. Plyometric-Jump Training Effects on Physical Fitness and Sport-Specific Performance According to Maturity: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:23. [PMID: 37036542 PMCID: PMC10086091 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among youth, plyometric-jump training (PJT) may provide a safe, accessible, and time-efficient training method. Less is known on PJT effectiveness according to the maturity status. OBJECTIVE This systematic review with meta-analysis set out to analyse the body of peer-reviewed articles assessing the effects of PJT on measures of physical fitness [i.e., maximal dynamic strength; change of direction (COD) speed; linear sprint speed; horizontal and vertical jump performance; reactive strength index] and sport-specific performance (i.e., soccer ball kicking and dribbling velocity) according to the participants' maturity status. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted in three electronic databases using the following inclusion criteria: (i) Population: healthy participants aged < 18 years; (ii) Intervention: PJT program including unilateral and/or bilateral jumps; (iii) Comparator: groups of different maturity status with control groups; (iv) Outcomes: at least one measure of physical fitness and/or sport-specific performance before and after PJT; (v) experimental design with an active or passive control group, and two or more maturity groups exposed to the same PJT. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models were used to compute the meta-analysis. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro checklist. GRADE was applied to assess certainty of evidence. RESULTS From 11,028 initially identified studies across three electronic databases, 11 studies were finally eligible to be meta-analysed (n total = 744; seven studies recruited males; four studies recruited females). Three studies were rated as high quality (6 points), and eight studies were of moderate quality (5 points). Seven studies reported the maturity status using age at peak height velocity (PHV; pre-PHV values up to - 2.3; post-PHV up to 2.5). Another four studies used Tanner staging (from Tanner I to V). The training programmes ranged from 4 to 36 weeks, using 1-3 weekly training sessions. When compared to controls, pre-PHV and post-PHV participants obtained small-to-moderate improvements (ES = 0.35 - 0.80, all p < 0.05) in most outcomes (i.e., sport-specific performance; maximal dynamic strength; linear sprint; horizontal jump; reactive strength index) after PJT. The contrast of pre-PHV with post-PHV youth revealed that PJT was similarly effective in both maturity groups, in most outcome measures except for COD speed (in favour of pre-PHV). PJT induces similar physical fitness and sport-specific performance benefits in males and females, with a minimal exercise dosage of 4 weeks (8 intervention sessions), and 92 weekly jumps. Results of this meta-analysis are based on low study heterogeneity, and low to very low certainty of evidence (GRADE analysis) for all outcomes. CONCLUSION Compared to control participants, PJT resulted in improved maximal dynamic strength, linear sprint speed, horizontal jump performance, reactive strength index, and sport-specific performance (i.e., soccer ball kicking and dribbling velocity). These effects seem to occur independently of the maturity status, as both pre-PHV and post-PHV participants achieved similar improvements after PJT interventions for most outcomes. However, several methodological issues (e.g., low sample sizes and the pooling of maturity categories) preclude the attainment of more robust recommendations at the current time. To address this issue, consistency in maturity status reporting strategies must be improved in future studies with the general youth population and youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew Sortwell
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO43SQ, UK
| | - José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Jason Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Sandfangweg 4, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Sotiropoulos K, Smilios I, Barzouka K, Christou M, Bogdanis G, Douda H, Tokmakidis SP. Effects of Drop Jump Training from Different Heights and Weight Training on Vertical Jump and Maximum Strength Performance in Female Volleyball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:423-431. [PMID: 35836281 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sotiropoulos, K, Smilios, I, Barzouka, K, Christou, M, Bogdanis, G, Douda, H, and Tokmakidis, SP. Effects of drop jump training from different heights and weight training on vertical jump, maximum strength and change of direction performance in female volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 423-431, 2023-This study compared the effects of drop jump (DJ) training from different drop heights and weight training on vertical jump and maximum strength performance. Fifty-five female volleyball players (age: 23.8 ± 4.3 years) were randomly and equally allocated to a control group (volleyball training, CG); a volleyball and weight training group (WG); and 3 volleyball, weight, and drop jump training groups. One group performed DJ training from the optimal drop height, i.e., the height that elicited the highest ratio of jump height to contact time (OG), a second group from a drop height 25% higher than the optimal (HG), and a third group from a drop height 25% lower than the optimal (LG). Drop jump and weight training were performed 1-2 times per week, for 8 weeks for a total of 13 sessions. After training, vertical jump performance improved by 3.6-17.4% ( p < 0.05; effect size [ES]: 1.03-1.23) in the OG and the HG compared with the LG, WG, and CG ( p < 0.05; ES: 0.03-0.58). Drop jump height from drop heights 20-70 cm increased by 10.0-20.2% ( p < 0.05; ES: 0.59-1.13) for the OG and the HG, while reactive strength index increased ( p < 0.05; ES: 0.74-1.40) by 19.6-33.9% only in the HG compared with the CG. Half-squat maximum strength was increased in all experimental groups by 17.4-19% compared with the CG ( p < 0.05) with no differences ( p > 0.05) observed among them. The use of the optimal height or a moderately higher drop height by 25% for DJ training, combined with weight training, seems to be the most beneficial option to improve vertical jump and reactive strength index in female volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Sotiropoulos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Karolina Barzouka
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Christou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus ; and
- University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gregory Bogdanis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Douda
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Savvas P Tokmakidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
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16
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Ginés HJ, Huertas F, García Calvo T, Ponce-Bordón JC, Figueiredo AJ, Ballester R. Age and Maturation Matter in Youth Elite Soccer, but Depending on Competitive Level and Gender. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2015. [PMID: 36767382 PMCID: PMC9915155 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relevance of the relative age effect (RAE), maturity status and anthropometry, and their influence on coaches' assessment of players' performance, analyzing both genders and different types of academies (elite vs. non-elite). The sample included 603 soccer players (385 male), from the under 12 (U12), under 14 (U14) and under 16 (U16) categories, belonging to elite and nonelite teams. Coaches' assessment of players' performance, chronological age, anthropometric characteristics, maturity offset (MO) and peak height velocity (PHV) were registered. Our results showed that RAE was present in both genders within the elite, but not in the nonelite academies. Early maturity players were overrepresented in the male elite, but not in the female academies. No relationship was found between RAE and anthropometry in male elite academies. Male elite players showed better anthropometric characteristics than nonelite players, while this pattern of results was not found for female players. The coaches' assessment on players' current performance was not influenced by the chronological age nor anthropometry, but it was linked to the PHV. Coaches from nonelite academies rated better in current assessment of performance the taller players. Our findings suggest that maturity status and RAE play an independent and important role in the talent selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honorato J. Ginés
- Doctorate School, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46008 Valencia, Spain
| | - Florentino Huertas
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46900 Torrent, Spain
| | - Tomás García Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - António J. Figueiredo
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Ballester
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46900 Torrent, Spain
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Wang X, Lv C, Qin X, Ji S, Dong D. Effectiveness of plyometric training vs. complex training on the explosive power of lower limbs: A Systematic review. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1061110. [PMID: 36741805 PMCID: PMC9889940 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1061110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Explosive power is considered an important factor in competitive events. Thus, strategies such as complex training (CT) and plyometric training (PLT) are effective at improving explosive power. However, it is still not clear which of the two strategies can enable greater improvements on the explosive power. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the effects of PLT and CT on the explosive power of the lower limbs. Methods: The Review Manager and GraphPad Prism programs were used to analyze the synthetic and time effects (effects over training time) on explosive power (i.e., jump ability, sprint ability) and maximum strength. Our research identified 87 studies comprising 1,355 subjects aged 10-26.4 years. Results: The results suggested the following: 1) Synthetic effects on jump ability (Hedges' g): .79 (p < .001) for unloaded PLT, 1.35 (p < .001) for loaded PLT and .85 (p < .001) for CT; 2) Synthetic effects on sprint ability: .83 (p < .001) for unloaded PLT, -2.11 (p < .001) for loaded PLT and -.78 (p < .001) for CT; 3) Synthetic effects on maximum strength: .84 (p < .001) for loaded PLT and 1.53 (p < .001) for CT; 4) The time effects of unloaded PLT and CT on explosive power were similar, but the time effects of CT on maximum strength were obviously above that of PLT. Discussion: In conclusion, unloaded PLT and CT have a similar effect on explosive performance in the short term but loaded PLT has a better effect. The improvement of the maximum strength caused by CT was greater than that induced by PLT. In addition, more than 10 weeks of training may be more beneficial for the improvement of power. Therefore, for explosive power training, we suggest adopting unloaded or light-loaded PLT during a short season and applying CT during an annual or long training cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Changhai Lv
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Changhai Lv,
| | - Xinmin Qin
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Shuyu Ji
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Delong Dong
- Department of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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18
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How Football Players' Age Affect Passing Patterns of Play According to Field Location. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10010157. [PMID: 36670707 PMCID: PMC9856864 DOI: 10.3390/children10010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the passing patterns that support collective tactical behaviour in football players of different ages (U15, U17, and U19) in different field zones. Two hundred and twenty-eight male players, divided into U15, U17, and U19, participated in the study. Cluster analysis was used to group the passes into three sizes (short, medium, and long). The chi-square test was used to analyse the effect of player age on game-passing patterns in each field zone. The results revealed that long and medium passes were used more in areas close to the goals and short passes in the middle area of the field, concerning all ages (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the analysis of the relative distance between the ball carrier and the receiver indicated that older players (U17 and U19) used more distant players to pass the ball in medium and long passes. These results can help coaches design small-sided games according to the players’ ages and adjust to the field’s space and the numerical relationship, thus creating a greater transfer from training to competition.
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19
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Marzouki H, Sbai S, Ouergui I, Selmi O, Andrade MS, Bouhlel E, Thuany M, Weiss K, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Effects of Biological Age on Athletic Adaptations to Combined Plyometric and Sprint with Change of Direction with Ball Training in Youth Soccer Players. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010120. [PMID: 36671812 PMCID: PMC9855667 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence for the effectiveness of youth combined plyometric and sprint with change of direction (COD) training. However, the evidence is not well-known regarding the in-season effects of biological age (peak height velocity—PHV) on the motor adaptive processes following combined plyometric and COD with ball training (P-CODBT) in youth soccer players. This study aimed to examine the in-season effects of P-CODBT (8 weeks and twice a week) on the athletic performances of male youth soccer players, circa- and post-PHV. In a randomized controlled training study with pre-to-post measurements, forty-eight male players were assigned into two experimental (performing P-CODBT; n = 12 × circa-PHV and n = 12 × post-PHV) and two control groups (CONG; n = 12 × circa-PHV and n = 12 × post-PHV). The pre- and post-training participants were assessed for their anthropometric, linear sprinting with and without a ball, COD speed with and without a ball, vertical jump, dynamic balance, and endurance-intensive performances. After the intervention, the experimental condition induced significant (all p < 0.0001) and small to large effect size (ES = 0.263−3.471) additional gains only on explosive measures compared to CONG. Both the experimental (all p < 0.0001; ES = 0.338−1.908) and control (p = 0.011−0.0001; ES = 0.2−1.8) groups improved their athletic performances over the training period. The improvements generated by p-CODBT were not affected by biological age. In-season short-term P-CODBT (twice a week) could be safe way to generate benefits in explosive performances in youth soccer players, which are relevant components of match-winning actions in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Marzouki
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia
| | - Samar Sbai
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia
| | - Okba Selmi
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia
| | - Marilia S. Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Ezdine Bouhlel
- Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations to Muscular Exercise, Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar, University of Sousse, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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20
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Effects of traditional vs. complex strength training added to regular football training on physical capacities in U19 football players: a team study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Silva AF, Ramirez-Campillo R, Ceylan Hİ, Sarmento H, Clemente FM. Effects of Maturation Stage on Sprinting Speed Adaptations to Plyometric Jump Training in Youth Male Team Sports Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Open Access J Sports Med 2022; 13:41-54. [PMID: 35586483 PMCID: PMC9109897 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s283662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effects of maturation stage (eg, classified in the same intervention protocol as early-, and late-mature) on linear sprinting speed adaptations to plyometric jump training (PJT) in youth (aged <18 years) male team sports players. Patients and Methods Eligibility criteria was determined based on PICOS: (P) healthy youth male team sport players classified in the same intervention protocol in ≥2 maturation-related categories, based on a recognized maturation stage-determination method, including (but not limited to) Tanner stage; peak height velocity (eg, Mirwald method); radiography-based method (eg, Fels method); (I) athletes exposed to PJT with a minimum of 4 weeks duration; (C) athletes non-exposed to PJT (non-dedicated intervention, ie, only field-based regular training) or performing a parallel intervention not-related with PJT organized by maturation levels; (O) sprinting speed (eg, time, maximal sprint speed) measured in any linear sprint test trajectories before and after the intervention; (S) only randomized controlled and/or parallel trials. Searches were conducted on December 2021 in EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science, restricted to Portuguese, Spanish and English languages, with no restrictions regarding publication date, and no filters applied. The PEDro scale was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Meta-analysis was computed using the inverse variance random-effects model. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results The search identified 1219 titles. From those, four studies were selected for qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Four studies provided data for sprinting performance, involving 10 experimental and 8 control groups showing a small effect of trained participants on sprinting performance (ES = 0.31; p = 0.064; I2 = 41.3%) when compared to controls. No significant moderator effect was noted for somatic maturity (p = 0.473 between groups). Conclusion PJT had no significant effect on sprinting performance, although the inclusion criteria partially may explain that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, 4960-320, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Halil İbrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, 3040-256, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, 4960-320, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
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22
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Relationship between Variations in the Accumulated Workload and the Change of Direction Ability in Elite Young Soccer Players. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between training workload (WL) parameters with variations in the change of direction (COD) in under-16 soccer players. Methods: Twenty-seven under-16 elite soccer players were daily monitored for their WL across 15 weeks during the competitive soccer season. Additionally, players were assessed two times for anthropometric measures (weight, height, sitting height and leg length), COD performance (modified 505 test) and maturity offset measured using the peak height velocity (PHV). Results: A correlational analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the variation in COD performance and accumulated WL parameters. Moreover, a regression analysis was executed to explain the variations in the percentage of COD performance considering the accumulated WL parameters and PHV of the season (r = 0.93; p ≤ 0.01) and training monotony during the early-season (r = 0.53; p ≤ 0.05). There were associations between the acute workload during the start of the season and the COD during the end of the season (r = 0.47; p ≤ 0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that 55% of the variation in COD performance between the early and end of season could be explained by the acute or chronic WL, training monotony or strain and the PHV. Conclusions: This information might be useful for practitioners and coaches aiming to improve the COD performance in youth soccer players during an entire competitive season.
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Asimakidis ND, Vasileiou SS, Dalamitros AA, Nikolaidis PT, Manou V. Effect of the COVID-19 Confinement Period on Selected Neuromuscular Performance Indicators in Young Male Soccer Players: Can the Maturation Process Counter the Negative Effect of Detraining? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4935. [PMID: 35564333 PMCID: PMC9105184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19094935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has led to an unprecedented long-term cessation in athletes' training routines. This study examined the effect of a 32-week detraining period, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, on selected neuromuscular performance indicators in 29 young male soccer players, assessed close to their adolescent growth spurt (age = 13.0 ± 0.8 years). Change of direction ability of both lower limbs (COD), linear sprint times (10 and 20 m), and vertical jump height (CMJ) was evaluated twice, once before the first national lockdown, and one week after the return to training activities. Paired-sample t-tests detected significant improvements in all three testing variables (COD: 2.82 ± 0.23 vs. 2.66 ± 0.22 s, p ≤ 0.005, 0.001, effect size [ES] = 0.91 to 1.05 for the right and left limb, respectively; 10 m: 2.12 ± 0.16 vs. 1.96 ± 0.15 s, p ≤ 0.001, effect size [ES] = 1.67, 20 m: 3.56 ± 0.3 vs. 3.42 ± 0.27 s, p ≤ 0.001, effect size [ES] = 1.02 and CMJ: 23.3 ± 7.5 vs. 24.5 ± 7.6 cm, p = 0.033, ES = 0.42). These results indicate that maturation-related adaptations can lead to enhanced change of direction, linear sprint, and vertical jump performance, even in the absence of exposure to any level of exercise. Soccer coaches and practitioners working with youth athletes should consider the stage of maturation when planning and implementing training programs aiming to enhance neuromuscular performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D. Asimakidis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.D.A.); (S.S.V.); (A.A.D.); (V.M.)
| | - Stylianos S. Vasileiou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.D.A.); (S.S.V.); (A.A.D.); (V.M.)
| | - Athanasios A. Dalamitros
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.D.A.); (S.S.V.); (A.A.D.); (V.M.)
| | | | - Vasiliki Manou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.D.A.); (S.S.V.); (A.A.D.); (V.M.)
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24
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Peña-González I, Sarabia JM, Manresa-Rocamora A, Moya-Ramón M. International football players with cerebral palsy maintained their physical fitness after a self-training program during the COVID-19 lockdown. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13059. [PMID: 35317073 PMCID: PMC8934527 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 global pandemic caused a complete stop in sport participation which meant a detraining period for athletes. High-level athletes had to train at home guided by their coaches and conditioning trainers in an effort to maintain their physical fitness. The aim of maintaining the training adaptations and physical fitness during the COVID-19 mandatory lockdown was especially important for CP athletes, in which the detraining period was expected to cause early declines in motor function, poor coordination and muscle weakness due to their disability. Methods The present study assessed the effect of a guided self-training program on international CP football players' physical fitness during the COVID-19 mandatory lockdown. Fifteen CP football players from the Spanish National Team participated in the study. An experimental design with a pre- (T1) and a post-intervention (T2) assessment was carried out, with a 12-week period of players' self-training (divided in two periods of 6 weeks) which combined strength and endurance training. Physical performance assessment consisted in the free countermovement jump (CMJ), 5, 10 and 20-m sprint, the modified agility T-test (MAT) and a dribbling test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for between-group comparisons, while the Student's paired t test or the Fisher Pitman permutation test, based on the normality of the data, were used for within-group comparisons. Results The results showed no differences between sport classes (FT1, FT2 and FT3) in physical fitness change after the training program (Chi2 = 0.16 to 1.73; p = 0.42 to 0.92). Within-group comparisons showed an increase of jump height in the CMJ (4.19 cm [2.46, 5.93]; p < 0.001) and a maintenance of the 5, 10 and 20-m sprint, MAT and dribbling ability (<0.01 to 0.09 s; p = 0.19 to 0.97). Discussion To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that examined the physical fitness adaptations to a training program with CP football players. The results show that a 12-week guided self-training program without football-specific stimulus may be effective to maintain or even improve the specific physical performance of international CP football players during a non-competitive period (as the COVID-19 lockdown). This study reveals that CP football players are able to show adaptations to the strength and endurance training and this could be the basis for future research regarding training adaptations in CP football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Peña-González
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - José Manuel Sarabia
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain,Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain,Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain,Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Alicante, Spain
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25
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Peña-González I, Javaloyes A, Cervelló E, Moya-Ramón M. The maturity status but not the relative age influences elite young football players' physical performance. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:309-316. [PMID: 35277114 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2053338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Talent identification and selection process in young football is based on coaches' decisions regarding the players' performance at early ages. The aim of this study was to show how the maturity status and the relative age impact on young football players' physical performance and their coaches' efficacy expectations. The physical performance (1RM, Peak power output [PPO], 30-m sprint and T-test) of 118 young football players (U13 to U15; and their coaches' efficacy expectations were assessed. Relative age was calculated according to the players' date of birth within their selection year. The maturity status was estimated as the years from/to their peak height velocity (PHV). Linear regression analyses showed a significant relationship between players' physical performance and their maturity status but not with their relative age. In contrast, the maturity status of players only was associated to the coaches' efficacy expectations in the 1RM and PPO tests, whereas the relative age was a predictor of the coaches' expectations about players' performance in the T-test. These findings may be important for coaches and managers in young football academies since inter-individual differences in the maturity status but not in the relative age are related to physical performance despite the coaches' expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Peña-González
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández Universtiy. Avda. de la Universidad s/n. 03202, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Alejandro Javaloyes
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández Universtiy. Avda. de la Universidad s/n. 03202, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Eduardo Cervelló
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández Universtiy. Avda. de la Universidad s/n. 03202, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández Universtiy. Avda. de la Universidad s/n. 03202, Elche (Alicante), Spain
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26
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Sprint Performance and Mechanical Force-Velocity Profile among Different Maturational Stages in Young Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031412. [PMID: 35162433 PMCID: PMC8835458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of maturation status on the components of the sprint force-velocity (F-V) profile in young soccer players. Sixty-two young male soccer players from the same professional soccer academy took part in the present study. A cross-sectional design was implemented to compare the main components of the sprint F-V profile (i.e., maximal theoretical force (F0), velocity (V0), power (Pmax), and ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force (RFpeak), and decrease in the ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force (DRF)) and sprint performance (5, 20, and 30 m sprint time) among participants’ maturation stages (i.e., pre-, mid- and post-peak height velocity (PHV) groups). The results show that the ES of differences in 5 min sprint performance, F0, and RFpeak (i.e., strength- and acceleration-related components of the sprint F-V profile) were greater between pre- and mid-PHV groups than those between mid- and post-PHV groups (i.e., large and very large effects (1.24 ≤ ES ≤ 2.42) vs. moderate, small, and zero effects (0 ≤ ES ≤ 0.69), respectively). However, the ES of differences in V0 and DRF (i.e., peak speed-related components of the sprint F-V profile) were greater between mid- and post-PHV groups than those between pre- and mid-PHV groups (i.e., large effects (1.54 ≤ ES ≤ 1.92) vs. moderate effects (−0.59 ≤ ES ≤ 1), respectively). Once the strength development is achieved to a great extent from the pre- to mid-PHV groups, specific strength training methods may be used for young soccer players to improve their sprint performance.
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27
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Talukdar K, Harrison C, McGuigan MR. The effects of strength vs. plyometric training on sprinting kinetics in post peak height velocity (PHV) female athletes. Sports Biomech 2021:1-21. [PMID: 34554052 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1975811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Speed is a crucial factor for overall athletic development. While researchers have shown strength and plyometric training to improve sprinting speed in some adult and youth populations, no studies have compared the effects of strength and plyometric training on sprinting speed in young females. Fifty-two young females were divided into three groups and trained for 7 weeks, twice a week; strength training (n = 16, age 13.36 ± 0.84), plyometric training (n = 21, age 13.38 ± 0.75) and a physical education class as a control group (n = 15, age 13.95 ± 0.54). Participants were tested for sprinting performance and horizontal force (Fo), maximum velocity (Vmax) and maximum horizontal power (Pmax) metrics over 30 m distance, isometric strength and unilateral horizontal jump distance before and after the intervention. Both the strength and plyometric groups significantly improved all performance variables (p < 0.05). The strength group significantly improved 10 m split time (6.76%; Hedge's g = 0.65) and Fo (18.98%; g = 0.67), whereas the plyometric group significantly improved Vmax (4.91%; g = 0.50) and Pmax (7.91%; g = 0.31). The findings of this study suggest that both strength and plyometric training can improve sprinting kinetics, jumping performance and overall strength in young females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Talukdar
- Department of Sports, St Cuthbert's College, Auckland, New Zealand
- Sports Performance Research Institute of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Craig Harrison
- Sports Performance Research Institute of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike R McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Cossio-Bolaños M, Vidal-Espinoza R, Urra Albornoz C, Leite Portella D, Vega-Novoa S, Mendez-Cornejo J, Fuentes Lopez J, Gomez-Campos R. A systematic review of intervention programs that produced changes in speed and explosive strength in youth footballers. Eur J Transl Myol 2021; 31. [PMID: 34579516 PMCID: PMC8495364 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2021.9692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A soccer player should possess a reasonable level of different skills and abilities, so the playing position, level of training, style of play, physical and physiological demands can influence his performance. The objective was to identify the intervention programs that have been applied in search of generating positive effects on explosive strength and speed in young soccer players, as well as to identify the percentage of improvement among soccer players. A bibliographic study of systematic review was carried out. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, bibliographic searches were performed in the PubMed database. The following descriptors were used: Explosive Strength, soccer players, jump performance, CMJ, SJ, VJ, Plyometrics, power, speed, sprint, kicking speed, change of direction speed, soccer player, football and training, intervention. Articles were included only if they were original articles, studied populations of young soccer players and showed an intervention program related to explosive strength and speed. Six studies were identified that applied intervention programs to look for changes in speed and explosive strength in young soccer players. In the 5m speed tests, significant changes were observed, improving from (0.26 to 0.53m/s), 10m speed (0.07 to 0.27m/s), 20m speed (0.08 to 1.92m/s) and 40m speed (0.25 to 0.62m/s). In explosive strength, performance in the test squat jump SJ (4.1 to 8.6cm), countermovement jump CMJ (1.0 to 8.8cm), horizontal jump HJ (12.17 to 24.4cm) and vertical jump VJ (5.0 to 11.0cm). Speed and explosive strength are relevant components of athletic performance and can be improved through training programs that include 20 to 40min sessions, training two to five times per week over a period of approximately 6 to 9 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cossio-Bolaños
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca.
| | | | | | - Daniel Leite Portella
- Programa de Mestrado em Inovação no Ensino Superior em Saúde, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul (Uscs), São Caetano do Sul.
| | | | - Jorge Mendez-Cornejo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca.
| | - Jose Fuentes Lopez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Educación (IICE), Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, Puno.
| | - Rossana Gomez-Campos
- Departamento de Diversidad e Inclusividad Educativa, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca.
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The Coaches' Efficacy Expectations of Youth Soccer Players with Different Maturity Status and Physical Performance. J Hum Kinet 2021; 79:289-299. [PMID: 34401007 PMCID: PMC8336556 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to report possible anthropometrical and physical performance differences between youth soccer players with different maturity status and to report the coaches’ expectations, hypothesizing that coaches would expect more from players with advanced maturity. One hundred twenty-two (122) players completed a physical performance battery. Their maturity status was estimated and the coaches’ efficacy expectations (CEEs) were assessed. Players with advanced maturation had better physical performance (F = 26.5-73.4; p < 0.01) and their CEEs for strength-related tasks were different according to the maturity status (F = 8.3-10.9; p < 0.01), but not for speed-related tests, nor for their general ability to play soccer. Normalized data showed significant differences between physical performance tests and their respective CEEs within each maturity group, especially in the Post-PHV group. This study confirms the physical advantages of players with advanced maturity while it shows controversial results of how maturation affects the coaches’ perceptions and, indirectly, the coaches’ identification and selection of talented players.
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30
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Malina RM, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Martinho DV, Sousa-e-Siva P, Figueiredo AJ, Cumming SP, Králík M, Kozieł SM. Observed and predicted ages at peak height velocity in soccer players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254659. [PMID: 34310636 PMCID: PMC8312932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate predicted maturity offset (time before age at PHV) and age at PHV (chronological age [CA] minus maturity offset) in a longitudinal sample of 58 under-13 club level soccer players in central Portugal for whom ages at PHV were estimated with the SITAR model. Two maturity offset prediction equations were applied: the original equation which requires CA sitting height, estimated leg length, height and weight, and a modified equation which requires CA and height. Predicted maturity offset increased, on average, with CA at prediction throughout the age range considered, while variation in predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV within CA groups was considerably reduced compared to variation in observed ages at offset and at PHV. Predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV were consistently later than observed maturity offset and age at PHV among early maturing players, and earlier than observed in late maturing players. Both predicted offset and ages at PHV with the two equations were, on average, later than observed among players maturing on time. Intra-individual variation in predicted ages at PHV with each equation was considerable. The results for soccer players were consistent with similar studies in the general population and two recent longitudinal studies of soccer players. The results question the utility of predicted maturity offset and age at PHV as valid indicators of maturity timing and status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa-e-Siva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonio J. Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sean P. Cumming
- Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Miroslav Králík
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anthropology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sławomir M. Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
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Mizuguchi S, Cunanan AJ, Suarez DG, Cedar WE, South MA, Gahreman D, Hornsby WG, Stone MH. Performance Comparisons of Youth Weightlifters as a Function of Age Group and Sex. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030057. [PMID: 34201880 PMCID: PMC8293357 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to provide an overview of weightlifting performance as a function of age group and sex and evaluate the potential of countermovement jump height (CMJH) as a tool to gauge performance potential. Data from 130 youth athletes (female, n = 65 & male, n = 65) were used to examine progression of performance (Total and Sinclair total) and the relationship between CMJH and Sinclair total while considering interactions between CMJH and age and/or sex. ANOVAs with post hoc analyses revealed that both totals had a statistical first-order polynomial interaction effect between age group and sex and the difference between age groups of 12-13 and 14-15 years old was statistically greater for male than female. A linear model, developed to examine the relationship, revealed that CMJH and CMJH x sex x age rejected the null hypothesis. Our primary findings are that male youth weightlifters have a higher rate of performance progression, possibly owing to puberty, and CMJH may be a better gauging tool for older male youth weightlifters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Mizuguchi
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (A.J.C.); (D.G.S.); (M.A.S.); (M.H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +423-439-5387; Fax: +423-439-5389
| | - Aaron J. Cunanan
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (A.J.C.); (D.G.S.); (M.A.S.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Dylan G. Suarez
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (A.J.C.); (D.G.S.); (M.A.S.); (M.H.S.)
| | - William E. Cedar
- Olympic Sports Strength and Conditioning, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Mark A. South
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (A.J.C.); (D.G.S.); (M.A.S.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Daniel Gahreman
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0815, Australia;
| | - William G. Hornsby
- Department of Coaching and Teaching Studies, College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | - Michael H. Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (A.J.C.); (D.G.S.); (M.A.S.); (M.H.S.)
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Hasan S, Kandasamy G, Alyahya D, Alonazi A, Jamal A, Unnikrishnan R, Muthusamy H, Iqbal A. Effect of Resisted Sprint and Plyometric Training on Lower Limb Functional Performance in Collegiate Male Football Players: A Randomised Control Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136702. [PMID: 34206346 PMCID: PMC8295600 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the short-term effects of resisted sprint and plyometric training on sprint performance together with lower limb physiological and functional performance in collegiate football players. Ninety collegiate football players participated in this three-arm, parallel group randomized controlled trial study. Participants were randomly divided into a control group and two experimental groups: resisted sprint training (RST) (n = 30), plyometric training (PT) (n = 30), and a control group (n = 30). Participants received their respective training program for six weeks on alternate days. The primary outcome measures were a knee extensor strength test (measured by an ISOMOVE dynamometer), a sprint test and a single leg triple hop test. Measurements were taken at baseline and after 6 weeks post-training. Participants, caregivers, and those assigning the outcomes were blinded to the group assignment. A mixed design analysis of variance was used to compare between groups, within-group and the interaction between time and group. A within-group analysis revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) when compared to the baseline with the 6 weeks post-intervention scores for all the outcomes including STN (RST: d = 1.63; PT: d = 2.38; Control: d = 2.26), ST (RST: d = 1.21; PT: d = 1.36; Control: d = 0.38), and SLTHT (RST: d = 0.76; PT: d = 0.61; Control: d = 0.18). A sub-group analysis demonstrated an increase in strength in the plyometric training group (95% CI 14.73 to 15.09, p = 0.00), an increase in the single leg triple hop test in the resisted sprint training group (95% CI 516.41 to 538.4, p = 0.05), and the sprint test was also improved in both experimental groups (95% CI 8.54 to 8.82, p = 0.00). Our findings suggest that, during a short-term training period, RST or PT training are equally capable of enhancing the neuromechanical capacities of collegiate football players. No adverse events were reported by the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Hasan
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (R.U.); (H.M.)
| | - Gokulakannan Kandasamy
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Danah Alyahya
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (R.U.); (H.M.)
| | - Asma Alonazi
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (R.U.); (H.M.)
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Health and Basic Science Research Centre, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Radhakrishnan Unnikrishnan
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (R.U.); (H.M.)
| | - Hariraja Muthusamy
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (R.U.); (H.M.)
| | - Amir Iqbal
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11443, Saudi Arabia;
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Physical Performance Differences Between Spanish Selected and Nonselected Para-Footballers With Cerebral Palsy for the National Team. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1676-1683. [PMID: 33952712 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In regular football, the players' selection process involves an objective assessment based on their anthropometric and physical performance. However, available literature focused on players' selection process in cerebral palsy (CP) football is scarce. PURPOSE To describe the anthropometrical and physical performance profiles of the International Spanish CP footballers and to compare them with the remaining CP football players from the national competition. METHOD A total of 75 CP football players from the Spanish CP Football National Competition (classified into the 3 existing classes: football class [FT] 1 = 38; FT2 = 29; FT3 = 8) participated in the study. Participants were divided into 2 groups: selected players (n = 15) and nonselected players (n = 60) for the national team. Anthropometrical data and physical performance (countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, modified agility T-test [MAT], and dribbling test) were collected. RESULTS There were significant differences in the 20-m sprint, MAT, and dribbling for the total sample and in MAT and dribbling for FT2 and FT3 classes between selected players and nonselected players (P < .05), but there were no differences for FT1. The MAT and dribbling showed a positive correlation and a high percentage of player selection prediction. CONCLUSION Change-of-direction ability (ie, MAT) and dribbling skills are important when performing the selection process, as they allow the evaluation of important aspects of the game, but they may also provide the technical staff with an idea of the functionality and the physical performance of the players in each sport class.
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Fernández-Galván LM, Boullosa D, Jiménez-Reyes P, Cuadrado-Peñafiel V, Casado A. Examination of the Sprinting and Jumping Force-Velocity Profiles in Young Soccer Players at Different Maturational Stages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4646. [PMID: 33925544 PMCID: PMC8123816 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine the relationships among components of the force-velocity (F-V) profiles in jumping and sprinting, with both biological and chronological ages in 89 young soccer players belonging to categories from U10 to U18. Participants performed countermovement jumps (CMJ) and 20-m sprint tests. F-V components assessed were associated with both maturity offset and chronological age, using correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. Horizontal (i.e., maximal theoretical force [F0] and velocity [V0], maximal power [Pmax] and F-V slope) and vertical (i.e., [F0] and [Pmax]) F-V components displayed very large correlations (i.e., 0.79 ≤ r ≤ 0.92) with both chronological age and maturity offset. The combination of sprinting Pmax and training experience and jumping F0 and training experience explained up to 94% of the variances in maturity offset and chronological age. Furthermore, similar correlations were found between sprinting and jumping performances, and components of the F-V profiles, and both maturity offset and chronological age. Identification of vertical jump and sprint mechanical determinants may assist in strengthening those components of the F-V profile which are weaker throughout the training process. Sprinting and jumping capabilities can be indistinctly monitored with respect to their chronological age or maturity offset in young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Instituto Integrado de Saúde (INISA), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
| | | | | | - Arturo Casado
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I de Castilla International University, 09003 Burgos, Spain
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35
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Castillo D, Raya-González J, Moran J, de Villarreal ES, Lloyd RS. Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Jump and Sprint Performance in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 50:2125-2143. [PMID: 32915430 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even from a young age, modern soccer requires high levels of physical fitness development, particularly jumping and sprinting. Plyometric jump training (PJT), combined with young athletes' regular soccer sessions, has the potential to improve jumping and sprinting. However, studies exploring the effects of PJT are generally limited by small sample sizes. This problem of underpowered studies may, thus, be resolved by pooling study results in a meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was to assess the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on jumping and sprinting among young male soccer players. METHODS The SRMA included peer-reviewed articles that incorporated PJT in healthy players (i.e., < 23 years of age), a control group, and a measure of jumping or sprinting. Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to Hedges' g effect sizes (ES), using the inverse variance random-effects model. Moderator analyses were conducted for PJT duration, frequency, total number of sessions, participants' chronological age, and FIFA age categories (i.e., U-17 vs. U-20 vs. U-23). A multivariate random-effects meta-regression was also conducted. RESULTS Thirty-three studies were included, comprising 1499 participants. PJT improved vertical jump tests (ES = 0.60-0.98; all p < 0.01) and linear sprint performance (ES = 0.60-0.98; p < 0.03). Interventions of > 7 weeks and > 14 PJT sessions induced greater effects compared to PJT with ≤ 7 weeks and ≤ 14 total sessions on 10-m sprint performance (between group p = 0.038). CONCLUSION PJT is effective in improving jumping and sprinting performance among young male soccer players. Greater 10-m linear sprinting improvements were noted after interventions > 7-week duration and > 14 sessions, suggesting a greater return from exposure to longer PJT interventions, partially in support for the adoption of a long-term approach to athletic development in young athletes. However, with reference to the findings of the meta-regression, and those from the remaining subgroup and single factors analysis, a robust confirmation regarding the moderator role of participant's age or PJT configuration effects on young soccer player's fitness qualities needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.,Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Padrón-Cabo A, Lorenzo-Martínez M, Pérez-Ferreirós A, Costa PB, Rey E. Effects of Plyometric Training with Agility Ladder on Physical Fitness in Youth Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:896-904. [PMID: 33592641 DOI: 10.1055/a-1308-3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of plyometric training with an agility ladder on components of physical fitness in youth soccer players. A total of twenty male under-13 soccer players were randomly assigned to a plyometric training group with an agility ladder (n=10) or a control group (n=10). Before and after training intervention linear sprint test (5 m, 10 m, 20 m), vertical jump ability (squat jump, countermovement jump and countermovement jump with arms), agility test, and slalom dribble test were assessed. The plyometric training with agility ladder was applied two times per week over six weeks. Data were analyzed using linear mixed model. The plyometric training group showed significant improvements (p<0.001) from pre-test to post-test in countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arms, and slalom dribble test. In the control group, no significant enhancements were obtained in all performance tests (p>0.05). The between-group analysis showed significant differences in countermovement jump with arms (p=0.03), but no significant differences (p>0.05) were found in squat jump, countermovement jump, sprint, agility test, and slalom dribble test. In conclusion, the short-term plyometric training with agility ladder seems to be ineffective and not time-efficient to improve physical fitness in youth soccer players. However, the interpretation of these results must be understood within the sample size limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Padrón-Cabo
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo B Costa
- Department of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, CA, Fullerton, United States
| | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Nicholson B, Dinsdale A, Jones B, Till K. The Training of Short Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2020; 51:1179-1207. [PMID: 33245512 PMCID: PMC8124057 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Short-sprint (≤ 20 m) performance is an important quality for success in the football codes. Therefore, developing an evidence base for understanding training methods to enhance short-sprint performance is key for practitioners. However, current systematic reviews are limited by (1) a lack of focus on football code athletes, (2) a lack of consideration of all training modalities and (3) a failure to account for the normal training practices undertaken by intervention groups within their analysis. Therefore, this review aimed to (1) conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature evaluating training interventions upon short-sprint performance within football code athletes, (2) undertake a meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of change of sport-sprint performance following training interventions and (3) identify how moderator variables affect the training response. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to establish standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals. This identified the magnitude and direction of the individual training effects of intervention subgroups (primary, secondary, combined-specific, tertiary and combined training methods) on short-sprint performance while considering moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season). Results 121 studies met the inclusion criteria, totalling 3419 athletes. Significant improvements (small-large) were found between pre- and post-training in short-sprint performance for the combined, secondary, tertiary and combined-specific training methods. No significant effect was found for primary or sport only training. No individual mode was found to be the most effective. Between-subgroup analysis identified that football code, age, playing standard and phase of season all moderated the overall magnitude of training effects. Conclusions This review provides the largest systematic review and meta-analysis of short-sprint performance development methods and the only one to assess football code athletes exclusively. Practitioners can apply combined, secondary and tertiary training methods to improve short-sprint performance within football code athletes. The application of sport only and primary methods does not appear to improve short-sprint performance. Regardless of the population characteristics, short-sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either or both the magnitude and the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action. Trial Registration OSF registration https://osf.io/kshqn/. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-020-01372-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Nicholson
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Room G08, Cavendish Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Leeds, UK.
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.
| | - Alex Dinsdale
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Room G08, Cavendish Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Room G08, Cavendish Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Room G08, Cavendish Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
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Lee H, Joo CH. Differences in physical fitness after an 8-week preseason training among elite football players aged 17-19 years. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:442-449. [PMID: 33178646 PMCID: PMC7609845 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040598.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There may be an optimal period of time to maximize the improvement of physical fitness during adolescence. The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude of changes in physical fitness after 8 weeks of preseason training according to chronological ages after the age at peak high velocity. Thirty male young football players from an elite football team (U-16, n=10; U-17, n=10; U-18, n=10) participated in the study. The players completed an 8-week general preseason football training and participated in the pre- and posttests to measure physical fitness. The 8-week preseason training improved the power of all young players (P<0.05). The 20-m sprint performance was improved by training in U-16 and U-18 (P<0.05), but no changes were found in the U-17 group (P>0.05). Significant differences were found in the arrowhead left in U-16 and U-18 (P<0.05) after training; however, no difference was observed in U-17 (P>0.05). Coordination was enhanced further in U-16 and U-17 (P<0.05) compared with that in U-18 (P>0.05). The performance of repeated sprints and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) were similar between pre- and posttraining in all age groups (P>0.05). Collectively, the results emphasized the importance of systematic and scientific training methods to improve the fitness levels of young football players in the preseason training period. Moreover, training to improve coordination in young football players is effective at younger ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwa Joo
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Nobari H, Tubagi Polito LF, Clemente FM, Pérez-Gómez J, Ahmadi M, Garcia-Gordillo MÁ, Silva AF, Adsuar JC. Relationships Between Training Workload Parameters with Variations in Anaerobic Power and Change of Direction Status in Elite Youth Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217934. [PMID: 33138002 PMCID: PMC7662225 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the relationships between training workload (WL) parameters with variations in anaerobic power and change of direction (COD) in under-16 soccer players. Twenty-three elite players under 16 years were daily monitored for their WL across 20 weeks during the competition soccer season. Additionally, players were assessed three times for anthropometric, body composition, COD, and anaerobic power. A correlational analysis between the mean differences between assessments and accumulated WL parameters were conducted. Moreover, a regression analysis was executed to explain the variations in the percentage of change in fitness levels considering the accumulated WL parameters and peak height velocity. The accumulated daily loads during one week showed a large and a moderate correlation with peak power and COD at different periods of the season. Regression analysis showed no significant predictions for COD (F(12, 10) = 1.2, p = 0.41) prediction, acute load (F(12, 10) = 0.63, p = 0.78), or chronic load (F(12, 10) = 0.59, p = 0.81). In conclusion, it may be assumed that the values of the chronic workload and the accumulated training monotony can be used to better explain the physical capacities of young soccer players, suggesting the importance of psychophysiological instruments to identify the effects of the training process in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-7344, Iran;
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan 81887-78473, Iran
- Correspondence:
| | - Luis Felipe Tubagi Polito
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, Av. Vital Brasil, São Paulo 03321-001, Brazil;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- Health, Economy, Motricity, and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (J.C.A.)
| | - Mina Ahmadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-7344, Iran;
| | | | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
- Núcleo de Investigação (N2i), Polytechnic Institute of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jose Carmelo Adsuar
- Health, Economy, Motricity, and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (J.C.A.)
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Drury B, Green T, Ramirez-Campillo R, Moran J. Influence of Maturation Status on Eccentric Hamstring Strength Improvements in Youth Male Soccer Players After the Nordic Hamstring Exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:990-996. [PMID: 32188789 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the effects of a 6-week Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) program in youth male soccer players of less mature (pre-peak height velocity [PHV]) or more mature (mid/post-PHV) status. METHODS Forty-eight participants were separated into pre-PHV (11.0 [0.9] y) or mid/post-PHV (13.9 [1.1]) groups and further divided into experimental (EXP) and control groups with eccentric hamstring strength assessed (NordBord) both before and after the training program. Participants in the EXP groups completed a periodized NHE program performed once or twice weekly over a 6-week period. RESULTS The NHE program resulted in moderate and small increases in relative eccentric hamstring strength (in newtons per kilogram) in the pre-PHV EXP (d = 0.83 [0.03-1.68]) and mid-PHV EXP (d = 0.53 [-0.06 to 1.12]) groups, respectively. Moderate increases in the same measure were also seen in the between-groups analyses in the pre-PHV (d = 1.03 [0.23-1.84]) and mid-PHV (d = 0.87 [0.22-1.51]) groups, with a greater effect observed in the former. CONCLUSION The results from this study demonstrate that a 6-week NHE program can improve eccentric hamstring strength in male youth soccer players, with less-mature players achieving mostly greater benefits. The findings from this study can aid in the training prescription of NHE in youth male soccer players.
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Kinetic and Kinematic Changes in Vertical Jump in Prepubescent Girls After 10 Weeks of Plyometric Training. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2020; 32:81-88. [PMID: 31958772 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of a 10-week plyometric training (PT) on the kinematic and kinetic properties of prepubescent girls during squat jump, countermovement jump, and drop jumps. METHODS Twenty-four untrained girls (aged 9-11 y) were assigned to a training group (TG) and a control group. The TG followed twice a week PT for 10 weeks. Squat jump, countermovement jump, and drop jumps performed from heights of 20, 35, and 50 cm were tested before and after PT. Jump height, kinematic, and kinetic parameters were evaluated using a motion analysis system and a force plate. RESULTS Jumping height in all jump types increased significantly after PT for the TG (P < .001). After training, the TG presented increased power (P < .001) and knee angular velocity (P < .001), higher knee flexion at the deepest point during the braking phase (P < .001), longer contact time (P < .001), and unchanged stiffness and reaction strength index (P > .05). No differences were observed in the control group (P > .05). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that a 10-week PT positively affected jumping performance in prepubescent girls who improved their drop jump performance after training not by adopting a stiff/bouncing jumping style of short contact time and increased stiffness, but a compliant/absorbing style of prolonged contact time.
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Peres CDS, Gava RP, Yoshida NM, Correa JCM, Scudeller LB, Seixas GF, Silva CC, Garbelini CCD, Ramos SDP. Could regular practice of volleyball modulate salivary secretory immunity in children? Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tottori N, Fujita S. Effects of Plyometric Training on Sprint Running Performance in Boys Aged 9-12 Years. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7100219. [PMID: 31658656 PMCID: PMC6836236 DOI: 10.3390/sports7100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skilled sprinting is fundamental in many sports, especially to improve athletic performance in youth. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effect of plyometric training on sprint performance in boys aged 9-12 years. Twenty boys were divided into a plyometric training group (n = 9) and a control training group (n = 11). In both groups, participants performed respective training programs once per week for 8 weeks with measurements at baseline and post-intervention. Sprint performance was assessed by 50-m sprint time, sprint velocity, step frequency and step length at 10-m intervals. Jumping performance was assessed using horizontal, vertical and rebound jumps. The plyometric training group showed an improved sprint velocity at 20-30 m, 30-40 m and 40-50 m, and step length at 0-10 m, 20-30 m and 30-40 m (p < 0.05). Furthermore, only the plyometric group showed an increased standing long jump distance and rebound jump performance (p < 0.05). The control group did not show any significant changes in any variable. Our findings suggest that plyometric training in pre-adolescent boys improves sprint velocity and step length at the maximum velocity phase concomitant with increased horizontal and rebound jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Tottori
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
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Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Performance of Young Male Soccer Players: Potential Effects of Different Drop Jump Heights. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:306-313. [PMID: 30736711 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2018-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of plyometric drop jump (DJ) training against those induced by regular soccer training and assess the transference effect coefficient (TEC) of DJs ("trained exercises") performed from 20- (DJ20) and 40-cm (DJ40) height boxes with respect to different physical qualities (jumping, linear and change of direction speed, kicking, endurance, and maximal strength) in youth male soccer players. METHODS Participants were randomly divided into a control group (n = 20; age: 13.5 [1.9] y) and a DJ training group (n = 19; age: 13.2 [1.8] y), and trained for 7 weeks. A 2-way analysis of variance for repeated measures with the within-subject factor time (preintervention and postintervention) and between-subject factor group (intervention vs control) was performed. To calculate the TECs between the trained exercises (DJ20 and DJ40) and the physical tests, the ratio between the "result gains" (effect size [ES]) in the analyzed physical qualities and the result gains in the trained exercises were calculated. The TECs were only calculated for variables presenting an ES ≥ 0.2. RESULTS Significant improvements (ES = 0.21-0.46; P < .05) were observed in the DJ training group, except in linear sprint performance. The control group improved only the maximal strength (ES = 0.28; P < .05). Significant differences were observed in all variables (ES = 0.20-0.55; P < .05) in favor of the DJ training group, except for maximal strength (group × time interaction). CONCLUSIONS A plyometric training scheme based on DJs was able to significantly improve the physical performance of youth male soccer players. Overall, greater TECs were observed for DJ40 (0.58-1.28) than DJ20 (0.55-1.21).
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Romero C, Ramirez-Campillo R, Alvarez C, Moran J, Slimani M, Gonzalez J, Banzer WE. Effects of Maturation on Physical Fitness Adaptations to Plyometric Jump Training in Youth Females. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:2870-2877. [PMID: 31373976 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Romero, C, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Alvarez, C, Moran, J, Slimani, M, Gonzalez, J, and Banzer, WE. Effects of maturation on physical fitness adaptations to plyometric jump training in youth females. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of maturation on physical fitness adaptations to plyometric jump training (PJT) in youth females. Jumping, sprinting, change of direction speed, endurance, and maximal strength were measured pre-post 6 weeks of PJT in 7th- and 10th-grade subjects. In the seventh grade, subjects formed a PJT group (Plyo-7, n = 10; age, 12.7 ± 0.6 years; breast maturation stages IV [n = 2], III [n = 7], and II [n = 1]) and an active control group (Con-7, n = 9; age, 12.8 ± 0.6 years; breast maturation stages IV [n = 2], III [n = 6], and II [n = 1]). In the 10th grade, subjects conformed a PJT group (Plyo-10, n = 9; age, 16.3 ± 0.5 years; breast maturation stages V [n = 5] and IV [n = 4]) and an active control group (Con-10, n = 9; age, 16.2 ± 0.5 years; breast maturation stages V [n = 5] and IV [n = 4]). Magnitude-based inferences were used for data analysis, with effect sizes (ESs) interpreted as <0.2 = trivial; 0.2-0.6 = small; 0.6-1.2 = moderate; 1.2-2.0 = large; and 2.0-4.0 = very large. The Plyo-7 and Plyo-10 showed meaningful improvements in all physical fitness measures (ES = 0.21-2.22), while Con-7 and Con-10 showed only trivial changes. The Plyo-7 and Plyo-10 showed meaningful (ES = 0.16-2.22) greater improvements in all physical fitness measures when compared with their control counterparts. The Plyo-10 showed meaningful greater improvements in 20-m sprint, 2-km running time trial, maximal strength, squat jump, and drop jump from 20 cm (ES = 0.21-0.42) when compared with Plyo-7. In conclusion, PJT is effective in improving physical fitness in younger and older female youths. However, greater adaptations were observed in more mature subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Romero
- Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Laboratory of Human Performance, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Laboratory of Human Performance, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Cristian Alvarez
- Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Laboratory of Human Performance, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Gafsa, Gafsa University, Tunisia
| | - Javier Gonzalez
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Winfried E Banzer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Standing R, Maulder P. The Effectiveness of Progressive and Traditional Coaching Strategies to Improve Sprint and Jump Performance Across Varying Levels of Maturation within a General Youth Population. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7080186. [PMID: 31366104 PMCID: PMC6723898 DOI: 10.3390/sports7080186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature pertaining to youth development has identified the importance of understanding the physical, intellectual and emotional needs of adolescents prior to, during, and after their peak height velocity (PHV) period. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of a ‘traditional’ and ‘progressive’ coaching style to train a general male youth population to improve sprint and jump performances whilst assessing enjoyment to comment on long-term application. Maximal sprint times, sprint kinematics, unilateral jump distances and repetitive tuck jump scores were measured alongside anthropometric variables to characterise performance. The results revealed significant (p < 0.05) pre/post differences in anthropometric variables across all maturation groups, and each of the maturational levels displayed a tendency to favor a particular coaching or control condition. Pre-PHV groups responded most effectively to the progressive style of coaching, displaying improvements in horizontal jump performances, and −0.7% to −2.7% improvements in all sprint times, despite also showing the largest increase in tuck jump scores (25.8%). The circa-PHV group produced their greatest improvements in the traditional intervention, as displayed through significant improvements (p < 0.05) in 20-m sprint times and dominant-leg horizontal jump performance, whilst also revealing the greatest deterioration in tuck jump scores (14.2%). Post-PHV displayed the greatest improvements in the control setting, suggesting that the natural benefits gained through adolescent development were greater than the influence of the training interventions. In conclusion, the results suggest that matching coaching strategies and delivery techniques to the period of biological maturation may have implications for both performance and athlete safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan Standing
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, 3200 Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | - Peter Maulder
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, 3200 Hamilton, New Zealand
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Effect of biological maturation on strength-related adaptations in young soccer players. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219355. [PMID: 31276566 PMCID: PMC6611603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strength training is crucial for soccer players’ long-term development at early ages and the biological maturation may influence specific strength-training adaptations. The aim of this study was to propose a strength-training programme for the strength development of pre-pubertal players and to analyse the adaptations to this training programme in players with different maturity status. One hundred and thirty young male soccer players participated in an 8-week strength-training programme consisting of two sessions per week (20-minutes of a combination of plyometric and resistance exercises) which was conducted prior to their normal soccer training. Three maturity groups were defined according to the years from/to their peak height velocity (PHV) as Pre-, Mid- and Post-PHV. Initial differences between the maturity groups were found in anthropometrical (weight and height) and physical performance variables (One Repetition Maximum (RM), Peak Power output (PP), 30-m sprint and T-test). The strength-training programme was beneficial for the three maturity groups (p< 0.05) with general greater improvements for the Pre- and Mid-PHV groups, with large effects in RM, PP and T-test, than for the Post-PHV group (moderate effects). The strength-training programme proposed in the present study seems to be positive for the strength-related development in young soccer players especially for Pre- and Mid-PHV players. The differences in the training adaptations for players with different maturity status suggest the individualization of the training stimulus for the correct long-term development of the players.
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Alvarez C, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Slimani M, Gentil P, Chelly MS, Shephard RJ. Effects of plyometric jump training on the physical fitness of young male soccer players: Modulation of response by inter-set recovery interval and maturation status. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2645-2652. [PMID: 31159655 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1626049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of plyometric jump training on the physical fitness of male youth (age = 10-17 years) soccer players was examined in relation to inter-set recovery intervals and the maturity of the players in a single-blind, randomized-and controlled crossover trial. Jumping tests and kicking velocities were measured before (T0), after a 6 week control period (T1), after 6 weeks of plyometrics (T2), after 6 weeks of wash-out (T3), and after a further 6 weeks of plyometrics (T4). Subjects were divided into pre- and post- peak-height-velocity (PHV) groups, and were randomly assigned to 30 s or 120 s inter-set intervals during periods T2 and T4. Any changes in jumping and maximum kicking velocities during T1 and T3, had trivial effect sizes (0.01-0.15), but small to moderate improvements (effect size = 0.20-0.99) were observed in both groups during T2 and T4. Gains in pre-PHV players were similar for the two inter-set intervals, but gains in post-PHV players were greater (p < 0.05) with an inter-set recovery of 120 s than with a 30 s recovery. We conclude that plyometric jump training improves the physical fitness of adolescents, irrespective of their maturity, but that in older individuals gains are greater with a longer inter-set recovery interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Laboratory of Human Performance, Universidad de Los Lagos , Osorno , Chile
| | - Cristian Alvarez
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Laboratory of Human Performance, Universidad de Los Lagos , Osorno , Chile
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca , Salamanca , Spain
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, Genoa University , Genoa , Italy
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiania , Brazil
| | - Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) « Sport Performance, Health & Society», High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Manouba University , Manouba , Tunisia
| | - Roy J Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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Ramirez-Campillo R, García-Pinillos F, García-Ramos A, Yanci J, Gentil P, Chaabene H, Granacher U. Effects of Different Plyometric Training Frequencies on Components of Physical Fitness in Amateur Female Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2018; 9:934. [PMID: 30065665 PMCID: PMC6056896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plyometric jump training (PJT) is a frequently used and effective means to improve amateur and elite soccer players' physical fitness. However, it is unresolved how different PJT frequencies per week with equal overall training volume may affect training-induced adaptations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of an in-season 8 week PJT with one session vs. two sessions per week and equal training volume on components of physical fitness in amateur female soccer players. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants (N = 23; age, 21.4 ± 3.2 years) were randomly assigned to a one session PJT per-week (PJT-1, n = 8), two sessions PJT per-week (PJT-2, n = 8) or an active control group (CON, n = 7). Before and after training, participants performed countermovement jumps (CMJ), drop-jumps from a 20-cm drop-height (DJ20), a maximal kicking velocity test (MKV), the 15-m linear sprint-time test, the Meylan test for the assessment of change of direction ability (CoDA), and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery endurance test (Yo-YoIR1). Results revealed significant main effects of time for the CMJ, DJ20, MKV, 15-m sprint, CoDA, and the Yo-YoIR1 (all p < 0.001; d = 0.57–0.83). Significant group × time interactions were observed for the CMJ, DJ20, MKV, 15-m sprint, CoDA, and the Yo-YoIR1 (all p < 0.05; d = 0.36–0.51). Post-hoc analyses showed similar improvements for PJT-1 and PJT-2 groups in CMJ (Δ10.6%, d = 0.37; and Δ10.1%, d = 0.51, respectively), DJ20 (Δ12.9%, d = 0.47; and Δ13.1%, d = 0.54, respectively), MKV (Δ8.6%, d = 0.52; and Δ9.1%, d = 0.47, respectively), 15-m sprint (Δ8.3%, d = 2.25; and Δ9.5%, d = 2.67, respectively), CoDA (Δ7.5%, d = 1.68; and Δ7.4%, d = 1.16, respectively), and YoYoIR1 (Δ10.3%, d = 0.22; and Δ9.9%, d = 0.26, respectively). No significant pre-post changes were found for CON (all p > 0.05; Δ0.5–4.2%, d = 0.03–0.2). In conclusion, higher PJT exposure in terms of session frequency has no extra effects on female soccer players' physical fitness development when jump volume is equated during a short-term (i.e., 8 weeks) training program. From this, it follows that one PJT session per week combined with regular soccer-specific training appears to be sufficient to induce physical fitness improvements in amateur female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Measurement and Assessment in Sport, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educacao Fisica e Danca, Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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