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Williams C, Rauwolf P, Boulter M, Parkinson JA. Closing the Gap: How Psychological Distance Influences Willingness to Engage in Risky COVID Behavior. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:449. [PMID: 38920782 PMCID: PMC11201267 DOI: 10.3390/bs14060449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pandemics, and other risk-related contexts, require dynamic changes in behavior as situations develop. Human behavior is influenced by both explicit (cognitive) and implicit (intuitive) factors. In this study, we used psychological distance as a lens to understand what influences our decision-making with regard to risk in the context of COVID-19. This study was based on the rationale that our relational needs are more concrete to us than the risk of the virus. First, we explored the impact of social-psychological distance on participants' risk perceptions and behavioral willingness. As hypothesized, we found that close social relationships of agents promoted willingness to engage in risky behavior. In the second phase, we tested an intervention designed to increase the concreteness of information about virus transmission as a mechanism to mitigate the bias of social influence. We found that the concreteness intervention resulted in significantly reduced willingness to engage in risky behavior. As such, communications aimed at changing the behavior of citizens during times of increased risk or danger should consider conceptually concrete messaging when communicating complex risk, and hence may provide a valuable tool in promoting health-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceridwen Williams
- Wales Centre for Behaviour Change, Department of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2AS, UK; (C.W.); (P.R.)
| | - Paul Rauwolf
- Wales Centre for Behaviour Change, Department of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2AS, UK; (C.W.); (P.R.)
| | - Matt Boulter
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK;
| | - John A. Parkinson
- Wales Centre for Behaviour Change, Department of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2AS, UK; (C.W.); (P.R.)
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Broadbent S, Buhmann R, Kriel Y, Coetzee S, Jones C, Morris M, Wright HH. Study protocol - assessing parkrun for walking rehabilitation for people living with, and beyond, cancer: acceptability, adherence, social support and physical function. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:88. [PMID: 38641624 PMCID: PMC11027354 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00882-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to a variety of barriers, the majority of cancer survivors do not do enough physical activity to meet current recommendations. This study will assess the feasibility of participation in parkrun walk-run events as a novel mode of community rehabilitation exercise. METHODS This protocol describes a single-arm intervention study with participants acting as their own controls. The study accepts adults diagnosed with any type of cancer, undergoing treatment or in remission. Participants must be able to walk and have medical clearance to exercise. A sample of 100 participants will be recruited across the Sunshine Coast over two years. Data will be collected over 9-months at 4 time points: Baseline (T1); after 4-weeks of usual daily activities and cancer management prior to parkrun participation(T2); after a 6-month parkrun intervention (T3); at 2-month follow-up (T4). The primary objectives are to assess the acceptability of, and adherence to, parkrun as rehabilitation exercise. Secondary outcomes include wellness, health-related quality of life, anxiety, depression, mood, physical function, parkrun metrics, dietary intake, and diet and exercise behaviour. CONCLUSION This study will be the first to examine the long-term effects of parkrun as a cancer rehabilitation modality with regard to physical function, psychosocial outcomes and dietary intake. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12623000473662 registered 09/05/2023.Approved by UniSC Human Research Ethics Committee (A221828) and the UK parkrun Research Board. Original protocol. Authors SB, RB, HHW, MM, YK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Broadbent
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4556, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.
| | - Robert Buhmann
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4556, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Yuri Kriel
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4556, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Sonja Coetzee
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4556, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Christian Jones
- School of Law and Society, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4556, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle Morris
- Sunshine Coast University Private Hospital, 4575, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Hattie H Wright
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4556, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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Blacket CT, Fuller JT, Bennett H, Crozier AJ, Dziano JK, Arnold JB. Just Run: Development of a theory-based motivational online intervention for promoting ongoing running participation. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 71:102581. [PMID: 38061406 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Running is a popular form of physical activity yet discontinuation is common. Interventions targeting physical activity adoption have shown modest effects, often with little translation into long-term participation, which may limit the health benefits available to the wider community. This paper details the development of a new online running intervention (Just Run) aimed at improving continuation of running activity in new runners through a motivational and psychological lens, including aspects of design, content, refinement, and usability testing. A six-step intervention mapping process was used to develop a theory-based online intervention using a mix of research designs. Key stakeholders including runners, coaches and relevant experts in physical activity and behavior change provided valuable insight, feedback and refinement of the education to be delivered. The final Just Run intervention included ten modules delivered online over twelve weeks to promote ongoing running participation through videos, testimonials, and activities. Key themes identified through the literature and stakeholder engagement process related to goal setting, self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, social support and overcoming barriers to running participation. Usability testing confirmed the quality and suitability of the education to the target population. Just Run has been developed with a range of stakeholders to address an area of unmet need in the adoption and promotion of running. Just Run is a robust online intervention that has been designed and pre-tested with positive feedback and unique insights from key stakeholders. Further investigation is required to support its implementation to the wider community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe T Blacket
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia.
| | - Joel T Fuller
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hunter Bennett
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Alyson J Crozier
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Jenelle K Dziano
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John B Arnold
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia
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Cruwys T, Selwyn J, Rathbone JA, Frings D. Discrimination and social identity processes predict impairment and dysfunction among heavy drinkers. Soc Sci Med 2024; 343:116549. [PMID: 38219413 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has linked discrimination to poorer health. Yet health risk behaviours such as heavy alcohol consumption are often targeted with stigmatising public health campaigns. The current study sought to establish the link between experiencing discrimination and health outcomes among heavy drinkers, with a focus on exploring the multiple social identity processes that might underpin this relationship. METHODS A survey was conducted with 282 people who self-reported consuming alcohol above recommended guidelines. We measured discrimination experienced as a drinker, components of social identification as a drinker (centrality, satisfaction, solidarity, homogeneity, and self-stereotyping), and two health outcomes: psychological distress and severity of alcohol use disorder symptomatology. RESULTS Discrimination was a moderate-large predictor of psychological distress and alcohol use disorder symptoms. Three social identity constructs were implicated in the link between discrimination and ill-health: identity centrality and homogeneity positively mediated this relationship while identity satisfaction was a negative mediator. The model explained a large proportion of the variance (39-47%) in health outcomes. DISCUSSION Results are interpreted with an emphasis on the need to avoid stigmatising messaging and to prioritise social identity processes to prevent and treat substance use disorders. We further highlight the need for social identity researchers to consider the multidimensional nature of social identities, especially in the context of stigmatised groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan Cruwys
- School of Medicine and Psychology, The Australian National University, Australia.
| | - Joseph Selwyn
- School of Medicine and Psychology, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - Joanne A Rathbone
- School of Medicine and Psychology, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - Daniel Frings
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, United Kingdom
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Inoue Y, Lock D, Sato M, Aizawa K, Mikura A, Kohno N, Ogasawara E. What explains the well-being benefits of physical activity? A mixed-methods analysis of the roles of participation frequency and social identification. Soc Sci Med 2024; 340:116454. [PMID: 38052118 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical activity in a social setting is said to be associated with well-being because it provides opportunities for participants to form social relationships. However, there are inconsistent findings regarding the well-being benefits of participating in physical activity with others. To address this inconclusive evidence, we draw on the social identity approach to health and well-being to examine whether (a) the frequency of physical activity participation in a social setting and (b) the degree of social identification associated with it, have different relationships with participants' well-being. METHODS We implemented a two-phase, mixed-methods design with members of women's only fitness clubs in Japan. In Study 1, we collected survey responses about social identification, life satisfaction, and eudaimonic well-being from 1118 members. The survey data were combined with respondents' objective participation data from a membership database. In Study 2, we interviewed a sample of club members to understand how the nature of social relationships differed depending on the degree of their social identification. RESULTS Study 1 found that social identification with a fitness club, but not the frequency of attending the club for physical activity, was positively associated with members' well-being. Study 2 revealed that members with high social identification experienced more affective relationships with other members than those with medium or low identification. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides quantitative and qualitative evidence supporting the association between social identification and the well-being benefits of physical activity in a social setting. It confirms the predictions of the social identity approach to health and well-being, demonstrating that people enjoy well-being benefits from physical activity participation when it is internalized as a meaningful definition of self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Inoue
- Sport Policy Unit, Department of People and Performance, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building, All Saints, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom; Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel Lock
- Department of Sport and Event Management, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, United Kingdom
| | - Mikihiro Sato
- Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1206 South Fourth Street Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | | | - Akane Mikura
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai-shi, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan; Japanese Center for Research on Women in Sport, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kohno
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai-shi, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ogasawara
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai-shi, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan; Japanese Center for Research on Women in Sport, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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Ochoa Del-Toro AG, Mitchell-Bennett LA, Machiorlatti M, Robledo CA, Davé AC, Lozoya RN, Reininger BM. Community Exercise Program Participation and Mental Well-Being in the U.S. Texas-Mexico Border Region. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2946. [PMID: 37998438 PMCID: PMC10670961 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11222946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hispanics are disproportionately affected by low rates of physical activity and high rates of chronic diseases. Hispanics generally and Mexican Americans specifically are underrepresented in research on physical activity and its impact on mental well-being. Some community-based interventions have been effective in increasing physical activity among Hispanics. This study examined data from a sample of low-income Hispanic participants in free community exercise classes to characterize the association between self-reported frequency of exercise class attendance, intensity of physical activity, and participant well-being. As part of two cross-sectional samples recruited from a stratified random sample of community exercise classes, 302 participants completed a questionnaire consisting of a modified version of the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ) and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF). Adjusted logistic regression analyses indicated that those who achieve mild, moderate, and strenuous self-reported physical activity have 130% higher odds (p = 0.0422) of positive mental well-being after adjustment for age, frequency of attendance, and self-reported health. This study provides evidence that the intensity of physical activity is associated with flourishing mental well-being among Hispanic adults. The association between physical activity and mental well-being is more pronounced when considering participants engaged in mild levels of physical activity. The study further provides insight into the planning and development of community-based physical activity programming tailored to low-income populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma G. Ochoa Del-Toro
- Division of Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences, Brownsville Regional Campus, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Brownsville, TX 78250, USA (L.A.M.-B.); (A.C.D.); (R.N.L.)
| | - Lisa A. Mitchell-Bennett
- Division of Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences, Brownsville Regional Campus, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Brownsville, TX 78250, USA (L.A.M.-B.); (A.C.D.); (R.N.L.)
| | - Michael Machiorlatti
- Department of Population Health and Biostatistics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Harlingen, TX 78550, USA; (M.M.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Candace A. Robledo
- Department of Population Health and Biostatistics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Harlingen, TX 78550, USA; (M.M.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Amanda C. Davé
- Division of Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences, Brownsville Regional Campus, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Brownsville, TX 78250, USA (L.A.M.-B.); (A.C.D.); (R.N.L.)
| | - Rebecca N. Lozoya
- Division of Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences, Brownsville Regional Campus, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Brownsville, TX 78250, USA (L.A.M.-B.); (A.C.D.); (R.N.L.)
| | - Belinda M. Reininger
- Division of Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences, Brownsville Regional Campus, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Brownsville, TX 78250, USA (L.A.M.-B.); (A.C.D.); (R.N.L.)
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Tippins E, Ysseldyk R, Peneycad C, Anisman H. Believing in science: Linking religious beliefs and identity with vaccination intentions and trust in science during the COVID-19 pandemic. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:1003-1020. [PMID: 37278005 PMCID: PMC10247686 DOI: 10.1177/09636625231174845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence supporting numerous scientific issues (e.g. climate change, vaccinations) many people still doubt the legitimacy of science. Moreover, individuals may be prone to scepticism about scientific findings that misalign with their ideological beliefs and identities. This research investigated whether trust in science (as well as government and media) and COVID-19 vaccination intentions varied as a function of (non)religious group identity, religiosity, religion-science compatibility beliefs, and/or political orientation in two online studies (N = 565) with university students and a Canadian community sample between January and June 2021. In both studies, vaccination intentions and trust in science varied as a function of (non)religious group identity and beliefs. Vaccine hesitancy was further linked to religiosity through a lack of trust in science. Given the ideological divides that the pandemic has exacerbated, this research has implications for informing public health strategies for relaying scientific findings to the public and encouraging vaccine uptake in culturally appropriate ways.
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8
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Relph N, Taylor SL, Christian DL, Dey P, Owen MB. " Couch-to-5k or Couch to Ouch to Couch!?" Who Takes Part in Beginner Runner Programmes in the UK and Is Non-Completion Linked to Musculoskeletal Injury? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6682. [PMID: 37681822 PMCID: PMC10487403 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity has mental and physical health benefits; however, globally, three-quarters of the population do not meet physical activity guidelines. The Couch-to-5k is a beginner runner programme aimed at increasing physical activity. However, this programme lacks an evidence base, and it is unclear who is attracted to the programme; running also has a high rate of musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries. The aims of this study were to identify the characteristics of people taking part and the incidence of MSK injuries as well as exploring the experiences of people who dropped out of a modified 9-week Couch-to-5k programme. A total of 110 runners (average age was 47.1 ± 13.7 years) participated in the study, which involved completion of questionnaires (running experience and footwear information, quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), physical activity level (IPAQ-short form), MSK injury history and knee condition (SNAPPS and KOOS-PS)) at the start, middle and end of the programme and collecting sociodemographic information (age, gender, social economic status, relationship status, education level), as well as body mass index, running experience, footwear information, quality of life, physical activity levels, MSK injuries and knee condition. Fifteen drop-outs were interviewed to explore experiences of the programme. Runners were mainly females (81.8%) with an average age 47.1 years, average body mass index of 28.1 kg.m2, mainly from high socio-economic levels, married and educated to degree level. In total, 64% of the sample had previous running experience and were classified as active. Half the sample self-reported pain/discomfort and 37.2% reported anxiety/depression at the start of the programme via the EQ-5D-5L scale. Self-reported health scores increased (p = 0.047) between baseline (73.1 ± 18.8 out of 100) and at the midpoint (81.2 ± 11.6), but there were no significant differences between any other time points (end point 79.7 ± 17.5, p > 0.05). Twenty-one injuries were reported during the programme (19%). Previous injury increased the risk of new injury (OR 7.56 95% CI from 2.06 to 27.75). Only 27.3% completed the programme. Three themes emerged from interviews; MSK injury, negative emotions linked to non-completion and design of the programme. The Couch-to-5k may not attract diverse inactive populations, but future work with larger sample sizes is needed to substantiate this finding. Dropping out was linked to MSK injury and progressive design, so future programmes should consider including injury prevention advice and more flexible designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Relph
- Faculty of Health, Social Work and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
| | - Sarah L. Taylor
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Danielle L. Christian
- Applied Health Research hub (AHRh), University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Paola Dey
- Faculty of Health, Social Work and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
| | - Michael B. Owen
- Faculty of Health, Social Work and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
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Wierts CM, Beauchamp MR, Priebe CS, Zumbo BD, Rhodes RE, Faulkner G. Predictors of changes in running and smoking identity among individuals in the Run to Quit smoking cessation program. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 67:102431. [PMID: 37665884 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple health behaviour change is a viable strategy to promote health outcomes. An example is the use of running behaviour to support smoking cessation in the group-mediated Run to Quit program. On the basis that changes in running and smoking identity were related to changes in running and smoking behaviour among individuals in the Run to Quit program, the purpose of this study was to extend these findings by examining key predictors of change in both running and smoking identity. METHODS We analyzed data collected from 450 adult individuals (70.67% female, and 92.44% white) during the program evaluation of Run to Quit from 2016 to 2018. Participants completed assessments at week 1 (baseline), week 3 (mid-program), and week 10 (follow-up) of the program. Relevant predictor variables for change in identity were identified by drawing from theory (identity theory, identity control theory, physical activity self-definition model, social identity theory) and past research regarding exercise and smoking identity. Potential predictors of changes in running and smoking identity included changes in behaviour, self-efficacy, perceptions of the social environment (task and social cohesion, descriptive norms), as well as smoking identity and running identity, respectively. Two regression models, using residualized change scores (for each variable) and relative Pratt indices, were constructed for both running and smoking identity. RESULTS Changes in running self-efficacy, running frequency, and individual attractions to the group exercise tasks were significant and meaningful predictors of change in running identity, whereas changes in objectively measured smoking behaviour and running identity were significant and meaningful predictors of change in smoking identity. CONCLUSION Consistent with identity theories and past research, ensuring individuals develop a sense of efficacy and enjoy group exercise tasks both represent viable strategies to enhance exercise identity. Including an exercise component within smoking cessation programs may help individuals replace their existing smoking identity with a healthier exercise identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Wierts
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Mark R Beauchamp
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carly S Priebe
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruno D Zumbo
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guy Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Gilburn AS. New Parkrunners Are Slower and the Attendance Gender Gap Narrowing Making Parkrun More Inclusive. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3602. [PMID: 36834295 PMCID: PMC9959326 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkrun is a weekly mass-participation event. Finishes are recorded, with the resulting database potentially containing important public health information. The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of events that overcome barriers to participation, and to identify changing patterns in the demographics of participants. GLMMs were generated of age-graded performance, gender ratio and age of participants at Scottish parkrun events. Predictor variables included age, gender, participant, runs, date, elevation gain, surface and travelling time to the next nearest venue. There was a decline in the mean performance of participants at events, yet individual performances improved. The gender ratio showed higher male participation with a narrowing gender gap. Events in the most remote parts of Scotland had lower performance and a higher proportion of female participants. Events on slower surfaces had more female participants. Parkrun events are becoming more inclusive, with more females and participants exhibiting low performance. In more remote parts of Scotland, more females participated in parkrun than males, suggesting parkrun has overcome traditional barriers to female participation in sport. Prioritising the creation of events at remote locations and on slower surfaces could increase inclusivity further. General practitioners prescribing parkrun might want to prescribe attendance at slower events for female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre S Gilburn
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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11
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Lifeng X. A HOME-BASED SPORTS TRAINING IN PHYSICAL HEALTH PROMOTION FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Physical education classes in universities have migrated to online teaching aiming to reduce the risk of infection under epidemic prevention and control normalization. However, the impact of home-based physical training on the physical health of university students is not complete because the home-based physical training program could not be adjusted in a timely manner. Objective Analyze the current situation of home-based sports training and its effect on the health of college students. Methods A questionnaire has been employed in order to analyze the current situation of home-based sports training. Sixty individuals were selected, distributed into experimental (n=30) and control group (n=30). The control group was without specific physical training while the experimental group received online monitoring from physical education teachers to perform sports training at home, three times a week, one hour a day, for a total of two months. Pre- and post-training changes were compared by in-person fitness tests. Results were contrasted via Excel and SPSS. Results Home fitness training can be accomplished in many ways, with the virtual physical education class being a primary option. The results of the influence of home-based physical training on changes in physical function of University students are considerable (P < 0.05). Conclusion Through comparison of fitness test results, home-based physical training was found to have a beneficial effect on the physical performance of college students and can be safely replicated in institutions. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies: investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lifeng
- Xi’an University of Posts & Telecommunications, China
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Vowles NS, Daughtrey CL, Jackowski M. Determinants of ongoing participation in a masters-level sport: the impact of internal attributes and experiences with the organization. MANAGING SPORT AND LEISURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23750472.2022.2089205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mick Jackowski
- Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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Peterson B, Withers B, Hawke F, Spink M, Callister R, Chuter V. Outcomes of participation in parkrun, and factors influencing why and how often individuals participate: A systematic review of quantitative studies. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1486-1499. [PMID: 35695484 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2086522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this systematic review was to synthesise peer-reviewed quantitative research of outcomes associated with participation in parkrun. The secondary objective was to synthesise the quantitative research of factors influencing why, and how often, individuals participate in parkrun. Studies were identified via electronic search of Medline, AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Informit, PsychInfo, SportDiscus, and Web of Science, to 30 March 2021. Two reviewers independently assessed methodological quality. Eleven studies (18,203 participants) were included. Limited evidence from pre-post measure single-group prospective studies suggests parkrun participation promotes improvements in fitness, body mass index, physical activity levels, mood, and personal wellbeing. Individuals with non-running backgrounds generally had higher levels of participation. The main motivators to participate were to improve fitness and social interaction. Future attendance was most strongly correlated with historical attendance. There is a small evidence base for improvements in broad measures of physical and mental health from participation in parkrun. In addition, the study found improving physical fitness and social wellbeing were the main self-reported factors for participation in parkrun. Further research is needed to strengthen the knowledge base of the effects of parkrun to determine its efficacy as a health intervention strategy for physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Peterson
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Central Coast Campus, Ourimbah, Australia.,Department of Podiatry, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Blake Withers
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Central Coast Campus, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Fiona Hawke
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Central Coast Campus, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Martin Spink
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Central Coast Campus, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Robin Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, and Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Vivienne Chuter
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Central Coast Campus, Ourimbah, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2560, Australia
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Fransen K, Cruwys T, Haslam C, Iserbyt P, Seghers J, Vanderlinden J, van Uffelen J, Verbaanderd E, Boen F. Leading the way together: a cluster randomised controlled trial of the 5R Shared Leadership Program in older adult walking groups. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:63. [PMID: 35658869 PMCID: PMC9166317 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With a rapidly ageing society, healthy ageing has become a key challenge. Engagement in physical activity, and particularly walking, is a key strategy that contributes to healthy ageing amongst older adults. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a group walking program for older adults that incorporates the 5R Shared Leadership Program (5RS). By implementing a structure of shared leadership and strengthening peer leaders' identity leadership, 5RS aims to cultivate a shared social identity amongst participants, which has in other contexts been associated with greater performance and well-being. METHODS A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted to test the efficacy of the 5RS group walking program on group identification, group cohesion, walking activity, and well-being, compared to a regular group walking program for older adults. Nineteen older adult walking groups (i.e., the clusters; N = 503; Mage = 69.23 years, SD = 6.68) all participated in a 12-week structured group walking program. Nine walking groups (n = 304) were randomly assigned to the intervention in which participants received the 5RS program in addition to regular group walking. RESULTS 5RS was successful in strengthening the identity leadership qualities of the appointed peer leaders. Multilevel regressions showed that 5RS succeeded in increasing group cohesion and walking activity to a greater extent than a regular group walking program, while participants' group identification and well-being increased to a similar extent in both conditions. Furthermore, structural equation modelling revealed that group identification mediated the impact of peer leaders' identity leadership on group cohesion and well-being (but not walking activity). CONCLUSION By harnessing the capacity of the group and its peer leaders, the 5RS program offers a promising intervention to engage older adults in physical activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was retrospectively registered as clinical trial on 9 September 2021 ( NCT05038423 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Fransen
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tegan Cruwys
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Catherine Haslam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Peter Iserbyt
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Seghers
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Vanderlinden
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jannique van Uffelen
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elvire Verbaanderd
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Boen
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Jetten J, Haslam C, von Hippel C, Bentley SV, Cruwys T, Steffens NK, Haslam SA. "Let's get physical" - or social: The role of physical activity versus social group memberships in predicting depression and anxiety over time. J Affect Disord 2022; 306:55-61. [PMID: 35301039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is often promoted as a way to prevent and combat anxiety and depression in adolescents. However, very little research has sought to establish whether the benefits of exercise arise from the excercise itself or from the social context in which it takes place. We explore the hypothesis that it is not physical activity on its own, but rather adolescents' engagement in group life (as part of a sports group or otherwise), that accounts for positive mental health effects associated with physical activity. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a longitudinal study that tracked 558 high-school boys and found that anxiety and depression over time was not predicted by (a) T1 physical fitness as determined by 7 speed and agility tests, or (b) engaging in multiple sports as co-curricular activies at T1. In contrast, multiple group memberships - irrespective of the activity - predicted reduced depression and anxiety over time, particularly when these were groups that adolescents identified with and experienced as compatible with each other. LIMITATIONS Limitations relate to (a) physical fitness only being measured at T1, (b) the absence of a measure of frequency and duration of physical activity, and (c) the homogeneity of the sample. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that group memberships and the social identities that adolescents derive from these groups (including, but not restricted to, those involving sport) function as a psychological resource to reduce anxiety and depression over time.
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Franken R, Bekhuis H, Tolsma J. Running Together: How Sports Partners Keep You Running. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:643150. [PMID: 35368415 PMCID: PMC8966768 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.643150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined how recreational runners benefit from running with others to maintain a consistent training regimen over time. We used data from the ABS project (“Always Keep Active”). Our sample consisted of more than 800 individuals who had registered to participate in the 2019 edition of the 7K or 15K Seven Hills Run (Nijmegen, The Netherlands) for the first time. Taking advantage of this three-wave, individual-level panel data, we found that increases over time in the number of co-runners (of any ability level) are related to increases in the number of weekly running sessions. The probability of turning up at the Seven Hills Run was positively related to the number of equally or less competent co-runners, and to the number with whom respondents also discussed important matters on a frequent basis. Our recreational athletes differed in the extent to which they expressed social motivations to run. However, among these athletes, the positive impact of sports partners on sport outcomes did not depend on the importance of social motives. Our study demonstrates that social networks play an important role in maintaining a consistent training habit and in reaching set goals (i.e., participating in a race).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Franken
- Department of Sociology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Rob Franken
| | - Hidde Bekhuis
- Department of Orthopedagogics: Learning and Development, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jochem Tolsma
- Department of Sociology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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17
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Murray RM, Sabiston CM. Understanding Relationships Between Social Identity, Sport Enjoyment, and Dropout in Adolescent Girl Athletes. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 44:62-66. [PMID: 34808595 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2021-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sport team social environment plays an important role in athletes' experiences, including their enjoyment of sport, and these experiences may influence athletes' decision to continue or dropout of sport. In the current study, enjoyment was examined as a mediator of the relationship between social identity and sport dropout. Adolescent girls (N = 150) who participated on a community sports team completed a questionnaire assessing social identity with their team and enjoyment of sport, and their sport participation status was measured 1 year later. Controlling for age and socioeconomic position, a path model showed that enjoyment mediated the relationship between social identity and sport dropout, bootstrapped unstandardized indirect effect = -0.04, 95% confidence interval [-0.08, -0.01]; p < .01. Fostering social identity with one's sport team may contribute to greater enjoyment of sport and reductions in sport dropout in adolescent girls.
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18
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Challenges to Engaging Older Adults in a Group-Based Walking Intervention: Lessons From the Residents in Action Trial. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 30:788-798. [PMID: 34929662 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This qualitative research explored older adults' perceptions of participating in group-based walking programs set in independent-living retirement village contexts. Semistructured interviews were conducted with a subset of participants from the Residents in Action Trial. Data were analyzed through a combination of deductive and inductive thematic analysis. Findings were interpreted from a social identity perspective. Five themes were identified: (a) varying levels of social cohesion in retirement villages; (b) degree of shared identity between residents; (c) health, mobility, and preferred pace; (d) devotion to spouse; and (e) busy lives. When designing group-based walking interventions in retirement villages, it is important to consider community-level social cohesion and degree of relatedness between village residents. When attempting to build a sense of shared identity and relatedness between group members, researchers and policy makers should consider differing backgrounds, capabilities, schedules, and interests of participants.
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19
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Hargreaves EA, Marsh S, Maddison R. Factors Influencing Men's Experiences and Engagement with the Rugby Fans in Training-New Zealand Pilot Trial: A Healthy Lifestyle Intervention for Men. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1737. [PMID: 34946463 PMCID: PMC8700970 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9121737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Health promotion programs designed specifically to support men to improve their lifestyle behaviours are required to improve men's health. This study explored factors that influenced men's experiences of, and engagement with, the Rugby Fans in Training-New Zealand pilot trial, a professional sport-based healthy lifestyle intervention for overweight men. Thirty-five men (mean age = 45, SD = 10 years) who completed the 12-week intervention participated in one of eight semi-structured focus groups. Using inductive thematic analysis, five themes represented the meanings in the data. First, a group of like-minded men all in the same boat recognised the importance of being in similar life situations and having similar reasons for joining the programme. Second, the men described the importance of the support and motivation provided by the team atmosphere created through the programme. Third, the motivational coach recognised the characteristics, skills and knowledge of the coach delivering the programme which created engagement with it. Fourth, the education sessions were valued for the knowledge gained and underpinning philosophies that guided them. Finally, the involvement of the rugby franchise influenced commitment to the programme and created initial interest. These results provide evidence for the key components that should be incorporated into the future development of and improvement to healthy lifestyle interventions for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Anne Hargreaves
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Marsh
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Ralph Maddison
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.M.); (R.M.)
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia
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20
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Zhong W, Zhang G. Mental Simulation to Promote Exercise Intentions and Behaviors. Front Psychol 2021; 12:589622. [PMID: 34867568 PMCID: PMC8637839 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.589622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental simulation, which employs specific patterns of imagery, can increase the intention to exercise as well as actual engagement in exercise. The present studies explored the effects of mental simulation on the intention to engage in exercise while regulating emotions. The first study confirmed that mental simulation did promote intentions of participants. The second found that video-primed mental simulation was a more effective method of exercise intention promotion than semantic-primed and image-primed mental simulation. In the third study, it was found that combining process-based and outcome-based mental simulations increased exercise intentions. Positive emotions mediated imagery ability and intention to exercise. The final study found that the mental simulation interventions most effective for exercise adherence were those that balanced the valence of process and outcome components in such a way that a challenging process results in a positive outcome, or a smooth process results in a negative outcome. Each of these results has practical implications for exercise interventions that will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitan Zhong
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoli Zhang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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21
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Prosociality and endorsement of liberty: Communal and individual predictors of attitudes towards surveillance technologies. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021; 125:106938. [PMID: 35228773 PMCID: PMC8867059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, digital tracking technologies were recognised as one of the key tools in preventing the spread of the virus and maintaining health security. However, they also raised numerous controversies because of their potential to endanger civil rights and privacy. Most studies on the acceptance of anti-COVID-19 tracking technologies did not include important social factors and did not examine the directionality between variables. We aimed to fill this gap in the present study. Methods We conducted a four-wave, representative longitudinal panel survey among Polish citizens on the relationship between acceptance of anti-COVID-19 tracking technologies and prosociality, national identification, and endorsement of individual liberty. Analyses were performed using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models. Results We observed bidirectional cross-lagged relationships between prosociality and acceptance of anti-COVID 19 tracking technologies, with a stronger path from prosociality to acceptance than the other way around. Endorsement of individual liberty predicted negative attitudes towards technologies and this relation was strengthened by perceived threat of future technological surveillance. We did not find a significant relationship between acceptance of technologies and national identification at the within-subject level. Conclusions This is the first study to analyse dynamic within-person relationships between communal and individual aspects and acceptance of anti-COVID-19 surveillance technologies. We conclude that prosocial attitude may lead to social acceptance of technology that, while helpful to fight with a pandemic, might also infringe on personal rights.
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22
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Stevens M, Fitzpatrick Á, Cruwys T. The effect of descriptive norms and social identification on performance and exertion during a physical fitness task. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:313-323. [PMID: 34618984 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that people's perceptions of the typical physical activity behaviors of others-descriptive norms-shape their own physical activity. However, prior work has primarily used cross-sectional designs, focused on people's physical activity intentions or self-reported overall physical activity, and failed to attend to how the normative referent affects the norm-behavior relationship. In a pre-registered experiment, we manipulated the descriptive norm to explore its effect on perceived exertion during, and objectively assessed performance on, an exercise (running) task. We also measured the strength of participants' social identification as a member of the norm reference group as a potential moderator. Following a baseline trial, participants (N = 78) were either told that their baseline score on the running task was below average (high norm condition) or above average (low norm condition) compared to members of the reference group. Participants in both conditions tended to perform better in Trial 2 than Trial 1. However, participants in the high norm condition improved their performance significantly (2.5 times) more than participants in the low norm condition. Social identification moderated the effect of the norm manipulation on perceived exertion. High identifiers tended to exert themselves less than low identifiers during Trial 2 if they were told they were above average, whereas if told they were below average, high identifiers exerted themselves slightly more than low identifiers. Results provide evidence that descriptive norm messages can improve people's performance on physically demanding tasks, and indicate that descriptive physical activity norms may be more influential when the norm reference group is subjectively meaningful. Opportunities to fruitfully deploy norm messages in applied contexts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevens
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Áine Fitzpatrick
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tegan Cruwys
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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23
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Stevens M, Lieschke J, Cruwys T, Cárdenas D, Platow MJ, Reynolds KJ. Better together: How group-based physical activity protects against depression. Soc Sci Med 2021; 286:114337. [PMID: 34450391 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Against the backdrop of evidence that physical activity can protect against depression, there has been growing interest in the mechanisms through which this relationship operates (e.g., biological adaptations), and the factors that might moderate it (e.g., physical activity intensity). However, no attempt has been made to examine whether, or through what mechanisms, depression-related benefits might arise from belonging to groups that engage in physical activity. Across two studies, we addressed these shortcomings by (a) examining whether engaging in physical activity specifically in the context of sport or exercise groups protects against depression and (b) testing two pathways through which benefits might arise: greater physical activity and reduced loneliness. Study 1 (N = 4549) used data from three waves of a population study of older adults residing in England. Sport or exercise group membership predicted fewer depression symptoms four years later. This relationship was underpinned by sport or exercise group members engaging in physical activity more frequently and feeling less lonely. Clinical depression rates were almost twice as high among non-group members than group members. Study 2 (N = 635) included Australian adults who were members of sport and exercise groups, recruited during the enforced suspension of all group-based sport and exercise due to COVID-19 restrictions. The more sport or exercise groups participants had lost physical access to, the more severe their depression symptoms. Clinical depression rates were over twice as high among those who had lost access to >2 groups compared to those who had lost access to <2 groups. The relationship between number of groups lost and depression symptom severity was mediated by greater loneliness, but not by overall physical activity. Overall, findings suggest that belonging to groups that engage in physical activity can protect against depression, and point to the value of initiatives that aim to promote people's engagement in such groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevens
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Lieschke
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tegan Cruwys
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Diana Cárdenas
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michael J Platow
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Katherine J Reynolds
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Yao L, Lu Y, Zhang Y. CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT LAW OF ADOLESCENTS' PHYSICAL HEALTH EXERCISE BEHAVIOR. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127042021_0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: The generation of individual behavior is closely related to the environment in which it is located and is easily affected by environmental factors. Objective: The thesis takes the social ecology model theory as the starting point, applies the five different levels of influencing factors in the theoretical model to the field of youth physical exercise behavior, and seeks the interrelationship between the various influencing factors. Methods: Using questionnaire surveys, interviews, and other research methods, the paper makes a simple theoretical combing and analysis of the healthy behavior ecology model, seeks the interrelationship between the influencing factors, propose complementary intervention strategies, and promote the development of adolescents’ physical exercise habits through effective ways. Results: The motivation of sports participation, the protection of physical health, family health awareness, economic and educational environment, professional quality of physical education teachers and school exercise environment and community facilities affect the direction of the development of adolescents’ physical exercise behavior. Conclusions: Only by comprehensively considering the relationship between various related factors can we better understand adolescent physical exercise development characteristics, propose complementary intervention strategies, and promote physical exercise habits effectively. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yao
- Shangrao Normal University, China; Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
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25
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Chivunze E, Burgess TL, Carson F, Buchholtz K. Motivation and Behaviour Change in Parkrun Participants in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8102. [PMID: 34360395 PMCID: PMC8345466 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mass participation events are promoted in South Africa as a positive public health initiative. Parkrun has grown to be one of the most popular. The present study identifies the motives of residents in the Western Cape Province to join parkrun and how their involvement influences future physical activity levels. Participants (N = 1787) completed a survey consisting of demographic history, parkrun participation history, motivations for participation, and physical activity-related behaviour changes associated with parkrun participation. The majority of participants were female (n = 952) and over 50 years of age (median = 50; IQR = 38-59). Along with health-related benefits, the provision of a safe and organised event was reported as a key motive to participate. The social connectedness developed by parkrun encouraged continued participation and promoted uptake of more physical activity. Close to half the participants reported increases in physical activity levels after joining parkrun, which demonstrates the benefit obtained from participation in structured mass participation events. With the large diversity in socioeconomic status in South Africa related to physical activity levels, parkrun provides a protected and engaging environment that provides opportunity for increased physical activity and potentially reducing the burden on the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Chivunze
- Division of Physiotherapy, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa; (E.C.); (T.L.B.)
| | - Theresa L. Burgess
- Division of Physiotherapy, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa; (E.C.); (T.L.B.)
- Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Fraser Carson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Kim Buchholtz
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg;
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Kislyakov PA, Shmeleva EA. Prosocial Orientation of Russians During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Caring for Others and Yourself. Front Psychol 2021; 12:629467. [PMID: 34305706 PMCID: PMC8295751 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.629467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the potentially devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to identify psychosocial and moral resources. The care, preservation, protection, and well-being of social communities are attributes of prosocial behavior that can be such a resource. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of prosocial orientation of Russian youth during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to identify strategies for prosocial behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of 447 people. The study was conducted in May 2020 in the form of an online survey of subjects using Google Forms ("Moral Foundations Questionnaire method" and "Portrait Values Questionnaire"). The research made it possible to establish that Russians were dominated by norms of care, fairness, purity; values of benevolence-universalism, security, and self-direction. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prosocial orientation of Russians may manifest itself in the following behavioral strategies: proactive prosocial strategy of "caring for others" (true altruism, expressed in forms of volunteering, helping a stranger, and charity despite the risk of contracting a coronavirus infection); egoistic strategy of prosocial behavior "self-care through caring for others" (volunteering based on self-development; helping a stranger to improve your own psychological well-being); conventional prosocial strategy "self-care" (self-isolation and preventive behavior). In the long run, it is necessary to identify personal and environmental resources that allowed people to effectively implement a prosocial self-isolation strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as various forms of volunteerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Kislyakov
- Department of Psychology, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia
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Stevens M, Cruwys T, Haslam C, Wang V. Social group memberships, physical activity, and physical health following retirement: A six-year follow-up from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Br J Health Psychol 2021; 26:505-524. [PMID: 33403782 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether belonging to more social groups supports people to be physically active following retirement and confers physical health benefits as a result. DESIGN A longitudinal design was used, drawing on data spanning an eight-year period from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. METHODS In a population sample of retirees (N = 243), mediation models were used to examine relationships between number of post-retirement group memberships, subsequent post-retirement physical activity, and subsequent physical health. RESULTS Belonging to a greater number of social groups predicted greater physical activity following retirement. More group memberships also consistently predicted both subjective and objective indicators of greater physical health via greater physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Supporting people to maintain - and ideally increase - their group memberships in retirement may have benefits for their engagement in physical activity and long-term physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevens
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tegan Cruwys
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Catherine Haslam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Valerie Wang
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Grunseit AC, Richards J, Reece L, Bauman A, Merom D. Evidence on the reach and impact of the social physical activity phenomenon parkrun: A scoping review. Prev Med Rep 2020; 20:101231. [PMID: 33294310 PMCID: PMC7691179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
parkrun research shows health value and a model which suits participants. parkrun engages traditionally under-represented populations in physical activity. parkrun participation has a dose–response relationship with improved fitness. Future research should examine discontinuing participants and non-participants.
The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping review of parkrun literature for evidence of its reach, health impact and appeal whilst identifying gaps for future research. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Six databases were searched according to search terms set a priori. Empirical studies of any design were included if they provided data on participation in, or benefits of, parkrun and were in English. Two authors conducted the searches independently and screened results by title and abstract, followed by full text reviews. A total of 235 records were screened and 15 studies were eligible; 12 were conducted in the UK and three in Australia. Seven were qualitative interview studies, six were quantitative, and two used mixed methods. parkrun reaches groups traditionally underrepresented in other organised sports or physical activity such as women, the insufficiently active and those aged over 35 years. Participants showed sustained improvements in fitness, physical activity levels, and body mass index with a dose–response effect with participation frequency. Qualitative data shows parkrun’s location in pleasant environments with opportunities for informal social interaction engages priority groups such as individuals with mental health issues, women and children. The small evidence base suggests parkrun has good reach, and can positively impact participants’ health and wellbeing. The data, however, are currently UK-centric and gaps in research on non-participants, long term health impacts and operationally relevant factors should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Carolyn Grunseit
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Justin Richards
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Victoria University Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lindsey Reece
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Dafna Merom
- Physical Activity and Health, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, Australia
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Malchrowicz-Mośko E, León-Guereño P, Tapia-Serrano MA, Sánchez-Miguel PA, Waśkiewicz Z. What Encourages Physically Inactive People to Start Running? An Analysis of Motivations to Participate in Parkrun and City Trail in Poland. Front Public Health 2020; 8:581017. [PMID: 33313036 PMCID: PMC7707109 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.581017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the motivations for beginner runners to take part in Parkrun Poznań and City Trail Poznań, Poland, taking into account their socio-demographical variables. A total of 165 (age: 36.33 ± 10.38) inexperienced runners participated in the diagnostic survey and completed the MOMS (Motivations of Marathoner Scale) questionnaire. The sample consisted of 82 men (49.7%) and 83 women (50.3%). The results showed that men were more likely to start running due to competition-related motivations, while the motivations of women were more often related to affiliation, psychological coping, life meaning, and self-esteem. As age increased, the level of motivation due to personal goal achievement, competition, and recognition scales decreased. The Affiliation Scale was especially important for singles who started running, in comparison with runners who were married or in a relationship. These factors should be taken into consideration by event managers and public health specialists. Promoting safe running among people who have no experience with this sport is as important as encouraging them to run. All runners stated that they would like to run a marathon in the future. Moreover, thanks to initiatives such as City Trail and Parkrun, Polish respondents feel motivated to lead an active lifestyle, with an average score of 4.98 on a 7-point Likert scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Eugeniusz Piasecki Academy of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patxi León-Guereño
- Health, Physical Activity and Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Tapia-Serrano
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Teaching Training, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Pedro Antonio Sánchez-Miguel
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Teaching Training, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation of I.M, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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Cruwys T, Stevens M, Greenaway KH. A social identity perspective on COVID-19: Health risk is affected by shared group membership. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 59:584-593. [PMID: 32474966 PMCID: PMC7300663 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the face of a novel infectious disease, changing our collective behaviour is critical to saving lives. One determinant of risk perception and risk behaviour that is often overlooked is the degree to which we share psychological group membership with others. We outline, and summarize supporting evidence for, a theoretical model that articulates the role of shared group membership in attenuating health risk perception and increasing health risk behaviour. We emphasize the importance of attending to these processes in the context of the ongoing response to COVID‐19 and conclude with three recommendations for how group processes can be harnessed to improve this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan Cruwys
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mark Stevens
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Katharine H Greenaway
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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Stevens M, Cruwys T. Membership in Sport or Exercise Groups Predicts Sustained Physical Activity and Longevity in Older Adults Compared to Physically Active Matched Controls. Ann Behav Med 2020; 54:557-566. [DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Physical activity tends to decline in older age, despite being key to health and longevity. Previous investigations have focused on demographic and individual factors that predict sustained physical activity.
Purpose
To examine whether engaging in physical activity in the context of sport or exercise group membership can protect against age-related physical activity decline.
Methods
Drawn from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, participants were members of sport or exercise groups aged 50 and over (N = 2015) as well as nonmember controls, who were matched at baseline for age, sex, and physical activity levels (N = 1881). Longitudinal mixed effects models were used to assess the effect of sport or exercise group membership on physical activity and longevity across a 14-year follow-up.
Results
Members of sport or exercise groups experienced an attenuated decline in both moderate and vigorous physical activity over a 14-year follow-up compared to physically active matched controls. Sport or exercise group members were also less likely to have died at follow-up, an effect that was mediated through sustained physical activity.
Conclusions
Promoting membership in sport and exercise groups may be a beneficial strategy for supporting sustained physical activity and health among older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevens
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tegan Cruwys
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Graupensperger S, Gottschall JS, Benson AJ, Eys M, Hastings B, Evans MB. Perceptions of groupness during fitness classes positively predict recalled perceptions of exertion, enjoyment, and affective valence: An intensive longitudinal investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 8:290-304. [PMID: 31548915 DOI: 10.1037/spy0000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Group contexts such as fitness classes are popular forms of physical activity, and studying them can uncover new ways to promote exercise adherence. Focusing on the potential for group fitness experiences to vary from class-to-class, we examined how exercisers' dynamic perceptions of groupness relate to recalled perceptions of exercise enjoyment, affective valence, and exertion. These outcome variables are in focus because they are theoretically construed to be determinants of physical activity. Using an intensive sampling methodology across a two-week period, 97 adult exercisers (M age = 42.35 years) completed surveys following each fitness class attended (695 unique responses). Using multilevel confirmatory factor analysis, we confirmed a theorized two-factor structure of groupness at both the within-and between-person levels. Multilevel modeling revealed that class-to-class fluctuations in exercisers' perceptions of groupness explained a considerable portion of variance in recalled perceptions of exertion, enjoyment, and affective valence. Specifically, during classes in which exercisers' perceptions of groupness were relatively higher, exercisers reported more recalled enjoyment, affective valence, and exertion. Focusing on how variability in groupness perceptions may influence exercise adherence, these findings demonstrate the value in fitness classes feeling like authentic groups. In studying the dynamic aspects of group evaluations, the current study makes novel advancements to group theories applied to exercise settings. Perhaps most notably, individuals' variations in their cognitive evaluations of fitness groups were closely linked to their affective responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex J Benson
- University of Western Ontario Department of Psychology ,
| | - Mark Eys
- Wilfrid Laurier University Departments of Kinesiology/Physical Education and Psychology,
| | - Bryce Hastings
- Auckland University of Technology Health and Environmental Sciences
| | - M Blair Evans
- Pennsylvania State University Department of Kinesiology, (Senior Author)
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Dingle GA, Haslam C, Best D, Chan G, Staiger PK, Savic M, Beckwith M, Mackenzie J, Bathish R, Lubman DI. Social identity differentiation predicts commitment to sobriety and wellbeing in residents of therapeutic communities. Soc Sci Med 2019; 237:112459. [PMID: 31404883 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Therapeutic communities (TC) for alcohol and other drug treatment rely strongly on social factors as agents of recovery; an approach known as 'community-as-method'. This study adopted a social identity approach in examining the relative strength of participants' recovery group identity and substance using group identity at admission (T1) and after six months (T2) in a TC. OBJECTIVES Were to investigate whether identity differentiation - the extent to which respondents see themselves more as belonging to recovery groups than belonging to substance using groups - (a) is related to individuals' primary substance of concern (i.e., amphetamine type stimulants; alcohol; other drugs), and (b) predicts positive indicators of recovery six months after entering a therapeutic community. METHOD Adults (N = 307) entering one of five Australian therapeutic communities (TC) completed measures of identification (user, recovery), commitment to sobriety, psychological distress, and personal wellbeing. RESULTS Participants' endorsement of the user and recovery identity at T1 and T2 did not differ as a function of primary substance of concern. User identity diminished over the six months while recovery identity remained high, regardless of primary drug category. Identity differentiation measured at T2 accounted for 20-25% variance in commitment to sobriety and wellbeing, after accounting for participant demographics, addiction severity, and T1 identity variables. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of the relative strength of recovery over substance use related identities in supporting recovery indicators and the central role of the TC in supporting this trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A Dingle
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | | | - David Best
- Department of Law and Criminology, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - Gary Chan
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Michael Savic
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Australia; Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Melinda Beckwith
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Australia; Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Jock Mackenzie
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Ramez Bathish
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Australia; Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Dan I Lubman
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Australia; Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
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Stevens M, Rees T, Steffens NK, Haslam SA, Coffee P, Polman R. Leaders' creation of shared identity impacts group members' effort and performance: Evidence from an exercise task. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218984. [PMID: 31295265 PMCID: PMC6622477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that leaders' effectiveness derives in part from their creation of a sense of identity that is shared by members of a group they are attempting to lead (i.e., their identity entrepreneurship). Little is known, however, about the impact of identity entrepreneurship in sport and exercise settings, particularly in relation to its effect on group members' effort and performance. Using a pre-post between subjects experimental design, we examined the effect of leaders' identity entrepreneurship on group members' effort and performance during 5km cycling time trials. Following a baseline session (in which time trials were completed individually), participants (N = 72) were randomly allocated to either a high or low identity entrepreneurship condition, and further randomly divided into groups of five (including a leader who was a confederate). In the subsequent test sessions (which participants attended with their fellow group members), leaders displayed either high or low identity entrepreneurship behaviors. Results indicated that, compared to participants in the low identity entrepreneurship condition, those in the high identity entrepreneurship condition maintained greater effort (maximum heart rate), and demonstrated improved (rather than poorer) performance (average power output in the first 60 seconds of time trials). Examination of pacing showed that the largest increases in participants' average power output occurred in the early stages of their second time trials for those in the high identity entrepreneurship condition only. Results provide causal evidence that leaders who create a shared sense of identity among team members are able to inspire greater participant effort and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevens
- Bournemouth University, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Rees
- Bournemouth University, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management, Poole, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pete Coffee
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Remco Polman
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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