1
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Cho Y, Jeong WY, Hwang S, Na S, Park H, Heo S, Park S, Lim KJ, Shin HS, Son J. Development of a simultaneous analytical method for the dietary exposure determination of β-Carboline alkaloids in foods. Food Chem 2024; 460:140546. [PMID: 39068799 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
As β-carboline (βC) alkaloids, posing potential health risks, are present in a wide variety of foods, determining the exposure degrees of food to these alkaloids from dietary activity is key to ensuring food safety. Here, we developed a rapid and sensitive simultaneous analytical method for six βC alkaloids in food. We optimized the buffered QuEChERS method, which includes a clean-up process through dispersive solid phase extraction, to extract the target compounds from food matrices; then, these compounds were detected via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We established calibration ranges for each target compound and matrix within the range of 0.05-250 μg/kg, and verified linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99) and limit of quantitation (≤1.63 μg/kg). Furthermore, we validated trueness (85.8%-118.8%) and precision (≤18.7%) at three levels within the calibration range, including the lowest and highest concentrations. Finally, we employed the developed method to determine the βC alkaloid contents in 304 samples of 41 food items and dietary exposure of six βC alkaloids resulting from daily intake. Although βC alkaloids were detected in 86.2% of the samples, exposure level to the 41 food items was insufficient to cause toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoeseph Cho
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Yeon Jeong
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Hwang
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunhwan Na
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soohyun Heo
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Saeyeon Park
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Jik Lim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Alkanad M, Hani U, V AH, Ghazwani M, Haider N, Osmani RAM, M D P, Hamsalakshmi, Bhat R. Bitter yet beneficial: The dual role of dietary alkaloids in managing diabetes and enhancing cognitive function. Biofactors 2024; 50:634-673. [PMID: 38169069 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
With the rising prevalence of diabetes and its association with cognitive impairment, interest in the use of dietary alkaloids and other natural products has grown significantly. Understanding how these compounds manage diabetic cognitive dysfunction (DCD) is crucial. This comprehensive review explores the etiology of DCD and the effects of alkaloids in foods and dietary supplements that have been investigated as DCD therapies. Data on how dietary alkaloids like berberine, trigonelline, caffeine, capsaicin, 1-deoxynojirimycin, nuciferine, neferine, aegeline, tetramethylpyrazine, piperine, and others regulate cognition in diabetic disorders were collected from PubMed, Research Gate, Web of Science, Science Direct, and other relevant databases. Dietary alkaloids could improve memory in behavioral models and modulate the mechanisms underlying the cognitive benefits of these compounds, including their effects on glucose metabolism, gut microbiota, vasculopathy, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that dietary alkaloids hold promise for improving cognition in diabetic patients and could open exciting avenues for future research in diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Alkanad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya, India
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Annegowda H V
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya, India
| | - Mohammed Ghazwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazima Haider
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyaz Ali M Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Pandareesh M D
- Center for Research and Innovations, Adichunchanagiri University, BGSIT, Mandya, India
| | - Hamsalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Cauvery College of Pharmacy, Cauvery Group of Institutions, Mysuru, India
| | - Rajeev Bhat
- ERA-Chair in Food By-Products Valorisation Technologies (VALORTECH), Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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3
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Abudumutailifu M, Shang X, Wang L, Zhang M, Kang H, Chen Y, Li L, Ju R, Li B, Ouyang H, Tang X, Li C, Wang L, Wang X, George C, Rudich Y, Zhang R, Chen J. Unveiling the Molecular Characteristics, Origins, and Formation Mechanism of Reduced Nitrogen Organic Compounds in the Urban Atmosphere of Shanghai Using a Versatile Aerosol Concentration Enrichment System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7099-7112. [PMID: 38536960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Reduced nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in aerosols play a crucial role in altering their light-absorption properties, thereby impacting regional haze and climate. Due to the low concentration levels of individual NOCs in the air, the utilization of accurate detection and quantification technologies becomes essential. For the first time, this study investigated the diurnal variation, chemical characteristics, and potential formation pathways of NOCs in urban ambient aerosols in Shanghai using a versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) coupled with HPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The results showed that NOCs accounted over 60% of identified components of urban organic aerosols, with O/N < 3 compounds being the major contributors (>70%). The predominance of the positive ionization mode suggested the prevalence of reduced NOCs. Higher relative intensities and number fractions of NOCs were observed during nighttime, while CHO compounds showed an opposite trend. Notably, a positive correlation between the intensity of NOCs and ammonium during the nighttime was observed, suggesting that the reaction of ammonium to form imines may be a potential pathway for the formation of reduced NOCs during the nighttime. Seven prevalent types of reduced NOCs in autumn and winter were identified and characterized by an enrichment of CH2 long-chain homologues. These NOCs included alkyl, cyclic, and aromatic amides in CHON compounds, as well as heterocyclic or cyclic amines and aniline homologue series in CHN compounds, which were associated with anthropogenic activities and may be capable of forming light-absorbing chromophores or posing harm to human health. The findings highlight the significant contributions of both primary emissions and ammonium chemistry, particularly amination processes, to the pollution of reduced NOCs in Shanghai's atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munila Abudumutailifu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaona Shang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Huihui Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yunqian Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ling Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruiting Ju
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Huiling Ouyang
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xu Tang
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Christian George
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Renhe Zhang
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China
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4
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Herraiz T, Salgado A. Formation, Identification, and Occurrence of the Furan-Containing β-Carboline Flazin Derived from l-Tryptophan and Carbohydrates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6575-6584. [PMID: 38470992 PMCID: PMC10979450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
β-Carbolines (βCs) are bioactive indole alkaloids found in foods and in vivo. This work describes the identification, formation, and occurrence in foods of the βC with a furan moiety flazin (1-[5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl]-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid). Flazin was formed by the reaction of l-tryptophan with 3-deoxyglucosone but not with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Its formation was favored in acidic conditions and heating (70-110 °C). The proposed mechanism of formation occurs through the formation of intermediates 3,4-dihydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (imines), followed by the oxidation to C═O in the carbohydrate chain and aromatization to βC ring with subsequent dehydration steps and cyclization to afford the furan moiety. Flazin is generated in the reactions of tryptophan with carbohydrates. Its formation from fructose was higher than from glucose, whereas sucrose gave flazin under acidic conditions and heating owing to hydrolysis. Flazin was identified in foods by HPLC-MS, and its content was determined by HPLC-fluorescence. It occurred in numerous processed foods, such as tomato products, including crushed tomato puree, fried tomato, ketchup, tomato juices, and jams, but also in soy sauce, beer, balsamic vinegar, fruit juices, dried fruits, fried onions, and honey. Their concentrations ranged from not detected to 22.3 μg/mL, with the highest mean levels found in tomato concentrate (13.9 μg/g) and soy sauce (9.4 μg/mL). Flazin was formed during the heating process, as shown in fresh tomato juice and crushed tomatoes. These results indicate that flazin is widely present in foods and is daily uptaken in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Novais 6, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Antonio Salgado
- Centro
de Espectroscopía de RMN (CERMN), Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Campus Universitario Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km
33.6, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain
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5
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Aoudeh E, Oz E, Oz F. Understanding the heterocyclic aromatic amines: An overview and recent findings. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 110:1-66. [PMID: 38906585 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) constitute a group of highly toxic organic compounds strongly associated with the onset of various types of cancer. This paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for food scientists working towards a better understanding of these compounds including formation, minimizing strategies, analysis, and toxicity as well as addressing existing gaps in the literature. Despite extensive research conducted on these compounds since their discovery, several aspects remain inadequately understood, necessitating further investigation. These include their formation pathways, toxic mechanisms, effective mitigation strategies, and specific health effects on humans. Nonetheless, recent research has yielded promising results, contributing significantly to our understanding of HAAs by proposing new potential formation pathways and innovative strategies for their reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Aoudeh
- Department of Food Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Emel Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Fatih Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye.
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6
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Oz E, Aoudeh E, Murkovic M, Toldra F, Gomez-Zavaglia A, Brennan C, Proestos C, Zeng M, Oz F. Heterocyclic aromatic amines in meat: Formation mechanisms, toxicological implications, occurrence, risk evaluation, and analytical methods. Meat Sci 2023; 205:109312. [PMID: 37625356 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are detrimental substances can develop during the high-temperature cooking of protein-rich foods, such as meat. They are potent mutagens and carcinogens linked to an increased risk of various cancers. HAAs have complex structures with nitrogen-containing aromatic rings and are formed through chemical reactions between amino acids, creatin(in)e, and sugars during cooking. The formation of HAAs is influenced by various factors, such as food type, cooking temperature, time, cooking method, and technique. HAAs exert their toxicity through mechanisms like DNA adduct formation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The research on HAAs is important for public health and food safety, leading to risk assessment and management strategies. It has also led to innovative approaches for reducing HAAs formation during cooking and minimizing related health risks. Understanding HAAs' chemistry and formation is crucial for developing effective ways to prevent their occurrence and protect human health. The current review presents an overview about HAAs, their formation pathways, and the factors influencing their formation. Additionally, it reviews their adverse health effects, occurrence, and the analytical methods used for measuring them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Türkiye
| | - Eyad Aoudeh
- Department of Food Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Türkiye
| | - Michael Murkovic
- Graz University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fidel Toldra
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Gomez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Charles Brennan
- RMIT University, School of Science, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Maomao Zeng
- Jiangnan University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangnan University, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fatih Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Türkiye.
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7
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Herraiz T, Peña A, Salgado A. Identification, Formation, and Occurrence of Perlolyrine: A β-Carboline Alkaloid with a Furan Moiety in Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13451-13461. [PMID: 37651628 PMCID: PMC10510388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
β-Carbolines are naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids found in foods and in vivo. This research reports the identification, characterization, mechanism of formation, and occurrence of perlolyrine (1-(5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole), a β-carboline with a furan moiety. Perlolyrine did not arise from l-tryptophan and hydroxymethylfurfural but from the reaction of l-tryptophan with 3-deoxyglucosone, an intermediate of carbohydrate degradation. The mechanism of formation occurs through 3,4-dihydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid intermediates (imines), followed by the oxidation of C1'-OH to ketoimine and oxidative decarboxylation at C-3, along with dehydration and cyclization to afford the β-carboline with a furan moiety. The formation of perlolyrine was favored in acidic conditions and temperatures in the range of 70-110 °C. Perlolyrine occurred in the reactions of tryptophan with carbohydrates. The formation rate from fructose was much higher than from glucose. Sucrose also gave perlolyrine under acidic conditions and heating. Perlolyrine was identified in many foods by HPLC-MS and analyzed by HPLC-fluorescence. It occurred in many processed foods such as tomato products including tomato puree, fried tomato, ketchups, tomato juices, and jams but also in soy sauce, beer, balsamic vinegar, fruit juices, dried fruits, fried onion, and honey. The concentrations ranged from an undetected amount to 3.5 μg/g with the highest average levels found in tomato concentrate (1.9 μg/g) and soy sauce (1.5 μg/mL). The results show that perlolyrine formed during the heating process of foods. It is concluded that perlolyrine is widely present in foods and it is daily ingested in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición
(ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 6, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Peña
- Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición
(ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 6, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Salgado
- Centro
de Espectroscopía de RMN (CERMN), Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Campus Universitario Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km
33.6, 28805 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Shi L, Cui Z, Liu W. Effect of Chemical Refining on the Reduction of β-Carboline Content in Sesame Seed Oil. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114503. [PMID: 37298977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
β-carbolines (harman and norharman) are potentially mutagenic and have been reported in some vegetable oils. Sesame seed oil is obtained from roasted sesame seeds. During sesame oil processing, roasting is the key procedure to aroma enhancement, in which β-carbolines are produced. Pressed sesame seed oils cover most market share, while leaching solvents are used to extract oils from the pressed sesame cake to improve the utilization of the raw materials. β-carbolines are nonpolar heterocyclic aromatic amines with good solubility in leaching solvents (n-hexane); therefore, the β-carbolines in sesame cake migrated to the leaching sesame seed oil. The refining procedures are indispensable for leaching sesame seed oil, in which some small molecules can be reduced. Thus, the critical aim is to evaluate the changes in β-carboline content during the refining of leaching sesame seed oil and the key process steps for the removal of β-carbolines. In this work, the levels of β-carbolines (harman and norharman) in sesame seed oil during chemical refining processes (degumming, deacidification, bleaching and deodorization) have been determined using solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results indicated that in the entire refining process, the levels of total β-carbolines greatly decreased, and the adsorption decolorization was the most effective process in reducing β-carbolines, which might be related to the adsorbent used in the decolorization process. In addition, the effects of adsorbent type, adsorbent dosage and blended adsorbent on β-carbolines in sesame seed oil during the decolorization process were investigated. It was concluded that oil refining can not only improve the quality of sesame seed oil, but also reduce most of the harmful β-carbolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ziyu Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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9
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Herraiz T. β-Carboline Alkaloids in Soy Sauce and Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase (MAO). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062723. [PMID: 36985694 PMCID: PMC10053526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) oxidizes neurotransmitters and xenobiotic amines, including vasopressor and neurotoxic amines such as the MPTP neurotoxin. Its inhibitors are useful as antidepressants and neuroprotectants. This work shows that diluted soy sauce (1/3) and soy sauce extracts inhibited human MAO-A and -B isozymes in vitro, which were measured with a chromatographic assay to avoid interferences, and it suggests the presence of MAO inhibitors. Chromatographic and spectrometric studies showed the occurrence of the β-carboline alkaloids harman and norharman in soy sauce extracts inhibiting MAO-A. Harman was isolated from soy sauce, and it was a potent and competitive inhibitor of MAO-A (0.4 µM, 44 % inhibition). The concentrations of harman and norharman were determined in commercial soy sauces, reaching 243 and 52 μg/L, respectively. Subsequently, the alkaloids 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (THCA) and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) were identified and analyzed in soy sauces reaching concentrations of 69 and 448 mg/L, respectively. The results show that MTCA was a precursor of harman under oxidative and heating conditions, and soy sauces increased the amount of harman under those conditions. This work shows that soy sauce contains bioactive β-carbolines and constitutes a dietary source of MAO-A and -B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Nováis 6, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Truman P. Commentary: Harmane potentiates nicotine reinforcement through MAO-A inhibition at the dose related to cigarette smoking. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1119538. [PMID: 36825277 PMCID: PMC9941319 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1119538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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11
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Endogenous Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives from Dietary Factors: Neurotoxicity Assessment on a 3D Neurosphere Culture. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217443. [PMID: 36364268 PMCID: PMC9656915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) alkaloids and their derivatives have a structural similarity to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a well-known neurotoxin. THIQs seem to present a broad range of actions in the brain, critically dependent on their catechol moieties and metabolism. These properties make it reasonable to assume that an acute or chronic exposure to some THIQs might lead to neurodegenerative diseases including essential tremor (ET). We developed a method to search for precursor carbonyl compounds produced during the Maillard reaction in overcooked meats to study their reactivity with endogenous amines and identify the reaction products. Then, we predicted in silico their pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties toward the central nervous system. Finally, their possible neurological effects on a novel in vitro 3D neurosphere model were assessed. The obtained data indicate that meat is an alkaloid precursor, and we identified the alkaloid 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol (1-benz-6,7-diol THIQ) as the condensation product of phenylacetaldehyde with dopamine; in silico study of 1-benz-6,7-diol-THIQ reveals modulation of dopamine receptor D1 and D2; and in vitro study of 1-benz-6,7-diol-THIQ for cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induction does not show any difference after 24 h contact for all tested concentrations. To conclude, our in vitro data do not support an eventual neurotoxic effect for 1-benz-6,7-diol-THIQ.
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Application of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection for Non-Polar Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Acridine Derivatives Determination in Pork Loin Roasted in a Roasting Bag. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213385. [DOI: 10.3390/foods11213385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat treatment of meat can lead to the formation of carcinogenic organic compounds. The influence of dried fruits on the formation of non-polar heterocyclic aromatic amines (carbolines) and nitrogen derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (azaarenes) in roasted pork loin was elucidated. Two hundred grams of fruit per 1 kg of meat were used as stuffing. Carbolines, derivatives of pyridoimidazole and pyridoindole, and azaarenes (benzoacridines and dibenzoacridines) were determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The total concentration of six δ-, γ- and α-carbolines in roasted pork loin was 1.3 ng/g. This content decreased by 64%, 58%, and 54% in pork loin stuffed with prunes, apricots, and cranberries, respectively. Concentrations of β-carbolines (harmane and norharmane) increased under the influence of added fruits. The norharmane content increased the most, from 2.2 ng/g in the control sample to 12.3 ng/g in meat prepared with cranberries. The harmane content increased from 1.0 ng/g to 3.6 ng/g in meat with prunes. The total concentration of azaarenes (two benzoacridines and dibenzo[a,c]acridine), which was close to 0.1 ng/g, decreased in dishes with prunes and apricots by 54% and 12%, respectively. Azaarenes were not found in samples of meat stuffed with cranberries.
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13
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Prah A, Gavranić T, Perdih A, Sollner Dolenc M, Mavri J. Computational Insights into β-Carboline Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase A. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196711. [PMID: 36235246 PMCID: PMC9571839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are an important group of enzymes involved in the degradation of neurotransmitters and their imbalanced mode of action may lead to the development of various neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders. In this work, we report the results of an in-depth computational study in which we performed a static and a dynamic analysis of a series of substituted β-carboline natural products, found mainly in roasted coffee and tobacco smoke, that bind to the active site of the MAO-A isoform. By applying molecular docking in conjunction with structure-based pharmacophores and molecular dynamics simulations coupled with dynamic pharmacophores, we extensively investigated the geometric aspects of MAO-A binding. To gain insight into the energetics of binding, we used the linear interaction energy (LIE) method and determined the key anchors that allow productive β-carboline binding to MAO-A. The results presented herein could be applied in the rational structure-based design and optimization of β-carbolines towards preclinical candidates that would target the MAO-A enzyme and would be applicable especially in the treatment of mental disorders such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alja Prah
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Gavranić
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Perdih
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Janez Mavri
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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14
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Sved AF, Weeks JJ, Grace AA, Smith TT, Donny EC. Monoamine oxidase inhibition in cigarette smokers: From preclinical studies to tobacco product regulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:886496. [PMID: 36051642 PMCID: PMC9424897 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.886496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is reduced in cigarette smokers and this may promote the reinforcing actions of nicotine, thereby enhancing the addictive properties of cigarettes. At present, it is unclear how cigarette smoking leads to MAO inhibition, but preclinical studies in rodents show that MAO inhibition increases nicotine self-administration, especially at low doses of nicotine. This effect of MAO inhibition develops slowly, likely due to plasticity of brain monoamine systems; studies relying on acute MAO inhibition are unlikely to replicate what happens with smoking. Given that MAO inhibition may reduce the threshold level at which nicotine becomes reinforcing, it is important to consider this in the context of very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes and potential tobacco product regulation. It is also important to consider how this interaction between MAO inhibition and the reinforcing actions of nicotine may be modified in populations that are particularly vulnerable to nicotine dependence. In the context of these issues, we show that the MAO-inhibiting action of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) is similar in VLNC cigarettes and cigarettes with a standard nicotine content. In addition, we present evidence that in a rodent model of schizophrenia the effect of MAO inhibition to enhance nicotine self-administration is absent, and speculate how this may relate to brain serotonin systems. These issues are relevant to the MAO-inhibiting effect of cigarette smoking and its implications to tobacco product regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F. Sved
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alan F. Sved,
| | - Jillian J. Weeks
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tracy T. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Eric C. Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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15
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Augustin Mihalache O, Dellafiora L, Dall'Asta C. A systematic review of natural toxins occurrence in plant commodities used for plant-based meat alternatives production. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Herraiz T, Peña A, Mateo H, Herraiz M, Salgado A. Formation, Characterization, and Occurrence of β-Carboline Alkaloids Derived from α-Dicarbonyl Compounds and l-Tryptophan. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9143-9153. [PMID: 35819924 PMCID: PMC9335879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
β-Carbolines (βCs) are naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids, whereas α-dicarbonyl compounds are reactive substances generated in foods and in vivo. In this work, l-tryptophan reacted with α-dicarbonyl compounds affording new β-carbolines. Glyoxal afforded 1-hydroxymethyl-β-carboline (HME-βC) and its 3-carboxylic acid, and methylglyoxal afforded 1-(1-hydroxyethyl)-β-carboline (HET-βC) and its 3-carboxylic acid. 3-Deoxyglucosone afforded 1-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline isomers (1a/b), 1-(1,4,5-trihydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline (2), and 1-(1,5-dihydroxypent-3-en-1-yl)-β-carboline (3). The formation of these βCs increased under acidic conditions and with increasing temperature. A mechanism is proposed explaining the conversion of a carbonyl into a hydroxy group based on tautomerism and cyclization to the dihydro-βC-3-COOH intermediates, which were isolated and gave the βCs. These α-dicarbonyl-derived βCs occurred in model reactions of l-tryptophan with fructose or glucose incubated under heating and can be considered as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). They were also present in foods and formed during heating processes. HET-βC appeared in processed foods, reaching up to 309 ng/g, with the highest amount found in dried tomato, fried onion, toasted bread, and Manuka honey. HME-βC was only detected in some foods with lower amounts than HET-βC. HET-βC appeared in foods as a racemic mixture of enantiomers suggesting the same mechanism of formation as the synthetized product. α-Dicarbonyl-derived βCs (HET-βC, HME-βC, and 1a/b-3) occur in foods and food processing and, therefore, they are ingested during diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Instituto
de Ciencia y Tenología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Peña
- Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Instituto
de Ciencia y Tenología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Haroll Mateo
- Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Instituto
de Ciencia y Tenología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Herraiz
- Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Instituto
de Ciencia y Tenología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Salgado
- Centro
de Espectroscopía de RMN (CERMN), Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Campus Universitario Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km
33.6, 28805 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Berlowitz I, Egger K, Cumming P. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition by Plant-Derived β-Carbolines; Implications for the Psychopharmacology of Tobacco and Ayahuasca. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:886408. [PMID: 35600851 PMCID: PMC9121195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.886408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are flavin-containing amine oxidoreductases responsible for metabolism of many biogenic amine molecules in the brain and peripheral tissues. Whereas serotonin is the preferred substrate of MAO-A, phenylethylamine is metabolized by MAO-B, and dopamine and tyramine are nearly ambivalent with respect to the two isozymes. β-Carboline alkaloids such as harmine, harman(e), and norharman(e) are MAO inhibitors present in many plant materials, including foodstuffs, medicinal plants, and intoxicants, notably in tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) and in Banisteriopsis caapi, a vine used in the Amazonian ayahuasca brew. The β-carbolines present in B. caapi may have effects on neurogenesis and intrinsic antidepressant properties, in addition to potentiating the bioavailability of the hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is often present in admixture plants of ayahuasca such as Psychotria viridis. Tobacco also contains physiologically relevant concentrations of β-carbolines, which potentially contribute to its psychopharmacology. However, in both cases, the threshold of MAO inhibition sufficient to interact with biogenic amine neurotransmission remains to be established. An important class of antidepressant medications provoke a complete and irreversible inhibition of MAO-A/B, and such complete inhibition is almost unattainable with reversible and competitive inhibitors such as β-carbolines. However, the preclinical and clinical observations with synthetic MAO inhibitors present a background for obtaining a better understanding of the polypharmacologies of tobacco and ayahuasca. Furthermore, MAO inhibitors of diverse structures are present in a wide variety of medicinal plants, but their pharmacological relevance in many instances remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Berlowitz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ilana Berlowitz,
| | - Klemens Egger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Lee Y, Lee KS, Kim CI, Lee JY, Kwon SO, Park HM. Assessment of dietary exposure to heterocyclic amines based on the Korean total diet study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:429-439. [PMID: 35081318 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2012601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are contaminants in proteinaceous foods produced by cooking at high temperatures. This study was the first assessment of exposure to HCAs using the Korean total diet study. Twelve HCAs were analysed in 1,232 pooled samples using six isotope-labelled internal standards and HPLC-MS/MS. The daily intake of HCAs in the Korean population was estimated based on the concentration of HCAs in the total diet study samples and individual food consumption data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Among HCAs, the intake of β-carbolines, such as harman and norharman, was the highest, followed by the intake of PhIP. The primary sources of HCA intake were meat, fish, shellfish, and beverages, including alcohol. The margin of exposure to PhIP was 2,349,000 at the average level and 373,000 at the 95th percentile in the Korean population. The estimated daily intake of all HCAs in the Korean population was considered safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ki Soo Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Il Kim
- Nutrition Policy & Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yeon Lee
- Nutrition Policy & Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ok Kwon
- Nutrition Policy & Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mee Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Marzo CM, Gambini S, Poletti S, Munari F, Assfalg M, Guzzo F. Inhibition of Human Monoamine Oxidases A and B by Specialized Metabolites Present in Fresh Common Fruits and Vegetables. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030346. [PMID: 35161329 PMCID: PMC8838583 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diets rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with better psychological wellbeing and cognitive functions, although it is unclear which molecules and mechanisms are involved. One potential explanation is the inhibition of monoamine oxidases (MAOs), which have been linked to several neurological disorders. The present study investigated the ability of kiwifruit to inhibit MAO-A and MAO-B, refining an in vitro assay to avoid confounding effects. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were used to select individual kiwifruit metabolites for further analysis. Moreover, extracts of other common fruits and vegetables were screened to identify promising candidate inhibitors. Multiple extracts and compounds inhibited both enzymes, and the selective inhibition of MAO-B by the major kiwifruit specialized metabolite D-(−)-quinic acid was observed. These results suggest that fruits and vegetables contain metabolites that inhibit the activity of MAO-A and -B, offering a potential natural option for the treatment of neurological disorders, in which MAOs are involved.
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20
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Liu W, Yang Z, Shi L, Li Y. Bioactive β-Carbolines Harman and Norharman in Sesame Seed Oils in China. Molecules 2022; 27:402. [PMID: 35056717 PMCID: PMC8780151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-carbolines in our diet, mainly including harman and norharman, are a group of biologically active, naturally occurring plant-derived alkaloids. Fragrant sesame seed oil is one of the most popular flavor edible oils in China. Considering that sesame seeds are roasted at 200-240 °C during the processing of flavor sesame seed oils, it is meaningful to investigate the levels of β-carboline compounds in various sesame seed oils. In this work, the levels of β-carbolines (harman and norharman) in different types of sesame seed oils in China (e.g., pressed fragrant sesame oil, ground fragrant sesame oil) have been determined systematically. The results showed that the levels of total β-carbolines in pressed fragrant sesame oils (700.5~2423.2 μg/kg) were higher than that in ground fragrant sesame oils (660.4~1171.7 μg/kg). Roasting sesame seeds at high temperatures (200-240 °C) led to higher levels of β-carbolines (660~2400 μg/kg) in fragrant sesame seed oils. In addition, the loss of tryptophan might be attributed to the formation of β-carbolines in sesame seeds during the roasting process. In general, fragrant sesame seed oils (pressed fragrant sesame oils, ground fragrant sesame oils) contain higher levels of β-carbolines due to the formation of harman and norharman during the roasting sesame seed process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Y.); (L.S.)
| | - Zhaoyu Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Y.); (L.S.)
| | - Lili Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Y.); (L.S.)
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Safety & Quality of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
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21
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Liu W, Yang Z, Shi L, Cui Z, Li Y. Degradation of β-Carbolines Harman and Norharman in Edible Oils during Heating. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26227018. [PMID: 34834111 PMCID: PMC8623535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-carbolines, mainly including harman and norharman, are a group of naturally occurring, plant-derived alkaloids, and are also considered as nonpolar heterocyclic aromatic amines. Sesame seed oils contain a high level of β-carbolines (harman and norharman). In China, sesame seed oil blends are one of the most popular types of vegetable oils blends, which can be used as cooking oils or frying oils. Thus, it is meaningful to investigate the degradation of β-carbolines (harman and norharman) in sesame seed oil blends as frying oils during heating. In this work, the loss of harman and norharman in different types of sesame seed oil blends have been investigated. The results showed that the degradation of harman and norharman were dependent both on the type of oil blends, heating temperature and time. Harman and norharman were more degraded during heating (150 °C, 180 °C) in oleic acid-rich oil blends compared to polyunsaturated acid-rich oil blends. Mechanistic investigation suggested that the reduction in harman and norharman in oil blends during heating was mainly due to the oxidative degradation reaction between β-carbolines and lipid oxidation products. Therefore, the contents of β-carbolines (harman and norharman) in sesame seed oil blends when used as frying oils and heated can be decreased with prolonged cooking time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Y.); (L.S.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-371-67758022 (W.L.)
| | - Zhaoyu Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Y.); (L.S.); (Z.C.)
| | - Lili Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Y.); (L.S.); (Z.C.)
| | - Ziyu Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.Y.); (L.S.); (Z.C.)
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Safety & Quality of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-371-67758022 (W.L.)
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22
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Śnieżek E, Szumska M, Nowak A, Janoszka B. The effect of onion and garlic on non-polar heterocyclic aromatic amines (α-, β-, γ- and δ-carbolines) formation in pan-fried meat and gravy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:35-51. [PMID: 34732105 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1994155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermal treatment of protein-rich food can lead to the formation of biologically active heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs). One of the methods to learn how to reduce the content as well as the influence of these compounds on heath is the study of factors inhibiting their synthesis. In the current investigation, the effect of onion and garlic on the formation of six possibly carcinogenic non-polar HAAs (α-, γ- and δ-carbolines) and two co-mutagenic β-carbolines (harmane and norharmane) was evaluated by comparing their contents in meat and gravy samples obtained from pan-fried pork dishes prepared in the presence and absence of these vegetables. Carbolines were isolated from food samples by solid phase extraction. The quantitative analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The concentrations of individual compounds in dishes prepared without added vegetables ranged from 0.02 ng g-1 (3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5 H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole; Trp-P-1) to 10.1 ng g-1 of meat (2-amino-9 H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole; AαC). Onion (30 g/100 g of meat) and garlic (15 g/100 g of meat) lowered the total content (in meat and gravy) of the α-, δ- and γ-carbolines in the range from 52% to 87%. In contrast, onion caused an increase in the norharmane concentration both in meat and gravy. The percentage of carbolines in the gravies (assuming that their total content in meat and gravy is 100%) was higher in dishes prepared with onion and garlic than in dishes without these seasonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Śnieżek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szumska
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nowak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Janoszka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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23
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ZHANG CX, XI J, WANG ST, MA YX, WANG XD. Effects of deep fat frying conditions on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in chicken meat. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.67321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun XI
- Henan University of Technology, PR China
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24
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Herraiz T, Vera F. Occurrence, Formation from d-Fructose and 3-Deoxyglucosone, and Activity of the Carbohydrate-Derived β-Carbolines in Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6650-6664. [PMID: 34080840 PMCID: PMC8480784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
β-Carbolines are naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids. In this work, carbohydrate-derived β-carbolines (βCs), 1-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline isomers (1a/b), 1-(1,4,5-trihydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline (2), 1-(1,5-dihydroxypent-3-en-1-yl)-β-carboline (3), and 1-(1,2,3,4,5-pentahydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline (4) were identified and analyzed in commercial foods. The concentrations of βCs 1-4 in foods ranged from undetectable to 11.4 μg/g levels, suggesting their intake in the diet. Processed foods contained higher amounts than fresh or unprocessed foods, and the highest content was found in processed tomato and fruit products, sauces, and baked foods. βCs 1-3 were formed in foods during heating, and 1a/b were the main compounds. The formation of carbohydrate-derived βCs was studied in model reactions of tryptophan and carbohydrates. They formed in reactions of tryptophan with glucose under acidic conditions at temperatures higher than 80 °C. The formation of 1a/b was favored, but 2-3 increased at high temperatures. Noticeably, the βCs 1-3 formed in the reactions of tryptophan with fructose or sucrose, and the formation from fructose was much higher than from glucose. Thus, fructose was the main carbohydrate involved in the formation of 1-3, whereas sucrose gave these βCs after acid hydrolysis. It is shown for the first time that the mechanism of formation of βCs 1-3 occurs from the sugar intermediate 3-deoxyglucosone that reacts with tryptophan affording these carbohydrate-derived βCs. A mechanism of reaction to give βCs 1-3 is proposed that relies on the tautomerism (keto-enediol or enamine-imine) of intermediates involved in the reaction. Carbohydrate βCs 1-4 were assessed as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO), as antioxidants, and for their interaction with DNA. They were not good inhibitors of MAO-A or -B, were poor antioxidants, and did not appreciably interact with DNA.
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Li Z, Cao P, Meng H, Li D, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang S. Long-term exposure to 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline can trigger a potential risk of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125230. [PMID: 33548786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to heterocyclic amines (HCAs) from a wide range of sources, such as protein-rich thermally processed foods, cigarette smoke, contaminated river water, the atmosphere, soil, and forest fire ash. Although the carcinogenic and mutagenic hazards of HCAs have been widely studied, the potential neurotoxicity of these compounds still needs to be further elucidated. Here, we studied the neurotoxicity of the HCA 2-amino-3-methylimidazole[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) in vivo by utilizing a zebrafish model. After 35 days of exposure at 8, 80, and 800 ng/mL, zebrafish exploratory behavior and locomotor activity were significantly inhibited, and light/dark preference behaviors were also disturbed. Moreover, the expression of Parkinson's disease (PD)-related genes and proteins, dopamine-related genes, neuroplasticity-related genes, antioxidant enzyme genes and inflammatory cytokine genes in the zebrafish brain was significantly affected. The numbers of NeuN neurons in the midbrain were decreased in exposed zebrafish, while the numbers of apoptotic cells were increased. In summary, our research suggests that IQ is neurotoxic and significantly associated with PD and that long-term exposure to IQ may contribute to PD risk. This risk may be related to IQ-mediated effects on mitochondrial homeostasis and induction of oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peipei Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huiling Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Oz F, Oz E, Aoudeh E, Abd El-Aty AM, Zeng M, Varzakas T. Is Ultra-High Temperature Processed Milk Safe in Terms of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines? Foods 2021; 10:foods10061247. [PMID: 34072697 PMCID: PMC8227235 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the presence of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in 24 different commercial ultra-high temperature processed (UHT) milk types was investigated. The dry matter and pH values of the samples were also determined. The milk types showed significant differences (p < 0.01) regarding the dry matter, pH values, and individual HAAs and total HAAs. The milk sample dry matter and pH values were in the range of 8.56-13.92% and 6.66-6.91, respectively. The growing up milk samples had the highest dry matter and pH values. While no significant correlation between the total HAAs and dry matter was found, a negative correlation (p < 0.01) between the total HAAs and pH value was determined. Among the tested HAAs, five compounds, (IQx (up to 0.06 ng), IQ (up to 0.10 ng), MeIQx (up to 0.55 ng), MeIQ (up to 1.97 ng), and PhIP (up to 0.39 ng)) were quantified in the samples. The average total HAAs of the samples ranged from 0.13 to 0.67 ng; however, one milk sample (200 mL) contained between 10.10 and 53.35 ng total HAAs. Therefore, it was shown that protein fortification and lactose hydrolysis substantially increased the formation of HAAs in UHT milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey; (E.O.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence: (F.O.); (T.V.); Tel.: +90-442-231-2644 (F.O.); +30-272-104-5279 (T.V.); Fax: +90-442-231-5878 (F.O.)
| | - Emel Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey; (E.O.); (E.A.)
| | - Eyad Aoudeh
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey; (E.O.); (E.A.)
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
- Correspondence: (F.O.); (T.V.); Tel.: +90-442-231-2644 (F.O.); +30-272-104-5279 (T.V.); Fax: +90-442-231-5878 (F.O.)
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Jaka O, Iturria I, van der Toorn M, Hurtado de Mendoza J, Latino DARS, Alzualde A, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Koshibu K. Effects of Natural Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors on Anxiety-Like Behavior in Zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:669370. [PMID: 34079463 PMCID: PMC8165606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.669370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are a valuable class of mitochondrial enzymes with a critical role in neuromodulation. In this study, we investigated the effect of natural MAO inhibitors on novel environment-induced anxiety by using the zebrafish novel tank test (NTT). Because zebrafish spend more time at the bottom of the tank when they are anxious, anxiolytic compounds increase the time zebrafish spend at the top of the tank and vice versa. Using this paradigm, we found that harmane, norharmane, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) induce anxiolytic-like effects in zebrafish, causing them to spend more time at the top of the test tank and less time at the bottom. 2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-naphtoquinone (TMN) induced an interesting mix of both anxiolytic- and anxiogenic-like effects during the first and second halves of the test, respectively. TIQ was unique in having no observable effect on general movement. Similarly, a reference MAO inhibitor clorgyline—but not pargyline—increased the time spent at the top in a concentration-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that the brain bioavailability of these compounds are high based on the ex vivo bioavailability assay and in silico prediction models, which support the notion that the observed effects on anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish were most likely due to the direct effect of these compounds in the brain. This study is the first investigation to demonstrate the anxiolytic-like effects of MAO inhibitors on novel environment-induced anxiety in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Jaka
- Biobide, Gipuzkoa Scientific and Technological Park, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Iñaki Iturria
- Biobide, Gipuzkoa Scientific and Technological Park, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marco van der Toorn
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Diogo A R S Latino
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ainhoa Alzualde
- Biobide, Gipuzkoa Scientific and Technological Park, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Kyoko Koshibu
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Balayssac D. [Relation between tobacco smoking and pain: A narrative review of the scientific literature]. Rev Mal Respir 2021; 38:269-277. [PMID: 33648775 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoking and pain have an intimate, complex, two-way interaction. The purpose of this narrative review of the literature is to present what is currently understood about the relationship. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE Tobacco smoking (and the associated chronic exposure to nicotine) has been defined as a risk factor for chronic pain, involving nociceptive sensitisation. For people who smoke, pain will be both a motivational factor for tobacco consumption and a barrier to tobacco use cessation. Conversely, nicotine (acute exposure) has clearly demonstrated analgesic properties, mediated in particular by activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. PERSPECTIVES The management of pain in people who smoke is still largely unaddressed, and further studies will be needed to develop effective strategies for tobacco use cessation in this context. Nicotine and modulators of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors represent innovative strategies for the discovery of new analgesics. CONCLUSIONS The effects of smoking on pain, chronic nociceptive sensitisation and acute analgesia, serve to maintain tobacco consumption via negative reinforcement. A holistic therapeutic strategy is necessary to maximise the likelihood of successful smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Balayssac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Laboratoire de toxicologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Direction de la recherche clinique et de l'innovation, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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A review on β-carboline alkaloids and their distribution in foodstuffs: A class of potential functional components or not? Food Chem 2021; 348:129067. [PMID: 33548760 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologically active β-carboline alkaloids (βCs) such as harman, norharman and some others are naturally present in plants and occur in many foodstuffs. They have a lot of pharmacological properties, including antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, and possess the potential for treating Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression and other central nervous system diseases. Dietary intake is proven to be an important source of βCs. Therefore, it is important to know the amounts of βCs that can be gotten from daily diets. This review summarizes the pharmacological activities, toxicology and formation of βCs, and gives collective information on contents of βCs in different foodstuffs.
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Stocco MR, Tolledo C, Wadji FB, Gonzalez FJ, Miksys S, Tyndale RF. Human CYP2D6 in the Brain Is Protective Against Harmine-Induced Neurotoxicity: Evidence from Humanized CYP2D6 Transgenic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4608-4621. [PMID: 32761352 PMCID: PMC8865091 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02050-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CYP2D6 metabolically inactivates several neurotoxins, including beta-carbolines, which are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Variation in CYP2D6 within the brain may alter local inactivation of neurotoxic beta-carbolines, thereby influencing neurotoxicity. The beta-carboline harmine, which induces hypothermia and tremor, is metabolized by CYP2D6 to the non-hypothermic/non-tremorgenic harmol. Transgenic mice (TG), expressing human CYP2D6 in addition to their endogenous mouse CYP2D, experience less harmine-induced hypothermia and tremor compared with wild-type mice (WT). We first sought to elucidate the role of CYP2D in general within the brain in harmine-induced hypothermia and tremor severity. A 4-h intracerebroventricular (ICV) pretreatment with the CYP2D inhibitor propranolol increased harmine-induced hypothermia and tremor in TG and increased harmine-induced hypothermia in WT. We next sought to specifically demonstrate that human CYP2D6 expressed in TG brain altered harmine response severity. A 24-h ICV propranolol pretreatment, which selectively and irreversibly inhibits human CYP2D6 in TG brain, increased harmine-induced hypothermia. This 24-h pretreatment had no impact on harmine response in WT, as propranolol is not an irreversible inhibitor of mouse CYP2D in the brain, thus confirming no off-target effects of ICV propranolol pretreatment. Human CYP2D6 activity in TG brain was sufficient in vivo to mitigate harmine-induced neurotoxicity. These findings suggest that human CYP2D6 in the brain is protective against beta-carboline-induced neurotoxicity and that the extensive interindividual variability in CYP2D6 expression in human brain may contribute to variation in susceptibility to certain neurotoxin-associated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlaina R Stocco
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cole Tolledo
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fariba Baghai Wadji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sharon Miksys
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Harris AC, Muelken P, LeSage MG. β-Carbolines found in cigarette smoke elevate intracranial self-stimulation thresholds in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173041. [PMID: 32926882 PMCID: PMC7554228 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Identifying novel constituents that contribute to tobacco addiction is essential for developing more effective treatments and informing FDA regulation of tobacco products. While preclinical data indicate that monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors can have abuse liability or potentiate the addiction-related effects of nicotine, most of these studies have used clinical MAO inhibitors (e.g., tranylcypromine) that are not present in cigarette smoke. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the abuse potential of the β-carbolines harmane, norharmane, and harmine - MAO inhibitors that are found in cigarette smoke - in an intracranial self-simulation (ICSS) model in rats. A secondary goal was to evaluate the ability of norharmane to influence nicotine's acute effects on ICSS. None of the β-carbolines lowered ICSS thresholds at any dose studied when administered alone, suggesting a lack of abuse liability. Rather, all three β-carbolines produced dose-dependent elevations in ICSS thresholds, indicating aversive/anhedonic effects. Harmane and harmine also elevated ICSS response latencies, suggesting a disruption of motor function, albeit with reduced potency compared to their ICSS threshold-elevating effects. Norharmane (2.5 mg/kg) modestly attenuated the effects of nicotine on ICSS thresholds. Our findings indicate that these β-carbolines produced only aversive/anhedonic effects in an ICSS model when administered alone, and that norharmane unexpectedly attenuated nicotines acute effects on ICSS. Future work evaluating the addiction-related effects of nicotine combined with these and other MAO inhibitors present in smoke may be useful for understanding the role of MAO inhibition in tobacco addiction and informing FDA tobacco regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Harris
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
| | - Peter Muelken
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Mark G LeSage
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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Zhang CX, Xi J, Zhao TP, Ma YX, Wang XD. β-carbolines norharman and harman in vegetable oils in China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2020; 13:193-199. [PMID: 32364007 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1759701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The beta-carbolines norharman and harman, two heterocyclic aromatic amines with potential mutagenicity, have been determined in vegetable oils. Identification and analysis were carried out by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). In 88 samples analysed, the concentrations of norharman and harman were < LOD to 336.22 ng/g and < LOD to 505.14 ng/g, respectively. A high variability of norharman and harman levels among different oil types was observed. Sesame-, flaxseed-, sunflower seed-, peanut- and rapeseed oils were most contaminated. Both β-carbolines were most likely formed during roasting of the oilseeds. Oil consumption, especially of oils obtained after roasting of the seeds, was a major dietary source of the β-carbolines norharman and harman. Under existing oil risk factors, this investigation contributes to the unprecedented and essential information for dietary assessments associated with oil consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xia Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Xi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tian-Pei Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue-De Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou, China
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Zawirska-Wojtasiak R, Fedoruk-Wyszomirska A, Piechowska P, Mildner-Szkudlarz S, Bajerska J, Wojtowicz E, Przygoński K, Gurda D, Kubicka W, Wyszko E. β-Carbolines in Experiments on Laboratory Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5245. [PMID: 32722000 PMCID: PMC7432475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies have ascribed a protective effect against neurodegenerative diseases to the β-carbolines harman (H) and norharman (NH), which occur mostly in coffee and coffee substitutes. We determined the concentrations of β-carbolines and undesirable compounds (such as acrylamide) in roasted coffee substitute ingredients and found that chicory coffee was optimal. Two in vivo experiments were conducted with seventeen-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats fed a diet with the addition of pure carboline standards in the first stage, and chicory in the second. We observed an increase in the level of H and NH in blood plasma, as well as higher activity of animals in the battery behavioral test, particularly in the second stage. The results of in vitro studies-particularly the level of the expression in brain tissue of genes associated with aging processes and neurodegenerative diseases-clearly show the benefits of a diet rich in β-carbolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Zawirska-Wojtasiak
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (P.P.); (S.M.-S.); (J.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Fedoruk-Wyszomirska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-794 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.-W.); (D.G.); (W.K.)
| | - Paulina Piechowska
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (P.P.); (S.M.-S.); (J.B.)
| | - Sylwia Mildner-Szkudlarz
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (P.P.); (S.M.-S.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bajerska
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (P.P.); (S.M.-S.); (J.B.)
| | - Elżbieta Wojtowicz
- Department of Food Concentrates and Starch Products, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Starołęcka 40, 61-361 Poznań, Poland; (E.W.); (K.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Przygoński
- Department of Food Concentrates and Starch Products, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Starołęcka 40, 61-361 Poznań, Poland; (E.W.); (K.P.)
| | - Dorota Gurda
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-794 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.-W.); (D.G.); (W.K.)
| | - Wiktoria Kubicka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-794 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.-W.); (D.G.); (W.K.)
| | - Eliza Wyszko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-794 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.-W.); (D.G.); (W.K.)
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34
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Cross SJ, Reynaga DD, Cano M, Belluzzi JD, Zaveri NT, Leslie FM. Differences in mechanisms underlying reinstatement of cigarette smoke extract- and nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropharmacology 2020; 162:107846. [PMID: 31704271 PMCID: PMC7034132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research, current therapies for smoking cessation are largely ineffective at maintaining abstinence for more than a year. Whereas most preclinical studies use nicotine alone, the goal of the present study was to evaluate whether inclusion of non-nicotine tobacco constituents provides better face validity for the development of new pharmacological therapies for smoking cessation. Here, we trained adult male rats to self-administer nicotine alone or cigarette smoke extract (CSE), which contains nicotine and other aqueous constituents of cigarette smoke. After stable self-administration behavior was established, animals underwent extinction training followed by drug and cue primed reinstatement testing. We show that animals that self-administered CSE had significant reinstatement in all drug and drug + cue stimulus conditions whereas animals that self-administered nicotine only showed significant reinstatement in the drug + cue conditions. AT-1001, an α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) functional antagonist, attenuated drug + cue-primed reinstatement of both CSE- and nicotine-seeking behavior. However, AT-1001 was less potent in blocking drug-primed reinstatement in animals that had self-administered CSE than in those that had self-administered nicotine alone. This was the case even when nicotine was used to prime reinstatement in animals that had self-administered CSE, suggesting that prior CSE exposure had altered the functional role of α3β4-containing nAChRs in drug-seeking behavior. These findings confirm the importance of non-nicotine tobacco constituents and α3β4* nAChRs in cue- and nicotine-primed craving. They also suggest that tests using CSE may be more valid models to study tobacco dependence than use of nicotine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cross
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Daisy D Reynaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Cano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James D Belluzzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Frances M Leslie
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Lee Y, Hwang I, Kim H, Youn H, Kim CI, Lee JY, Park HM. Validation of analytical methods for heterocyclic amines in seven food matrices using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:408-420. [PMID: 31825750 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1697829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are potent mutagens generated by the high temperatures of the cooking process. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate analytical methods for HCAs determination using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in seven food matrices: corn oil, milk, 20% ethanol, pork, flat fish, sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida), and radish. Six isotopically labelled internal standards were used for quantitation, and Chem Elut and Oasis hydrphilic-liphophilic balance cartridges were applied for sample preparation to remove interferences. Calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99) in all matrices. The ranges of the method detection limit and method quantitation limit were 0.009-2.35 ng g-1 and 0.025-7.13 ng g-1, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 67.5% to 119.6%. The coefficients of variation ranged from 0.3% to 15.1% for intra-day and ranged from 0.8% to 19.1% for inter-day. The methods were applied to 24 total diet study samples for HCAs quantitation. These results indicate that the established methods are reliable for determining HCAs in various foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inju Hwang
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesol Kim
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeock Youn
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Il Kim
- Nutrition Policy & Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yeon Lee
- Nutrition Policy & Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mee Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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36
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Pham DC, Shibu MA, Mahalakshmi B, Velmurugan BK. Effects of phytochemicals on cellular signaling: reviewing their recent usage approaches. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3522-3546. [PMID: 31822111 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1699014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most of the previous studies in last three decades report evidence of interactions between the different phytochemicals and the proteins involved in signal transduction pathways using in silico, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo analyses. However, extrapolation of these findings for clinical purposes has not been that fruitful. The efficacy of the phytochemicals in vivo studies is limited by parameters such as solubility, metabolic degradation, excretion, etc. Various approaches have now been devised to circumvent these limitations. Recently, chemical modification of the phytochemicals are demonstrated to reduce some of the limitations and improve their efficacy. Similar to traditional medicines several combinatorial phytochemical formulations have shown to be more efficient. Further, phytochemicals have been reported to be even more efficient in the form of nanoparticles. However, systematic evaluation of their efficacy, mode of action in pathway modulation, usage and associated challenges is required to be done. The present review begins with basic understanding of how signaling cascades regulate cellular response and the consequences of their dysregulation further summarizing the developments and problems associated with the dietary phytochemicals and also discuss recent approaches in strengthening these compounds in pharmacological applications. Only context relevant studies have been reviewed. Considering the limitations and scope of the article, authors do not claim inclusion of all the early and recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Chuong Pham
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - M A Shibu
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondria Related Diseases Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - B Mahalakshmi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Bharath Kumar Velmurugan
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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37
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Linghu Z, Karim F, Taghvaei M, Smith JS. Determination of Heterocyclic Amines in Meat Matrices Using Enhanced Matrix Removal‐Lipid Extraction and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Food Sci 2019; 84:1992-2002. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Linghu
- Food Science Inst.Kansas State Univ. 208 Call Hall, 1530 Mid‐Campus Drive North Manhattan KS 66506 U.S.A
| | - Faris Karim
- Food Science Inst.Kansas State Univ. 208 Call Hall, 1530 Mid‐Campus Drive North Manhattan KS 66506 U.S.A
| | - Mostafa Taghvaei
- Food Science Inst.Kansas State Univ. 208 Call Hall, 1530 Mid‐Campus Drive North Manhattan KS 66506 U.S.A
| | - J. Scott Smith
- Food Science Inst.Kansas State Univ. 208 Call Hall, 1530 Mid‐Campus Drive North Manhattan KS 66506 U.S.A
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38
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Xu L, Lao F, Xu Z, Wang X, Chen F, Liao X, Chen A, Yang S. Use of liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and metabolomic approach to discriminate coffee brewed by different methods. Food Chem 2019; 286:106-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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39
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Chattopadhyay M, Chowdhury AR, Feng T, Assenmacher CA, Radaelli E, Guengerich FP, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrially targeted cytochrome P450 2D6 is involved in monomethylamine-induced neuronal damage in mouse models. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10336-10348. [PMID: 31113867 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major human disease associated with degeneration of the central nervous system. Evidence suggests that several endogenously formed 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-mimicking chemicals that are metabolic conversion products, especially β-carbolines and isoquinolines, act as neurotoxins that induce PD or enhance progression of the disease. We have demonstrated previously that mitochondrially targeted human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), supported by mitochondrial adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase, can efficiently catalyze the conversion of MPTP to the toxic 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion. In this study, we show that the mitochondrially targeted CYP2D6 can efficiently catalyze MPTP-mimicking compounds, i.e. 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, and 9-methyl-norharmon, suspected to induce PD in humans. Our results reveal that activity and respiration in mouse brain mitochondrial complex I are significantly affected by these toxins in WT mice but remain unchanged in Cyp2d6 locus knockout mice, indicating a possible role of CYP2D6 in the metabolism of these compounds both in vivo and in vitro These metabolic effects were minimized in the presence of two CYP2D6 inhibitors, quinidine and ajmalicine. Neuro-2a cells stably expressing predominantly mitochondrially targeted CYP2D6 were more sensitive to toxin-mediated respiratory dysfunction and complex I inhibition than cells expressing predominantly endoplasmic reticulum-targeted CYP2D6. Exposure to these toxins also induced the autophagic marker Parkin and the mitochondrial fission marker Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) in differentiated neurons expressing mitochondrial CYP2D6. Our results show that monomethylamines are converted to their toxic cationic form by mitochondrially directed CYP2D6 and result in neuronal degradation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrittika Chattopadhyay
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Anindya Roy Chowdhury
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ting Feng
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- the Department of Pathobiology, MJR-VHUP, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- the Department of Pathobiology, MJR-VHUP, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,
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40
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Piechowska P, Zawirska-Wojtasiak R, Mildner-Szkudlarz S. Bioactive β-Carbolines in Food: A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:E814. [PMID: 30978920 PMCID: PMC6520841 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Harman and norharman, two neuroactive β-carbolines, are present in several plants and in thermally processed foods. They exhibited a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this article, we review the progress of recent research on the presence of these compounds in food, as well as their various biological and neuroactive properties. Our findings strongly suggest that some foods, especially coffee, can act as a rich source of β-carbolines, which may possibly be associated with a reduced risk for serious neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Piechowska
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Renata Zawirska-Wojtasiak
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Mildner-Szkudlarz
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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41
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Hövelmann Y, Lewin L, Hübner F, Humpf HU. Large-Scale Screening of Foods for Glucose-Derived β-Carboline Alkaloids by Stable Isotope Dilution LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3890-3899. [PMID: 30875225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of glucose-derived β-carboline alkaloids tangutorid E (Tan E) and tangutorid F (Tan F) as well as their dehydroxy-derivatives (DH-Tan E/F) was investigated in a broad variety of foodstuffs by LC-MS/MS-based stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA). For that purpose, the target compounds and their 13C6-stable isotope-labeled analogues were synthesized from l-tryptophan and (13C6-)d-glucose and used to develop a rapid LC-MS/MS-SIDA method. After validation for several food matrices, the method was applied to the analysis of these β-carbolines in 80 food items. Quantitative amounts were detected in 46.3, 50.0, and 42.5% of the samples regarding Tan E, Tan F, and DH-Tan E/F, respectively, with corresponding ranges of 0.01-6.75, 0.01-5.07, and 0.01-0.75 mg/kg; the highest amounts were found in processed tomato products. A combination of the obtained occurrence data in foods with average food consumption data led to the calculation of rough estimates for the chronic daily intake of those alkaloids, yielding values of 0.44, 0.36, and 0.13 μg/kg body weight/day for Tan E, Tan F, and DH-Tan E/F, respectively. Evidently, the consumption of processed tomato-based products accounts for the majority of the total daily intake of the investigated β-carbolines; the potential bioactivities of Tan E, Tan F, and DH-Tan E/F have yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Hövelmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Lea Lewin
- Institute of Food Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Florian Hübner
- Institute of Food Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , 48149 Münster , Germany
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42
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Khan MR, Busquets R, Naushad M, Puignou L. Cooking with elaborate recipes can reduce the formation of mutagenic heterocyclic amines and promote co-mutagenic amines. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:385-395. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1571286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Busquets
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, UK
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lluís Puignou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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43
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Effects of harmane during treadmill exercise on spatial memory of restraint-stressed mice. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:239-245. [PMID: 29885919 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Sepahpour S, Selamat J, Khatib A, Manap MYA, Abdull Razis AF, Hajeb P. Inhibitory effect of mixture herbs/spices on formation of heterocyclic amines and mutagenic activity of grilled beef. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1911-1927. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1488085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Sepahpour
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity (FOSFI), Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic Universiti Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yazid Abdul Manap
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity (FOSFI), Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Parvaneh Hajeb
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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45
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Tokumoto H, Shimomura H, Hakamatsuka T, Ozeki Y, Goda Y. Fluorescence Coupled with Macro and Microscopic Examinations of Morphological Phenotype Give Key Characteristics for Identification of Crude Drugs Derived from Scorpions. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:510-523. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tokumoto
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Hiroko Shimomura
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Takashi Hakamatsuka
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Yoshihiro Ozeki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences
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46
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Wagner DJ, Duan H, Chapron A, Lee RW, Wang J. Potent inhibition of human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2) by β-carboline alkaloids. Xenobiotica 2017; 47:1112-1120. [PMID: 27977936 PMCID: PMC5648609 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1271160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1. Beta-carbolines are indole alkaloids with a wide range of pharmacological and toxicological activities. Beta-carbolines are structurally related to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a known substrate of organic cation transporters (OCTs). The goal of this study is to determine the interaction of β-carbolines with human OCT1, 2, and 3 (SLC22A1-3). 2. Dose-dependent inhibition studies were performed for five commercially available β-carbolines using a fluorescent substrate assay in HEK293 cells stably expressing hOCT1-3. The substrate potential was evaluated by uptake assays and the impact of active transport on cellular toxicity examined. 3. All tested β-carbolines potently inhibited hOCT2 with IC50 values in the sub- or low micromolar range. Harmaline is the most potent hOCT2 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.50 ± 0.08 μM). hOCT1 and hOCT3 are less sensitive to β-carboline inhibition. Harmaline, norharmanium, and 2,9-dimethyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-β-carbolinium accumulated 2- to 7-fold higher in cells expressing hOCT1-3. HEK293 cells expressing hOCT1-3 were 6.5- to 13-fold more sensitive to harmane and norharmanium toxicity. 4. Our data support a significant role of hOCT1-3 in tissue uptake and disposition of β-carbolines. Importantly, the potent inhibition of hOCT2 by β-carbolines also raises the concern of potential drug interactions between naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids and drugs eliminated by hOCT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haichuan Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alenka Chapron
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard W. Lee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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47
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Herraiz T. N-methyltetrahydropyridines and pyridinium cations as toxins and comparison with naturally-occurring alkaloids. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97:23-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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48
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Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase catalyses the N-methylation of the endogenous β-carboline norharman: evidence for a novel detoxification pathway. Biochem J 2016; 473:3253-67. [PMID: 27389312 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is responsible for the N-methylation of nicotinamide to 1-methylnicotinamide. Our recent studies have demonstrated that NNMT regulates cellular processes fundamental to the correct functioning and survival of the cell. It has been proposed that NNMT may possess β-carboline (BC) N-methyltransferase activity, endogenously and exogenously produced pyridine-containing compounds which, when N-methylated, are potent inhibitors of Complex I and have been proposed to have a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. We have investigated the ability of recombinant NNMT to N-methylate norharman (NH) to 2-N-methylnorharman (MeNH). In addition, we have investigated the toxicity of the BC NH, its precursor 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronorharman (THNH) and its N-methylated metabolite MeNH, using our in vitro SH-SY5Y NNMT expression model. Recombinant NNMT demonstrated NH 2N-methyltransferase activity, with a Km of 90 ± 20 µM, a kcat of 3 × 10(-4) ± 2 × 10(-5) s(-1) and a specificity constant (kcat/Km) of 3 ± 1 s(-1) M(-1) THNH was the least toxic of all three compounds investigated, whereas NH demonstrated the greatest, with no difference observed in terms of cell viability and cell death between NNMT-expressing and non-expressing cells. In NNMT-expressing cells, MeNH increased cell viability and cellular ATP concentration in a dose-dependent manner after 72 and 120 h incubation, an effect that was not observed after 24 h incubation or in non-NNNT-expressing cells at any time point. Taken together, these results suggest that NNMT may be a detoxification pathway for BCs such as NH.
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49
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Tascón M, Benavente F, Vizioli NM, Gagliardi LG. A rapid and simple method for the determination of psychoactive alkaloids by CE-UV: application to Peganum Harmala seed infusions. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:596-602. [PMID: 27377797 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The β-carboline alkaloids of the harmala (HAlks) group are compounds widely spread in many natural sources, but found at relatively high levels in some specific plants like Peganum harmala (Syrian rue) or Banisteriopsis caapi. HAlks are a reversible Mono Amino Oxidase type A Inhibitor (MAOI) and, as a consequence, these plants or their extracts can be used to produce psychotropic effects when are combined with psychotropic drugs based on amino groups. Since the occurrence and the levels of the HAlks in natural sources are subject to significant variability, more widespread use is not clinical but recreational or ritual, for example B. caapi is a known part of the Ayahuasca ritual mixture. The lack of simple methods to control the variable levels of these compounds in natural sources restricts the possibilities to dose in strict quantities and, as a consequence, limits its use with pharmacological or clinical purposes. In this work, we present a fast, simple, and robust method of quantifying simultaneously the six HAlks more frequently found in plants, i.e., harmine, harmaline, harmol, harmalol, harmane, and norharmane, by capillary electrophoresis instruments equipped with the more common detector UV. The method is applied to analyze these HAlks in P. Harmala seeds infusion which is a frequent intake form for these HAlks. The method is validated in three different instruments in order to evaluate the transferability and to compare the performances between them. In this case, harmaline, harmine, and harmol were found in the infusion samples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Tascón
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA and División Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP-CONICET, La PlataLaboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA and División Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, B1900AJL, Argentina
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Investigación en Nutrición y Seguridad Alimentaria, INSA-UB, Universidad de Barcelona, España
| | - Nora M Vizioli
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, e Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo G Gagliardi
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA and División Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP-CONICET, La PlataLaboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA and División Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, B1900AJL, Argentina
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50
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking cessation aids appear to be limited in their ability to prevent craving triggered by exposure to smoking-associated stimuli; however, the extent to which cue-induced cravings persist following denicotinized or nicotine-containing tobacco smoking is not known. METHODS Thirty (17 male) ⩾12-hour abstinent dependent smokers completed two sessions during which they smoked a nicotine-containing or denicotinized cigarette. Instructions regarding the nicotine content of the cigarette varied across sessions, and all participants were exposed to a neutral cue followed by a smoking cue after cigarette consumption. Craving was assessed before and after cigarette consumption and cue exposure. RESULTS Reduced intentions to smoke were associated with both nicotine expectancy (p<0.05) and nicotine administration (p<0.01), while reduced withdrawal-related craving was uniquely associated with nicotine administration (p<0.05). Smoking-associated stimuli increased craving regardless of nicotine expectancy or administration (p-values<0.001). CONCLUSIONS While both nicotine pharmacology and expectancy appear to contribute to craving reduction associated with acute tobacco smoking, neither smoking-related nicotine administration nor expectation prevents increases in craving following exposure to smoking-associated stimuli. These findings suggest that cue-induced craving may be resistant to various pharmacological and psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hera E Schlagintweit
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sean P Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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