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Paraš S, Paspalj J, Baghdad K, Janković O, Škrbić R, Gajanin R, Massiani P, Launay F, Gotovac Atlagić S. Biocompatibility of nano/micro-sized pyrophyllite particles by pulmo, liver, kidney and gastric mucosis cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2024; 35:30. [PMID: 38884813 PMCID: PMC11182872 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-024-06793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Pyrophyllite is the least studied natural clay in terms of its potential in biomedical applications, although there are many deposits of this aluminosilicate around the world. Genotoxicity study was performed in vitro for this mineral. Subsequently, Wister rats were exposed to the pyrophyllite micronized to below 100 µm. After the exposure period, histology of the lung, liver, kidney and gastric tissues were performed, followed by the stereological and hematological analysis. The physicochemical analyses revealed typical XRD characteristics of pyrophyllite clay with particle-size distribution ranging 50 nm-100 μm with stable mineral composition and unique buffering property to pH around 8. The results showed that there were no cytotoxic effects on to THP-1 cells, or genotoxicity of pyrophyllite measured by the Comet assay. In vivo studies are accompanied by the thorough physicochemical characterization of the micronized pyrophyllite. Histology of the lung tissue proved presence of an inflammatory reaction. On the other hand, gastric tissue has shown the selective accumulation of nanoparticles in enterocytes of the stomach only, as supported by ultrastructural analysis. Liver and kidney tissues have shown tolerability for pyrophyllite particles. The results give directions for further comprehensive studies of potential biomedical applications of the pyrophyllite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smiljana Paraš
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Mladena Stojanovića 2, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jovana Paspalj
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Mladena Stojanovića 2, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Karima Baghdad
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS - UMR 7197 CNRS), 4 place Jussieu, 72252, Paris Cédex 05, France
- University of Oran 1-Ahmed Ben Bella, Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Materials chemistry laboratory-LCM, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1524, Oran, 31005, Algeria
| | - Ognjenka Janković
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Medicine, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ranko Škrbić
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Medicine, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Radoslav Gajanin
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Medicine, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Pascale Massiani
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS - UMR 7197 CNRS), 4 place Jussieu, 72252, Paris Cédex 05, France
| | - Franck Launay
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS - UMR 7197 CNRS), 4 place Jussieu, 72252, Paris Cédex 05, France
| | - Suzana Gotovac Atlagić
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Mladena Stojanovića 2, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Ke Y, Wu J, Ye Y, Zhang X, Gu T, Wang Y, Jiang F, Yu J. Feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogel promotes bone regeneration by stimulating the osteogenic differentiation of endogenous stem cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125330. [PMID: 37307978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone defects caused by bone trauma, infection, surgery, or other systemic diseases remain a severe challenge for the medical field. To address this clinical problem, different hydrogels were exploited to promote bone tissue regrowth and regeneration. Keratins are natural fibrous proteins found in wool, hair, horns, nails, and feather. Due to their unique characteristics of outstanding biocompatibility, great biodegradability, and hydrophilic, keratins have been widely applicated in different fields. In our study, the feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels that consist of keratin hydrogels serving as the scaffold support to accommodate endogenous stem cells and montmorillonite is synthesized. The introduction of montmorillonite greatly improves the osteogenic effect of the keratin hydrogels via bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1/5/8 (p-SMAD 1/5/8)/runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) expression. Moreover, the incorporation of montmorillonite into hydrogels can improve the mechanical properties and bioactivity of the hydrogels. The morphology of feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels was shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to have an interconnected porous structure. The incorporation of montmorillonite into the keratin hydrogels was confirmed by the energy dispersive spectrum (EDS). We prove that the feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels enhance the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Furthermore, micro-CT and histological analysis of rat cranial bone defect demonstrated that feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels dramatically stimulated bone regeneration in vivo. Collectively, feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels can regulate BMP/SMAD signaling pathway to stimulate osteogenic differentiation of endogenous stem cells and promote bone defect healing, indicating their promising candidate in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ke
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Stomatology, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jintao Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Ye
- Institute of Periodontology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingjie Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of General Dentistry, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinhua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Damato A, Vianello F, Novelli E, Balzan S, Gianesella M, Giaretta E, Gabai G. Comprehensive Review on the Interactions of Clay Minerals With Animal Physiology and Production. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889612. [PMID: 35619608 PMCID: PMC9127995 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clay minerals are naturally occurring rock and soil materials primarily composed of fine-grained aluminosilicate minerals, characterized by high hygroscopicity. In animal production, clays are often mixed with feed and, due to their high binding capacity towards organic molecules, used to limit animal absorption of feed contaminants, such as mycotoxins and other toxicants. Binding capacity of clays is not specific and these minerals can form complexes with different compounds, such as nutrients and pharmaceuticals, thus possibly affecting the intestinal absorption of important substances. Indeed, clays cannot be considered a completely inert feed additive, as they can interfere with gastro-intestinal (GI) metabolism, with possible consequences on animal physiology. Moreover, clays may contain impurities, constituted of inorganic micronutrients and/or toxic trace elements, and their ingestion can affect animal health. Furthermore, clays may also have effects on the GI mucosa, possibly modifying nutrient digestibility and animal microbiome. Finally, clays may directly interact with GI cells and, depending on their mineral grain size, shape, superficial charge and hydrophilicity, can elicit an inflammatory response. As in the near future due to climate change the presence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs will probably become a major problem, the use of clays in feedstuff, given their physico-chemical properties, low cost, apparent low toxicity and eco-compatibility, is expected to increase. The present review focuses on the characteristics and properties of clays as feed additives, evidencing pros and cons. Aims of future studies are suggested, evidencing that, in particular, possible interferences of these minerals with animal microbiome, nutrient absorption and drug delivery should be assessed. Finally, the fate of clay particles during their transit within the GI system and their long-term administration/accumulation should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Damato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Novelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Balzan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Gianesella
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Giaretta
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elisa Giaretta
| | - Gianfranco Gabai
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Li Y, Wang R, Luo X, Chen Z, Wang L, Zhou Y, Liu W, Cheng M, Zhang C. Synthesis of Rice Husk-Based MCM-41 for Removal of Aflatoxin B1 from Peanut Oil. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020087. [PMID: 35202115 PMCID: PMC8876307 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible oils, especially peanut oil, usually contain aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at extremely high concentrations. This study focused on the synthesis of rice husk-based mesoporous silica (MCM-41) for the removal of AFB1 from peanut oil. MCM-41 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, and transmission electron microscope. MCM-41 was shown to have ordered channels with high specific surface area (1246 m2/g), pore volume (1.75 cm3/g), and pore diameter (3.11 nm). Under the optimal concentration of 1.0 mg/mL of the adsorbent dose, the adsorption behavior of MCM-41, natural montmorillonite (MONT), and commercial activated carbon (CA) for AFB1 were compared. The adsorption of AFB1 in peanut oil onto the three adsorbents was slower compared to that of AFB1 in an aqueous solution. In addition, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model better fit the adsorption kinetics of AFB1, while the adsorption mechanism followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm on the three adsorbents. The calculated maximum adsorbed amounts of AFB1 on MONT, MCM-41, and CA were 199.41, 215.93, and 248.93 ng/mg, respectively. These results suggested that MCM-41 without modification could meet market demand and could be considered a good candidate for the removal of AFB1 from peanut oil. This study provides insights that could prove to be of economic and practical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya’nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (M.C.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Ren Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (M.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Xiaohu Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (M.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Zhengxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (M.C.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Li Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Yunyu Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (M.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- Wuxi Zodolabs Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214174, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Weizhi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (M.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Miaomiao Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (M.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Chen Zhang
- Wuxi Xinwu Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214028, China;
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Kumi J, Appiah-Opong R, Rein D, Egbi G, Aninagyei E, Boye A, Omane-Acheampong D. Safety and Efficacy of Novasil Clay (Calcium Montmorillonite) in Children Exposed to Aflatoxin in Ejura-Sekyedumase District in Ghana. Glob Pediatr Health 2022; 9:2333794X221121243. [PMID: 36133399 PMCID: PMC9483956 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x221121243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Aflatoxin levels are very high in animals and humans in places where cereals are poorly stored. In this study, Novasil was evaluated for safety and efficacy in children. Methods. Children (200) aged between 2 and 9 years were put into Novasil and placebo group. Participants received either 1.5 g of Novasil or calcium carbonate in their food. Urine samples were analyzed for AFM1 by HPLC, blood samples were assayed for complete blood count and chemistries. Results. Aflatoxin M1 levels in the Novasil treated group, significantly reduced to 60% compared to an increase of urine AFM1 in the placebo group. Hematological parameters did not change except for an increase in hemoglobin level in the Novasil group. Biochemical parameters remained unchanged except calcium ions. Glutathione levels in the Novasil increased, compared group to the placebo group. Conclusion. Novasil is safe, reduce aflatoxin bioavailability in humans while improving GSH antioxidant capacity as well. The trial has been registered with Pan African Clinical Trial Registry ( www.pactr.org ). A WHO registry for clinical trials with a unique identification number PACTR202202797930675.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justice Kumi
- University of Ghana, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- University of Cape Coast, Department of Biomedical Science, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Regina Appiah-Opong
- University of Ghana, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dietrich Rein
- BASF SE Food Fortification, Human Nutrition, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Godfred Egbi
- University of Ghana, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Enoch Aninagyei
- University of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Alex Boye
- University of Cape Coast, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Wang M, Rivenbark K, Gong J, Wright FA, Phillips TD. Application of Edible Montmorillonite Clays for the Adsorption and Detoxification of Microcystin. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7254-7265. [PMID: 34746680 PMCID: PMC8570584 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to microcystins (MCs) in humans and animals commonly occurs through the consumption of drinking water and food contaminated with cyanobacteria. Although studies have focused on developing water filtration treatments for MCs using activated carbon, dietary sorbents to reduce the bioavailability of MCs from the stomach and intestines have not been reported. To address this need, edible calcium and sodium montmorillonite clays were characterized for their ability to bind MC containing leucine and arginine (MC-LR) under conditions simulating the gastrointestinal tract and compared with a medical-grade activated carbon. Results of in vitro adsorption isotherms and thermodynamics showed that binding plots for MC-LR on montmorillonites fit the Langmuir model with high binding capacity, affinity, Gibbs free energy, and enthalpy. The in silico results from molecular modeling predicted that the major binding mechanisms involved electrostatics and hydrogen bonds, and that interlayers were important binding sites. The safety and detoxification efficacy of the sorbents against MC-LR were validated in a battery of living organisms, including Hydra vulgaris, Lemna minor, and Caenorhabditis elegans. The inclusion of 0.05% and 0.1% montmorillonite clays in hydra media significantly reduced MC-LR toxicity and protected hydra by 60-80%, whereas only slight protection was shown with the heat-collapsed clay. In the Lemna minor assay, montmorillonites significantly enhanced the growth of lemna, as supported by the increase in frond number, surface area, chlorophyll content, and growth rate, as well as the decrease in inhibition rate. Similar results were shown in the C. elegans assay, where montmorillonite clays reduced MC-LR effects on body length and brood size. All 3 bioassays confirmed dose-dependent protection from MC-LR, validated the in vitro and in silico findings, and suggested that edible montmorillonites are safe and efficacious binders for MC-LR. Moreover, their inclusion in diets during algal blooming seasons could protect vulnerable populations of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Wang
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kelly Rivenbark
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Joonho Gong
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Statistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Fred A. Wright
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Statistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Timothy D. Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Peixoto D, Pereira I, Pereira-Silva M, Veiga F, Hamblin MR, Lvov Y, Liu M, Paiva-Santos AC. Emerging role of nanoclays in cancer research, diagnosis, and therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Jafarirad S, Mirzayinahr S, Pooresmaeil M, Salehi R. Green and facile synthesis of gold/perlite nanocomposite using Allium Fistulosum L. for photothermal application. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102243. [PMID: 33677069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) procedure is anticipated as a new generation of cancer therapy techniques. With this in mind, in this work, an effective drug-free approach was developed to kill MCF7 breast cancer cells using PTT. A novel biocompatible nanocomposite as a PTT transducer was prepared from the in situ phytosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in the presence of perlite as a platform and extract of Allium Fistulosum L. as a stabilizing and reducing agent (Au/perlite NC). The common characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), zeta potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) were used to approve the synthesis of Au/perlite NC. The potential of the synthesized NCs on ROS generating and antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH. In the following, the PTT efficacy of the Au/perlite NC on the destruction of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was assessed in vitro via the cell cycle, cell viability, and DAPI staining assays. The DPPH assay results showed that Au/perlite NC had a radicals scavenging capacity of about 41.47 % in 30 min. Cellular uptake results indicated a significant cell uptake after 1.5 h exposure with Au/perlite NC. Interestingly, cell death was increased dramatically by increasing irradiation time from 6 to 10 min. Cell viability assay revealed that the maximum number of cell death is around 50 % which was observed in the presence of Au/perlite NC by irradiation time of 10 min. Cell cycle results showed that the maximum amount of apoptotic cells (85 %) was observed in Au/perlite NC treatment group received laser irradiation for 10 min. The outcomes demonstrated that the Au/perlite NC can be used as a new drug-free and efficient agent for PTT of breast cancer cells without any concern cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jafarirad
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5156917511, Iran.
| | - Sepide Mirzayinahr
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Malihe Pooresmaeil
- Research Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nano-Biopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Cuevas-González PF, González-Córdova AF, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Aguilar-Toalá JE, Hall FG, Urbizo-Reyes UC, Liceaga AM, Hernandez-Mendoza A, García HS. Protective role of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts as dietary carcinogen-binding agents - a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:160-180. [PMID: 32901514 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1813685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The importance of food contaminants in the link between diet and cancer has been widely demonstrated. Therefore, different physical and chemical strategies for the control of human exposure to such dietary carcinogens has been explored; however, most of these strategies are complex, costly, and have low efficiency which limited their applications. Hence, microbiological methods have been receiving more attention. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast may act as dietary carcinogen-binding agents. This review describes the promising protective role of strains belonging mainly to the Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces genera by acting as dietary carcinogen-binding agents. This property suggests that these microorganisms may have a protective role by reducing the bioaccessibility of dietary carcinogens, thereby decreasing their toxic effects. The mechanisms by which the binding process takes place have not been completely elucidated; thus, the possible underlying mechanisms and factors influencing carcinogens-binding will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Cuevas-González
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - A F González-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - B Vallejo-Cordoba
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - J E Aguilar-Toalá
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - F G Hall
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - U C Urbizo-Reyes
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - A M Liceaga
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - A Hernandez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - H S García
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, UNIDA, Veracruz, Mexico
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Whiteside TE, Qu W, DeVito MJ, Brar SS, Bradham KD, Nelson CM, Travlos GS, Kissling GE, Kurtz DM. Elevated Arsenic and Lead Concentrations in Natural Healing Clay Applied Topically as a Treatment for Ulcerative Dermatitis in Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59:212-220. [PMID: 32059757 PMCID: PMC7073401 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative dermatitis in laboratory mice remains an ongoing clinical problem and animal welfare issue. Many products have been used to treat dermatitis in mice, with varying success. Recently, the topical administration of healing clays, such as bentonite and green clays, has been explored as a viable, natural treatment. We found high concentrations of arsenic and lead in experimental samples of therapeutic clay. Given the known toxic effects of these environmental heavy metals, we sought to determine whether the topical administration of a clay product containing bioavailable arsenic and lead exerted a biologic effect in mice that potentially could introduce unwanted research variability. Two cohorts of 20 singly housed, shaved, dermatitis free, adult male CD1 mice were dosed daily for 2 wk by topical application of saline or green clay paste. Samples of liver, kidney and whole blood were collected and analyzed for total arsenic and lead concentrations. Hepatic and renal concentrations of arsenic were not different between treated and control mice in either cohort; however, hepatic and renal concentrations of lead were elevated in clay treated mice compared to controls in both cohorts. In addition, in both cohorts, the activity of δ-aminolevulinate acid dehydratase, an enzyme involved with heme biosynthesis and a marker of lead toxicity, did not differ significantly between the clay-treated mice and controls. We have demonstrated that these clay products contain high concentrations of arsenic and lead and that topical application can result in the accumulation of lead in the liver and kidneys; however, these concentrations did not result in measurable biologic effects. These products should be used with caution, especially in studies of lead toxicity, heme biosynthesis, and renal α2 microglobulin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya E Whiteside
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Wei Qu
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Michael J DeVito
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sukhdev S Brar
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Karen D Bradham
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Clay M Nelson
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Gregory S Travlos
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - David M Kurtz
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;,
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Gutman R, Rauch M, Neuman A, Khamaisi H, Jonas-Levi A, Konovalova Y, Rytwo G. Sepiolite Clay Attenuates the Development of Hypercholesterolemia and Obesity in Mice Fed a High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet. J Med Food 2019; 23:289-296. [PMID: 31580748 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity reduces the quality of life and life expectancy, whereas nonoperative interventions have shown poor results so far. Statins effectively combat hypercholesterolemia but are not well tolerated at high doses, raising the need for coprescription with cholesterol sorbents and/or absorption inhibitors. Montmorillonite (MMT) clay was found to attenuate hypercholesterolemia and obesity by reducing cholesterol and fat absorption. However, acicular clay-like sepiolite may offer better results due to its more substantial adsorption of nonpolar molecules. We herein aimed at (1) assessing in vitro the capacity of sepiolite to adsorb edible oil and cholesterol compared with that of MMT and (2) assessing in vivo the effect of continuous feeding on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet (HFD) (53.6% w/w fat and 0.2% cholesterol) supplemented with 5% (w/w) edible sepiolite, on diet-induced obesity rate, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperlipidemia. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed in vitro that sepiolite adsorption of olive oil and cholesterol was five to eight times greater than that of MMT clay. Sepiolite supplementation to HFD fed to mature mice for 12.5 weeks resulted in lower total blood cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels and attenuated body weight gain, by reducing fat gain. Sepiolite supplementation did not affect energy intake but increased fecal extraction of sterols and lipids, without notable side effects. These results demonstrate that supplementing a HFD with sepiolite attenuates gastrointestinal absorption of dietary lipids and sterols, thus mitigating obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Further exploration of the efficacy, mechanism of action, and safety of sepiolite as a food supplement for combating the metabolic syndrome is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roee Gutman
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Maayan Rauch
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Annat Neuman
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Hazem Khamaisi
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Adi Jonas-Levi
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Yelena Konovalova
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Giora Rytwo
- Environmental Physical Chemistry Laboratory, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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12
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Benkerroum N. Retrospective and Prospective Look at Aflatoxin Research and Development from a Practical Standpoint. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3633. [PMID: 31569703 PMCID: PMC6801849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the array of structurally and toxicologically diverse mycotoxins, aflatoxins have attracted the most interest of scientific research due to their high toxicity and incidence in foods and feeds. Despite the undeniable progress made in various aspects related to aflatoxins, the ultimate goal consisting of reducing the associated public health risks worldwide is far from being reached due to multiplicity of social, political, economic, geographic, climatic, and development factors. However, a reasonable degree of health protection is attained in industrialized countries owing to their scientific, administrative, and financial capacities allowing them to use high-tech agricultural management systems. Less fortunate situations exist in equatorial and sub-equatorial developing countries mainly practicing traditional agriculture managed by smallholders for subsistence, and where the climate is suitable for mould growth and aflatoxin production. This situation worsens due to climatic change producing conditions increasingly suitable for aflatoxigenic mould growth and toxin production. Accordingly, it is difficult to harmonize the regulatory standards of aflatoxins worldwide, which prevents agri-foods of developing countries from accessing the markets of industrialized countries. To tackle the multi-faceted aflatoxin problem, actions should be taken collectively by the international community involving scientific research, technological and social development, environment protection, awareness promotion, etc. International cooperation should foster technology transfer and exchange of pertinent technical information. This review presents the main historical discoveries leading to our present knowledge on aflatoxins and the challenges that should be addressed presently and in the future at various levels to ensure higher health protection for everybody. In short, it aims to elucidate where we come from and where we should go in terms of aflatoxin research/development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald-Stewart Building, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Microporous methacrylated glycol chitosan-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogel for bone tissue engineering. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3523. [PMID: 31388014 PMCID: PMC6684526 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels can fill irregular defects and promote in situ tissue regrowth and regeneration. The ability of directing stem cell differentiation in a three-dimensional microenvironment for bone regeneration remains a challenge. In this study, we successfully nanoengineer an interconnected microporous networked photocrosslinkable chitosan in situ-forming hydrogel by introducing two-dimensional nanoclay particles with intercalation chemistry. The presence of the nanosilicates increases the Young’s modulus and stalls the degradation rate of the resulting hydrogels. We demonstrate that the reinforced hydrogels promote the proliferation as well as the attachment and induced the differentiation of encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Furthermore, we explore the effects of nanoengineered hydrogels in vivo with the critical-sized mouse calvarial defect model. Our results confirm that chitosan-montmorillonite hydrogels are able to recruit native cells and promote calvarial healing without delivery of additional therapeutic agents or stem cells, indicating their tissue engineering potential. Injectable hydrogels could be used to repair bone defects. Here the authors incorporate nanoclay particles into chitosan creating an interconnected microporous hydrogel and show that this hydrogel can support MSC proliferation and differentiation in vitro, and support the recruitment of native cells and bone regeneration in a mouse calvarial defect model.
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Rushing BR, Selim MI. Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 124:81-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Phillips TD, Wang M, Elmore SE, Hearon S, Wang JS. NovaSil clay for the protection of humans and animals from aflatoxins and other contaminants. CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS 2019; 67:99-110. [PMID: 32943795 PMCID: PMC7494129 DOI: 10.1007/s42860-019-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of diets results in disease and death in humans and animals. The objective of the present paper was to review the development of innovative enterosorption strategies for the detoxification of aflatoxins. NovaSil clay (NS) has been shown to decrease exposures to aflatoxins and prevent aflatoxicosis in a variety of animals when included in their diets. Results have shown that NS clay binds aflatoxins with high affinity and high capacity in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a notable reduction in the bioavailability of these toxins without interfering with the utilization of vitamins and other micronutrients. This strategy is already being utilized as a potential remedy for acute aflatoxicosis in animals, and as a sustainable intervention via diet. Animal and human studies have confirmed the apparent safety of NS and refined NS clay (with uniform particle size). Studies in Ghanaians at high risk of aflatoxicosis have indicated that NS (at a dose level of 0.25% w/w) is effective at decreasing biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure and does not interfere with levels of serum vitamins A and E, or iron or zinc. A new spinoff of this strategy is the development and use of broad-acting sorbents for the mitigation of environmental chemicals and microbes during natural disasters and emergencies. In summary, enterosorption strategies/therapies based on NS clay are promising for the management of aflatoxins and as sustainable public health interventions. The NS clay remedy is novel, inexpensive, and easily disseminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Phillips
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Meichen Wang
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Sarah E. Elmore
- Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Sara Hearon
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program and Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Verma A, Riaz U. Spectral, thermal and morphological characteristics of ultrasonically synthesized poly(anisidine- co -phenylenediamine)/bentonite nanocomposites: A potential anti-diabetic drug carrier. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Xue KS, Qian G, Lin S, Su J, Tang L, Gelderblom WC, Riley RT, Phillips TD, Wang JS. Modulation of pre-neoplastic biomarkers induced by sequential aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 exposure in F344 rats treated with UPSN clay. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:316-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Gonzalez-Correa C, Mulett-Vásquez E, Miranda D, Gonzalez-Correa C, Gómez-Buitrago P. The colon revisited or the key to wellness, health and disease. Med Hypotheses 2017; 108:133-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Awuor AO, Yard E, Daniel JH, Martin C, Bii C, Romoser A, Oyugi E, Elmore S, Amwayi S, Vulule J, Zitomer NC, Rybak ME, Phillips TD, Montgomery JM, Lewis LS. Evaluation of the efficacy, acceptability and palatability of calcium montmorillonite clay used to reduce aflatoxin B1 dietary exposure in a crossover study in Kenya. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:93-102. [PMID: 27603954 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1224933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute aflatoxin exposure can cause death and disease (aflatoxicosis) in humans. Aflatoxicosis fatality rates have been documented to be as high as 40% in Kenya. The inclusion in the diet of calcium silicate 100 (ACCS100), a calcium montmorillonite clay, may reduce aflatoxin bioavailability, thus potentially decreasing the risk of aflatoxicosis. We investigated the efficacy, acceptability and palatability of ACCS100 in a population in Kenya with recurring aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Healthy adult participants were enrolled in this double-blinded, crossover clinical trial in 2014. Following informed consent, participants (n = 50) were randomised to receive either ACCS100 (3 g day-1) or placebo (3 g day-1) for 7 days. Treatments were switched following a 5-day washout period. Urine samples were collected daily and assessed for urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the trial and assessed for aflatoxin B1-lysine adducts from serum albumin (AFB1-lys). AFM1 concentrations in urine were significantly reduced while taking ACCS100 compared with calcium carbonate placebo (β = 0.49, 95% confidence limit = 0.32-0.75). The 20-day interval included both the placebo and ACCS100 treatments as well as a washout period. There were no statistically significant differences in reported taste, aftertaste, appearance, colour or texture by treatment. There were no statistically significant differences in self-reported adverse events by treatment. Most participants would be willing to take ACCS100 (98%) and give it to their children (98%). ACCS100 was effective, acceptable and palatable. More work is needed to test ACCS100 among vulnerable populations and to determine if it remains effective at the levels of aflatoxin exposure that induce aflatoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigael O Awuor
- a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kenya , Center for Global Health , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Ellen Yard
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Johnni H Daniel
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Collen Martin
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Christine Bii
- c Centre for Microbiology Research Nairobi , Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu , Kenya
| | - Amelia Romoser
- d College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Elvis Oyugi
- e Ministry of Health , Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Sarah Elmore
- d College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Samwel Amwayi
- e Ministry of Health , Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - John Vulule
- f Centre for Public Health Research , Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu , Kenya
| | - Nicholas C Zitomer
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Michael E Rybak
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Timothy D Phillips
- d College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kenya , Center for Global Health , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Lauren S Lewis
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Maki C, Monteiro A, Elmore S, Tao S, Bernard J, Harvey R, Romoser A, Phillips T. Calcium montmorillonite clay in dairy feed reduces aflatoxin concentrations in milk without interfering with milk quality, composition or yield. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dadu R, Hu MI, Cleeland C, Busaidy NL, Habra M, Waguespack SG, Sherman SI, Ying A, Fox P, Cabanillas ME. Efficacy of the Natural Clay, Calcium Aluminosilicate Anti-Diarrheal, in Reducing Medullary Thyroid Cancer-Related Diarrhea and Its Effects on Quality of Life: A Pilot Study. Thyroid 2015; 25. [PMID: 26200040 PMCID: PMC4589264 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC)-related diarrhea can be debilitating, reduces quality of life (QOL), and may be the only indication for initiating systemic therapy. Conventional antidiarrheal drugs are not always helpful and may have side effects. Calcium aluminosilicate antidiarrheal (CASAD), a natural calcium montmorrilonite clay, safely adsorbs toxins and inflammatory proteins associated with diarrhea. It was hypothesized that CASAD would reduce the severity of diarrhea and improve QOL in MTC patients. METHODS This was a prospective pilot trial (NCT01739634) of MTC patients not on systemic therapy with self-reported diarrhea of three or more bowel movements (BMs) per day for a week or more. The study design included a one-week run-in period followed by one week of CASAD ± a two-week optional continuation period. The primary endpoint was efficacy of one week of CASAD treatment in decreasing the number of BMs per day by ≥20% when compared with the baseline run-in period. Secondary objectives included tolerability and safety and the impact on QOL using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-Thyroid questionnaire (MDASI-THY). RESULTS Ten MTC patients (median age = 52 years, 70% female, 80% white) were enrolled. All had distant metastases, and median calcitonin was 5088 ng/mL (range 1817-42,007 ng/mL). Ninety percent had received prior antidiarrheals, and 40% of these had used two or more drugs, including tincture of opium (30%), loperamide (50%), diphenoxylate/atropine (20%), colestipol (10%), or cholestyramine (10%). Of seven evaluable patients, four (56%) had ≥20% reduction in BMs per day. Six out of seven patients discontinued their prior antidiarrheals. Best response ranged from 7% to 99% reduction in mean BMs/day from baseline. Five out of seven patients considered CASAD a success, and they opted for the two-week continuation period. Improvements in diarrhea and all six interference items assessed by MDASI-THY were noted at weeks 1 and 3. Total interference score was significantly improved at three weeks compared with baseline (p = 0.05). An oral levothyroxine absorption test was performed in one patient; malabsorption of levothyroxine was not observed. Adverse events included flatulence (40%), bloating (10%), heartburn (10%), and constipation (10%). CONCLUSIONS CASAD is a promising strategy for treatment of MTC-related diarrhea. In this small pilot study, improvements in frequency and quality of diarrhea as well as QOL were noted. Further studies in this population are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Dadu
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mimi I. Hu
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles Cleeland
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Naifa L. Busaidy
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mouhammed Habra
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven G. Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven I. Sherman
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anita Ying
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia Fox
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria E. Cabanillas
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Maisanaba S, Pichardo S, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Cameán AM, Jos A. Toxicological evaluation of clay minerals and derived nanocomposites: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:233-254. [PMID: 25732897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Clays and clay minerals are widely used in many facets of our society. This review addresses the main clays of each phyllosilicate groups, namely, kaolinite, montmorillonite (Mt) and sepiolite, placing special emphasis on Mt and kaolinite, which are the clays that are more frequently used in food packaging, one of the applications that are currently exhibiting higher development. The improvements in the composite materials obtained from clays and polymeric matrices are remarkable and well known, but the potential toxicological effects of unmodified or modified clay minerals and derived nanocomposites are currently being investigated with increased interest. In this sense, this work focused on a review of the published reports related to the analysis of the toxicological profile of commercial and novel modified clays and derived nanocomposites. An exhaustive review of the main in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies, antimicrobial activity assessments, and the human and environmental impacts of clays and derived nanocomposites was performed. From the analysis of the scientific literature different conclusions can be derived. Thus, in vitro studies suggest that clays in general induce cytotoxicity (with dependence on the clay, concentration, experimental system, etc.) with different underlying mechanisms such as necrosis/apoptosis, oxidative stress or genotoxicity. However, most of in vivo experiments performed in rodents showed no clear evidences of systemic toxicity even at doses of 5000mg/kg. Regarding to humans, pulmonary exposure is the most frequent, and although clays are usually mixed with other minerals, they have been reported to induce pneumoconiosis per se. Oral exposure is also common both intentionally and unintentionally. Although they do not show a high toxicity through this pathway, toxic effects could be induced due to the increased or reduced exposure to mineral elements. Finally, there are few studies about the effects of clay minerals on wildlife, with laboratory trials showing contradictory outcomes. Clay minerals have different applications in the environment, thus with a strict control of the concentrations used, they can provide beneficial uses. Despite the extensive number of reports available, there is also a need of systematic in vitro-in vivo extrapolation studies, with still scarce information on toxicity biomarkers such as inmunomodulatory effects or alteration of the genetic expression. In conclusion, a case by case toxicological evaluation is required taking into account that different clays have their own toxicological profiles, their modification can change this profile, and the potential increase of the human/environmental exposure to clay minerals due to their novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Yokel RA, Yenugadhati N, Wisniewski TM, Arnold IMF, Momoli F, Krewski D. Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44 Suppl 4:1-80. [PMID: 25233067 PMCID: PMC4997813 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.934439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. (2007) . Challenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of "total Al"assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al(+3) to target tissues. Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres [Al(O2)(H2O4)(+2) and Al(H2O)6 (+3)] that after complexation with O2(•-), generate Al superoxides [Al(O2(•))](H2O5)](+2). Semireduced AlO2(•) radicals deplete mitochondrial Fe and promote generation of H2O2, O2 (•-) and OH(•). Thus, it is the Al(+3)-induced formation of oxygen radicals that accounts for the oxidative damage that leads to intrinsic apoptosis. In contrast, the toxicity of the insoluble Al oxides depends primarily on their behavior as particulates. Aluminum has been held responsible for human morbidity and mortality, but there is no consistent and convincing evidence to associate the Al found in food and drinking water at the doses and chemical forms presently consumed by people living in North America and Western Europe with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neither is there clear evidence to show use of Al-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of AD or breast cancer. Metallic Al, its oxides, and common Al salts have not been shown to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Aluminum exposures during neonatal and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) can impair bone mineralization and delay neurological development. Adverse effects to vaccines with Al adjuvants have occurred; however, recent controlled trials found that the immunologic response to certain vaccines with Al adjuvants was no greater, and in some cases less than, that after identical vaccination without Al adjuvants. The scientific literature on the adverse health effects of Al is extensive. Health risk assessments for Al must take into account individual co-factors (e.g., age, renal function, diet, gastric pH). Conclusions from the current review point to the need for refinement of the PTWI, reduction of Al contamination in PN solutions, justification for routine addition of Al to vaccines, and harmonization of OELs for Al substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C. Willhite
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert A. Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Thomas M. Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ian M. F. Arnold
- Occupational Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franco Momoli
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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25
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Mitchell NJ, Kumi J, Aleser M, Elmore SE, Rychlik KA, Zychowski KE, Romoser AA, Phillips TD, Ankrah NA. Short-term safety and efficacy of calcium montmorillonite clay (UPSN) in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:777-85. [PMID: 25135766 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an association between childhood growth stunting and aflatoxin (AF) exposure has been identified. In Ghana, homemade nutritional supplements often consist of AF-prone commodities. In this study, children were enrolled in a clinical intervention trial to determine the safety and efficacy of Uniform Particle Size NovaSil (UPSN), a refined calcium montmorillonite known to be safe in adults. Participants ingested 0.75 or 1.5 g UPSN or 1.5 g calcium carbonate placebo per day for 14 days. Hematological and serum biochemistry parameters in the UPSN groups were not significantly different from the placebo-controlled group. Importantly, there were no adverse events attributable to UPSN treatment. A significant reduction in urinary metabolite (AFM1) was observed in the high-dose group compared with placebo. Results indicate that UPSN is safe for children at doses up to 1.5 g/day for a period of 2 weeks and can reduce exposure to AFs, resulting in increased quality and efficacy of contaminated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Mitchell
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Justice Kumi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Mildred Aleser
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Sarah E Elmore
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Kristal A Rychlik
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Katherine E Zychowski
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Amelia A Romoser
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Timothy D Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Nii-Ayi Ankrah
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
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26
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Sharma A, Mortensen A, Schmidt B, Frandsen H, Hadrup N, Larsen E, Binderup ML. In-vivo study of genotoxic and inflammatory effects of the organo-modified Montmorillonite Cloisite® 30B. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 770:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Turner PC. The molecular epidemiology of chronic aflatoxin driven impaired child growth. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:152879. [PMID: 24455429 PMCID: PMC3881689 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate dietary staples in tropical regions; chronic high levels of exposure are common for many of the poorest populations. Observations in animals indicate that growth and/or food utilization are adversely affected by aflatoxins. This review highlights the development of validated exposure biomarkers and their use here to assess the role of aflatoxins in early life growth retardation. Aflatoxin exposure occurs in utero and continues in early infancy as weaning foods are introduced. Using aflatoxin-albumin exposure biomarkers, five major studies clearly demonstrate strong dose response relationships between exposure in utero and/or early infancy and growth retardation, identified by reduced birth weight and/or low HAZ and WAZ scores. The epidemiological studies include cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys, though aflatoxin reduction intervention studies are now required to further support these data and guide sustainable options to reduce the burden of exposure. The use of aflatoxin exposure biomarkers was essential in understanding the observational data reviewed and will likely be a critical monitor of the effectiveness of interventions to restrict aflatoxin exposure. Given that an estimated 4.5 billion individuals live in regions at risk of dietary contamination the public health concern cannot be over stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Craig Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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28
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Maisanaba S, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Pichardo S, Moreno FJ, Jordá M, Cameán AM, Aucejo S, Jos A. Toxic effects of a modified montmorillonite clay on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:714-25. [PMID: 24122917 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of the natural mineral clay montmorillonite into polymeric systems enhances their barrier properties as well as their thermal and mechanical resistance, making them suitable for a wide range of industrial applications, e.g., in the food industry. Considering humans could easily be exposed to these clays due to migration into food, toxicological and health effects of clay exposure should be studied. In the present work, the cytotoxic effects induced by two different clays (the unmodified clay Cloisite(®) Na(+) , and the organically modified Cloisite(®) 30B) on Caco-2 cells were studied after 24 and 48 h of exposure. The basal cytotoxicity endpoints assessed were total protein content, neutral red uptake and a tetrazolium salt reduction. Our results showed that only Cloisite(®) 30B induced toxic effects. Therefore, the effects of subcytotoxic concentrations of this clay on the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, glutathione content and DNA damage (comet assay) were investigated. Results indicate that oxidative stress may be implicated in the toxicity induced by Closite(®) 30B, in regards of the increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species production and glutathione content at the highest concentration assayed, while no damage was observed in DNA. The most remarkable morphological alterations observed were dilated cisternae edge in the Golgi apparatus and nucleolar segregation, suggesting impairment in the secretory functions, which could be related to inhibition in the synthesis of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
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29
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Zychowski KE, Hoffmann AR, Ly HJ, Pohlenz C, Buentello A, Romoser A, Gatlin DM, Phillips TD. The effect of aflatoxin-B1 on red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and assessment of dietary supplementation of NovaSil for the prevention of aflatoxicosis. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1555-73. [PMID: 24064717 PMCID: PMC3798873 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5091555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent carcinogen that causes growth stunting, immunosuppression and liver cancer in multiple species. The recent trend of replacing fishmeal with plant-based proteins in fish feed has amplified the AFB1 exposure risk in farm-raised fish. NovaSil (NS), a calcium montmorillonite clay, has previously been shown to reduce AFB1 bioavailability safely and efficaciously in several mammalian species. This study was designed to: (1) evaluate AFB1 impact on cultured red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, over the course of seven weeks; and (2) assess NS supplementation as a strategy to prevent aflatoxicosis. Fish were fed diets containing 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 5 ppm AFB1. Two additional treatment groups were fed either 5 ppm AFB1 + 1% NS or 5 ppm AFB1 + 2% NS. Aflatoxin B1 negatively impacted red drum weight gain, survival, feed efficiency, serum lysozyme concentration, hepatosomatic index (HSI), whole-body lipid levels, liver histopathological scoring, as well as trypsin inhibition. NovaSil inclusion in AFB1-contaminated diets improved weight gain, feed efficiency, serum lysozyme concentration, muscle somatic index, and intraperitoneal fat ratios compared to AFB1-treated fish. Although not significant, NS reduced AFB1-induced histopathological changes in the liver and decreased Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) staining. Importantly, NS supplementation improved overall health of AFB1-exposed red drum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Zychowski
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4458, College Station, TX 77843, USA; E-Mails: (K.E.Z.); (A.R.H.); (H.J.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4458, College Station, TX 77843, USA; E-Mails: (K.E.Z.); (A.R.H.); (H.J.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Hoai J. Ly
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4458, College Station, TX 77843, USA; E-Mails: (K.E.Z.); (A.R.H.); (H.J.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Camilo Pohlenz
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Texas A&M University, 2258 TAMUS, College Station, TX 77843, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.); (A.B.); (D.M.G.)
| | - Alejandro Buentello
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Texas A&M University, 2258 TAMUS, College Station, TX 77843, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.); (A.B.); (D.M.G.)
- Schillinger Genetics, 4401 Westown Parkway, Suite 225, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA
| | - Amelia Romoser
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4458, College Station, TX 77843, USA; E-Mails: (K.E.Z.); (A.R.H.); (H.J.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Delbert M. Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Texas A&M University, 2258 TAMUS, College Station, TX 77843, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.); (A.B.); (D.M.G.)
| | - Timothy D. Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4458, College Station, TX 77843, USA; E-Mails: (K.E.Z.); (A.R.H.); (H.J.L.); (A.R.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-6414; Fax: +1-979-862-4929
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30
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of a preparation of bentonite‐and sepiolite (Toxfin® Dry) as feed additive for all species. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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31
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Baglieri A, Reyneri A, Gennari M, Nègre M. Organically modified clays as binders of fumonisins in feedstocks. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:776-783. [PMID: 23688228 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.780941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study reports an investigation on the ability of organically modified clays to bind mycotoxins, fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2). Organically modified clays are commercia materials prepared from natural clays, generally montmorillonite, by exchanging the inorganic cation with an ammonium organic cation. A screening experiment conducted on 13 organically modified clays and 3 nonmodified clays, used as controls, has confirmed that the presence of an organic cation in the clay interlayer promoted the adsorption of both fumonisins. On the basis of the results of the screening test, four modified clays and a Na-montmorillonite were selected for the determination of the adsorption kinetics and isotherms. On all the tested materials adsorption took place within one hour of contact with fumonisins solutions. Adsorption isotherms have pointed out that the modified clays exhibited a higher adsorptive capacity than the unmodified clay. It was also demonstrated that, notwithstanding the reduced structural difference between FB1 and FB2, they were differently adsorbed on the modified clays. Addition of 2% modified clays to contaminated maize allowed a reduction of more than 70% and 60% of the amount of FB1and FB2 released in solution. Although in vivo experiments are required to confirm the effectiveness of the organically modified clays, these preliminary results suggest that these materials are promising as fumonisins binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baglieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
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32
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of bentonite as a technological feed additive for all species. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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33
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Willhite CC, Ball GL, McLellan CJ. Total allowable concentrations of monomeric inorganic aluminum and hydrated aluminum silicates in drinking water. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:358-442. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.674101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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34
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Robinson A, Johnson N, Strey A, Taylor J, Marroquin-Cardona A, Mitchell N, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Ankrah N, Williams J, Wang J, Jolly P, Nachman R, Phillips T. Calcium montmorillonite clay reduces urinary biomarkers of fumonisin B₁ exposure in rats and humans. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:809-18. [PMID: 22324939 PMCID: PMC3387805 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.651628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) is often a co-contaminant with aflatoxin (AF) in grains and may enhance AF's carcinogenicity by acting as a cancer promoter. Calcium montmorillonite (i.e. NovaSil, NS) is a possible dietary intervention to help decrease chronic aflatoxin exposure where populations are at risk. Previous studies show that an oral dose of NS clay was able to reduce AF exposure in a Ghanaian population. In vitro analyses from our laboratory indicated that FB₁ (like aflatoxin) could also be sorbed onto the surfaces of NS. Hence, our objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of NS clay to reduce urinary FB₁ in a rodent model and then in a human population highly exposed to AF. In the rodent model, male Fisher rats were randomly assigned to either FB₁ control, FB₁ + 2% NS or absolute control group. FB₁ alone or with clay was given as a single dose by gavage. For the human trial, participants received NS (1.5 or 3 g day⁻¹) or placebo (1.5 g day⁻¹) for 3 months. Urines from weeks 8 and 10 were collected from the study participants for analysis. In rats, NS significantly reduced urinary FB₁ biomarker by 20% in 24 h and 50% after 48 h compared to controls. In the humans, 56% of the urine samples analysed (n = 186) had detectable levels of FB₁. Median urinary FB₁ levels were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by >90% in the high dose NS group (3 g day⁻¹) compared to the placebo. This work indicates that our study participants in Ghana were exposed to FB₁ (in addition to AFs) from the diet. Moreover, earlier studies have shown conclusively that NS reduces the bioavailability of AF and the findings from this study suggest that NS clay also reduces the bioavailability FB₁. This is important since AF is a proven dietary risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans and FB₁ is suspected to be a dietary risk factor for HCC and oesophageal cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Robinson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - N.M. Johnson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - A. Strey
- USDA/ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, USA
| | - J.F. Taylor
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | | | - N.J. Mitchell
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - E. Afriyie-Gyawu
- College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA
| | - N.A. Ankrah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - J.S. Wang
- College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - P.E. Jolly
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - R.J. Nachman
- USDA/ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, USA
| | - T.D. Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
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Marroquín-Cardona A, Deng Y, Garcia-Mazcorro J, Johnson N, Mitchell N, Tang L, Robinson A, Taylor J, Wang JS, Phillips T. Characterization and Safety of Uniform Particle Size NovaSil Clay as a Potential Aflatoxin Enterosorbent. APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE 2011; 54:248-257. [PMID: 22249378 PMCID: PMC3253772 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
NovaSil (NS) clay, a common anti-caking agent in animal feeds, has been shown to adsorb aflatoxins and diminish their bioavailability in multiple animal models. The safety of long-term dietary exposure to NS has also been demonstrated in a 6-month sub-chronic study in rats and in a 3-month intervention in humans highly exposed to aflatoxins. Uniform particle size NovaSil (UPSN) is a refined material derived from parent NS; it contains lower levels of dioxins/furans, and has been selected for a more consistent uniform particle size. Nevertheless, the efficacy and potential safety/toxicity of UPSN for long term-use has not yet been determined. In this research, 4-week-old male and female Sprague Dawley rats were fed rations free of clay (control) and containing UPSN at low dose (0.25%) and high dose (2%) for 13 weeks. AFB(1) sorption characteristics remained the same for both clays. When compared to the control, total body weight gain was unaffected in either sex at the doses tested. No UPSN-dependent differences in relative organ weights or gross appearance were observed. Isolated differences between UPSN groups and the control were observed for some biochemical parameters and selected vitamins and minerals. None of these differences were dose-dependent, and all parameters fell between ranges reported as normal for rats less than 6 month old. The Na/K ratio, Na and vitamin E concentrations were the only parameters that were increased in both males and females in the low dose and high dose UPSN groups. Serum Zn levels in males from the 2% UPSN treatment were lower compared to the control. Serum K levels were lower in the males of UPSN groups than in the control. However, neither Na/K ratio, K, nor Zn values were dose dependent and fell outside ranges reported as normal. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of UPSN at levels as high as 2% (w/w) does not result in overt toxicity. Nevertheless, further research on the effects of clays on Na, Zn, K and vitamin E is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Marroquín-Cardona
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Y. Deng
- Soil and Crop Sciences Department, College of Agriculture, Texas A&M University 77843-2474 TAMU, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - J. Garcia-Mazcorro
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - N.M. Johnson
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - N. Mitchell
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - A. Robinson
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J. Taylor
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - T.D. Phillips
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
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Kensler TW, Roebuck BD, Wogan GN, Groopman JD. Aflatoxin: a 50-year odyssey of mechanistic and translational toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120 Suppl 1:S28-48. [PMID: 20881231 PMCID: PMC3043084 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery 50 years ago, the aflatoxins have become recognized as ubiquitous contaminants of the human food supply throughout the economically developing world. The adverse toxicological consequences of these compounds in populations are quite varied because of a wide range of exposures leading to acute effects, including rapid death, and chronic outcomes such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, emerging studies describe a variety of general adverse health effects associated with aflatoxin, such as impaired growth in children. Aflatoxin exposures have also been demonstrated to multiplicatively increase the risk of liver cancer in people chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) illustrating the deleterious impact that even low toxin levels in the diet can pose for human health. The public health impact of aflatoxin exposure is pervasive. Aflatoxin biomarkers of internal and biologically effective doses have been integral to the establishment of the etiologic role of this toxin in human disease through better estimates of exposure, expanded knowledge of the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, and as tools for implementing and evaluating preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of bentonite (dioctahedral montmorillonite) as feed additive for all species. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Ma Z, Long LH, Liu J, Cao YX. Montmorillonite adsorbs uric acid and increases the excretion of uric acid from the intestinal tract in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.11.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim was to evaluate the adsorbing effect of montmorillonite on uric acid, promoting diffusion of uric acid from blood to intestine, preventing absorption of uric acid in intestine and reducing uric acid level in serum.
Methods
The adsorbing effect of montmorillonite on uric acid was observed in vitro. The intestine and blood vessel of rats were circularly perfused with intestinal perfusate and vascular perfusate, respectively. A model of hyperuricaemia in mice was prepared by intraperitoneal injection of hypoxanthine and potassium oteracil. The concentration of uric acid was determined by the method of urate oxidase and peroxide enzyme.
Key findings
The results showed that different concentrations of montmorillonite could adsorb uric acid in a concentration-dependent manner. The adsorbing effect was fast. The adsorptive rate was high in acid solution and was low in alkaline solution. When blood vessels were circularly perfused by vascular perfusate containing uric acid, the concentration of uric acid in vascular perfusate was decreased and the concentration of uric acid in intestinal perfusate was increased, suggesting that uric acid in blood vessels diffused into the intestine. When the intestine was perfused with intestinal perfusate containing uric acid, the uric acid concentration in vascular perfusate was increased, but the uric acid concentration of intestinal perfusate was decreased, suggesting that uric acid was absorbed in the intestine. The uric acid concentrations of intestinal perfusate and vascular perfusate in montmorillonite 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg groups were lower than the control group. Concentrations of uric acid in serum and urine in the montmorillonite 1 and 2 g/kg groups were lower compared with mice in the hyperuricaemic group.
Conclusions
The results suggested that montmorillonite adsorbed uric acid and promoted diffusion of uric acid from blood vessels to intestine, prevented absorption of uric acid in intestine and decreased uric acid level in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Li-hui Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yong-xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Gershkovich P, Darlington J, Sivak O, Constantinides PP, Wasan KM. Inhibition of intestinal absorption of cholesterol by surface-modified nanostructured aluminosilicate compounds. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2390-400. [PMID: 19090562 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the ability of aqueous suspensions of surface-modified nanostructured aluminosilicate (NSAS) compounds to reduce the intestinal absorption of cholesterol in a rat model. The rats were divided into 10 treatment groups which included several NSAS compounds at various doses, ezetimibe at 10 mg/kg, stigmastanol at 50 mg/kg, and normal saline. All compounds and controls were independently administered by oral gavage and then a mixture of [(3)H]cholesterol and cold cholesterol in 10% Intralipid(R) was immediately administered orally to the animals. Systemic blood was sampled and the concentration of cholesterol in plasma was determined by means of radioactivity. Protonation of NSAS using an ion-exchange column resulted in significant inhibition of cholesterol absorption relative to the control group (31.5% and 38.6% reduction in absorption of cholesterol for 50 and 100 mg/kg doses, respectively). Other surface-ion modifications of NSAS compounds did not show significant effect on intestinal cholesterol absorption. The inhibition of cholesterol absorption by ezetimibe was superior and by stigmastanol was equal to the effect of protonated NSAS in the doses investigated in this study. In conclusion, protonated NSAS material seems to inhibit significantly the intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Gershkovich
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Sivak O, Darlington J, Gershkovich P, Constantinides PP, Wasan KM. Protonated nanostructured aluminosilicate (NSAS) reduces plasma cholesterol concentrations and atherosclerotic lesions in Apolipoprotein E deficient mice fed a high cholesterol and high fat diet. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:30. [PMID: 19638223 PMCID: PMC2727508 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the effect of chronic administration of protonated nanostructured aluminosilicate (NSAS) on the plasma cholesterol levels and development of atherosclerotic lesions in Apolipoprotein (ApoE) deficient mice fed a high cholesterol and high fat diet. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice were divided into the following treatment groups: protonated NSAS 1.4% (w/w), untreated control and 2% (w/w) stigmastanol mixed with high-cholesterol/high-fat diet. Animals were treated for 12 weeks, blood samples were withdrawn every 4 weeks for determination of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. At the end of the study the aortic roots were harvested for assessment of atherosclerotic lesions. NSAS at 1.4% (w/w) and stigmastanol at 2% (w/w) treatment groups showed significant decreases in plasma cholesterol concentrations at all time points relative to the control animals. The lesion sum area in 1.4% (w/w) NSAS and 2% (w/w) stigmastanol groups were significantly less from the control animals. In conclusion, in this study, the effectiveness of chronic administration of protonated NSAS material in the reduction of plasma cholesterol levels and decrease in development of atherosclerotic lesions was demonstrated in Apo-E deficient mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Sivak
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Wang P, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Tang Y, Johnson NM, Xu L, Tang L, Huebner HJ, Ankrah NA, Ofori-Adjei D, Ellis W, Jolly PE, Williams JH, Wang JS, Phillips TD. NovaSil clay intervention in Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis: II. Reduction in biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure in blood and urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:622-34. [PMID: 18478481 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701598694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of NovaSil clay (NS) to reduce aflatoxin (AF) biomarkers of exposure was evaluated in 656 blood samples and 624 urine samples collected from study participants during a 3-month phase IIa clinical intervention trial in Ghana. NS was delivered before meals via capsules. Serum AFB (1)-albumin adduct was measured by radioimmunoassay and urinary AFM (1) metabolites were quantified by immunoaffinity-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence methods. Levels of AFB (1) -albumin adduct in serum samples collected at baseline and at 1 month were similar (p = 0.2354 and p = 0.3645, respectively) among the placebo (PL), low dose (LD, 1.5 g NS day (-1)), and high dose (HD, 3.0 g NS day (-1)) groups. However, the levels of AFB (1)-albumin adduct at 3 months were significantly decreased in both the LD group (p < 0.0001) and the HD group (p < 0.0001) compared with levels in the PL group. Levels of AFM(1) in urine samples collected at baseline and at 1 month were not statistically different among the three study groups. However, a significant decrease (up to 58%) in the median level of AFM (1) in samples collected at 3 months was found in the HD group when compared with the median level in the PL group (p < 0.0391). In addition, significant effects were found for dose, time, and dose-time interaction with serum AFB(1)-albumin adduct and dose-time interaction with urinary AFM (1) metabolites. The results suggest that capsules containing NS clay can be used to reduce effectively the bioavailability of dietary AF based on a reduction of AF-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Phillips TD, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Williams J, Huebner H, Ankrah NA, Ofori-Adjei D, Jolly P, Johnson N, Taylor J, Marroquin-Cardona A, Xu L, Tang L, Wang JS. Reducing human exposure to aflatoxin through the use of clay: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:134-45. [PMID: 18286403 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701567467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innovative sorption strategies for the detoxification of aflatoxins have been developed. NovaSil clay (NS) has been shown to prevent aflatoxicosis in a variety of animals when included in their diet. Results have shown that NS clay binds aflatoxins with high affinity and high capacity in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a notable reduction in the bioavailability of these toxins without interfering with the utilization of vitamins and other micronutrients. This strategy is being evaluated as a potential remedy for acute aflatoxicosis, and as a sustainable human intervention for aflatoxins via the diet. Phase I and II clinical trials confirmed the apparent safety of NS for further study in humans. A recent study in Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis has indicated that NS (at a dose level of 0.25%) is effective in decreasing biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure and does not interfere with the levels of serum vitamins A and E, and iron and zinc. In summary, enterosorption strategies/therapies based on NS clay are promising for the management of aflatoxins and as a sustainable public health intervention. The NS clay remedy is novel, inexpensive and easily disseminated. Based on the present research, aflatoxin sequestering clays should be rigorously evaluated in vitro and in vivo, and should meet the following criteria: (1) favourable thermodynamic characteristics of mycotoxin sorption, (2) tolerable levels of priority metals, dioxins/furans and other hazardous contaminants, (3) safety and efficacy in multiple animal species, (4) safety and efficacy in long-term studies, and (5) negligible interactions with vitamins, iron and zinc and other micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Phillips
- Department of VIBS-MS 4458, Texas A&M University, Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Afriyie-Gyawu E, Wang Z, Ankrah NA, Xu L, Johnson N, Tang L, Guan H, Huebner H, Jolly P, Ellis W, Taylor R, Brattin B, Ofori-Adjei D, Williams J, Wang JS, Phillips T. NovaSil clay does not affect the concentrations of vitamins A and E and nutrient minerals in serum samples from Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:872-84. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030701854758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Afriyie-Gyawu
- a Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University, College Station , TX, USA
| | - Z. Wang
- b Department of Environmental Toxicology , The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - N.-A. Ankrah
- c Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana , Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - L. Xu
- b Department of Environmental Toxicology , The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - N.M. Johnson
- a Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University, College Station , TX, USA
| | - L. Tang
- b Department of Environmental Toxicology , The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - H. Guan
- b Department of Environmental Toxicology , The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - H.J. Huebner
- a Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University, College Station , TX, USA
| | - P.E. Jolly
- d Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - W.O. Ellis
- e Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - R. Taylor
- a Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University, College Station , TX, USA
| | - B. Brattin
- a Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University, College Station , TX, USA
| | - D. Ofori-Adjei
- c Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana , Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - J.H. Williams
- f Peanut Collaborative Research Support Program, University of Georgia , Griffin, GA, USA
| | - J.-S. Wang
- b Department of Environmental Toxicology , The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - T.D. Phillips
- a Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University, College Station , TX, USA
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Groopman JD, Kensler TW, Wild CP. Protective interventions to prevent aflatoxin-induced carcinogenesis in developing countries. Annu Rev Public Health 2008; 29:187-203. [PMID: 17914931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The public health impact of aflatoxin exposure is pervasive in economically developing countries; consequently, we need to design intervention strategies for prevention that are practicable for these high-risk populations. The adverse health consequences of aflatoxins in populations are quite varied, eliciting acute effects, such as rapid death, and chronic outcomes, such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, a number of epidemiological studies describe a variety of general adverse health effects associated with aflatoxin, such as impaired growth in children. Thus, the magnitude of the problem is disseminated across the entire spectrum of age, gender, and health status in the population. The aflatoxins multiplicatively increase the risk of liver cancer in people chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which illustrates the deleterious impact that even low toxin levels in the diet can pose for human health. Thus other aflatoxin interactions, which likely contribute to the disease burden, still remain to be identified. Therefore, many diverse and appropriate strategies for disease prevention are needed to decrease the incidence of aflatoxin carcinogenesis in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Afriyie-Gyawu E, Ankrah NA, Huebner HJ, Ofosuhene M, Kumi J, Johnson NM, Tang L, Xu L, Jolly PE, Ellis WO, Ofori-Adjei D, Williams JH, Wang JS, Phillips TD. NovaSil clay intervention in Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis. I. Study design and clinical outcomes. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2007; 25:76-87. [PMID: 17852392 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701458105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A 3-month double-blind and placebo-controlled, phase IIa clinical trial was conducted in Ghana to investigate the safety, tolerance and aflatoxin-sorption efficacy of dietary NovaSil (NS). Volunteers (507 subjects) were clinically screened to evaluate their general health, pregnancy status and blood AFB(1)-albumin adduct levels. Of these subjects, 177 were randomly assigned to three groups: high-dose (HD), low-dose (LD) and placebo-control (PL) groups receiving 3.0, 1.5 and 0 g NS day(-1) in capsules. Trained study-monitors supervised NS capsule administration to participants and recorded side-effects daily. Physical examinations were performed monthly. Blood and urine samples were collected for laboratory analysis. Approximately 92% of the participants (162 of 177) completed the study and compliance rate was over 97%. Overall, 99.5% of person x time reported no side-effects throughout the study. Mild to moderate health events ( approximately 0.5% of person x time) were recorded in some participants. Symptoms included nausea, diarrhea, heartburn and dizziness. These side-effects were statistically similar among all three groups. No significant differences were shown in hematology, liver and kidney function or electrolytes in the three groups. These findings demonstrate that NS clay is apparently safe and practical for the protection of humans against aflatoxins in populations at high risk for aflatoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Afriyie-Gyawu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Wang JS, Luo H, Billam M, Wang Z, Guan H, Tang L, Goldston T, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Lovett C, Griswold J, Brattin B, Taylor RJ, Huebner HJ, Phillips TD. Short-term safety evaluation of processed calcium montmorillonite clay (NovaSil) in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:270-9. [PMID: 16019795 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
NovaSil clay (NS) provides significant protection from the adverse effects of aflatoxins (AFs) in multiple animal species by decreasing bioavailability from the gastrointestinal tract. It is postulated that NS clay can be safely added to human diets to diminish exposure and health risks from AF contaminated food. To determine the safety and tolerance of NS in humans and establish dosimetry protocols for long-term efficacy studies, a randomized and double-blinded phase I clinical trial was conducted. Volunteers (20-45 yr in age), were clinically screened for confirmation of their health status. Fifty subjects (23 males and 27 females) were randomly divided into two groups: The low-dose group received nine capsules containing 1.5 g/day, and the high-dose group received nine capsules containing 3.0 g/day for a period of 2?wk. NS capsules were manufactured in the same color and size and were distributed to each participant three times a day at designated sites where follow-up was taken to record any side effects and complaints. Blood and urine samples were collected before and after the study for laboratory analysis. All participants completed the trial and compliance was 99.1%. Mild GI effects were reported in some participants. Symptoms included abdominal pain (6%, 3/50), bloating (4%, 2/50), constipation (2%, 1/50), diarrhea (2%, 1/50), and flatulence (8%, 4/50). No statistical significance was found between the two groups for these adverse effects (p > 0.25). No significant differences were shown in hematology, liver and kidney function, electrolytes, vitamins A and E, and minerals in either group. These results demonstrate the relative safety of NS clay in human subjects and will serve as a basis for long-term human trials in populations at high risk for aflatoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Wang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA.
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