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Mohammadzadeh A, Amiri M. Magnetic stirring in syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as an effective method for preconcentration of tartrazine dye from food samples: A multivariate analysis approach. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27611. [PMID: 38495191 PMCID: PMC10943443 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A new, rapid, simple, and sensitive preconcentration method and Spectrophotometry determination technique have been presented for the microextraction and determination of trace amount of Tartrazine dye in food samples. In the present system, which is called "Magnetic stirring in syring dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction"(MSIS- DLLME), a cloudy state result is formed in a homemade glass syringe by magnetic agitation. In the MSIS-DLLME system, Tartrazine colour was uprooted into an organic detergent (Toluene) after many twinkles. Subsequently, the organic detergent which was placed on top of the result was transferred into a narrow neck by moving the piston overhead. The effective parameters on the extraction recovery were studied and optimized by Central Composite design (CCD). Under the optimum conditions, the estimation cure is direct in the range of 0.1-1(μg L- 1). The limit of detection (LOD), relative standard divagation and enrichment factor were 0.03 μg L -1, ±4.6 (n = 10) and 166, independently. The advanced system was successfully applied for microextraction of Tartrazine in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University-Arak Branch, Arak, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Amiri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
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2
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Hernández-García S, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Consumption of commonly used artificial food dyes increases activity and oxidative stress in the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112925. [PMID: 37254351 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the consumption of artificial colorants in foods and beverages has increased despite of concerns in the general population raised by studies that have shown possible injurious effects. In this study, tartrazine, sunset yellow, quinoline yellow, ponceau 4R, carmoisine and allura red were employed as pure compounds to explore their effects in vivo in the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. The exposition of C. elegans to these artificial dyes produced damage related with aging such as oxidative stress and lipofuscin accumulation, as well as a heavy shortening of lifespan, alterations in movement patterns and alterations in the production of dopamine receptors. Besides, microarray analysis performed with worms treated with tartrazine and ponceau 4R showed how the consumption of synthetic colorants is able to alter the expression of genes involved in resistance to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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3
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Zand A, Enkhbilguun S, Macharia JM, Budán F, Gyöngyi Z, Varjas T. Tartrazine Modifies the Activity of DNMT and HDAC Genes-Is This a Link between Cancer and Neurological Disorders? Nutrients 2023; 15:2946. [PMID: 37447272 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, artificial additives, especially synthetic food colorants, were found to demonstrate wider properties compared to their natural equivalents; however, their health impact is still not totally mapped. Our study aimed to determine the long-term (30 and 90 days) exposure effect of one of the commonly used artificial food colorants, tartrazine, on NMRI mice. The applied dose of tartrazine referred to the human equivalent dose for acceptable daily intake (ADI). Further, we evaluated its impact on the transcription of a range of epigenetic effectors, members of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) as well as histone deacetylase (HDAC) families. Following the exposure, organ biopsies were collected from the lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen, and the gene expression levels were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Our results demonstrated significant upregulation of genes in the tested organs in various patterns followed by the intake of tartrazine on ADI. Since DNMT and HDAC genes are involved in different steps of carcinogenesis, have roles in the development of neurological disorders and the effect of dose of everyday exposure is rarely studied, further investigation is warranted to study these possible associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zand
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sodbuyan Enkhbilguun
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - John M Macharia
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Budán
- Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gyöngyi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Varjas
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Ramos-Souza C, Bandoni DH, Bragotto APA, De Rosso VV. Risk assessment of azo dyes as food additives: Revision and discussion of data gaps toward their improvement. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:380-407. [PMID: 36374221 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The food industry uses dyes mainly to overcome color loss during the processing and storage of products, with the azo dyes currently being the most employed. Studies on the safety of using these dyes in foods started in the 1950s and have indicated the potential for concern. This review discusses the risk assessment of food intake containing artificial azo dyes. There are case reports and, subsequently, double-blind placebo-controlled trials in some individuals who may experience adverse effects from the intake of azo dyes, but it is unclear whether these adverse effects are restricted to specific populations or more generalized. In view of this, different toxicological endpoints are evaluated to verify toxic effects in in vitro and in vivo models and to establish the no observed adverse effect level. Exposure estimation studies have shown that human exposure to azo dyes via oral intake is mainly below the acceptable daily intake established by advisory bodies. However, most countries do not have studies that estimate the oral intake of azo dyes. In this case, local food diversity and racial-ethnic specificities are not considered when stating the exposure estimate is below the acceptable daily intake for the human population and thus may not represent actual intake. Concerning the scenario established above, this review discusses the most critical gaps to be overcome to contribute to the direction of future studies and the development of more effective public policies concerning the safety of the intake of artificial azo dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ramos-Souza
- Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Henrique Bandoni
- Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Veridiana Vera De Rosso
- Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li Z, Zhang J, Yin S, Xi G. Toxicity effect of the edible pigment carmoisine on Polyrhachis vicina Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1009-1022. [PMID: 35792963 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carmoisine belongs to a water-soluble synthetic dye and is often used as a food additive. Previous research has shown that carmoisine is toxic to rats and zebrafish, but there have been few reports on the effect of carmoisine on soil-dwelling social insects. The present study evaluated carmoisine toxicity in Polyrhachis vicina Roger. We found that the effects of different concentrations of carmoisine on the mortality of workers were dose-dependent. The 10% lethal dose (LD10), 50% lethal dose (LD50) and 90% lethal dose (LD90) of carmoisine to workers at 96 h was calculated to be 0.504, 5.491 and 10.478 g/L, respectivily. LD10 of workers were selected to treat the fourth instar larvae, pupae and adults for 10 days. The results showed that the survival rate of all ants, except for females, was significantly reduced, especially larvae and workers. The body weight of larvae, pupae and males decreased significantly, while weight gain was observed in the females and workers. The appearance of larvae, pupae and workers changed after carmoisine treatment, such as body darkening and epidermis shrinking of larvae and pupae, as well as body segment expansion of workers. Furthermore, carmoisine altered the expression of the estrogen-related receptor, tailless and homothorax of P. vicina (Pv-ERR, Pv-tll and Pv-hth) to varying degrees in larvae and adults. We believe that variations in body weight can lead to a decrease in survival rate and appearance changes in the ants, which may be related to abnormal gene expressions caused by carmoisine treatment. Therefore, we confirm that carmoisine has negative effects on the growth and development of P. vicina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shaoting Yin
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gengsi Xi
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Rahnama H, Mazloomi SM, Berizi E, Abbasi A, Gholami Z. Identification of Tartrazine adulteration and evaluating exposure to synthetic dyes of sunset yellow and Quinoline yellow through consumption of food products among children. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3781-3788. [DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannaneh Rahnama
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Enayat Berizi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Azam Abbasi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Zahra Gholami
- Food Control Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
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Khan JM, Malik A, Husain FM, Hakeem MJ, Alhomida AS. Sunset Yellow Dye Induces Amorphous Aggregation in β-Lactoglobulin at Acidic pH: A Multi-Techniques Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030395. [PMID: 35160385 PMCID: PMC8839080 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation is of two types: (i) amorphous and (ii) amyloid fibril. Several extrinsic factors (temperature, pH, and small ligands) stimulate protein aggregation in vitro. In this study, we have examined the role of sunset yellow (SY) on the β-lactoglobulin (BLG) aggregation at pH 2.0. We have used spectroscopic (turbidity, Rayleigh light scattering (RLS), far-UV CD) and microscopic (transmission electron microscopy [TEM]) techniques to describe the effects of SY on BLG aggregation. Our results showed that BLG aggregation is dependent on SY concentrations. Very low concentrations (0.0–0.07 mM) of SY were unable to induce aggregation, while SY in the concentrations range of 0.1–5.0 mM induces aggregation in BLG. The kinetics of SY-stimulated aggregation is very fast and monomeric form of BLG directly converted into polymeric aggregates. The kinetics results also showed SY-induced BLG aggregation disappeared in the presence of NaCl. The far-UV CD and TEM results indicated the amorphous nature of SY-induced BLG aggregates. We believe that our results clearly suggest that SY dye effectively stimulates BLG aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.H.); (M.J.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Mohammed J. Hakeem
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Abdullah S. Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (A.S.A.)
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Molecular interaction of Sunset Yellow with whey protein: Multi-spectroscopic techniques and computational study. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zingue S, Mindang ELN, Awounfack FC, Kalgonbe AY, Kada MM, Njamen D, Ndinteh DT. Oral administration of tartrazine (E102) accelerates the incidence and the development of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:303. [PMID: 34972512 PMCID: PMC8720219 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the considerable advances made in the treatment of cancer, it remains a global threat. Tartrazine (E102) is a synthetic dye widely used in food industries; it has recently been shown to induce oxidative stress (a well known risk factor of cancer) in rat tissues. The present work therefore aimed to assess the impact of a regular consumption of tartrazine on the incidence of breast cancer in rats. METHODS Forty (40) Wistar rats aged 55 to 60 days were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n = 8) including two groups serving as normal controls and receiving distilled water (NOR) or tartrazine (NOR + TARZ). The three remaining groups were exposed to the carcinogen DMBA (50 mg/kg) and treated for 20 weeks with either distilled water (DMBA), tartrazine 50 mg/kg (DMBA + TARZ) or a natural dye (DMBA + COL). The parameters evaluated were the incidence, morphology and some biomarkers (CA 15-3, estradiol and α-fetoprotein) of breast cancer. The oxidative status and histomorphology of the tumors were also assessed. RESULTS A regular intake of tartrazine led to an early incidence of tumors (100% in rats that received TARZ only vs 80% in rats that received DMBA only), with significantly larger tumors (p < 0.001) (mass = 3500 mg/kg and volume = 4 cm3). The invasive breast carcinoma observed on the histological sections of the animals of the DMBA + TARZ group was more developed than those of the DMBA group. The increase in serum α-fetoprotein (p < 0.05) and CA 15-3 (p < 0.01) levels corroborate the changes observed in tumors. The presence of oxidative activity in animals of the DMBA + TARZ group was confirmed by a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) as well as the level of GSH and increase in the level of MDA compared to the rats of the DMBA and NOR groups. CONCLUSION Tartrazine therefore appears to be a promoter of DMBA-induced breast tumorigenesis in rats through its oxidative potential. This work encourages further studies on the mechanisms of action of tartrazine (E102) and its limits of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Zingue
- Department of Medical and Biomedical Engineering, Higher Technical Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 886, Ebolowa, Cameroon.
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 55, Maroua, Cameroon.
- Centre for Natural Product Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa.
| | | | - Florence Charline Awounfack
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Abel Yanfou Kalgonbe
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 55, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Moustapha Mohamet Kada
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 55, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Centre for Natural Product Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
- Centre for Natural Product Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa.
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Mota IGC, Neves RAMD, Nascimento SSDC, Maciel BLL, Morais AHDA, Passos TS. Artificial Dyes: Health Risks and the Need for Revision of International Regulations. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1934694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Sayonara Da Cruz Nascimento
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Biotechnology Postgraduate Program – RENORBIO, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Bruna Leal Lima Maciel
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Heloneida De Araújo Morais
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Thaís Souza Passos
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Asif Ahmed M, Al-Khalifa AS, Al-Nouri DM, El-Din MFS. Dietary intake of artificial food color additives containing food products by school-going children. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:27-34. [PMID: 33424279 PMCID: PMC7783677 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional risk in children is associated with food safety. This is the first study to identify the food type consumed by 6–17-year-old school-going children in Saudi Arabia. Eight permitted artificial food color additives, including Tartrazine (E102), Sunset Yellow (E110), Carmoisine (E122), Allura Red (E129), Indigo Carmine (E132), Brilliant Blue (E133), Fast Green (E143), and Black PN (E151), and two non-permitted ones, Erythrosine (E127) and Red 2G (E128), were determined using 24-h dietary recall questionnaires. Artificial color additives in 839 food products were divided into nine categories, including biscuits, cakes, chocolates, chips, ice cream, juices and drinks, candy, jelly, and chewing gum, are determined using high performance liquid chromatography and diode array detector. The results indicated a high intake of juices and drinks, ice cream, and cakes, but low consumption of chewing gum among school-going children. Among the permitted artificial food color additives, Brilliant Blue (E133) (54.1%) and Tartrazine (E102) (42.3%) were the most commonly used. Sunset Yellow (E110) in one chocolate sample, Tartrazine (E102) and Sunset Yellow (E110) in one and two juice and drink samples, respectively, and Brilliant Blue (E133) in two candy samples exceeded the permitted level. Therefore, further investigations are needed to provide insights into the possible adverse health effects of high intake of these additives in artificial food coloring on the test population are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asif Ahmed
- Department Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Al-Khalifa
- Department Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doha M Al-Nouri
- Department Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Fekry Serag El-Din
- Department Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Menoufa University, Egypt
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Carabet CA, Moanță A, Pălărie I, Iacobescu G, Rotaru A, Leulescu M, Popescu M, Rotaru P. Physical, Thermal and Biological Properties of Yellow Dyes with Two Azodiphenylether Groups of Anthracene. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235757. [PMID: 33291331 PMCID: PMC7731036 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two yellow bis-azo dyes containing anthracene and two azodiphenylether groups (BPA and BTA) were prepared, and an extensive investigation of their physical, thermal and biological properties was carried out. The chemical structure was confirmed by the FTIR spectra, while from the UV-Vis spectra, the quantum efficiency of the laser fluorescence at the 476.5 nm was determined to be 0.33 (BPA) and 0.50 (BTA). The possible transitions between the energy levels of the electrons of the chemical elements were established, identifying the energies and the electronic configurations of the levels of transition. Both crystals are anisotropic, the optical phenomenon of double refraction of polarized light (birefringence) taking place. Images of maximum illumination and extinction were recorded when the crystals of the bis-azo compounds rotated by 90° each, which confirms their birefringence. A morphologic study of the thin films deposited onto glass surfaces was performed, proving the good adhesion of both dyes. By thermal analysis and calorimetry, the melting temperatures were determined (~224-225 °C for both of them), as well as their decomposition pathways and thermal effects (enthalpy variations during undergoing processes); thus, good thermal stability was exhibited. The interaction of the two compounds with collagen in the suede was studied, as well as their antioxidant activity, advocating for good chemical stability and potential to be safely used as coloring agents in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Alice Carabet
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (C.A.C.); (I.P.); (G.I.); (M.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Anca Moanță
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. AI Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Ion Pălărie
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (C.A.C.); (I.P.); (G.I.); (M.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Gabriela Iacobescu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (C.A.C.); (I.P.); (G.I.); (M.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Andrei Rotaru
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu”, Department of Chemical Thermodynamics, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei, Nr. 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +40-745-379-205
| | - Marian Leulescu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (C.A.C.); (I.P.); (G.I.); (M.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Mariana Popescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rareş Street, Nr. 2, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Petre Rotaru
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (C.A.C.); (I.P.); (G.I.); (M.L.); (P.R.)
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Jain A, Mathur P. Risk Assessment of Sulphite Exposure through Foods Among Adolescents of Delhi (India). CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401314666181002143352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Sulphites added as preservatives in food have been associated with adverse health effects in humans.Objective:The present study was designed with an objective of assessing the risk of sulphite exposure through food in adolescents (12-16 years old) of Delhi, India.Methods:A total of 1030 adolescents selected from four private and four government schools of Delhi, were asked to record their food intake using a 24 hour food record, repeated on three days, for assessing exposure to sulphites. The risk was assessed using six different scenarios of exposure.Results:The actual intake for sulphites for average consumers was 0.15 ± 0.13 mg / kg b.w. / day which was 21.4% of acceptable daily intake (ADI). For high consumers (P95), it was 65% of the ADI. However, for 2 respondents, the actual intake exceeded the ADI. The major food contributors to sulphite intake were beverage concentrates (46%), ready to serve beverages (22%) followed by miscellaneous food items (16%), mainly ice creams and snowballs. Estimation of sulphite intake using different exposure scenarios revealed that for certain scenarios where the highest reported sulphite level or maximum permissible levels were considered for calculation, the high consumers exceeded the ADI, though, for average consumers, intake was well below the ADI.Conclusion:Actual intake of sulphite for average consumers was well below the ADI but for high consumers was approaching the ADI. People with sulphite sensitivity need to be aware of hidden food sources of sulphites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Jain
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pulkit Mathur
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Doguc DK, Deniz F, İlhan İ, Ergonul E, Gultekin F. Prenatal exposure to artificial food colorings alters NMDA receptor subunit concentrations in rat hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:784-794. [PMID: 31679476 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1681065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to artificial food color additives (AFCAs) has been implicated in the etiology of certain childhood hyperactivity and learning disabilities. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) are involved in learning and memory. We administered a mixture of AFCAs (erythrosine, ponceau 4R, allura red AC, sunset yellow FCF, tartrazine, amaranth, brilliant blue, azorubine, and indigotine) to female rats during gestation to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to AFCAs on neurobehavior, spatial learning, and memory in their offspring. We also investigated whether AFCAs modulate NR2A, NR2B, and α7 nAChR protein levels in their offsprings' hippocampi. Although spatial learning and memory were not altered, the offspring of rats exposed to AFCAs exhibited decreased motivation and increased despair-related behavior. NR2A and NR2B protein levels were significantly reduced in female offspring in the experimental group (p < 0.05), whereas α7 nAChR level was not significantly altered. Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to AFCAs may lead to sex-dependent alterations in glutamatergic signaling which may continue into adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Kumbul Doguc
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Firdevs Deniz
- Medical Biochemistry Laboratory, Atatürk Government Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - İlter İlhan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Esin Ergonul
- Department of Medical Education, Medical School, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Gultekin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
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15
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Soleymani B, Zargar B, Rastegarzadeh S. Separation and pre-concentration of Sunset Yellow in beverages and effervescent vitamin C tablets by a new flotation technique prior to spectrophotometric determination. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1605-1615. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1657965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Soleymani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Behrooz Zargar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saadat Rastegarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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16
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Reza MSA, Hasan MM, Kamruzzaman M, Hossain MI, Zubair MA, Bari L, Abedin MZ, Reza MA, Khalid‐Bin‐Ferdaus KM, Haque KMF, Islam K, Ahmed MU, Hossain MK. Study of a common azo food dye in mice model: Toxicity reports and its relation to carcinogenicity. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:667-677. [PMID: 30847145 PMCID: PMC6392843 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of an azo dye carmoisine widely used in foods and to investigate its relation to carcinogenicity. Carmoisine administered into mice orally in four different doses as control, low, medium, and high equivalent to 0, 4, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw, respectively, for 120 days. The key toxicological endpoint was observed including animal body weight, organ weights, hematology, biochemistry, and molecular biology assessment. The body weights of medium- and high-dose carmoisine-treated mice group were significantly decreased as compared to the control mice group. Platelet, white blood cell and monocyte counts of treated group were considerably higher, while Hb and red blood cell counts were drastically lower than the control group. The biochemical parameters such as serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, globulin, urea, and creatinine level were significantly increased, while serum cholesterol level was decreased after treatment as compared to the control. RT-PCR results showed that expression of Bcl-x and PARP gene was intensively increased, whereas expression of p53 gene was decreased in the mouse liver tissues treated with carmoisine. This study revealed that high-dose (400 mg/kg bw) treatment of carmoisine was attributable to renal failure and hepatotoxicity. It also would be suspected as a culprit for liver oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sajib Al Reza
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional ScienceFaculty of Life ScienceMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Md. Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional ScienceFaculty of Life ScienceMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Md. Kamruzzaman
- Protein Science LabDepartment of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of RajshahiRajshahiBangladesh
| | - Md. Imam Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaculty of Life ScienceMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Zubair
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional ScienceFaculty of Life ScienceMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Luthfunnesa Bari
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional ScienceFaculty of Life ScienceMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Md. Zainul Abedin
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional ScienceFaculty of Life ScienceMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Reza
- Protein Science LabDepartment of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of RajshahiRajshahiBangladesh
| | - Khandaker Md. Khalid‐Bin‐Ferdaus
- Protein Science LabDepartment of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of RajshahiRajshahiBangladesh
| | - Kazi Md. Faisal Haque
- Protein Science LabDepartment of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of RajshahiRajshahiBangladesh
| | - Khairul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Life ScienceMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Mahtab Uddin Ahmed
- Biochemistry & Cell Biology LabBangladesh University of Health SciencesDhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Khaled Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and molecular biologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of RajshahiRajshahiBangladesh
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17
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Hrncirova L, Hudcovic T, Sukova E, Machova V, Trckova E, Krejsek J, Hrncir T. Human gut microbes are susceptible to antimicrobial food additives in vitro. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:497-508. [PMID: 30656592 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-00674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that antimicrobial food additives may alter the composition of human gut microbiota by selectively suppressing the growth of susceptible gut microbes. To explore the influence of antimicrobial food additives on the composition of the human gut microbiota, we examined the susceptibility of both aerobic and anaerobic gut bacteria to sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, and potassium sorbate, and their combinations, using a broth microdilution method. The tested bacteria exhibited a wide range of susceptibilities to food additives. For example, the most susceptible strain, Bacteroides coprocola, was almost 580 times more susceptible to sodium nitrite than the most resistant strain, Enterococcus faecalis. However, most importantly, we found that gut microbes with known anti-inflammatory properties, such as Clostridium tyrobutyricum or Lactobacillus paracasei, were significantly more susceptible to additives than microbes with known proinflammatory or colitogenic properties, such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron or Enterococcus faecalis. Our data show that some human gut microbes are highly susceptible to antimicrobial food additives. We speculate that permanent exposure of human gut microbiota to even low levels of additives may modify the composition and function of gut microbiota and thus influence the host's immune system. Whether the effect of additive-modified gut microbiota on the human immune system could explain, at least in part, the increasing incidence of allergies and autoimmune diseases remains to be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Hrncirova
- The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Sukova
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimira Machova
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Trckova
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejsek
- The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hrncir
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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18
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Floriano JM, da Rosa E, do Amaral QDF, Zuravski L, Chaves PEE, Machado MM, de Oliveira LFS. Is tartrazine really safe? In silico and ex vivo toxicological studies in human leukocytes: a question of dose. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1128-1134. [PMID: 30510682 PMCID: PMC6220720 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00034d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of food colorings has a long-recorded history. Tartrazine (TRZ) is a dye that confers a lemon-yellow color to food and is widely used in the manufacture of numerous food products, as well as in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. However, few studies have addressed the toxicology of TRZ in human cells or tissues. Considering the frequent consumption of the TRZ dye in food products and the lack of toxicological data, the present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the TRZ dye in human leukocyte cultures and perform theoretical studies to predict its toxicity in silico. Leukocyte cultures were treated with TRZ at concentrations of 5, 17.5, 35, 70, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μg mL-1. All groups were assayed in triplicates. The mutagenicity was evaluated using the micronucleus test, the nuclear division index, and the nuclear division cytotoxicity index, and the chromosomal instability was quantitatively evaluated by band cytogenetics. Genotoxicity was evaluated using the alkaline comet test. Viability was assessed using the Trypan Blue method. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test, with a p value <0.05 reflecting statistical significance. No mutagenicity or cytotoxicity was found for the dye at the concentrations evaluated. However, DNA damage was induced by TRZ at a concentration of 70 μg mL-1. These results were confirmed by the predictive data from the in silico evaluations. Further studies are required to confirm our data, considering the frequency of the use of TRZ in the diet of the population, including that of children, as well as the exposure to TRZ through drugs, cosmetics, and other non-food products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanoeli da Rosa
- Federal University of Pampa - UNIPAMPA , campus Uruguaiana , RS , Brazil .
| | | | - Luísa Zuravski
- Federal University of Pampa - UNIPAMPA , campus Uruguaiana , RS , Brazil .
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19
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Bhatt D, Vyas K, Singh S, John P, Soni I. Tartrazine induced neurobiochemical alterations in rat brain sub-regions. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:322-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Sjöstedt N, Deng F, Rauvala O, Tepponen T, Kidron H. Interaction of Food Additives with Intestinal Efflux Transporters. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3824-3833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Feng Deng
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oskari Rauvala
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Tepponen
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Gajda-Wyrębek J, Kuźma K, Świtka A, Jarecka J, Beresińska M, Postupolski J. Exposure of Polish children to Southampton food colours. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:1-9. [PMID: 27805864 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1254819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A study published in 2007 showed that the intake of six food colours (the so-called 'Southampton colours') may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children. The present study set out to assess the exposure of Polish children (3 and 8-9 years old, n = 149) to six of the target colours. Two methods were used to evaluate colour consumption by children: scenario 1 using the maximum permitted levels (MPLs) and actual food consumption data; and scenario 2 using the actual levels in food and actual food consumption data. The data on the actual consumption of food containing the colours was collected using a 7-day questionnaire survey. The results of laboratory analysis of food consumed by children provided data on the actual levels of the colours in food. Consumption of the colours estimated by scenario 1 in any case did not exceed the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) of the colours in both age groups of children. For more refined colour intake (scenario 2), isolated cases exceeding the ADI were recorded for four colours, but assuming that manufacturers comply with the current legislation on MPL of colours in food, the intake of the colours assessed in scenario 2 should not be a reason for exceeding of ADIs for the target food colours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gajda-Wyrębek
- a Department of Food Safety , National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene , Warsaw , Poland
| | - K Kuźma
- a Department of Food Safety , National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene , Warsaw , Poland
| | - A Świtka
- a Department of Food Safety , National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene , Warsaw , Poland
| | - J Jarecka
- a Department of Food Safety , National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene , Warsaw , Poland
| | - M Beresińska
- b Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment , National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene , Warsaw , Poland
| | - J Postupolski
- a Department of Food Safety , National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene , Warsaw , Poland
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22
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Doell DL, Folmer DE, Lee HS, Butts KM, Carberry SE. Exposure estimate for FD&C colour additives for the US population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:782-97. [PMID: 27092991 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1179536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary exposures to the seven food, drug, and cosmetic (FD&C) colour additives that are approved for general use in food in the United States were estimated for the US population (aged 2 years and older), children (aged 2-5 years) and teenage boys (aged 13-18 years) based on analytical levels of the FD&C colour additives in foods. Approximately 600 foods were chosen for analysis, based on a survey of product labels, for the levels of FD&C colour additives. Dietary exposure was estimated using both 2-day food consumption data from the combined 2007-10 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and 10-14-day food consumption data from the 2007-10 NPD Group, Inc. National Eating Trends - Nutrient Intake Database (NPD NET-NID). Dietary exposure was estimated at the mean and 90th percentile using three different exposure scenarios: low exposure, average exposure and high exposure, to account for the range in the amount of each FD&C colour additive for a given food. For all populations and all exposure scenarios, the highest cumulative eaters-only exposures in food were determined for FD&C Red No. 40, FD&C Yellow No. 5 and FD&C Yellow No. 6. In addition, the eaters-only exposure was estimated for individual food categories in order to determine which food categories contributed the most to the exposure for each FD&C colour additive. Breakfast Cereal, Juice Drinks, Soft Drinks, and Frozen Dairy Desserts/Sherbet (also referred to as Ice Cream, Frozen Yogurt, Sherbet (including Bars, Sticks, Sandwiches)) were the major contributing food categories to exposure for multiple FD&C colour additives for all three populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Doell
- a Office of Food Additive Safety , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Daniel E Folmer
- a Office of Food Additive Safety , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Hyoung S Lee
- a Office of Food Additive Safety , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Kyla M Butts
- a Office of Food Additive Safety , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Susan E Carberry
- a Office of Food Additive Safety , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA
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23
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Saleh MMS, Hashem EY, Salahi NOAA. Oxidation and Complexation-Based Spectrophotometric Methods for Sensitive Determination of Tartrazine E102 in Some Commercial Food Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/cc.2016.42005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Jain A, Mathur P. Estimation of Food Additive Intake—Overview of the Methodology. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1022830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Nelson HM, Reisberg SH, Shunatona HP, Patel JS, Toste FD. Chiral anion phase transfer of aryldiazonium cations: an enantioselective synthesis of C3-diazenated pyrroloindolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5600-3. [PMID: 24715416 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein is reported the first asymmetric utilization of aryldiazonium cations as a source of electrophilic nitrogen. This is achieved through a chiral anion phase-transfer pyrroloindolinization reaction that forms C3-diazenated pyrroloindolines from simple tryptamines and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates. The title compounds are obtained in up to 99% yield and 96% ee. The air- and water-tolerant reaction allows electronic and steric diversity of the aryldiazonium electrophile and the tryptamine core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA (USA)
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26
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Nelson HM, Reisberg SH, Shunatona HP, Patel JS, Toste FD. Chiral Anion Phase Transfer of Aryldiazonium Cations: An Enantioselective Synthesis of C3-Diazenated Pyrroloindolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Stevens LJ, Burgess JR, Stochelski MA, Kuczek T. Amounts of artificial food colors in commonly consumed beverages and potential behavioral implications for consumption in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2014; 53:133-40. [PMID: 24037921 DOI: 10.1177/0009922813502849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Artificial food colors (AFCs) are widely used to color foods and beverages. The amount of AFCs the Food and Drug Administration has certified over the years has increased more than 5-fold since 1950 (12 mg/capita/day) to 2012 (68 mg/capita/day). In the past 38 years, there have been studies of adverse behavioral reactions such as hyperactivity in children to double-blind challenges with AFCs. Studies that used 50 mg or more of AFCs as the challenge showed a greater negative effect on more children than those which used less. The study reported here is the first to quantify the amounts of AFCs in foods (specifically in beverages) commonly consumed by children in the United States. Consumption data for all foods would be helpful in the design of more challenge studies. The data summarized here should help clinicians advise parents about AFCs and beverage consumption.
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28
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A nanosilver-based spectrophotometry method for sensitive determination of tartrazine in food samples. Food Chem 2013; 138:1239-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Harp BP, Miranda-Bermudez E, Barrows JN. Determination of seven certified color additives in food products using liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3726-3736. [PMID: 23528012 DOI: 10.1021/jf400029y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a new method for determining FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Blue No. 2, FD&C Green No. 3, FD&C Red No. 3, FD&C Red No. 40, FD&C Yellow No. 5, and FD&C Yellow No. 6 in food products. These seven color additives are water-soluble dyes that are required to be batch certified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before they may be used in food and other FDA-regulated products. In the new method, the color additives are extracted from a product using one of two procedures developed for various product types, isolated from the noncolored components, and analyzed by liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. The method was validated by determining linearity, range, precision, recovery from various matrices, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and relative standard deviation for each color additive. A survey of 44 food products, including beverages, frozen treats, powder mixes, gelatin products, candies, icings, jellies, spices, dressings, sauces, baked goods, and dairy products, found total color additives ranging from 1.9 to 1221 mg/kg. FDA intends to use the new method for conducting a rigorous, comprehensive dietary exposure assessment of certified color additives in products likely to be consumed by children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Petigara Harp
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
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30
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Ha MS, Ha SD, Choi SH, Bae DH. Exposure assessment of synthetic colours approved in Korea. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:643-53. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.768358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Dixit S, Khanna SK, Das M. All India survey for analyses of colors in sweets and savories: exposure risk in Indian population. J Food Sci 2013; 78:T642-7. [PMID: 23464814 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an attempt has been made to understand the exposure assessment of food colors through 2 major groups, sweets and savories, at a national level so as to evolve a scientific yardstick to fix levels of colors in commodities based on technological and safety requirement. A vast majority of colored food commodities (83.6%) were found to employ permitted colors and confirmed a marked decline in the trend of use of nonpermitted colors (NPCs). Of the 4 zones of India, East zone showed the maximum adulteration (80.3%) both by exceeding the prescribed limits of permitted colors (72.3%) and the use of NPCs (28.7%). Tartrazine was the most popular color among the permitted list, which ranged from 12.5 to 1091 mg/kg. Rhodamine B was the most prevalent dye in the NPCs group. On the basis of average consumption of food commodities and average levels of detected colors, the intake of Sunset Yellow FCF saturates the acceptable daily intake limit to a maximum of 47.8% in children, which is a cause of concern. The uniform maximum permissible limit of synthetic colors at 100 mg/kg under the Indian rules thus needs to be reviewed and should rather be governed by the technological necessity and the consumption profiles of food commodities so that the vulnerable population should not unnecessary be exposed to excessive amounts of synthetic colors to pose health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Dixit
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, UP, India
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Yadav A, Kumar A, Tripathi A, Das M. Sunset yellow FCF, a permitted food dye, alters functional responses of splenocytes at non-cytotoxic dose. Toxicol Lett 2013; 217:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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In vitro studies on immunotoxic potential of Orange II in splenocytes. Toxicol Lett 2012; 208:239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Caldas ED, Jardim ANO. Exposure to toxic chemicals in the diet: is the Brazilian population at risk? JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:1-15. [PMID: 21989502 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2011.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, in the last 20 years, dietary risk assessments have been conducted on pesticides, mycotoxins, food additives, heavy metals (mainly mercury), environmental contaminants (mainly DDT) and acrylamide, a compound formed during food processing. The objectives of this paper were to review these studies, discuss their limitations and uncertainties and identify the most critical chemicals that may pose a health risk to Brazilian consumers. The studies have shown that the cumulative intake of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides by high consumers of fruits and vegetables may represent a health concern (up to 169% of the ARfD), although the benefits of consuming large portions of those foods most probably overcome the risks. High consumers of maize products may also be at risk due to the presence of fumonisin (355% of the PMTDI), a mycotoxin present at high levels in Brazilian maize. The studies conducted in the Brazilian Amazon have shown that riparian fish consumers are exposed to unsafe levels of mercury. However, this is a more complex issue, as mercury levels in the region are naturally high and the health benefits of a fish-based diet are well known. Studies conducted both in Brazil and internationally on acrylamide have shown that the exposure to this genotoxic compound, mainly from the consumption of French fries and potato chips, is of health concern. Reducing the population dietary exposure to toxic chemicals is a challenge for government authorities and food producers in all countries. Management strategies aimed at decreasing exposure to the critical chemicals identified in this review involve limiting the use or eliminating highly toxic pesticides, implementing good agricultural practices to decrease maize contamination by fumonisins, educating local fish-eating communities toward a fish diet less contaminated by mercury, and changing dietary habits concerning the consumption of fried potatoes, the main processed food containing acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Fallico B, Chiappara E, Arena E, Ballistreri G. Assessment of the exposure to Allura Red colour from the consumption of red juice-based and red soft drinks in Italy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1501-15. [PMID: 21854298 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.596166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the results of a survey and an exposure study, based on a probabilistic approach, concerning red juice-based and red soft drink products in Italy. It highlights the fact that the estimates of both the consumption rates and colorant intakes are related to the hypotheses of scenarios. In fact, the study estimates that, on average, consumers of red soft drinks consume 53.1 L year(-1), ranging from 39.1 to 70.7 L of soft drink products under one scenario, or 21.3 L, and from 12.7 and 35.9 L under another hypothesis; while 9.5 L of red juice-based drinks are consumed per year, ranging from 7.0 to 12.5 L, under one scenario, or on average 6.9 L, and ranging from 3.2 to 17.7 L under another scenario. The amount of colorant in a red beverage ranged from 10.9 mg l(-1) in a red soft drink up to 55.9 mg l(-1) in a red juice-based product. The risk evaluation process showed that in all cases the intake of E129 was always lower than the acceptable daily intake. The exposure assessment showed high average intakes of Allura Red in the worst-case scenario, on average, 6.5 and 13.9 mg day(-1), up to 25.0 and 33.0 mg day(-1) at the 95th percentile, for juice-based and soft drinks respectively. The most realistic scenario estimated a weighted average daily intake of Allura Red, on average from about 0.3 to 0.5 mg day(-1) at the 95th percentile, and from 0.4 to 0.6 mg day(-1) for the 95th percentile, from juice-based and soft drinks, respectively. Actually, the highest colorant intake was estimated in a 'health' juice-based drink. The intake of E129 significantly increased with a high level of colorant (>40 mg l(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fallico
- Dipartimento GeSA, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Dixit S, Purshottam SK, Khanna SK, Das M. Usage pattern of synthetic food colours in different states of India and exposure assessment through commodities preferentially consumed by children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:996-1005. [PMID: 21790487 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.580011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure studies in children are emphasized nowadays given children's higher consumption vulnerability. The present study generated national-level data covering 16 major states of India on the usage pattern of colours and it identified food commodities through which a particular colour has the scope to exceed ADI limits. Out of the total analysed samples, 87.8% contained permitted colours, of which only 48% adhered to the prescribed limit of 100 mg kg(-1). The majority of candyfloss, sugar toys, beverages, mouth fresheners, ice candy and bakery product samples exceeded the prescribed limit. Non-permitted colours were mostly prevalent in candyfloss and sugar toy samples. Though sunset yellow FCF (SSYFCF) and tartrazine were the two most popular colours, many samples used a blend of two or more colours. The blend of SSYFCF and tartrazine exceeded the prescribed limit by a factor of 37 in one sample, and the median and 95th percentile levels of this blend were 4.5- and 25.7-fold, respectively. The exposure assessment showed that the intake of erythrosine exceeded the ADI limits by two to six times at average levels of detected colours, whereas at the 95th percentile level both SSYFCF and erythrosine exceeded the respective ADI limits by three- to 12-fold in all five age groups. Thus, the uniform prescribed limit of synthetic colours at 100 mg kg(-1) under Indian rules needs to be reviewed and should be governed by consumption profiles of the food commodities to check the unnecessary exposure of excessive colours to those vulnerable in the population that may pose a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Dixit
- Food Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, PO Box 80, Lucknow - 226001, U.P., India
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Dixit S, Purshottam S, Gupta S, Khanna S, Das M. Usage pattern and exposure assessment of food colours in different age groups of consumers in the State of Uttar Pradesh, India. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:181-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440040903268062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Polônio MLT, Peres F. Consumo de aditivos alimentares e efeitos à saúde: desafios para a saúde pública brasileira. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2009; 25:1653-66. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2009000800002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Este estudo visa a contextualizar por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, os riscos acarretados pelo consumo de aditivos alimentares. Em relação aos resultados dos estudos associando o consumo de aditivos ao aparecimento do câncer, os efeitos adversos à saúde foram observados principalmente nos estudos em que a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) foi excedida. Também apontou uma carência de pesquisas sobre o transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade. Já em relação à hipersensibilidade não específica, o número de estudos foi significativo e os resultados mais consistentes quanto às manifestações clínicas de rinite, urticária e angioedema provocadas pelos aditivos, em particular pelos os corantes artificiais. As crianças aparecem como grupo vulnerável, em razão do consumo potencial de alimentos com aditivos alimentares, particularmente corantes artificiais. Os resultados indicam que estudos de consumo de aditivos alimentares deveriam servir de base para a elaboração de estratégias de vigilância alimentar e nutricional, com a finalidade de promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis.
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Dixit S, Kant Mishr K, K. Khanna S, Das M. Benzoate and Synthetic Color Risk Assessment of Fast Food Sauces Served at Street Food Joints of Lucknow, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ajft.2008.183.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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