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Liu Y, Hamid N, Manzoor R, Zhang BF, Liao YL, Wang JX, Pei DS. PPARβ/δ-ANGPTL4 axis mediates the promotion of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalic acid on MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma development. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168949. [PMID: 38042186 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalic acid (DEHP) is one of the most widely used plasticizers in the industry, which can improve the flexibility and durability of plastics. It is prone to migrate from various daily plastic products through wear and leaching into the surrounding environment and decompose into the more toxic metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalic acid (MEHP) after entering the human body. However, the impacts and mechanisms of MEHP on neuroblastoma are unclear. We exposed MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2)C cells to an environmentally related concentration of MEHP and found that MEHP increased the proliferation and migration ability of tumor cells. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ pathway was identified as a pivotal signaling pathway in neuroblastoma, mediating the effects of MEHP through transcriptional sequencing analysis. Because MEHP can bind to the PPARβ/δ protein and initiate the expression of the downstream gene angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), the PPARβ/δ-specific agonist GW501516 and antagonist GSK3787, the recombinant human ANGPTL4 protein, and the knockdown of gene expression confirmed the regulation of the PPARβ/δ-ANGPTL4 axis on the malignant phenotype of neuroblastoma. Based on the critical role of PPARβ/δ and ANGPTL4 in the metabolic process, a non-targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that MEHP altered multiple metabolic pathways, particularly lipid metabolites involving fatty acyls, glycerophospholipids, and sterol lipids, which may also be potential factors promoting tumor progression. We have demonstrated for the first time that MEHP can target binding to PPARβ/δ and affect the progression of neuroblastoma by activating the PPARβ/δ-ANGPTL4 axis. This mechanism confirms the health risks of plasticizers as tumor promoters and provides new data support for targeted prevention and treatment of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Liu
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Naima Hamid
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Rakia Manzoor
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bao-Fu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liao
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jin-Xia Wang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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2
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Brassea-Pérez E, Labrada-Martagón V, Hernández-Camacho CJ, Gaxiola-Robles R, Vázquez-Medina JP, Zenteno-Savín T. DEHP exposure impairs human skeletal muscle cell proliferation in primary culture conditions: preliminary study. Cytotechnology 2023; 75:335-348. [PMID: 37389127 PMCID: PMC10299991 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasticizer di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) inhibits differentiation, impairs glucose metabolism, and decreases mitochondrial function in murine muscle satellite cells; however, if these effects are translated to human cells is unknown. The goal of this study was to evaluate changes in morphology and proliferation of primary human skeletal muscle cells exposed to DEHP. Rectus abdominis muscle samples were obtained from healthy women undergoing programed cesarean surgery. Skeletal muscle cells were isolated and grown under standard primary culture conditions, generating two independent sample groups of 25 subcultures each. Cells from the first group were exposed to 1 mM DEHP for 13 days and monitored for changes in cell morphology, satellite cell frequency and total cell abundance, while the second group remained untreated (control). Differences between treated and untreated groups were compared using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). Cell membrane and nuclear envelope boundary alterations, loss of cell volume and presence of stress bodies were observed in DEHP-treated cultures. DEHP-treated cultures also showed a significant reduction in satellite cell frequency compared to controls. Exposure to DEHP reduced human skeletal muscle cell abundance. Statistical differences were found between the GLMM slopes, suggesting that exposure to DEHP reduced growth rate. These results suggest that exposure to DEHP inhibits human skeletal muscle cell proliferation, as evidenced by reduced cell abundance, potentially compromising long-term culture viability. Therefore, DEHP induces human skeletal muscle cell deterioration potentially inducing an inhibitory effect of myogenesis by depleting satellite cells. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Brassea-Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C., Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur Mexico
| | - Vanessa Labrada-Martagón
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Chapultepec #1570, Col. Privadas del Pedregal, 78295 San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí Mexico
| | - Claudia J. Hernández-Camacho
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, Baja California Sur 23096 La Paz, Mexico
| | - Ramón Gaxiola-Robles
- Hospital General de Zona No.1. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. 5 de Febrero y Héroes de la Independencia, Centro, 23000 La Paz, Baja California Sur Mexico
| | | | - Tania Zenteno-Savín
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C., Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur Mexico
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3
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Jędruchniewicz K, Ok YS, Oleszczuk P. COVID-19 discarded disposable gloves as a source and a vector of pollutants in the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:125938. [PMID: 34010776 PMCID: PMC8076738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of the virus SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2019 and its spreading all over the world has caused global panic and increase of personal protection equipment usage to protect people against infection. Increased usage of disposable protective gloves, their discarding to random spots and getting to landfills may result in significant environmental pollution. The knowledge concerning possible influence of gloves and potential of gloves debris on the environment (water, soil, etc.), wildlife and humans is crucial to predict future consequences of disposable gloves usage caused by the pandemic. This review focuses on the possibility of chemical release (heavy metals and organic pollutants) from gloves and gloves materials, their adsorptive properties in terms of contaminants accumulation and effects of gloves degradation under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jędruchniewicz
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
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Praveena SM, Munisvaradass R, Masiran R, Rajendran RK, Lin CC, Kumar S. Phthalates exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a systematic review of epidemiological literature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44757-44770. [PMID: 32895790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have proven that children mental health can be affected by environmental pollutants which are believed to be visible in the form of psychological disorder later in their childhood. Moreover, the effects of children mental health are evidently clear in the case of phthalates which have been observed to increase psychological disorder, specifically attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hence, the present study aims to conduct a systematic review and provide an overview of the existing literature on the association between urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and ADHD symptoms among children by emphasizing the confounding factors and limitations. Additionally, this review addressed the possible phthalate mechanism insights in human body including its impact on ADHD symptoms. In this case, 16 epidemiological studies (five cross-sectional, nine cohort and two case control studies) that met all the inclusion criteria were selected out of the total of 427 papers screened to show varying quantitative associations between phthalate exposure and ADHD symptoms among children with confounding factors and limitations in the existing studies in regard to the exposure and outcomes. This review also attempted to present possible explanation on phthalate mechanism in children body and its connection on neurodevelopment and ADHD symptom development which remains unclear in most of the studies. Finally, it is highly recommended for further research to carefully design cohort studies from prenatal to later childhood development with a complete sample size in order to understand phthalate impacts on children health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical, Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Rusheni Munisvaradass
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruziana Masiran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ranjith Kumar Rajendran
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, No.300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, No.300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biotechnology, BIHER, Bharath University, Chennai, 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Plasticizer migration from children's toys, child care articles, art materials, and school supplies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 111:104574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Assessment of baby Bibs. GC-MS screening, migration into saliva and insight of toxicity with QSAR tools. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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7
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Evaluating Phthalate Contaminant Migration Using Thermal Desorption⁻Gas Chromatography⁻Mass Spectrometry (TD⁻GC⁻MS). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040683. [PMID: 30991697 PMCID: PMC6523191 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a methodology for evaluating regulatory levels of phthalate contamination. By collecting experimental data on short-term phthalate migration using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS), the migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to polyethylene (PE) was found to be expressed by the Fickian approximation model, which was originally proposed for solid (PVC)/liquid (solvent) migration of phthalates. Consequently, good data correlation was obtained using the Fickian approximation model with a diffusion coefficient of 4.2 × 10-12 cm²/s for solid (PVC)/ solid (PE) migration of DEHP at 25 °C. Results showed that temporary contact with plasticized polymers under a normal, foreseeable condition may not pose an immediate risk of being contaminated by phthalates at regulatory levels. However, as phthalates are small organic molecules designed to be dispersed in a variety of polymers as plasticizers at a high compounding ratio, the risk of migration-related contamination can be high in comparison with other additives, especially under high temperatures. With these considerations in mind, the methodology for examining regulatory levels of phthalate contamination using TD-GC-MS has been successfully demonstrated from the viewpoint of its applicability to solid (PVC)/solid (PE) migration of phthalates.
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Gutiérrez-García AK, Flores-Kelly JM, Ortiz-Rodríguez T, Kalixto-Sánchez MA, De León-Rodríguez A. Phthalates affect the in vitro expansion of human hematopoietic stem cell. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:553-561. [PMID: 30715687 PMCID: PMC6465380 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are esters of phthalic acid used industrially as plastic additives, however, these are not covalently bound to the polymer matrix and therefore can be released to the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four phthalates: dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on the in vitro expansion of human hematopoietic cells from umbilical cord blood. For this, 0.5 × 106 cells/mL were exposure to concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 μg/mL and the total cell expansion was determined after 14 days of culture in IMDM-cytokines medium. The control cultures attained 1.31 ± 0.21 × 106 cell/mL, whereas the cultures exposed to DBP, BBP and DEHP showed a reduction from 23 to 81%, 17 to 69% and 15 to 93.5%, respectively. DEP did not affect the total cell expansion. The most significant decrease on total cell expansion was observed at 0.1 μg/mL DBP, 100 μg/mL BBP and 10 μg/mL DEHP (p < 0.05). Additionally, the effect of these compounds on the expansion of hematopoietic progenitors was analyzed by clonogenic assays as colony forming units (CFU). The CFU decreased considerably compared with respect to the control cultures. The reduction was 74.6 and 99.1% at 10 and 100 μg/mL DBP respectively, whereas 100 μg/mL BBP and 100 μg/mL DEHP reduced the CFU expansion in 97.1% and 81%, respectively. Cultures exposed to DEP did not show significant differences. The results demonstrate the toxicity of DBP, BBP and DEHP on the human hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K Gutiérrez-García
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, CP 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - José M Flores-Kelly
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, CP 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Tomás Ortiz-Rodríguez
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, CP 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Kalixto-Sánchez
- Hospital General del ISSSTE, Carlos Diez Gutiérrez 915, Col. Julian Carrillo, CP 78340, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Antonio De León-Rodríguez
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, CP 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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9
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Ji S, Gao C, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhang D, Zhang S, Lu X, Wu Y, Hu Z. Application of a bio-based polyester plasticizer modified by hydrosilicon-hydrogenation reaction in soft PVC films. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Ji
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; 266042 Qingdao China
| | - Chuanhui Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; 266042 Qingdao China
| | - Huizi Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; 266042 Qingdao China
| | - Yuetao Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; 266042 Qingdao China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; 266042 Qingdao China
| | - Shanfa Zhang
- Qingdao Haiwan Chemical Co. LTD; 266409 Qingdao China
| | - Xiaotong Lu
- College of Chemical; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; 266042 Qingdao China
| | - Yumin Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; 266042 Qingdao China
| | - Zunfu Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Linyi University; 276000 Linyi China
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Huang L, Ernstoff A, Fantke P, Csiszar SA, Jolliet O. A review of models for near-field exposure pathways of chemicals in consumer products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1182-1208. [PMID: 27644856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals in consumer products has been gaining increasing attention, with multiple studies showing that near-field exposures from products is high compared to far-field exposures. Regarding the numerous chemical-product combinations, there is a need for an overarching review of models able to quantify the multiple transfers of chemicals from products used near-field to humans. The present review therefore aims at an in-depth overview of modeling approaches for near-field chemical release and human exposure pathways associated with consumer products. It focuses on lower-tier, mechanistic models suitable for life cycle assessments (LCA), chemical alternative assessment (CAA) and high-throughput screening risk assessment (HTS). Chemicals in a product enter the near-field via a defined "compartment of entry", are transformed or transferred to adjacent compartments, and eventually end in a "human receptor compartment". We first focus on models of physical mass transfers from the product to 'near-field' compartments. For transfers of chemicals from article interior, adequate modeling of in-article diffusion and of partitioning between article surface and air/skin/food is key. Modeling volatilization and subsequent transfer to the outdoor is crucial for transfers of chemicals used in the inner space of appliances, on object surfaces or directly emitted to indoor air. For transfers from skin surface, models need to reflect the competition between dermal permeation, volatilization and fraction washed-off. We then focus on transfers from the 'near-field' to 'human' compartments, defined as respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and epidermis, for which good estimates of air concentrations, non-dietary ingestion parameters and skin permeation are essential, respectively. We critically characterize for each exposure pathway the ability of models to estimate near-field transfers and to best inform LCA, CAA and HTS, summarizing the main characteristics of the potentially best-suited models. This review identifies large knowledge gaps for several near-field pathways and suggests research needs and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Environmental Health Sciences & Risk Science Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, United States.
| | - Alexi Ernstoff
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2808 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2808 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susan A Csiszar
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participant, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Environmental Health Sciences & Risk Science Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, United States
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11
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Qureshi MS, Yusoff ARBM, Wirzal MDH, Sirajuddin, Barek J, Afridi HI, Üstündag Z. Methods for the Determination of Endocrine-Disrupting Phthalate Esters. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:146-59. [PMID: 25831046 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1004157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are endocrine disruptors frequently occurring in the general and industrial environment and in many industrial products. Moreover, they are also suspected of being carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, and they show diverse toxicity profiles depending on their structures. The European Union and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) have included many phthalates in the list of priority substances with potential endocrine-disrupting action. They are: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP), di-iso-decyl phthalate (DIDP), di-n-decyl phthalate (DnDP), and dioctyl phthalate (DOP). There is an ever-increasing demand for new analytical methods suitable for monitoring different phthalates in various environmental, biological, and other matrices. Separation and spectrometric methods are most frequently used. However, modern electroanalytical methods can also play a useful role in this field because of their high sensitivity, reasonable selectivity, easy automation, and miniaturization, and especially low investment and running costs, which makes them suitable for large-scale monitoring. Therefore, this review outlines possibilities and limitations of various analytical methods for determination of endocrine-disruptor phthalate esters in various matrices, including somewhat neglected electroanalytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Saeed Qureshi
- a Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Malaysia.,b Education & Literacy Department , Government College & Postgraduate Center , Government of Sindh , Pakistan
| | | | - Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal
- a Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Malaysia
| | | | - Jiri Barek
- d UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry , University Research Centre UNCE, Charles University in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- c National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry , University of Sindh , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Zafer Üstündag
- e Department of Chemistry , Dumlupinar University , Kutahya , Turkey
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12
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Jayawardena I, Godakumbura PI, Prashantha MAB. Migration of BTEX and phthalates from natural rubber latex balloons obtained from the Sri Lankan market. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:20. [PMID: 26759759 PMCID: PMC4703597 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The current study evaluates the migration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) and phthalates into artificial saliva from natural rubber latex (NRL) balloons available for sale in Sri Lanka. It was discovered that at least one BTEX compound migrated from almost all the brands. The migration of four phthalates; diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate were also observed. Migratory levels of BTEX and phthalates in most of the balloon brands were above the permissible levels set by the European Union. Assessment of factors affecting the migratory levels indicated migration under active mouthing conditions and migration from the neck region of the balloons were significantly higher. The migratory levels were observed to decrease with storage time, and in certain brands the BTEX levels decreased below the permissible level. One-way ANOVA indicated no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) in migratory levels of each individual compound within the same brand for both BTEX and phthalates. When compared among different brands, BTEX levels indicated significant differences (p ≤ 0.05), while phthalate levels were observed to not be significantly different (p ≥ 0.05). A significant difference was also observed (p ≤ 0.05) among the migratory levels of compounds under each test condition evaluated as factors affecting the migratory level. Furthermore, the solvent based colorants added to color the latex were found to be the source of BTEX and phthalates in the NRL balloons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imanda Jayawardena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Pahan I Godakumbura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - M A B Prashantha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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13
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Holahan MR, Smith CA. Phthalates and neurotoxic effects on hippocampal network plasticity. Neurotoxicology 2015; 48:21-34. [PMID: 25749100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are synthetically derived chemicals used as plasticizers in a variety of common household products. They are not chemically bound to plastic polymers and over time, easily migrate out of these products and into the environment. Experimental investigations evaluating the biological impact of phthalate exposure on developing organisms are critical given that estimates of phthalate exposure are considerably higher in infants and children compared to adults. Extensive growth and re-organization of neurocircuitry occurs during development leaving the brain highly susceptible to environmental insults. This review summarizes the effects of phthalate exposure on brain structure and function with particular emphasis on developmental aspects of hippocampal structural and functional plasticity. In general, it appears that widespread disruptions in hippocampal functional and structural plasticity occur following developmental (pre-, peri- and post-natal) exposure to phthalates. Whether these changes occur as a direct neurotoxic effect of phthalates or an indirect effect through disruption of endogenous endocrine functions is not fully understood. Comprehensive investigations that simultaneously assess the neurodevelopmental, neurotoxic, neuroendocrine and behavioral correlates of phthalate exposure are needed to provide an opportunity to thoroughly evaluate the neurotoxic potential of phthalates throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Holahan
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Catherine A Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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14
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Oh MS, Lee SH, Moon MH, Lee DS, Park HM. Simultaneous analysis of phthalates, adipate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils using isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2014; 7:168-75. [PMID: 25029399 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.869770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for simultaneous determination of 12 priority phthalates, adipate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible oils by isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ID-GC-MS) was developed for fast, accurate and trace analysis. The extraction and clean-up procedures were optimised, and using stable isotope-labelled internal standards for each analyte, relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.92-10.6% and spiked sample recoveries of 80.6-97.8% were obtained. Limits of detection for PAHs were in the range of 0.15-0.77 µg/kg and those for phthalates were in the range of 4.6-10.0 µg/kg. The calibration curves exhibited good linearities with regression coefficients of R(2) ≥ 0.99. Twelve edible oils were examined to evaluate the efficiency of this method. Among the 12 analytes, dibutyl phthalates (DBP), diethylhexyl phthalates (DEHP), diethylhexyl adipate (DEHA), benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A), chrysene (Chry) and benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F) were detected in the range of 1.17-806 µg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Oh
- a Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Wooten KJ, Smith PN. Canine toys and training devices as sources of exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A: quantitation of chemicals in leachate and in vitro screening for endocrine activity. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2245-53. [PMID: 24007620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chewing and mouthing behaviors exhibited by pet dogs are likely to lead to oral exposures to a variety of environmental chemicals. Products intended for chewing and mouthing uses include toys and training devices that are often made of plastics. The goal of the current study was to determine if a subset of phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), endocrine disrupting chemicals commonly found in plastics, leach out of dog toys and training devices (bumpers) into synthetic canine saliva. In vitro assays were used to screen leachates for endocrine activity. Bumper leachates were dominated by di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and BPA, with concentrations reaching low μg mL(-1) following short immersions in synthetic saliva. Simulated chewing of bumpers during immersion in synthetic saliva increased concentrations of phthalates and BPA as compared to new bumpers, while outdoor storage had variable effects on concentrations (increased DEHP; decreased BPA). Toys leached substantially lower concentrations of phthalates and BPA, with the exception of one toy which leached considerable amounts of diethyl phthalate. In vitro assays indicated anti-androgenic activity of bumper leachates, and estrogenic activity of both bumper and toy leachates. These results confirm that toys and training devices are potential sources of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in pet dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Wooten
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Kastner J, Cooper DG, Marić M, Dodd P, Yargeau V. Aqueous leaching of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and "green" plasticizers from poly(vinyl chloride). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 432:357-64. [PMID: 22750182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed to assess leaching of several poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers in aqueous media using gas chromatography (GC), and compared to a gravimetric standard test method (ASTM Method D1239). The GC method was a more direct measurement of plasticizer concentration in the aqueous phase. The leaching of commercial plasticizers, as well as several series of "green" candidate plasticizers, were assessed as a function of their molecular characteristics and compared to the industry standard PVC plasticizer, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). It was found that plasticizers containing longer alkyl chains or non-polar branching emanating from polar structural units, increased the hydrophobicity of the molecule and reduced its aqueous leaching rate. Several "green" plasticizer candidates were found to minimize aqueous leaching to rates ten times below that of DEHP; notably dioctyl succinate (DOS), dihexyl maleate (DHM), methyl cyclohexyl diester (MCDE), diethylhexyl succinate (DEHS), hexanediol dibenzoate (C6), and the commercially available Hexamoll® DINCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kastner
- McGill University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3610 University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2
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Kambia N, Dine T, Gressier B, Luyckx M, Brunet C, Guimber D, Turck D, Gottrand F, Michaud L. Strong variability of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) plasmatic rate in infants and children undergoing 12-hour cyclic parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012; 37:229-35. [PMID: 22722103 DOI: 10.1177/0148607112450914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical devices such as perfusion materials in polyvinyl chloride may contain di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Several studies have questioned the harmlessness of phthalates, which have been shown to have toxic effects on the reproductive system and general development. This study was designed to assess DEHP exposure in infants and children benefitting from cyclic parenteral nutrition (PN). The results are compared with those obtained from children used as controls and receiving no PN, to estimate the potential risk to this pediatric population, taking into account exposure levels and already published data. METHODS Plasmatic concentrations of DEHP were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography from blood samples taken from 22 children at the start and finish of a 12-hour cyclic PN period and compared with those obtained from 20 control children of comparable age and gender. RESULTS After a 12-hour cyclic PN period, DEHP migration varied widely among the patients. The concentrations were not quantifiable in 4 children at the start of PN. In 1 child, they were quantifiable neither at the start nor at the end of PN. However, for 17 children, DEHP concentrations were quantifiable at the start of PN and were very variable from one child to another. At the end, DEHP concentrations had significantly but variably increased in these children. No trace of DEHP was found in the blood samples from 20 healthy controls. CONCLUSION Considering published data on phthalate toxicity, it would appear advisable to encourage the use of medical devices that are either phthalate or DEHP free.
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Rose RJ, Priston MJ, Rigby‐Jones AE, Sneyd JR. The effect of temperature on di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate leaching from PVC infusion sets exposed to lipid emulsions. Anaesthesia 2012; 67:514-520. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.07006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. J. Priston
- Principle Healthcare Scientist, Department of Pharmacy, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - A. E. Rigby‐Jones
- Research Fellow, Anaesthesia Research Group, Peninsula College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - J. R. Sneyd
- Vice Dean and Professor of Anaesthesia, Peninsula College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Boussoum MO, Belhaneche-Bensemra N. Study and optimization of a soaking treatment to reduce migration from plasticized polyvinyl chloride. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Noguerol-Cal R, López-Vilariño J, González-Rodríguez M, Barral-Losada L. Effect of several variables in the polymer toys additive migration to saliva. Talanta 2011; 85:2080-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Estimation of dermal and oral exposure of children to scented toys: Analysis of the migration of fragrance allergens by dynamic headspace GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2686-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Özer ET, Güçer Ş. Determination of some phthalate acid esters in artificial saliva by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after activated carbon enrichment. Talanta 2011; 84:362-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zeddam C, Belhaneche-Bensemra N. Kinetic Study of the Specific Migration of an Organotin Heat Stabilizer from Rigid Poly(vinyl chloride) into Food Simulants by FTIR Spectroscopy. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030903478867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Reddy NN, Mohan YM, Varaprasad K, Ravindra S, Vimala K, Raju KM. Surface treatment of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) to prevent plasticizer migration. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kambia N, Renault N, Dilly S, Farce A, Dine T, Gressier B, Luyckx M, Brunet C, Chavatte P. Molecular modelling of phthalates - PPARs interactions. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:611-6. [PMID: 18821250 DOI: 10.1080/14756360802205059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most widely plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) that is used in plastic tubes, in medical and paramedical devices as well as in food storage packaging. The toxicological profile of DEHP has been evaluated in a number of experimental animal models and has been extensively documented. Its toxicity is in part linked to the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR(alpha)). As a response, an intensive research for a new, biologically inert plasticizer has been initiated. Among the alternative studied, tri(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM) or trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM) has attracted increasing interest. However, very little information is available on their biological effects. We proceeded to dock TOTM, DEHP and its metabolites in order to identify compounds that are likely to interact with PPAR(alpha) and PPAR(gamma) binding sites. The results obtained hint that TOTM is not able to bind to PPARs and should therefore be safer than DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kambia
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Lille Cedex, France
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Chen ML, Chen JS, Tang CL, Mao IF. The internal exposure of Taiwanese to phthalate--an evidence of intensive use of plastic materials. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:79-85. [PMID: 17765308 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used in industry and consumer products. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) show the greatest potency of reproductive toxicants among phthalates. The purposes of this study are to examine the migration level of phthalate from PVC films by simulating food handling and to reveal the body burden of phthalate for Taiwanese. In order to estimate a worst-case of phthalate migration, food was covered with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films and then microwave heated. Results show that DEHP level in food increased significantly after heating for 3 min. Under the heating condition, the calculated intake of phthalate and the percentage of the tolerable daily intake (TDI, based on body weight of 60 kg) from eating one 400-g meal were 1705.6 microg and 92.2% for DEHP. Determination of urinary metabolites from 60 subjects reveals more than 90% of samples were detectable for mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-butyl phthalate (MBP) and mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). Notably, the median value of estimated daily intake of DEHP had reached 91.6% of TDI established by the European Union Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) (1998). Thirty-seven percent of the study population exceeded the TDI and 85% exceeded the reference dose (RfD) of the US EPA. We conclude that the body burden of DEHP for Taiwanese reflects the intensives use of plastic materials in the region. The regulation of PVC for food preparation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zygoura PD, Goulas AE, Riganakos KA, Kontominas MG. Migration of di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate and acetyltributyl citrate plasticizers from food-grade PVC film into isooctane: Effect of gamma radiation. J FOOD ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Interactions between poly(vinyl chloride) stabilised with epoxidised sunflower oil and food simulants. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kleinsasser NH, Juchhoff J, Wallner BC, Bergner A, Harréus UA, Gamarra F, Bührlen M, Huber RM, Rettenmeier AW. The use of mini-organ cultures of human upper aerodigestive tract epithelia in ecogenotoxicology. Mutat Res 2004; 561:63-73. [PMID: 15238231 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The carcinogenic potential of xenobiotics and possible confounders are often difficult to differentiate in in vivo studies. In contrast, in vitro studies allow investigation of the impact of carcinogens on human target cells under standardized conditions. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate whether three-dimensional mini organ-cultures (MOCs) of human inferior nasal turbinate epithelia may represent a useful model to study genotoxic effects of xenobiotics in vitro. Culture of mini organs was performed by cutting 1mm3 pieces from fresh specimens of inferior nasal turbinates. After a period of 5-6 days the specimens were fully covered with epithelium. On days 7, 9, and 11 of culture, intact MOCs from 25 tissue donors were incubated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a negative control, or with mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). On days 7 and 11, MOCs were analyzed by the alkaline Comet assay to detect DNA-single-strand breaks, alkali-labile sites and incomplete excision-repair sites. DNA migration after single exposure of non-cultivated fresh specimens was also analyzed. In order to detect regimen-specific effects, DNA fragmentation after single exposure of intact MOCs was compared with that of cells after separation of MOCs on day 7 of culture and consecutive exposure of individual cells. Significant DNA migration as a measure of DNA single-strand breaks, alkali-labile sites and incomplete excision repair sites, was found after electrophoresis due to single and triple exposure of MOCs to MEHP, BPDE and MNNG. Triple exposure of MOCs compared to single exposure revealed no difference after exposure to DMSO or MEHP, and an increased migration after exposure to BPDE and MNNG. When single exposure of isolated cells from fresh specimens was compared with that of intact MOCs, DMSO and MNNG had no significantly different effect, whereas exposure to MEHP or BPDE caused a reduced migration in cells from MOCs. When exposure of isolated cells harvested from MOCs was compared with exposure of intact MOCs, MEHP and BPDE caused a significantly lower DNA migration in intact MOCs. MOCs provide an in vitro model suitable for the assessment of genotoxic effects of environmental pollutants both after single or repetitive exposure. Due to the intact structure of the exposed mucosa this model may be a helpful tool in mimicking the in vivo situation in ecogenotoxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert H Kleinsasser
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Kleinsasser NH, Harréus UA, Kastenbauer ER, Wallner BC, Sassen AW, Staudenmaier R, Rettenmeier AW. Mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exhibits genotoxic effects in human lymphocytes and mucosal cells of the upper aerodigestive tract in the comet assay. Toxicol Lett 2004; 148:83-90. [PMID: 15019091 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2002] [Revised: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters such as di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) are widely used as plasticizers in PVC products manufactured for commercial, medical, and consumer purposes. Humans are exposed to phthalates originating, e.g., from blood storage bags, tubing materials, and from food-wrapping. While xenoestrogenic and chronic toxic effects of phthalates have been extensively discussed, there is little data on genotoxic effects in human cells. The alkaline comet assay was used to detect single-strand breaks and alkali labile sites of DNA after incubation of human nasal mucosal cells (n = 11) and peripheral lymphocytes (n = 11) with mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), the principal hydrolysis product of DEHP. MEHP showed a dose-dependent enhancement of DNA migration both in human mucosal cells and in lymphocytes. This effect indicates a genotoxic potential of MEHP in human mucosal cells. It confirms previous data obtained on the effect of MEHP on lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert H Kleinsasser
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany.
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Cai YQ, Jiang GB, Liu JF, Zhou QX. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes packed cartridge for the solid-phase extraction of several phthalate esters from water samples and their determination by high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kambia K, Dine T, Gressier B, Bah S, Germe AF, Luyckx M, Brunet C, Michaud L, Gottrand F. Evaluation of childhood exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from perfusion kits during long-term parenteral nutrition. Int J Pharm 2003; 262:83-91. [PMID: 12927390 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(03)00335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leachability of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from administration sets into intravenous parenteral emulsions containing fat was investigated. DEHP is added to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to impart flexibility. However, DEHP is a lipid-soluble suspected carcinogen that is hepatotoxic and teratogenic in rodents, and has been shown to leach from PVC products containing lipophilic mixtures. Consequently, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) mixtures containing fat emulsions should be stored in ethylvinyl acetate (EVA) bags rather than PVC packs. However, while TPN bags are made of EVA, they contain PVC-DEHP residues and the lines used between TPN bags and venous catheters are made of PVC-DEHP. The present study quantified the amount of DEHP leached from bags and tubing that could potentially contaminate patients during home TPN. Four types of emulsions containing fat were studied. Levels of DEHP in the bag and at the outlet tubing were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This was measured during simulated TPN at different times after starting perfusion, 1 day after reconstitution of solutions in the bags, and 1 week later after storage at 4 degrees C. Detectable and stable amounts of DEHP were found to leach from bags (0.2 +/- 0.008 mg to 0.7 +/- 0.02 mg) and DEHP content increased in the outlet tubing (0.8 +/- 0.09 mg to 2 +/- 0.07 mg) during simulated infusions. The same phenomenon was observed after 1 week of storage at 4 degrees C. DEHP extraction by TPN depends on the lipid content of each TPN preparation and the flow rate. These results suggest that children treated with prolonged TPN are regularly exposed to significant amounts of DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kambia
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacocinétique et Pharmacie Clinique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, BP 83, 59006 Lille, France
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Hakkarainen M. Qualitative and quantitative solid-phase microextraction gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric determination of the low-molecular-mass compounds released from poly(vinyl chloride)/polycaprolactone–polycarbonate during ageing. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1010:9-16. [PMID: 14503811 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method was developed to quantitatively determine the amount of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid in aqueous solutions. The SPME method in combination with GC-MS was then applied to identify and quantify the low-molecular-mass compounds migrating from a new poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) material, PVC/polycaprolactone-polycarbonate (PCL-PC) during ageing in water. It was shown that only a small amount of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, the final hydrolysis product of PCL-PC, migrated from the blend during ageing at 37 and 70 degrees C. If, however, the temperature was raised to 100 degrees C rapid hydrolysis of PCL-PC resulted. In addition to 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid dimer, caprolactone, different carboxylic acids, acetophenone and phenol were identified. SPME-GC-MS was also applied to monitor the low-molecular-mass compounds migrating from the PVC/PCL-PC blend during thermo-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Phthalates are plasticizers that are added to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products to impart flexibility and durability. They are produced in high volume and generate extensive though poorly defined human exposures and unique childhood exposures. Phthalates are animal carcinogens and can cause fetal death, malformations, and reproductive toxicity in laboratory animals. Toxicity profiles and potency vary by specific phthalate. The extent of these toxicities and their applicability to humans remains incompletely characterized and controversial. Two phthalates, diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP), have received considerable attention recently because of specific concerns about pediatric exposures. Like all phthalates, DEHP and DINP are ubiquitous contaminants in food, indoor air, soils, and sediments. DEHP is used in toys and medical devices. DINP is a major plasticizer used in children's toys. Scientific panels, advocacy groups, and industry groups have analyzed the literature on DEHP and DINP and have come to different conclusions about their safety. The controversy exists because risk to humans must be extrapolated from animal data that demonstrate differences in toxicity by species, route of exposure, and age at exposure and because of persistent uncertainties in human exposure data. This report addresses sensitive endpoints of reproductive and developmental toxicity and the unique aspects of pediatric exposures to phthalates that generate concern. DEHP and DINP are used as specific examples to illustrate the controversy.
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Lakshmi S, Jayakrishnan A. Properties and performance of sulfide-substituted plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) as a biomaterial. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2003; 65:204-10. [PMID: 12632391 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.10562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was surface modified by nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atoms of PVC by sulfide ions in aqueous media in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) to make it migration resistant. The modified PVC was sterilized by steam autoclaving and gamma radiation and subjected to plasticizer extraction in an extraction medium such as hexane. Virtually no plasticizer migrated out of modified PVC into the medium even after prolonged incubation for 30 d. The properties of the modified surface were evaluated by contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cell-culture studies, hemolysis assay, and whole-blood clotting time measurements. The mechanical properties of modified sheets were evaluated by measurements of tensile strength and strain at break after subjecting the specimens to different modes of sterilization. The modified PVC surface showed enhanced wettability and was found to be non-hemolytic and non-cytotoxic. Whole-blood clotting profiles of unmodified and modified PVC were virtually the same. Modification imparted slight yellow color to the material. Surface modification resulted in an 8% decrease in the ultimate stress and 28% decrease in the strain at break values. The sulfide-substituted PVC was found to be blood compatible and would be useful in applications such as tubing for transfusion, dialysis etc., where migration resistance is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lakshmi
- Polymer Chemistry Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Satelmond Palace Campus, Trivandrum 695 012, India
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Paris I, Ruggieri F, Mazzeo P, Carlucci G. Simultaneous Determination of Di(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate and Mono(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate in Human Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120024639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Cai Y, Jiang G, Liu J. Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography–UV Detection for the Determination of Di-n-Propyl-phthalate, Di-iso-Butyl-phthalate, and Di-Cyclohexyl-phthalate in Environmental Water Samples. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120017698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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40
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Earls AO, Axford IP, Braybrook JH. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of the migration of phthalate plasticisers from polyvinyl chloride toys and childcare articles. J Chromatogr A 2003; 983:237-46. [PMID: 12568386 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two laboratory-based linear horizontal agitation methods for determining a range of phthalate esters from soft polyvinyl chloride (PVC) toys are presented in compliance with EU legislation. Both of these methods were validated through interlaboratory trials using a PVC reference disc and four soft PVC toy/childcare articles intended or likely to be mouthed. Two of these commercial samples contained diisononyl phthalate (DINP), one diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and one bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Acceptable repeatability (r, within-laboratory) and reproducibility (R, between-laboratory) data were demonstrated for both the analytical detection technique (GC-MS) (r = 9.8% and R = 8.1%) and agitation/extraction procedure (r=21.9% and R = 35.3% at 37 degrees C; r = 22.7% and R = 31.1% at 65 degrees C) for DINP. This was achieved through the participation of six laboratories. The remaining three phthalates from the EU Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) list--dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP)--were not tested due to the unavailability of suitable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Earls
- Consumer Safety and Tobacco Products, Room 3/8, LGC Ltd., Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 OLY, UK.
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41
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Cai Y, Jiang G, Liu J. Solid-Phase Extraction of Several Phthalate Esters from Environmental Water Samples on a Column Packed with Polytetrafluoroethylene Turnings. ANAL SCI 2003; 19:1491-4. [PMID: 14640445 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of several phthalate esters in water samples using solid-phase extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. A polytetrafluoroethylene turnings packed column was used as a SPE adsorbent material. The analytes were sorbed on polytetrafluoroethylene turnings, from which they were eluted by a small amount of acetonitrile, followed by a RP-HPLC-UV analysis. Detection limits (3sigma) of 4.7, 3.1, 3.6, 4.3, and 5.8 ng mL(-1) for di-n-butyl-phthalate, di-cyclohexyl-phthalate, di-n-octyl-phthalate, di-n-nonyl-phthalate and di-iso-decyl-phthalate, respectively, were achieved. Acceptable recovery results (92.1-127.5%) were obtained on five phthalate esters spiked samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
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42
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Lakshmi S, Jayakrishnan A. Synthesis, surface properties and performance of thiosulphate-substituted plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). Biomaterials 2002; 23:4855-62. [PMID: 12361626 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was surface modified by nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atoms of PVC by thiosulphate in aqueous media in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst. The properties of the modified surface were evaluated by contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Migration of the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from control as well as modified PVC was examined in hexane, in cottonseed oil and in poly(ethylene glycol)-400 (PEG-400). While the modified PVC was found to be highly migration resistant in hexane, cottonseed oil and PEG-400 extracted the plasticizer. The modified PVC was found to cause haemolysis and was cytotoxic. A possible explanation for the difference in performance of the modified material in different extraction media and its toxicity is presented from a mechanistic view of the substitution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lakshmi
- Polymer Chemistry Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Satelmond Palace Campus, Trivandrum 695012, India
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Kavlock R, Boekelheide K, Chapin R, Cunningham M, Faustman E, Foster P, Golub M, Henderson R, Hinberg I, Little R, Seed J, Shea K, Tabacova S, Tyl R, Williams P, Zacharewski T. NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Reprod Toxicol 2002; 16:529-653. [PMID: 12406494 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(02)00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kavlock
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Bouma K, Schakel DJ. Migration of phthalates from PVC toys into saliva simulant by dynamic extraction. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2002; 19:602-10. [PMID: 12042027 DOI: 10.1080/02652030210125137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Soft PVC children's products are usually plasticized with phthalates. As young children suck and chew on toys, they extract and ingest certain quantities of the plasticizers. Some phthalates are suspected to affect the kidneys and liver and cause testicular damage. Therefore, the EC has prohibited the sale of toys and childcare articles intended to be placed in the mouth by children <3 years of age made of soft PVC containing >0.1% by weight of six phthalates (1999/815/EC). The aim was to study the materials and plasticizers used in soft children's products. In February 2001, a market surveillance was performed in The Netherlands and 62 soft toys were sampled. Forty-seven of these toys contained plasticized PVC. Diisononylphthalate (DINP) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) were the predominant plasticizers and were usually found in concentrations between 30 and 45% by weight. One teething ring was made of PVC plasticized with 45% by weight of DINP and was not in compliance with Decision 1999/815/EC. The DINP and DEHP migration was determined in saliva simulant using the 'Head over Heels' agitation method. All toys complied with the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (SCTEE) guidance release value of 6.7 microg min(-1) 10 cm(-2). The DEHP migration of six toys exceeded the SCTEE guidance release value of 1.7 microg min(-1) 10 cm(-2). Substitutes found for phthalates plasticizers are acetyltributylcitrate, tributylcitrate and diisononyladipate. In addition, other plasticizers and additives were found in minor amounts. The toxicity and the migration behaviour of these substances is less known and requires more attention. To ensure the safety of PVC toys, these substances should also be regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bouma
- Inspectorate for Health Protection and Veterinary Public Health, PO Box 465, 9700 AL Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Niino T, Ishibashi T, Itoh T, Sakai S, Ishiwata H, Yamada T, Onodera S. Comparison of Diisononyl Phthalate Migration from Polyvinyl Chloride Products into Human Saliva in Vivo and into Saliva Simulant in Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.48.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Niino
- Tokyo Kenbikyo-in Foundation, Center of Food & Environmental Sciences
| | - Tohru Ishibashi
- Tokyo Kenbikyo-in Foundation, Center of Food & Environmental Sciences
| | - Takeshi Itoh
- Tokyo Kenbikyo-in Foundation, Center of Food & Environmental Sciences
| | - Senzo Sakai
- Tokyo Kenbikyo-in Foundation, Center of Food & Environmental Sciences
| | | | | | - Sukeo Onodera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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46
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Kleinsasser NH, Wallner BC, Kastenbauer ER, Weissacher H, Harréus UA. Genotoxicity of di-butyl-phthalate and di-iso-butyl-phthalate in human lymphocytes and mucosal cells. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 2001; 21:189-96. [PMID: 11301413 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of phthalates, widely used plasticizers, has been shown previously for di-butyl-phthalate (DBP) and di-iso-butyl-phthalate (DBP) in human mucosal cells of the upper aerodigestive tract in a previous study using the Comet assay. Furthermore, higher genotoxic sensitivities of patients with squamous cell carcinomas of either the larynx or the oropharynx compared to non-tumor patients were described. Other authors have demonstrated DNA damage by a different phthalate in human lymphocytes. It was the aim of the present study to determine whether there is a correlation between the genotoxic sensitivities to DBP and its isomer DiBP in either mucosal cells or lymphocytes. The single-cell microgel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay) was applied to detect DNA strand breaks in human epithelial cells of the upper aerodigestive tract (n=132 specimens). Human mucosa was harvested from the oropharynx in non-tumor patients and patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx. Laryngeal mucosa of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas was harvested as well. Peripheral lymphocytes (n=49 specimens) were separated from peripheral blood. Xenobiotics investigated were DBP, DiBP, and N'methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) as positive control, respectively. For statistical analysis, the SPSS correlation analysis according to Pearson and the Wilcoxon test were performed. Genotoxicity was found for DBP and DiBP in epithelial cells and lymphocytes (P<0.001). MNNG caused severe DNA damage. In analyzing DBP and DiBP results, genotoxic impacts in mucosal cells showed an intermediate correlation (r=0.570). Correlation in lymphocytes was the same (r=0.570). Phthalates have been investigated as a potential health hazard for a variety of reasons, including possible xenoestrogenic impact, peroxisome proliferation, and membrane destabilization. The present investigation suggests a correlated DNA-damaging impact of DBP and DiBP in human mucosal cells and in lymphocytes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Kleinsasser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
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Kambia K, Dine T, Gressier B, Germe AF, Luyckx M, Brunet C, Michaud L, Gottrand F. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in total parenteral nutrition and in plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 755:297-303. [PMID: 11393717 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection was developed for the quantification of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in parenteral nutrition admixtures containing fat emulsion and in plasma samples of children daily treated by total parenteral nutrition. The analyte and the internal standard, di-n-heptyl phthalate, were extracted twice using hexane and the organic layer separated and dried under nitrogen. The residues were reconstituted with acetonitrile and 20 microl was injected into a Waters Spherisorb C18 column, the UV detector was set at 202 nm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-aqueous buffer (triethylamine 0.08% adjusted to pH 2.8 with 1 M phosphoric acid) mixture (88:12, v/v) and it was pumped at 1 ml/min. Average recoveries were 97% or greater. This method was successfully used to investigate the amounts of DEHP which can leach from bags and tubing into fat emulsion and which could contaminate children under long-term parenteral nutrition. On the other hand, the circulating DEHP concentrations were estimated in four children under regular long-term parenteral nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kambia
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacocinétique et Pharmacie Clinique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Lille, France
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48
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Gilbert J, Rossi L. European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2000; 17:83-127. [PMID: 10793858 DOI: 10.1080/026520300283621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gilbert
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, UK.
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