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Haag AC, Bagrodia R, Bonanno GA. Emotion Regulation Flexibility in Adolescents: A Systematic Review from Conceptualization to Methodology. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2024:10.1007/s10567-024-00483-6. [PMID: 39003663 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-024-00483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been devoted to the concept of flexible emotion regulation, which de-emphasizes the importance of any specific regulatory strategy in favor of the flexible deployment of strategies in response to specific situational challenges. The bulk of research in this area has been conducted on adult samples. Research on emotion regulation flexibility (ERF) in youth has been documented in only a limited number of studies and using various definitions. This systematic review aims to gather and summarize different conceptualizations and methodological approaches of adolescent ERF. We incorporate these findings into a general framework to understand ERF and its role in adolescents' emotional, behavioral and social functioning. Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, 11 studies were included in the review. While ERF has been defined in various and inconsistent ways, the included studies utilized conceptualizations from two overarching domains: the regulation of expressed emotion and the repertoire of emotion regulation strategies. Promising approaches and future directions will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Haag
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, Box 102, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstrasse 5, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
- German Center for Mental Health, DZPG, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Rohini Bagrodia
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, Box 102, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - George A Bonanno
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, Box 102, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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Rogers AH, Smit T, Bakhshaie J, Zvolensky MJ. Momentary Emotion Regulation Strategies and Pain Experience Among Adults With Chronic Pain: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. Clin J Pain 2024; 40:269-277. [PMID: 38345471 PMCID: PMC11015978 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The intention of this study was to characterize the real-time momentary relationship between emotion regulation strategies and the pain experience (ie intensity, interference, and negative affect) among adults with chronic pain. Chronic pain is a significant public health concern. Psychological treatments are effective for treating chronic pain, but long-term follow-up studies are limited, and treatment effect sizes are small. Identifying modifiable treatment targets, such as emotion regulation (ER), is critical to improve interventions. ER (ie, cognitive and attentional strategies to modulate or maintain emotional experience) has been linked to psychopathology and pain experience in adults. Yet, the existing work is limited and has largely focused on the relationship between emotional experience, not ER, and pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study utilized ecological momentary assessment 53 adults with chronic pain. Participants completed ecological momentary assessments of pain experience and ER strategies 5 times a day for 7 days. Associations by specific strategy type were also examined, highlighting the importance of worry, experiential avoidance, rumination, and expressive suppression in pain experience. RESULTS Results of the current study provide evidence for the association between within-person maladaptive ER strategies and pain intensity ( b = 2.11, SE = 0.37, P < 0.001), pain interference ( b = 1.25, SE = 0.40, P = 0.002), and pain-related negative affect ( b = 2.20, SE = 0.41, P < 0.001). (77.4% females; M age = 27.10 y, SD = 5.16 y). DISCUSSION Given that ER is readily targeted in psychological treatments for chronic pain, the results from the current study provide initial evidence to target these ER strategies in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Rogers
- Department of Psychology
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Jafar Bakhshaie
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health Outcomes and Interdisciplinary Research
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Rojo-Ramos P, Galán-Arroyo C, Gómez-Paniagua S, Castillo-Paredes A, Rojo-Ramos J. Emotional regulation and self-perceived quality of life in high-performance mountain sports athletes. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1370124. [PMID: 38689724 PMCID: PMC11059068 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1370124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotional regulation is an indispensable capacity for human beings, so that alterations in it can lead to the appearance of psychological, social and/or cognitive disorders. Therefore, possessing adequate emotional strategies is intimately related to the quality of life that a person presents. In this sense, high-level athletes suffer constant setbacks and frustrations due to the performance of their sporting activity, in addition to continuous modifications of their daily life activities. Thus, the objective of this research is to explore the emotional regulation and self-perceived quality of life of high-level athletes in mountain sports, analyzing the possible influences of gender, demographic location, body mass index and age. Fifty-four athletes belonging to the High Performance Technification Center of Cáceres (Extremadura, Spain) completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, as well as the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the WHOQOL-BREF. The Shapiro-Wilkins test was used to analyze the normality of the variables collected and nonparametric statistics were used since the assumption was not met. Both gender and demographic location showed significant differences in the dimensions of the two questionnaires. Likewise, age was associated with the dimensions of both scales, but not body mass index, which was only associated with self-perceived quality of life. In addition, the stepwise linear regression model predicted self-perceived quality of life with a value of 60% across self-culpability, gender body mass index and planning. Therefore, it appears that gender, demographic location, age and body mass index could exert modifications on the levels of emotional regulation and self-perceived quality of life of high-level mountain athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rojo-Ramos
- Physical Activity for Education, Performance and Health (PAEPH) Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carmen Galán-Arroyo
- Physical and Health Literacy and Health-Related Quality of Life (PHYQoL), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Castillo-Paredes
- Grupo AFySE, Escuela de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Facultad de Educación, Investigación en Actividad Física y Salud Escolar, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Rojo-Ramos
- Physical Activity for Education, Performance and Health (PAEPH) Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Natividad A, Huxley E, Townsend ML, Grenyer BFS, Pickard JA. What aspects of mindfulness and emotion regulation underpin self-harm in individuals with borderline personality disorder? J Ment Health 2024; 33:141-149. [PMID: 36916308 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2023.2182425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-harm presents significant risk for individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Both self-harm and BPD are associated with deficits in mindfulness and emotion dysregulation. Previous research suggests that thought suppression and emotional inexpressivity may underpin self-harm in people with BPD, suggesting potential links to self-harm functions common for those with BPD. More research is needed to strengthen our understanding of this relationship. AIMS This study examines how BPD symptoms, mindfulness, emotion dysregulation and self-harm functions are related. METHODS Australian community outpatients diagnosed with BPD (N = 110) completed measures of mindfulness, emotion dysregulation and self-harm functions. Serial mediation analyses were conducted to examine relationships between variables. RESULTS BPD symptoms, chronic emptiness, mindfulness skills, describing and non-reacting, emotion dysregulation areas of emotion regulation strategies and poor emotional clarity were associated with recent self-harm. Various combinations of describing, strategies and clarity mediated the path between emptiness and self-harm functions more likely to be endorsed by individuals with a diagnosis of BPD. Describing was associated with all but anti-suicide function, while strategies was associated with all but anti-dissociation. CONCLUSION The study highlights how individuals with BPD experiencing chronic emptiness may benefit from treatment targeting describing skills and adaptive emotion regulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Natividad
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Huxley
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - Brin F S Grenyer
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Judy A Pickard
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Watanabe DK, Pourmand V, Lai J, Park G, Koenig J, Wiley CR, Thayer JF, Williams DP. Resting heart rate variability and emotion regulation difficulties: Comparing Asian Americans and European Americans. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 194:112258. [PMID: 37875190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Asian Americans and European Americans differ in emotion regulation (ER), particularly regarding strategies utilized to adaptively engage in ER. Resting heart rate variability (HRV), a biomarker of ER ability, is suggested to differ between Asian Americans and European Americans, but evidence for such differences has been inconsistent. Yet, research has not considered how Asian Americans and European Americans might differ in the well-established link between resting HRV and ER difficulties, which might lend a better understanding of such inconsistencies. In 374 college-aged individuals (66 Asian Americans; 311 European Americans; 190 women; mean age = 19.3 years [Min. 18, Max 38]), we examined if ethnicity moderated the link between resting HRV and self-reported ER difficulties. Resting HRV was obtained during a 5-min resting-baseline period, and ER difficulties were assessed using the Difficulties in ER Scale, which contained six facets of ER difficulties. Adjusting for gender and body mass index, moderation analyses showed a stronger association between resting HRV and ER difficulties in Asian Americans compared to European Americans. When examining facets of ER, ethnicity moderated only the link between resting HRV and difficulties in accessing ER strategies when facing negative emotions. At lower levels of HRV, Asian Americans reported greater difficulties in ER relative to European Americans. This effect diminished and trended in the opposite direction among those with higher HRV. In sum, these results provide novel evidence that higher resting HRV might be particularly important for adaptive ER among Asian Americans - a marginalized ethnic group - in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vida Pourmand
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jocelyn Lai
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gewnhi Park
- Department of Psychology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Julian Koenig
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cameron R Wiley
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - DeWayne P Williams
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Fombouchet Y, Lannegrand L, Lucenet J. The Contextualized Emotion Regulation Survey for Adolescents (CERSA): How does emotion regulation vary according to context? BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 41:306-323. [PMID: 37046410 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent models of emotion regulation (ER) highlight the need to construct tools that assess ER in different contexts. This paper describes the development and validation of the Contextualized Emotion Regulation Survey for Adolescents (CERSA). This questionnaire assesses ER strategies and abilities in three situations that elicit specific emotions (i.e. sadness, fear and anger). Data were collected from a sample of 840 adolescents who completed the CERSA (M age = 14.75; SD age = 1.61) and another of 314 adolescents who completed the CERSA, the CERQ and the SLWS (M age = 13.63; SD age = 0.85). Results confirmed the expected structure in all situations as well as construct and external validity. Furthermore, correlations between latent factors and gender differences in ER strategies and abilities were often situation dependant. Mean levels of ER strategies and abilities varied according to the situation. These results provide empirical support for ER flexibility and polyregulation in adolescence.
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Daniel KE, Larrazabal MA, Boukhechba M, Barnes L, Teachman BA. State and Trait Emotion Regulation Diversity in Social Anxiety. Clin Psychol Sci 2023; 11:894-909. [PMID: 37981951 PMCID: PMC10656041 DOI: 10.1177/21677026231151956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) diversity, defined as the variety, frequency, and evenness of ER strategies used, may predict social anxiety (SA) severity. In a sample of individuals with high (n=113) or low (n=42) SA severity, we tested whether four trait ER diversity metrics predicted group membership. We generalized existing trait ER diversity calculations to repeated-measures data to test if state-level metrics (using two weeks of EMA data) predicted SA severity within the higher severity group. As hypothesized (osf.io/xadyp), higher trait ER diversity within avoidance-oriented strategies predicted greater likelihood of belonging to the higher severity group. At the state-level, higher diversity across all ER strategies, and within and between avoidance- and approach-oriented strategies, predicted higher SA severity (but only after controlling for number of submitted EMAs). Only diversity within avoidance-oriented strategies was significantly correlated across trait and state levels. Findings suggest that high avoidance-oriented ER diversity may co-occur with higher SA severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehdi Boukhechba
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia
| | - Laura Barnes
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia
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Scheffel C, Zerna J, Gärtner A, Dörfel D, Strobel A. Estimating individual subjective values of emotion regulation strategies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13262. [PMID: 37582918 PMCID: PMC10427653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals have a repertoire of emotion regulation (ER) strategies at their disposal, which they can use more or less flexibly. In ER flexibility research, strategies that facilitate goal achievement are considered adaptive and therefore are subjectively valuable. Individuals are motivated to reduce their emotional arousal effectively and to avoid cognitive effort. Perceived costs of ER strategies in the form of effort, however, are highly subjective. Subjective values (SVs) should therefore represent a trade-off between effectiveness and subjectively required cognitive effort. However, SVs of ER strategies have not been determined so far. We present a new paradigm for quantifying individual SVs of ER strategies by offering monetary values for ER strategies in an iterative process. N = 120 participants first conducted an ER paradigm with the strategies distraction, distancing, and suppression. Afterwards, individual SVs were determined using the new CAD paradigm. SVs significantly predicted later choice for an ER strategy (χ2 (4, n = 119) = 115.40, p < 0.001, BF10 = 1.62 × 1021). Further, SVs were associated with Corrugator activity (t (5, 618.96) = 2.09, p = 0.037, f2 = 0.001), subjective effort (t (5, 618.96) = - 13.98, p < 0.001, f2 = 0.035), and self-reported utility (t (5, 618.96) = 29.49, p < 0.001, f2 = 0.155). SVs were further associated with self-control (t (97.97) = 2.04, p = 0.044, f2 = 0.002), but not with flexible ER. With our paradigm, we were able to determine subjective values. The trait character of the values will be discussed. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on July 19, 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FN9BT .
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Scheffel
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Josephine Zerna
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Gärtner
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denise Dörfel
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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Roberts NA, Villarreal LD, Burleson MH. Socioemotional self- and co-regulation in functional seizures: comparing high and low posttraumatic stress. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1135590. [PMID: 37255682 PMCID: PMC10225681 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1135590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional seizures (FS) are seizure-like symptoms without electroencephalogram (EEG)-based epileptic activity. Those with FS often show emotion-related dysfunction and disrupted interpersonal relationships, in which posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTS) may play a role. We sought to better understand trauma comorbidities and socioemotional processes in FS, including affectionate touch, a form of social connection linked to emotion regulation and awareness. We administered questionnaires online to a community sample of 89 trauma-exposed FS participants (FS diagnoses were self-reported), 51 with and 38 without clinical-level PTS (FS-PTShi, FS-PTSlo) and 216 seizure-free matched trauma-exposed controls (TCs), 91 with and 125 without clinical-level PTS (TC-PTShi, TC-PTSlo) per the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Checklist (PCL). As hypothesized, both FS-PTShi and FS-PTSlo reported more emotional avoidance (Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire), more emotion regulation difficulties (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale), and more perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale) than PTS-matched counterparts. FS-PTShi also reported less reappraisal (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire), more loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale), and less frequent affectionate touch (Physical Affection Scale) during waking and surrounding sleep than TC-PTShi, whereas FS-PTSlo and TC-PTSlo did not differ. Neither FS group differed from PTS-matched controls in emotion suppression (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire) or comfort with social touch (Social Touch Questionnaire). Among FS, FS-PTShi reported more difficulties than FS-PTSlo on nearly all measures (non-significant trend for social support). Findings underscore potential synergistic effects of FS and PTS clinical symptoms in shaping experiences of one's emotions and social world, suggesting fostering meaningful connections with others, including via affectionate touch, is an important treatment target.
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Lohani M, Pfund GN, Bono TJ, Hill PL. Starting school with purpose: Self-regulatory strategies of first-semester university students. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:723-739. [PMID: 36217594 PMCID: PMC10083189 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purposefulness may facilitate self-regulation; however, little is known about the self-regulatory strategies that are implemented by purposeful individuals. Given the multiple regulatory challenges students face in their social and academic lives, a central aim of the current work was to consider how purposefulness and self-regulation are linked during the first semester of university. This 13-week-long study was conducted with first-semester college students (N = 256) in the United States of America to examine whether weekly fluctuations in purposefulness may be connected to the use of traditionally adaptive (problem-solving) and maladaptive (rumination and experiential avoidance) self-regulation strategies. Consistent with our hypothesis, at the within- and between-person level, higher purposefulness was associated with greater use of problem-solving, lower rumination, and lower experiential avoidance at the weekly level. The findings imply purposefulness is an important individual difference that may explain better or worse self-regulatory abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lohani
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Gabrielle N Pfund
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Timothy J Bono
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Patrick L Hill
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Identifying latent profiles of emotion dysregulation in a sample of primarily Black women with trauma exposure. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:291-298. [PMID: 36283132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion dysregulation (ED) is a heterogenous, multi-dimensional transdiagnostic risk factor relevant to the development and maintenance of both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, especially for those who have experienced trauma. The goals of the current study were to use person-centered analyses to identify distinct profiles of individuals characterized by unique patterns of ED dimensions, and to examine differences in internalizing and externalizing symptoms in a community sample. METHODS Participants (n = 783, 97% Black, 93% women) were recruited from an urban safety net hospital with high rates of trauma exposure. Latent profile analysis was used to uncover unique patterns of ED and multinomial logistic regression to evaluate the conditional distribution of our correlates across profiles. RESULTS The best-fitting model uncovered four classes: Low ED (42%), Low Awareness/Clarity (34%), Low Impulse Control (17%), and High ED (6%). All classes differed in terms of internalizing symptoms (anxiety sensitivity, depression, PTSD), with classes characterized by higher ED reporting more severe symptoms. For externalizing symptoms (food addiction behaviors, alcohol and drug abuse, aggressive behavior), the Low ED class reported fewer symptoms than all other profiles, while Low Awareness/Clarity, Low Impulse Control, and High ED did not differ from each other. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of emotion dysregulation ought to be assessed and considered as treatment targets for those experiencing both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology symptoms.
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Trudel-Fitzgerald C, Chen R, Lee LO, Kubzansky LD. Are coping strategies and variability in their use associated with lifespan? J Psychosom Res 2022; 162:111035. [PMID: 36152346 PMCID: PMC10410682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Some stress-related coping strategies contribute to survival among medical populations, but it is unclear if they relate to longevity in the general population. While coping strategies are characterized as being adaptive or maladaptive, whether capacity to tailor their implementation to different contexts (i.e., flexibility of use) may influence lifespan is unknown. METHOD In 2004-2006, participants from the Midlife Development in the United States study completed a validated coping inventory including 6 strategies and provided information on sociodemographics, health status, and biobehavioral factors (N = 4398). Deaths were ascertained from death registries with follow-up until 2018. Accelerated failure time models estimated percent changes and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in predicted lifespan associated with use of individual coping strategies. As a proxy for flexibility, participants were also classified as having lower, moderate, or greater variability in strategies used, using a standard deviation-based algorithm. RESULTS After controlling for sociodemographics and health status, maladaptive strategies (e.g., per 1-SD increase in Denial = -5.50, 95%CI = -10.50, -0.21) but not adaptive strategies (e.g., Planning) were related to shorter lifespan. Greater versus moderate variability levels were related to a 15% shorter lifespan. Estimates were somewhat attenuated when further controlling for lifestyle factors. CONCLUSION Although most associations were of modest magnitude, use of some maladaptive coping strategies appeared related to shorter lifespan. Compared to moderate levels, greater coping variability levels were also clearly detrimental for lifespan. Although adaptive strategies were unrelated to longevity, future work should examine other favorable strategies (e.g., acceptance) and more direct measures of flexibility (e.g., experience sampling methods).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Trudel-Fitzgerald
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States; Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States.
| | - Ruijia Chen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States.
| | - Lewina O Lee
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States; Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States.
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Won YQ, Christensen KA, Forbush KT. Habitual adaptive emotion regulation moderates the association between maladaptive emotion regulation and eating disorder symptoms, but not clinical impairment. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2629-2639. [PMID: 35538308 PMCID: PMC10042081 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Emotion regulation (ER) refers to the processes by which individuals influence the onset, intensity, and duration of emotions. Previous studies have examined the effects of adaptive ER and maladaptive ER in isolation, but growing evidence suggests that they should be studied in conjunction. This study examined the interactions between habitual adaptive and maladaptive ER strategies with eating disorder (ED) symptoms and ED-related clinical impairment. METHODS Students (N = 1377) from a Midwestern American university reported ED symptoms, ED-related impairment, habitual adaptive ER (i.e., cognitive reappraisal), and habitual maladaptive ER (i.e., distraction and suppression). Multiple linear regressions were conducted using the PROCESS v3 macro. RESULTS The study found that adaptive ER was negatively associated with ED symptoms and ED-related impairment, whereas maladaptive ER was positively associated with both outcome variables. Adaptive ER moderated the association between maladaptive ER and ED symptoms, but not clinical impairment. When habitual adaptive ER was low (< 33.4th percentile), there was no association between maladaptive ER and ED symptoms; however, when habitual adaptive ER was moderate to high (> 33.4th percentile), there was a positive association between frequency of maladaptive ER use and ED symptoms. There was no significant three-way interaction among adaptive ER, maladaptive ER, and probable ED diagnosis, for ED-related impairment or symptoms. CONCLUSION Results suggest that irrespective of frequency of maladaptive ER, people with low adaptive ER reported elevated psychopathology. Findings point to the utility of interventions to reduce maladaptive ER and increase adaptive ER in ED populations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Q Won
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Kara A Christensen
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Kelsie T Forbush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Dörfel D, Becke M, Trefz J, Bonanno GA, Groppa S. Associating Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression With Psychopathological Symptoms. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:924305. [PMID: 35832294 PMCID: PMC9272006 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.924305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stressful situations and psychopathology symptoms (e.g., depression and anxiety) shape how individuals regulate and respond to others’ emotions. However, how emotional expressions influence mental health and impact intrapersonal and interpersonal experiences is still unclear. Objective: Here, we used the Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression (FREE) scale to explore the relationship between emotional expression abilities with affective symptoms and mental health markers. Methods: From a sample of 351 participants, we firstly validate a German version of the FREE scale on a final sample of 222 participants located in Germany, recruited through an online platform. Following this, we performed confirmatory factor analyses to assess the model structure of the FREE-scale. We then utilize a LASSO regression to determine which indicators of psychopathology symptoms and mental health are related to emotional expressive regulation and determine their particular interactions through the general linear model. Results: We replicated the FREE scale’s four latent factors (i.e., ability to enhance and suppress positive as well as negative emotional expressions). After the selection of relevant instruments through LASSO regression, the suppress ability showed specific negative associations with depression (r = 0.2) and stress symptoms (r = 0.16) and positive associations with readiness to confront distressing situations (r = 0.25), self-support (r = 0.2), and tolerance of emotions (r = 0.2). Both, emotional expressions enhance and suppress abilities positively associated with coping markers (resilience) and emotion regulation skills. Finally, the interaction effects between emotional flexibility abilities and stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms evidenced that consistent with the flexibility theory, enhancing and suppressing abilities may predict psychopathological symptoms. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of considering the flexibility to express emotions as a relevant factor for preserved mental health or the development of psychopathological symptoms and indicate that online surveys may serve as a reliable indicator of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sergiu Groppa Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
| | - Denise Dörfel
- Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Miriam Becke
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Janina Trefz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - George A. Bonanno
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sergiu Groppa Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
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15
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The effect of positive mental imagery training on Chinese University students with depression: A pilot study. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Taking a person-centered approach to cognitive emotion regulation: A latent-profile analysis of temperament and anxiety, and depression types. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Network analysis of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms in young adults after recent stressful events: The moderation of childhood maltreatment. J Affect Disord 2022; 301:107-116. [PMID: 35031329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study explored the interrelations between cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) and depressive symptoms to better understand how young adults with childhood maltreatment (CM) are more prone to depression after recent stressful events. METHODS The sample consisted of 342 young adults (M = 19.51 years, range = 17-28 years, 64% female) who had experienced stressful events in the last six months. Network analysis was used to examine the interrelations between nine CERS and four depressive symptom clusters in exposed ('CM'; n = 182) and not exposed to CM groups ('non-CM'; n = 160). RESULTS We found that somatic symptoms, rumination, putting into perspective, and catastrophizing had high expected influence (EI) in the whole sample network. Global and local connectivity differed between the CM and non-CM groups. More specifically, the structure of the CM network had higher overall connectivity than the structure of the non-CM network. Considering local connectivity, depressed affect, rumination, positive refocusing, and putting into perspective had marginally significantly higher levels of EI in the CM network. We found some significant differences in partial correlations among CERS, such as stronger positive correlations between positive refocusing-catastrophizing, rumination-refocus on planning, and putting into perspective-blaming others in the CM group. LIMITATIONS This study was cross-sectional and limited by the use of retrospective self-report tools. CONCLUSIONS The findings shed light on the complex interrelations between CERS and depressive symptoms in the context of recent stressful events. Additionally, they highlight potential directions for population-based interventions.
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Lawlor C, Vitoratou S, Duffy J, Cooper B, De Souza T, Le Boutillier C, Carter B, Hepworth C, Jolley S. Managing emotions in psychosis: Evaluation of a brief DBT-informed skill group for individuals with psychosis in routine community services. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 61:735-756. [PMID: 35130354 PMCID: PMC9543194 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Individuals with psychosis report that emotion regulation (ER) difficulties are treatment priorities, yet little is known about how targeted ER interventions may help. We evaluated a new eight‐session Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT)–informed skills group specifically adapted for individuals with psychosis: the Managing Emotions Group (MEG) in diverse, inner‐city community services. Method A mixed‐method design was utilised to assess the feasibility (acceptability and potential clinical impact) of local delivery of MEG. Uptake, completion (≥50% of sessions), post‐session satisfaction ratings, and thematic analysis of qualitative feedback from 12 completers assessed acceptability. Pre–post‐intervention changes in psychological distress, self‐reported ER difficulties, and adaptive ER skill use assessed potential clinical impact. Results Forty‐eight individuals (81% of attenders) completed the intervention (Mage = 43, 54% female) of whom 39 completed pre‐ and post‐group measures. Participants reported high satisfaction and meaningful improvements in understanding and managing emotions, with positive impact on daily life. Self‐reported psychological distress, ER difficulties, and adaptive ER skill use significantly improved, with medium‐to‐large pre‐post effects (d = 0.5–0.7) except lack of emotional clarity (d = 0.3). Conclusions MEG was feasible and acceptable, and a future feasibility randomised controlled trial is warranted. Practitioner points Individuals with psychosis report that support with their emotions is a priority. Brief interventions for emotion regulation difficulties are acceptable to individuals with psychosis and can be feasibly delivered in a local outpatient service. Distress and emotion regulation difficulties and skills improved significantly from pre–post treatment for clients completing the managing emotions group. Further implementation and evaluation are needed to support continued refinement to meet the needs and priorities of individuals with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lawlor
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Silia Vitoratou
- Psychometrics and Measurement Lab, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Duffy
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ben Cooper
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Clair Le Boutillier
- Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Ben Carter
- Psychometrics and Measurement Lab, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Suzanne Jolley
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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19
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Mao C, Lin M, Shen S, Li Y, Xie Z, Li P. Latent profiles of emotion regulation strategies associated with alexithymia, nonsuicidal self-injury and resilience among nursing students. Stress Health 2022; 38:69-78. [PMID: 34152072 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought to better understand the complex nature of emotion regulation in nursing students by exploring patterns of emotion regulation strategies (ERSs), and to examine the relationships between these unique profiles with alexithymia, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and resilience. A total of 1960 nursing students (Mage = 19.56, SD = 1.13 years) were recruited. Using latent profile analysis, nursing students were classified into four profiles based on their ERS use: high reaction profile (HRP; 11.53%), medium reaction profile (MRP; 55.46%), adaptive reaction profile (ARP; 22.86%) and low reaction profile (LRP; 10.15%). This study found that relative to HRP and MRP, ARP and LRP showed a lower incidence of NSSI and alexithymia; HRP and ARP showed a higher level of resilience than MRP and LRP. Furthermore, LRP had the lowest level of resilience. This study highlights the importance of identifying the different ERS profiles among nursing students. Targeted programs are needed to enhance adaptive strategies and reduce maladaptive strategies to improve nursing students' psychological and behavioural performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Mao
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingjing Lin
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shiyu Shen
- Jinan Vocational College of Nursing, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zihui Xie
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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20
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The relationship between emotional intelligence and eating disorders or disordered eating behaviors: A meta-analysis. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Waterschoot J, Morbée S, Vermote B, Brenning K, Flamant N, Vansteenkiste M, Soenens B. Emotion regulation in times of COVID-19: A person-centered approach based on self-determination theory. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-15. [PMID: 35039734 PMCID: PMC8754525 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 crisis is a worldwide threat to individuals' physical health and psychological well-being, not all people are equally susceptible to increased ill-being. One potentially important factor in individuals' vulnerability (versus resilience) to ill-being in the face of stress is emotion regulation. On the basis of Self-Determination Theory, this study examined the role of three emotion regulation styles in individuals' mental health during the COVID-19 crisis, that is, integration, suppression, and dysregulation. Participants were 6584 adults (77% female, M age = 45.16 years) who filled out well-validated measures of emotion regulation, depression, anxiety, life satisfaction, and sleep quality. To examine naturally occurring combinations of emotion regulation strategies, hierarchical k-means clustering was performed, yielding 3 profiles: (a) low scores on all strategies (indicating rather low overall levels of worry; 27%), (b) high scores on integration only (41%), and (c) high scores on suppression and dysregulation (32%). Participants in the profiles scoring high on suppression and dysregulation displayed a less favorable pattern of outcomes (high ill-being, low life satisfaction, and poorer sleep quality) compared to the other two groups. Between-cluster differences remained significant even when taking into account the corona-related worries experienced by people. Overall, the findings underscore the important role of emotion regulation in individuals' mental health during mentally challenging periods such as the COVID-19 crisis. Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Waterschoot
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Morbée
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Branko Vermote
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Brenning
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Flamant
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vansteenkiste
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Soenens
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Weiss NH, Kiefer R, Goncharenko S, Raudales AM, Forkus SR, Schick MR, Contractor AA. Emotion regulation and substance use: A meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 230:109131. [PMID: 34864568 PMCID: PMC8714680 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been exponential growth in research on emotion regulation and substance use in the past decade. The current meta-analysis evaluated variability in the magnitude of the relation between aspects of emotion regulation and substance use. A search of PsycINFO, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and PILOTS in December 2020 resulted in 6642 initial studies, of which 95 met inclusion criteria (association between emotion regulation and substance use was reported, participants were > 18 years old, article was in English). A total of 445 effects were obtained (N = 156,025 participants; weighted Mage = 29.31; 59.5% female; 66.1% White; 76.6% non-clinical). Emotion regulation and substance use were significantly related (r = 0.19; p < 0.001; 95%CI [0.17, 0.20]). Emotion regulation abilities were generally more strongly related to substance use than emotion regulation strategies; this pattern was stronger for behavioral vs. cognitive abilities and extended to both negative and positive emotions. Relations were stronger for older and clinical samples; mixed effects were found for sex and no conclusive effects were found for race. Despite limitations of the existing literature (e.g., cross-sectional, self-reports), results indicated that the magnitude of the relation between emotion regulation and substance use varied considerably as a function of emotion regulation and substance use constructs and sample characteristics.
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23
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Lischetzke T, Schemer L, In-Albon T, Karbach J, Könen T, Glombiewski JA. Coping under a COVID-19 lockdown: patterns of daily coping and individual differences in coping repertoires. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2022; 35:25-43. [PMID: 34314262 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021.1957848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyregulation-the concurrent or sequential use of multiple strategies to regulate affect or cope with stressors-is a frequent but understudied phenomenon. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify patterns of daily coping and individuals' coping repertoires (i.e., range of coping patterns employed across situations) during a COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. We investigated day-level covariates (appraisals, worrying, mood) of daily coping patterns and person-level covariates (psychopathology, average mood) of coping repertoires. Design: A non-representative community sample (n = 322, 15-82 years old) participated in a 21-day ambulatory assessment study. METHODS We applied multilevel latent class analysis.. RESULTS We identified seven daily coping patterns and ten classes of individuals differing in the size of their coping repertoire and their propensity for polyregulation. Daily coping patterns differed in daily perceived controllability and mood (but not in daily worrying or stress). At the person level, individuals with a higher level of average coronavirus-related worrying more frequently engaged in a high degree of polyregulation. The size of individuals' coping repertoire was unrelated to psychopathology and average mood. CONCLUSION The findings provide insights into the composition of daily coping patterns and individuals' coping repertoires during crisis periods and contribute to a new polyregulation perspective on coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Lischetzke
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Lea Schemer
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Tina In-Albon
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Julia Karbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Tanja Könen
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
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24
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Horner CK, Allard ES. Attentional Tendencies That Impact Emotion Regulation Success Within a Borderline Personality Disorder Framework. J Pers Disord 2021; 35:936-949. [PMID: 34124948 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2021_35_527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Emotion regulation difficulties are key to borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptomatology. Literature indicates that attentional distraction, particularly within an interpersonal context, is common in BPD. Conversely, reappraisal tactics are less prevalent. The goal of the current study was to examine whether this discrepancy is observed when individuals reporting varying levels of BPD tendencies are given the choice of a preferred emotion regulation tactic when confronted with BPD-relevant stressors. Attentional engagement patterns, affective responses, and strategy success were also examined. Participants (N = 103) reported BPD tendencies as assessed by the Personality Assessment Inventory and were instructed to choose either to "distract" or to "reappraise" in response to affective images. Results revealed more instances of failing to implement distraction among individuals with higher BPD tendencies, which was also reflected in greater fixation biases to distressing content within those images. Results are discussed in terms of the malleability of emotion regulation in BPD contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric S Allard
- Department of Psychology, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
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25
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Weiss NH, Thomas ED, Schick MR, Reyes ME, Contractor AA. Racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation: A systematic review. J Clin Psychol 2021; 78:785-808. [PMID: 34841522 PMCID: PMC9035029 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic mechanism with relevance to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of a wide range of clinically relevant outcomes. This study applied systematic review methods to summarize the existing literature examining racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation. METHODS We systematically searched four electronic databases (PsycINFO, Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL Plus) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS Of the initial 1253 articles, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Findings for emotion regulation strategies generally provide evidence for racial/ethnic differences (71% of reviewed studies), with ethnoracial minorities largely exhibiting greater use of emotion regulation strategies. Whereas the results for emotion regulation potential were slightly more mixed (63% of reviewed studies found racial/ethnic differences), ethnoracial minorities were also largely found to report lower emotion regulation potential. CONCLUSION This review advances the literature by providing additional support for racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Emmanuel D Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Miranda E Reyes
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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26
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Short-term psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of the first wave of an ecological daily study in the Italian population. Psychiatry Res 2021; 305:114206. [PMID: 34537539 PMCID: PMC8420137 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic involved several psychosocial consequences. We aimed at monitoring the mental health of Italian adults during the lockdown imposed by the government. We present here results from the baseline assessment of the "EmotionalThermometer [TermometroEmotivo] project on a sample of 1548 Italian adults. We assessed the socio-demographic conditions of participants, individuals' perception of the COVID-19-situation, psychological distress, emotion regulation strategies, and perceived social support. Having a worse representation of COVID-19 and consulting news more frequently, with higher anxiety and less credibility of different sources of information, were positively associated with psychological distress and post-traumatic responses. Being female, younger age, living in high-risk regions, having symptoms of COVID-19, and having relatives/friends with such symptoms represented risk factors for a worse perception of COVID-19 and distress. Social support and cognitive reappraisal represented protective factors for mental health.
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27
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Weiss NH, Hogan J, Brem M, Massa AA, Kirby CM, Flanagan JC. Advancing our understanding of the intersection between emotion regulation and alcohol and drug use problems: Dyadic analysis in couples with intimate partner violence and alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:109066. [PMID: 34610519 PMCID: PMC8595860 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An extensive body of literature has linked emotion regulation to alcohol and drug use problems, including among populations characterized by intimate partner violence (IPV). Advancing this research, the goal of the current study was to examine cognitive emotion regulation strategies and alcohol and drug use problems within a dyadic framework. Specifically, we examined actor and partner effects of maladaptive and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies on alcohol and drug use problems. METHODS Eighty-four romantic couples (N = 168 total participants) participating in a randomized controlled trial who reported physical IPV and an alcohol use disorder completed self-reported measures of cognitive emotion regulation as well as alcohol and drug use problems. RESULTS Regarding actor effects, men's greater use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies was positively related to their alcohol use problems (p < .001), whereas both women's (p = .02) and men's (p = .047) greater use of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies was negatively related to their own alcohol use problems. In terms of partner effects, men's greater use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p = .001) and less use of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p = .017) was related to their partners' greater drug use problems. CONCLUSIONS Findings replicate and extend existing work in this area, showing that men's and women's emotion regulation strategies are related to their own alcohol and drug use problems and that men's cognitive emotion regulation strategies are also related to their partners' drug use problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meagan Brem
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
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28
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Neuroticism and positive coping style as mediators of the association between childhood psychological maltreatment and social anxiety. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Daros AR, Haefner SA, Asadi S, Kazi S, Rodak T, Quilty LC. A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:1443-1457. [PMID: 34545236 PMCID: PMC7611874 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties in applying emotional regulation (ER) skills are associated with depression and anxiety symptoms, and are common targets of treatment. This meta-analysis examined whether improvements in ER skills were associated with psychological treatment outcomes for depression and/or anxiety in youth. A multivariate, random-effects meta-analysis was run using metafor in R. Inclusion criteria included studies that were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of a psychological intervention for depression and/or anxiety in patients aged 14-24, were peer reviewed, were written in English, measured depression and/or anxiety symptoms as an outcome and measured ER as an outcome. Medline, Embase, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library were searched up to 26 June 2020. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. The meta-analysis includes 385 effect sizes from 90 RCTs with total N = 11,652. Psychological treatments significantly reduced depression, anxiety, emotion dysregulation (k = 13, Hedges' g = 0.54, P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30-0.78) and disengagement ER (k = 83, g = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.15-0.32, P < 0.001); engagement ER also increased (k = 82, g = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.15-0.32, P < 0.001). Improvements in depression and anxiety were positively associated with improved engagement ER skills, reduced emotion dysregulation and reduced disengagement ER skills. Sensitivity considered study selection and publication bias. Longer treatments, group formats and cognitive-behavioural orientations produced larger positive associations between improved ER skills and reduced symptoms. ER skill improvement is linked to depression and anxiety across a broad range of interventions for youth. Limitations of the current study include reliance on self-report measures, content overlap between variables and inability to test the directionality of associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Daros
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sasha A Haefner
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shayan Asadi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharifa Kazi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Terri Rodak
- CAMH Library, Department of Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lena C Quilty
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Moltrecht B, Patalay P, Deighton J, Edbrooke-Childs J. A School-Based Mobile App Intervention for Enhancing Emotion Regulation in Children: Exploratory Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2021; 9:e21837. [PMID: 34259642 PMCID: PMC8319776 DOI: 10.2196/21837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most mental health disorders are first experienced in childhood. The rising rates of mental health difficulties in children highlight the need for innovative approaches to supporting children and preventing these difficulties. School-based digital interventions that address shared risk factors and symptoms, such as emotion dysregulation, present exciting opportunities to enhance mental health support for children on a larger scale. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the use of a new app-based intervention designed to support children's emotion regulation in schools. The aim is to optimize the usability, acceptability, and utility of the app and explore its scope for implementation with the target user in the school context. METHODS As part of an interdisciplinary development framework, the app is being evaluated in a 3-month trial across 4 primary schools. In total, 144 children (aged 10-12 years) took part and accessed the intervention app in the classroom or at home. Outcomes regarding usability, acceptability, and implementation opportunities were assessed through digital user data, self-report questionnaires (132/144, 91.6%), and semistructured interviews with children (19/144, 13.2%) and teachers (6/8, 75%). RESULTS The app usage data showed that 30% (128/426) of the users were returning users. Self-report data indicated that 40.1% (53/132) of the children had not used the app, whereas 57.5% (76/132) had used it once or more. Of the children who had used the app, 67% (51/76) reported that the app was helpful. Interviews with children and teachers suggested positive experiences with the app and that it helped them to calm down and relax. Children reported that they perceived the app as acceptable, usable, and helpful. In terms of the intervention's usability, most features functioned well; however, certain technical issues were reported, which may have led to reduced engagement levels. Teachers not only reported overall positive experiences but also discussed access difficulties and reported a lack of content as one of the main barriers to implementing the app. Having a web-based app significantly enhanced accessibility across devices and settings and provided teachers with more opportunities to use it. We identified the need for new, activating app features in addition to the existing, primarily relaxing ones. The findings indicated that it is possible to use and evaluate an app intervention in the school context and that the app could help enhance children's emotion regulation. We discuss areas for improvement regarding the app, study design, and future implementation strategies. CONCLUSIONS We share important insights with regard to the development, implementation, and evaluation of a new app for supporting children's emotion regulation in schools. Our results demonstrate that mental health apps represent a promising means to facilitate effective mental health service provision in and outside of the school context. Important lessons learned are shared to support other researchers and clinicians on similar journeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Moltrecht
- Evidence-based Practice Unit, University College London & Anna Freud National Centre, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Deighton
- Evidence-based Practice Unit, University College London & Anna Freud National Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Edbrooke-Childs
- Evidence-based Practice Unit, University College London & Anna Freud National Centre, London, United Kingdom
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de Carvalho Braule Pinto AL, R Pasian S, F Malloy-Diniz L. Identifying and validating emotion regulation latent profiles and their relationship with affective variables. J Clin Psychol 2021; 78:249-265. [PMID: 34252980 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated and validated the presence of emotion regulation profiles in an adult sample. METHOD In a cross-sectional study, 1165 individuals completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), and Following Affective States Test (FAST). Sample was divided into three to establish and validate emotion regulation profiles using a latent profile analysis. RESULTS Sample 1 (n = 375) showed three different profiles: dysregulated, adapted, and unaware regulator. Sample 2 (n = 390) shows a consistent pattern with the same number of profiles that remained stable over time. In Sample 3 (n = 400), we validate and find that cognitive reappraisal and lack of awareness were essential to differentiating profiles. CONCLUSIONS Three emotional regulation profiles differ due to the levels of positive/negative affect and the propensity to avoid/follow emotions, increasing the understanding of how different regulatory strategies interact and explain different outcomes with mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L de Carvalho Braule Pinto
- Psychodiagnostic Research Center, Graduate Program in Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sonia R Pasian
- Psychodiagnostic Research Center, Graduate Program in Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Malloy-Diniz
- Neuropsychological Research Laboratory, National Institute of Science and Technology of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Muñoz-Rivas M, Bellot A, Montorio I, Ronzón-Tirado R, Redondo N. Profiles of Emotion Regulation and Post-Traumatic Stress Severity among Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136865. [PMID: 34206787 PMCID: PMC8297086 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation is a construct that has drawn substantial attention as a transdiagnostic contributing factor to the loss of health. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a term used to describe physical, psychological, or sexual assault of a spouse or sexual partner. The aim of the study was to determine the variability of emotional dysregulation among women with different types of IPV revictimization and post-traumatic stress. The cross-sectional survey included 120 women attended by the Integrated Monitoring System of Gender Violence of Madrid, Spain, due to a gender violence complaint. The presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (DSM 5 criteria), emotional dysregulation (Emotional Processing Scale (EPS)), childhood trauma, and type of revictimization were evaluated. Cluster analysis found three profiles of emotional regulation: Emotionally Regulated, Avoidance/Non-Impoverished, and Emotional Overwhelm. The results showed that the Emotional Overwhelm group was characterized by a general dysregulation of emotional experiences and a greater intensity of post-traumatic stress symptoms. In addition, women who have suffered several episodes of IPV by different partners showed a differential pattern of emotional regulation than the rest of the victims that entailed greater psychopathology. Findings confirm that emotional dysregulation is a critical pathway to the decrease of health among IPV victims.
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Perini I, Zetterqvist M, Mayo LM. Beyond distress: a role for positive affect in nonsuicidal self-injury. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Duijndam S, Karreman A, Denollet J, Kupper N. Situation selection and modification in social inhibition: a person-centered approach. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2021; 34:658-671. [PMID: 33818207 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021.1908541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to identify patterns of situation selection and modification behaviors using a person-centered approach, and to examine to what extent the trait social inhibition (SI) is associated with these patterns of situation-targeted emotion regulation. METHODS The sample comprised 504 participants (Mage = 21.5, SD = 8.2; 82% women), who completed questionnaires on situation selection and modification behaviors, and the social inhibition questionnaire (SIQ15). A three-step latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed to (A) identify existing latent profiles of situation avoidance and approach and situation modification behaviors, and (B) to examine the association of SI and facets with the latent class posteriors. RESULTS LPA revealed the presence of four profiles that differed in how situation selection and modification were applied. SI, behavioral inhibition, and social withdrawal were significantly associated with a higher odds of belonging to the profile characterized by avoidance selection and modification. Interpersonal sensitivity was associated with using more conversational modification behaviors, which may illustrate that interpersonal sensitive individuals are motivated to approach, but use avoidance behaviors to prevent confrontation. CONCLUSIONS SI individuals particularly rely on avoidance selection and modification behaviors, which may be considered maladaptive emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Duijndam
- CoRPS - Centre of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Karreman
- CoRPS - Centre of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Denollet
- CoRPS - Centre of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Nina Kupper
- CoRPS - Centre of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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Vuillier L, Joseph J, Somerville MP, Harrison A. Believing emotions are uncontrollable is linked to eating disorder psychopathology via suppression and reappraisal. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:43. [PMID: 33794999 PMCID: PMC8015150 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research suggests that beliefs about emotional controllability influence the use of emotion regulation strategies, which in turn impact psychological health and illness. However, no research has yet investigated whether emotional controllability is linked to eating psychopathology. The current study investigates whether these concepts are related, as individuals with eating disorders have problems with emotion regulation. METHOD We collected self-report data from 718 participants from a community sample using validated questionnaires, and ran mediational analyses to assess the relationship between emotional controllability and eating psychopathology, via reappraisal and suppression, two emotion regulation strategies. RESULTS Our mediational analyses suggest that believing emotions to be uncontrollable relates to high levels of suppression (β = -.08), low levels of reappraisal (β = .19) and poorer eating disorder psychopathology (β = -.11). Reappraisal and suppression were found to partially mediate the relationship between emotional controllability and eating psychopathology. DISCUSSION The current study has demonstrated relationships that support investigations relating emotional controllability, emotion regulation and psychological health. This research has potential implications for developing interventions to target beliefs about emotions in order to help improve emotion regulation skills and eating psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vuillier
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK.
| | - Jemma Joseph
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | | | - Amy Harrison
- UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
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Dixon-Gordon KL, Fitzpatrick S, Haliczer LA. Emotion regulation and borderline personality features in daily life: The role of social context. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:677-685. [PMID: 33445091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with emotional dysfunction and interpersonal sensitivity. Yet, little work has characterized how BPD features predicts emotional reactivity and emotion regulation behaviors in response to interpersonal stress relative to other forms of stress. METHODS Participants were 152 university students who completed baseline measures of BPD features and complied with two-week daily diary procedures assessing daily emotion regulation strategy use in response to social and non-social stressors. RESULTS Generalized estimating equations revealed that BPD features predicted greater negative and positive emotions in response to daily stressors, and interacted with type of stressor in predicting urges and behaviors. Elevated BPD features was associated with greater urges for dysfunctional emotion regulatory behaviors and fewer functional emotion regulatory behaviors to a greater extent in response to social (versus non-social) stressors. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by its focus on past-day retrospective recall. Further, the student sample limits the generalizability of these findings. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that individuals with elevated BPD features may have less functional emotion regulation in social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Dixon-Gordon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01002, USA.
| | | | - Lauren A Haliczer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
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Schlegel K, Gugelberg HMV, Makowski LM, Gubler DA, Troche SJ. Emotion Recognition Ability as a Predictor of Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550620982851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined emotion recognition ability (ERA) as a predictor of positive and negative affect in two Australian and one German-speaking samples (total N = 469) during the first 2 weeks of major public life restrictions in the COVID-19 pandemic in March/April 2020. Individuals with higher ERA did not report more positive affect, but they felt less burdened and reported less negative affect. This association was fully mediated by lower COVID-19-related media consumption and less negative affect after reading an eyewitness report from an Italian city with a high COVID-19 death toll. However, higher ERA was also related to arguing more with close others. For low-to-medium ERA, an adaptive cognitive emotion regulation style predicted lower media consumption and for medium-to-high ERA, a maladaptive regulation style marginally increased the perceived likelihood of experiencing a similar situation as in Italy, suggesting that regulation style may moderate the ERA–affect relationship.
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Daros AR, Ruocco AC. Which Emotion Regulation Strategies are Most Associated with Trait Emotion Dysregulation? A Transdiagnostic Examination. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Livingston JD, Youssef GJ, Francis LM, Greenwood CJ, Olsson CA, Macdonald JA. Hidden in Plain Sight? Men's Coping Patterns and Psychological Distress Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:772942. [PMID: 35069282 PMCID: PMC8766713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.772942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals cope with stress using multiple strategies, yet studies of coping profiles are rare. We draw data from a longitudinal study of Australian men (n = 272; 30-37 years), assessed before (T1) and during (T2) a nation-wide COVID-19 lockdown. We aimed to: (1) identify men's multi-strategy coping profiles before and during the pandemic; (2) assess cross-sectional (T1-T1, T2-T2) and prospective (T1-T2) associations between profiles and symptoms of psychological distress (stress, anxiety, depression, and anger); and (3) examine relationships between coping profiles and appraisals of pandemic-related stressors and options for coping. In latent profile analyses of 14 coping strategies, three profiles emerged that were largely consistent across T1 and T2: (1) Relaxed Copers (low use of all strategies), (2) Approach Copers, and (3) Dual Copers (high avoidant and moderate-high approach-oriented strategies). Compared to Relaxed and Approach Copers, men who were Dual Copers had elevated psychological distress cross-sectionally before (T1) and during (T2) the pandemic, but not prospectively. Post hoc analyses suggested this was because many men changed coping profiles in the context of the pandemic. Men with stable (T1-T2) or new (T2 only) Dual Coping profiles experienced greater psychological distress and more negative appraisals of pandemic stressors and options for coping. In sum, at the sample level, the composition of men's coping profiles and associations with mental health risk were relatively stable over time and contexts; however, many men appeared to respond to pandemic conditions by changing coping profile groups, with mostly positive mental health outcomes. Of concern were men who adopted more avoidant strategies (e.g., denial, self-distraction, disengagement, substance use, and self-blame) under pandemic conditions. These Dual Coper men also engaged in commonly observable approach-oriented behaviours (e.g., planning, active coping, humour, seeking practical social support) that may mask their vulnerability to mental health risk. Our findings highlight the clinical importance of enquiring about escalating or frequent avoidant coping even in the presence of more active and interactive approach-oriented behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne D Livingston
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - George J Youssef
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren M Francis
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Greenwood
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqui A Macdonald
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Gubler DA, Makowski LM, Troche SJ, Schlegel K. Loneliness and Well-Being During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Associations with Personality and Emotion Regulation. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2021; 22:2323-2342. [PMID: 33100896 PMCID: PMC7574670 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-020-00326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined how neuroticism, extraversion, and emotion regulation were related to loneliness and well-being during 6 weeks of major public life restrictions in the Covid-19 pandemic in Switzerland. Cross-sectional results from 466 participants showed that neuroticism and emotion regulation strategies were associated with higher loneliness and lower well-being. However, in contrast to prior research, associations of extraversion with loneliness and well-being were weak and were qualified by interactions with emotion regulation. For introverts, maladaptive cognitive strategies such as rumination or catastrophizing were related to higher levels of loneliness. For extraverts, emotion suppression was related to lower levels of affective well-being. Individuals with low maladaptive regulation reported higher well-being the longer the public life restrictions were in place at the time of study participation. These findings suggest that first, extraversion may lose some of its protective value for loneliness and well-being when opportunities to engage in social activities are limited; second, that loneliness and well-being do not decrease over 6 weeks of public life restrictions; and third, that future studies should further investigate the moderating role of emotion regulation on the link between personality, loneliness, and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièle A. Gubler
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstr. 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisa M. Makowski
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstr. 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan J. Troche
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstr. 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Schlegel
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstr. 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Social Media Activities, Emotion Regulation Strategies, and Their Interactions on People's Mental Health in COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17238931. [PMID: 33271779 PMCID: PMC7730977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically changed the general population's life worldwide. People may spend more time on social media because of policies like "work at home". Using a cross-sectional dataset collected through an online survey in February 2020, in China, we examined (1) the relationships between social media activities and people's mental health status and (2) the moderation effect of emotional-regulation strategies. The sample included people aged ≥18 years from 32 provinces and regions in China (N = 3159). The inferential analyses included a set of multiple linear regressions with interactions. Our results showed that sharing timely, accurate, and positive COVID-19 information, reducing excessive discussions on COVID-19, and promoting caring online interactions rather than being judgmental, might positively associate with the general public's psychological well-being. Additionally, the relationships between social media activities and psychological well-being varied at different emotion-regulation strategy levels. Adopting the cognitive reappraisal strategy might allay the adverse relationships between certain social media activities and mental health indicators. Our findings expanded the theory of how social media activities can be associated with a human being's mental health and how it can interact with emotion-regulation strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Wang X, Blain SD, Meng J, Liu Y, Qiu J. Variability in emotion regulation strategy use is negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Cogn Emot 2020; 35:324-340. [PMID: 33150844 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1840337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Variability in the emotion regulation (ER) strategies one uses throughout daily life has been suggested to reflect adaptive ER ability and to act as a protective factor in mental health. Moreover, psychological inflexibility and persistent negative affect (or affective inertia) are key features of depression and other forms of mental illness and are often further exacerbated by rigid or overly passive regulatory behaviours. The current study investigated the hypothesis that ER variability might serve as a protective factor against depressive symptoms and affective inertia. Using experience-sampling (N = 213), we tested whether two indictors of ER variability (between- and within-strategy SDs) were related to depressive symptoms and affective inertia. We found that people with higher between-strategy variability and within-strategy variability (specifically for reappraisal and distraction) reported fewer depressive symptoms. Both within- and between-strategy variability were negatively related to negative affective inertia. Between-strategy variability and negative affective inertia had unique effects on depression, when used as simultaneous predictors. Altogether, this study provides further evidence for the utility of ER as a factor buffering against depressive symptoms and particularly for the use of variable ER strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Scott D Blain
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MI, USA
| | - Jie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Wang X, Blain SD, Wei D, Yang W, Yang J, Zhuang K, He L, DeYoung CG, Qiu J. The role of frontal-subcortical connectivity in the relation between coping styles and reactivity and downregulation of negative emotion. Brain Cogn 2020; 146:105631. [PMID: 33120205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coping styles (CS) reflect individuals' habitual use of strategies for coping with negative events in daily life. Although research into coping has not reached consistent agreement about classifying coping strategies as either inherently adaptive or maladaptive, the influence of maladaptive CS on mental health is noticeable. CS might also be related to emotion regulation and associated brain systems. Participants (N = 165) completed measurements of CS, trait emotions including trait anxiety, depressive symptoms and happiness and then performed an emotion regulation task, in conjunction with functional MRI. Individual differences in maladaptive CS use were associated with higher trait negative emotionality and higher state reactivity of negative emotion. Concurrent bilateral amygdala-right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) connectivity during passive negative stimulus processing mediated the relation between maladaptive CS and negative emotion ratings. Psychophysiological interaction analyses showed that maladaptive and adaptive CS were linked to patterns of frontal-subcortical connectivity during state emotion regulation. These results suggest that maladaptive CS might be related to negative emotion processing and weaker spontaneous regulation and indicate that maladaptive CS is a risk factor in individual mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing 400715, China; Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Scott D Blain
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing 400715, China; Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing 400715, China; Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing 400715, China; School of Education Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing 400715, China; Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Li He
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing 400715, China; Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Colin G DeYoung
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, MN, USA.
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing 400715, China; Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Shi CR, Ma HQ, Huang C, Zhang MH, Ren ZH. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms among nurses exposed to workplace violence: a person-centered approach. J Ment Health 2020; 30:541-548. [PMID: 32915668 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1818707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive strategies are preferred among nurses who have limited opportunities in the workplace to use behavioral strategies to cope with negative life events. AIMS To explore whether different cognitive emotion regulation profiles could be distinguished in nurses exposed to workplace violence, and to investigate whether such profiles had differential associations with depressive symptoms. METHOD An online survey was conducted among nurses exposed to workplace violence (N = 399). Latent profile analysis was performed to identify discrete profiles based on the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars method was applied to compare the latent profiles on the depressive symptoms. RESULTS Seven latent profiles were identified: Low Regulators, Medium Regulators, High Regulators, Intensely Adaptive Regulators, Moderately Adaptive Regulators, Intensely Maladaptive Regulators, and Moderately Maladaptive Regulators. High Regulators had the highest level of depressive symptoms. Although using less adaptive strategies, Low Regulators did not report significantly more depressive symptoms than Medium Regulators, Intensely Maladaptive and Moderately Maladaptive Regulators. CONCLUSIONS The adaptability of cognitive emotion regulation strategies depends on the conjunction of different strategies one person has at his disposal. Cognitive emotion regulation skill training should focus on flexible implementation of strategies and decreasing use of maladaptive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Rong Shi
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Han-Qiao Ma
- School of Health Humanities, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Huang
- School of Health Humanities, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Man-Hua Zhang
- School of Health Humanities, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Ren
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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Quiñones-Camacho LE, Davis EL. Children's awareness of the context-appropriate nature of emotion regulation strategies across emotions. Cogn Emot 2020; 34:977-985. [PMID: 31690211 PMCID: PMC7198354 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1687426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) substantially develops during the childhood years. This growth includes an increasing awareness that certain ER strategies are more appropriate in some contexts than others, but few studies have explored how children tailor ER strategies across contexts (i.e. context sensitivity). Understanding this could help clarify why some children have difficulties effectively regulating their emotions even when they have a broad strategy repertoire. The current study explored differences in Hispanic children's ER strategy context sensitivity across three emotions and explored attentional control as a possible moderator of this sensitivity. Children (N = 78; M = 9.91; SD = 1.14; 50% girls; household income M = 31-40k) completed an attentional control task and were interviewed about their ER strategy preferences for sadness, fear, and anger. Context sensitivity was measured as the proportion of endorsed ER strategies that theoretically "fit" the given emotion. Children showed more sensitivity for anger and fear compared to sadness. Attentional control predicted context sensitivity for sadness only, but this was qualified by age. Older children showed more context sensitivity with increasing attentional control. Findings provide insight into emotional development in late childhood by highlighting children's awareness of the context-appropriate nature of ER strategies across emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Quiñones-Camacho
- University of California Riverside, Department of Psychology
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychiatry
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Moumne S, Hall N, Böke BN, Bastien L, Heath N. Implicit Theories of Emotion, Goals for Emotion Regulation, and Cognitive Responses to Negative Life Events. Psychol Rep 2020; 124:1588-1620. [PMID: 32674669 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120942110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Why do some people routinely respond to emotional difficulty in ways that foster resilience, while others habitually engage in responses associated with deleterious consequences over time? This study examined relations between emotion controllability beliefs and goals for emotion regulation (ER) with peoples' multivariate profile of cognitive ER strategy use. Cluster analysis classified 481 university students (81% female) as adaptive, maladaptive, or low regulators based on their multivariate profile of engagement in five adaptive and four maladaptive cognitive ER strategies. A discriminant function analysis predicting the multivariate profiles supported that lower emotion controllability beliefs and lower performance-avoidance goals for ER significantly distinguished maladaptive regulators from adaptive regulators. Moreover, lower learning, performance-avoidance, and performance-approach goals for ER significantly distinguished low regulators from maladaptive and low regulators. Taken together, findings support that emotion-related beliefs and goals may help to clarify why some people habitually engage in more adaptive patterns of cognitive ER in response to negative life events than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Moumne
- Faculty of Education, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathan Hall
- Faculty of Education, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bilun Naz Böke
- Faculty of Education, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurianne Bastien
- Faculty of Education, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nancy Heath
- Faculty of Education, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Westerlund M, Santtila P, Antfolk J. Regulating emotions under exposure to negative out-group-related news material results in increased acceptance of out-groups. The Journal of Social Psychology 2020; 160:357-372. [PMID: 31594481 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2019.1675575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Negative emotions affect the acceptance of out-groups. Here, we investigated whether modifying negative emotions would affect perceptions of out-groups. We experimentally manipulated the use of two emotion regulation strategies: suppression of emotional expression and cognitive reappraisal, the latter involving reframing a situation to mitigate its emotional impact. Using a population-based sample (N = 317), we conducted an online randomized controlled trial. Participants regulated their emotions while reading threatening news about out-groups. Not only reappraisal, but also suppression increased immediate acceptance of out-groups. The effect of reappraisal was partly mediated by decreased disgust, suggesting unique effects of reappraisal on this emotion. In the suppression condition acceptance decreased at high levels of habitual emotion regulation, whereas reappraisal showed an opposite tendency. Previous research may have underestimated the importance of different emotion regulation strategies on prejudice, and that relatively simple interventions can affect prejudice. The findings are of interest to prejudice prevention programs.
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Weiss NH, Risi MM, Sullivan TP, Armeli S, Tennen H. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity attenuates bi-directional associations between negative affect and avoidant coping: A daily diary study. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:73-81. [PMID: 31442882 PMCID: PMC6791769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Avoidant coping plays an important role in the maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, existing investigations have been limited in their assessment of coping as a static process - despite evidence that the coping strategies individuals use to manage stressors vary across time and contexts. Further, research has relied on cross-sectional designs, precluding determination of the directionality of the negative affect-avoidant coping association. The current study addresses these limitations by using a daily diary method to examine the moderating role of PTSD symptom severity on reciprocal relations between negative affect and avoidant coping. METHODS Participants were 1,188 trauma-exposed adults (M age = 19.2, 56% female, 79% White) who provided daily diary data for 30 days via online surveys. Multi-level models were tested to evaluate the moderating role of PTSD symptom severity in the daily relations between negative affect and avoidant coping during the 30-day period. RESULTS Levels of daytime negative affect were assoicated with use of evening avoidant coping. Use of evening avoidant coping were associated with levels of next-day daytime negative affect. PTSD symptom severity moderated these relations. For individuals with more (vs. less) severe PTSD symptoms, the association of negative affect to avoidant coping was weaker and the association of avoidant coping to negative affect was stronger. LIMITATIONS Findings must be interpreted in light of limitations, including self-report measures and assessment of a alcohol using sample of college students. DISCUSSION These findings advance our understanding of the negative affect-avoidant coping association among trauma-exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole H. Weiss
- University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Rd., Kingston, RI, 02881
| | - Megan M. Risi
- University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Rd., Kingston, RI, 02881
| | - Tami P. Sullivan
- Yale University School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Stephen Armeli
- Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Road, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA.
| | - Howard Tennen
- University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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Specker P, Nickerson A. Investigating the relationship between distinctive patterns of emotion regulation, trauma exposure and psychopathology among refugees resettled in Australia: a latent class analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10:1661814. [PMID: 31552131 PMCID: PMC6746259 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1661814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emotion regulation difficulties are common among individuals from refugee backgrounds. Little is known, however, about whether there are specific patterns relating to the types of emotion regulation strategies commonly employed by refugees, nor how this relates to psychopathology. Moreover, wider literature on emotion regulation has primarily focused on examining specific emotion regulation strategies in isolation, rather than patterns of emotion regulation across multiple strategies. Objective: The current study was the first to identify individual differences in patterns of habitual emotion regulation among refugees, and explore their unique associations with trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. Method: Levels of trait reappraisal and suppression were measured among 93 refugees, using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the White Bear Suppression Inventory. A latent class analysis was conducted to identify distinct classes of participants based on differing levels of habitual engagement in reappraisal and suppression. The association between class membership and key variables indexing refugee experiences (e.g. trauma exposure) and psychopathology (e.g. PTSD symptoms and emotion dysregulation) were also examined. Results: Latent class analysis revealed three distinct profiles of habitual emotion regulation: a high regulators class (55.7%; high trait reappraisal/high trait suppression), an adaptive regulators class (23.6%; high trait reappraisal/moderate trait suppression), and a maladaptive regulators class (20.6%; low trait reappraisal/high trait suppression). Each class evidenced unique relations with trauma exposure and psychopathology. Compared to adaptive regulators, maladaptive regulators had more PTSD symptoms, experienced greater emotion dysregulation, and were more likely to be female, while high regulators had experienced more types of traumatic events. Conclusions: This study identified distinct patterns of emotion regulation among refugees. Our findings demonstrate the importance of measuring multiple strategies to uncover patterns of emotion regulation and better understand the links between emotion regulation and psychopathology, which has important implications for the development of effective treatment with traumatized refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Specker
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela Nickerson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Coleman A, Oliveros AD. Reconceptualization of emotion regulation: strategy use, flexibility, and emotionality. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2019; 33:19-30. [PMID: 31436124 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2019.1655641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous research has identified associations between emotion regulation strategy use patterns and emotional and behavioral functioning outcomes. The current study examined the construct of ER by integrating ER strategy use with flexibility to use strategies and overall level of experienced emotion to determine patterns of ER functioning. DESIGN Self-report data regarding strategy use, flexibility, and affect intensity was collected from undergraduate psychology students (N = 380). METHODS A latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify a profile structure of ER. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to examine the effect of ER profile on the following outcomes: ER difficulties, internalizing problems, and externalizing behaviors. RESULTS The LPA supported a 3-profile and a 6-profile model. MANOVA results indicated that the 3-profile model and the 6-profile model predicted outcomes of ER difficulties and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The 3-profile model demonstrated greater separation of profiles than the 6-profile model, whereas the 6-profile model demonstrated more nuanced profiles than the 3-profile model. Overall, our results suggest that integrating strategy use, flexibility, and emotionality yields profiles of ER that can be used for better prediction of functioning than using strategy use alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Coleman
- Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Arazais D Oliveros
- Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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