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Law LM, Griffiths DR, Lifshitz J. Peg Forest Rehabilitation - A novel spatial navigation based cognitive rehabilitation paradigm for experimental neurotrauma. Behav Brain Res 2023; 443:114355. [PMID: 36801425 PMCID: PMC10883691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from mechanical forces applied to the head. Ensuing cascades of complex pathophysiology transition the injury event into a disease process. The enduring constellation of emotional, somatic, and cognitive impairments degrade quality of life for the millions of TBI survivors suffering from long-term neurological symptoms. Rehabilitation strategies have reported mixed results, as most have not focused on specific symptomatology or explored cellular processes. The current experiments evaluated a novel cognitive rehabilitation paradigm for brain-injured and uninjured rats. The arena is a plastic floor with a cartesian grid of holes for plastic dowels to create new environments with the rearrangement of threaded pegs. Rats received either two weeks of Peg Forest rehabilitation (PFR) or open field exposure starting at 7 days post-injury; or one week starting at either day 7 or 14 post-injury; or served as caged controls. Cognitive performance was assessed on a battery of novel object tasks at 28 days post-injury. The results revealed that two weeks of PFR was required to prevent the onset of cognitive impairments, while one week of PFR was insufficient regardless of when rehabilitation was initiated after injury. Further assessment of the task showed that novel daily arrangements of the environment were required to impart the cognitive performance benefits, as exposure to a static arrangement of pegs for PFR each day did not improve cognitive performance. The results indicate that PFR prevents the onset of cognitive disorders following acquired a mild to moderate brain injury, and potentially other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Matthew Law
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| | - Daniel R Griffiths
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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2
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Giordano KR, Law LM, Henderson J, Rowe RK, Lifshitz J. Time Course of Remote Neuropathology Following Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in the Male Rat. Exp Neurobiol 2022; 31:105-115. [PMID: 35673999 PMCID: PMC9194637 DOI: 10.5607/en21027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can affect different regions throughout the brain. Regions near the site of impact are the most vulnerable to injury. However, damage to distal regions occurs. We investigated progressive neuropathology in the dorsal hippocampus (near the impact) and cerebellum (distal to the impact) after diffuse TBI. Adult male rats were subjected to midline fluid percussion injury or sham injury. Brain tissue was stained by the amino cupric silver stain. Neuropathology was quantified in sub-regions of the dorsal hippocampus at 1, 7, and 28 days post-injury (DPI) and coronal cerebellar sections at 1, 2, and 7 DPI. The highest observed neuropathology in the dentate gyrus occurred at 7 DPI which attenuated by 28 DPI, whereas the highest observed neuropathology was at 1 DPI in the CA3 region. There was no significant neuropathology in the CA1 region at any time point. Neuropathology was increased at 7 DPI in the cerebellum compared to shams and stripes of pathology were observed in the molecular layer perpendicular to the cerebellar cortical surface. Together these data show that diffuse TBI can result in neuropathology across the brain. By describing the time course of pathology in response to TBI, it is possible to build the temporal profile of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Giordano
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.,Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - L Matthew Law
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.,Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Jordan Henderson
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Rachel K Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.,Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
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3
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Sethumadhavan N, Strauch C, Hoang TH, Manahan-Vaughan D. The Perirhinal Cortex Engages in Area and Layer-Specific Encoding of Item Dimensions. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:744669. [PMID: 35058755 PMCID: PMC8763964 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.744669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PRC), subdivided into areas 35 and 36, belongs to the parahippocampal regions that provide polysensory input to the hippocampus. Efferent and afferent connections along its rostro-caudal axis, and of areas 35 and 36, are extremely diverse. Correspondingly functional tasks in which the PRC participates are manifold. The PRC engages, for example, in sensory information processing, object recognition, and attentional processes. It was previously reported that layer II of the caudal area 35 may be critically involved in the encoding of large-scale objects. In the present study we aimed to disambiguate the roles of the different PRC layers, along with areas 35 and 36, and the rostro-caudal compartments of the PRC, in processing information about objects of different dimensions. Here, we compared effects on information encoding triggered by learning about subtle and discretely visible (microscale) object information and overt, highly visible landmark (macroscale) information. To this end, nuclear expression of the immediate early gene Arc was evaluated using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Increased nuclear Arc expression occurred in layers III and V-VI of the middle and caudal parts of area 35 in response to both novel microscale and macroscale object exposure. By contrast, a significant increase in Arc expression occurred in area 36 only in response to microscale objects. These results indicate that area 36 is specifically involved in the encoding of small and less prominently visible items. In contrast, area 35 engages globally (layer III to VI) in the encoding of object information independent of item dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Sethumadhavan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christina Strauch
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thu-Huong Hoang
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denise Manahan-Vaughan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Denise Manahan-Vaughan
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Shan X, Contreras MP, Mendez M, Born J, Inostroza M. Unfolding of spatial representation at systems level in infant rats. Hippocampus 2021; 32:121-133. [PMID: 34786798 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Spatial representations enable navigation from early life on. However, the brain regions essential to form spatial representations, like the hippocampus, are considered functionally immature before weaning. Here, we examined the formation of representations of space in rat pups on postnatal day (PD) 16, using a simple habituation paradigm where the pups were exposed to an arena on three occasions, separated by ~140 min. Whereas on the first two occasions the arena was the same, on the third "test" occasion either proximal cues (Prox group), or distal cues (Dist group), or proximal and distal cues (Prox-Dist group), or no cues (No-change group) were rearranged. Locomotion (distance traveled) was used as behavioral measure of habituation, and c-Fos expression to measure regional brain activity at test. Locomotion generally decreased across the first two occasions. At test, it reached a minimum in the No-change group, indicating familiarity with the spatial conditions. By contrast, the Prox-Dist group displayed a significant increase in locomotion which was less robust in the Prox group and absent in the Dist group, a pattern suggesting that the pups relied more on proximal than distal cues during spatial exploration. c-Fos activity in the No-change group was significantly suppressed in the hippocampus (CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus) but simultaneously enhanced in the prelimbic area (PL) of the medial prefrontal cortex, compared with untreated Home-cage controls, pointing to a possible involvement of the PL in regulating locomotion in familiar spaces. By contrast, in both Prox-Dist and Prox groups c-Fos activity was enhanced in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, suggesting these regions might be particularly involved in regulating exploration of spatial novelty. Our findings show that functional representations of space at a systems level are formed already in pre-weanling rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shan
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Neural & Behavioral Science, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany
| | - María P Contreras
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Neural & Behavioral Science, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marta Mendez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes Research & Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichert Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marion Inostroza
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Lesion of the hippocampus selectively enhances LEC's activity during recognition memory based on familiarity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19085. [PMID: 34580354 PMCID: PMC8476609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense of familiarity for events is crucial for successful recognition memory. However, the neural substrate and mechanisms supporting familiarity remain unclear. A major controversy in memory research is whether the parahippocampal areas, especially the lateral entorhinal (LEC) and the perirhinal (PER) cortices, support familiarity or whether the hippocampus (HIP) does. In addition, it is unclear if LEC, PER and HIP interact within this frame. Here, we especially investigate if LEC and PER's contribution to familiarity depends on hippocampal integrity. To do so, we compare LEC and PER neural activity between rats with intact hippocampus performing on a human to rat translational task relying on both recollection and familiarity and rats with hippocampal lesions that have been shown to then rely on familiarity to perform the same task. Using high resolution Immediate Early Gene imaging, we report that hippocampal lesions enhance activity in LEC during familiarity judgments but not PER’s. These findings suggest that different mechanisms support familiarity in LEC and PER and led to the hypothesis that HIP might exert a tonic inhibition on LEC during recognition memory that is released when HIP is compromised, possibly constituting a compensatory mechanism in aging and amnesic patients.
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Noble EE, Olson CA, Davis E, Tsan L, Chen YW, Schade R, Liu C, Suarez A, Jones RB, de La Serre C, Yang X, Hsiao EY, Kanoski SE. Gut microbial taxa elevated by dietary sugar disrupt memory function. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:194. [PMID: 33790226 PMCID: PMC8012713 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights a critical relationship between gut microbiota and neurocognitive development. Excessive consumption of sugar and other unhealthy dietary factors during early life developmental periods yields changes in the gut microbiome as well as neurocognitive impairments. However, it is unclear whether these two outcomes are functionally connected. Here we explore whether excessive early life consumption of added sugars negatively impacts memory function via the gut microbiome. Rats were given free access to a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) during the adolescent stage of development. Memory function and anxiety-like behavior were assessed during adulthood and gut bacterial and brain transcriptome analyses were conducted. Taxa-specific microbial enrichment experiments examined the functional relationship between sugar-induced microbiome changes and neurocognitive and brain transcriptome outcomes. Chronic early life sugar consumption impaired adult hippocampal-dependent memory function without affecting body weight or anxiety-like behavior. Adolescent SSB consumption during adolescence also altered the gut microbiome, including elevated abundance of two species in the genus Parabacteroides (P. distasonis and P. johnsonii) that were negatively correlated with hippocampal function. Transferred enrichment of these specific bacterial taxa in adolescent rats impaired hippocampal-dependent memory during adulthood. Hippocampus transcriptome analyses revealed that early life sugar consumption altered gene expression in intracellular kinase and synaptic neurotransmitter signaling pathways, whereas Parabacteroides microbial enrichment altered gene expression in pathways associated with metabolic function, neurodegenerative disease, and dopaminergic signaling. Collectively these results identify a role for microbiota "dysbiosis" in mediating the detrimental effects of early life unhealthy dietary factors on hippocampal-dependent memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Noble
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XUniversity of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Christine A. Olson
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth Davis
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Linda Tsan
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yen-Wei Chen
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ruth Schade
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XUniversity of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Clarissa Liu
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Andrea Suarez
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Roshonda B. Jones
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | | - Xia Yang
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Elaine Y. Hsiao
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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7
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Mshaty A, Haijima A, Takatsuru Y, Ninomiya A, Yajima H, Kokubo M, Khairinisa MA, Miyazaki W, Amano I, Koibuchi N. Neurotoxic effects of lactational exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate on learning and memory in adult male mouse. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111710. [PMID: 32861761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to examine the effect of early lactational perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposures on learning and memory in male mice and reveal the underlying mechanisms involved. PFOS solution was orally administered to dams from the postpartum days 1-14, so that pups would be exposed through breast milk. At 8-10 weeks of age, we performed object location test (OLT), object recognition test (ORT), and pairwise visual discrimination (VD) task. We also performed in vivo microdialysis, and mRNA and protein analysis of genes responsible for hippocampal development and function. In both OLT and ORT, the performance of mice in the PFOS-exposed group was significantly lower than those in the control group. In the VD task, the PFOS-exposed group learned significantly slower than the control group. Concentrations of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the dorsal hippocampus were significantly higher in the PFOS-exposed group than in the control group. No notable differences were shown in our mRNA and protein studies. The present study showed that lactational PFOS exposure has a profound, long-lasting neurotoxic effect in the hippocampus and consequently leads to learning and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Mshaty
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Asahi Haijima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan; Laboratory for Environmental Brain Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan; Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Ayane Ninomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Michifumi Kokubo
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Miski Aghnia Khairinisa
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Wataru Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan; Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8560, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Activation of cortical M 1 muscarinic receptors and related intracellular signaling is necessary for reactivation-induced object memory updating. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9209. [PMID: 32514039 PMCID: PMC7280228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivated long-term memories can become labile and sensitive to modification. Memories in this destabilized state can be weakened or strengthened, but there is limited research characterizing the mechanisms underlying retrieval-induced qualitative updates (i.e., information integration). We have previously implicated cholinergic transmission in object memory destabilization. Here we present a novel rodent paradigm developed to assess the role of this cholinergic mechanism in qualitative object memory updating. The post-reactivation object memory modification (PROMM) task exposes rats to contextual information following object memory reactivation. Subsequent object exploratory performance suggests that the contextual information is integrated with the original memory in a reactivation- and time-dependent manner. This effect is blocked by interference with M1 muscarinic receptors and several downstream signals in perirhinal cortex. These findings therefore demonstrate a hitherto unacknowledged cognitive function for acetylcholine with important implications for understanding the dynamic nature of long-term memory storage in the normal and aging brain.
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Sauvage M, Kitsukawa T, Atucha E. Single-cell memory trace imaging with immediate-early genes. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 326:108368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bernstein HL, Lu YL, Botterill JJ, Scharfman HE. Novelty and Novel Objects Increase c-Fos Immunoreactivity in Mossy Cells in the Mouse Dentate Gyrus. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:1815371. [PMID: 31534449 PMCID: PMC6732597 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1815371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) and its primary cell type, the granule cell (GC), are thought to be critical to many cognitive functions. A major neuronal subtype of the DG is the hilar mossy cell (MC). MCs have been considered to play an important role in cognition, but in vivo studies to understand the activity of MCs during cognitive tasks are challenging because the experiments usually involve trauma to the overlying hippocampus or DG, which kills hilar neurons. In addition, restraint typically occurs, and MC activity is reduced by brief restraint stress. Social isolation often occurs and is potentially confounding. Therefore, we used c-fos protein expression to understand when MCs are active in vivo in socially housed adult C57BL/6 mice in their home cage. We focused on c-fos protein expression after animals explored novel objects, based on previous work which showed that MCs express c-fos protein readily in response to a novel housing location. Also, MCs are required for the training component of the novel object location task and novelty-encoding during a food-related task. GluR2/3 was used as a marker of MCs. The results showed that MC c-fos protein is greatly increased after exposure to novel objects, especially in ventral DG. We also found that novel objects produced higher c-fos levels than familiar objects. Interestingly, a small subset of neurons that did not express GluR2/3 also increased c-fos protein after novel object exposure. In contrast, GCs appeared relatively insensitive. The results support a growing appreciation of the role of the DG in novelty detection and novel object recognition, where hilar neurons and especially MCs are very sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Bernstein
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi-Ling Lu
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Justin J. Botterill
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Helen E. Scharfman
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
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11
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Qu X, Wang Q, Chen W, Li T, Guo J, Wang H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang N, Xian J. Combined machine learning and diffusion tensor imaging reveals altered anatomic fiber connectivity of the brain in primary open-angle glaucoma. Brain Res 2019; 1718:83-90. [PMID: 31071304 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parameters derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have been found to be significantly altered in the optic tracts, optic nerves, and optic radiations in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). In this study, DTI-derived parameters were further constructed into fiber connectivity, and we investigated anatomical fiber connectivity changes within and beyond the visual pathway in POAG patients. DTI and T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were acquired in 18 POAG patients and 26 healthy controls (HC). White matter tracts based on the Brodmann atlases (BA) were constructed using the deterministic fiber tracking method. The mean fractional anisotropy (FA), fiber number (FN), and mean fiber length (FL) were measured and then evaluated using two-sample t-tests between POAG and HC. The fiber connectivity between regions was taken as the features for classifying HC and POAG using a machine learning method known as naïve Bayesian classification. The mean FA decreased in connections between visual cortex BA17/BA18 and cortex BA23/BA25/BA35/BA36, while it increased in the connections between cortex BA3/BA7/BA9 and BA5/BA6/BA45/BA25 in POAG. Classification using fibers where a significant difference in FN had been identified produced better accuracy (ACC = 0.89) than using FA or FL (ACC = 0.77 and 0.75, respectively). The FN of individual fiber connections with higher accuracy and significant changes in POAG involved brain regions associated with vision (BA19), depression (BA10/BA46/BA25), and memory (BA29). These findings strengthen the hypothesis that POAG involves changes in anatomical connectivity within and beyond the visual pathway. Classification using the machine learning method reveals that mean FN has the potential to be used as a biomarker for detecting white matter microstructure changes in POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Qu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaizhou Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
| | - Junfang Xian
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Gimse K, Gorzek RC, Olin A, Osting S, Burger C. Hippocampal Homer1b/c is necessary for contextual fear conditioning and group I metabotropic glutamate receptor mediated long-term depression. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 156:17-23. [PMID: 30336208 PMCID: PMC6226007 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Coiled-coil forms of Homer1, including Homer1b and c (Homer1b/c) have been shown to play a role in hippocampal learning and memory and synaptic plasticity. We have previously found that overexpression of hippocampal Homer1c is sufficient to rescue learning and memory ability in aged learning impaired rats and in Homer1 knockout (KO) mice, and to rescue group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1/5) mediated long-term potentiation in KO mice. Here, to determine if Homer1b/c is necessary for successful learning and memory we have utilized a rAAV5 vector expressing a Homer1b/c-targeting short hairpin RNA to knock down the expression of hippocampal Homer1b/c in adult 4-6-month old male Sprague Dawley rats. We have found that reduced hippocampal Homer1b/c expression elicits significant learning deficits in contextual fear conditioning, but not in the Morris water maze or novel object recognition tasks. Furthermore, we demonstrate that reduced hippocampal Homer1b/c is sufficient to completely block mGluR1/5 mediated long-term depression in the Schaffer collateral pathway. These results support a significant role for Homer1b/c in learning and synaptic plasticity; however, the exact role of each of these two protein isoforms in learning and memory remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstan Gimse
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Ave, Room 73 Bardeen, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ryan C Gorzek
- College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew Olin
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sue Osting
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Corinna Burger
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Ave, Room 73 Bardeen, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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14
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Baruchin LJ, Ranson A, Good M, Crunelli V. Absence of Neuronal Response Modulation with Familiarity in Perirhinal Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 394:23-29. [PMID: 30342199 PMCID: PMC6280024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LFP responses to images could be observed in the mouse PRH – which can be used to translate to human studies. Under passive head-restrained viewing condition no familiarity response modulation could be observed in the PRH. When many novel complex images are presented familiarity modulation could be observed as upstream as V1.
The perirhinal cortex (PRH) is considered a crucial cortical area for familiarity memory and electrophysiological studies have reported the presence of visual familiarity encoding neurons in PRH. However, recent evidence has questioned the existence of these neurons. Here, we used a visual task in which head-restrained mice were passively exposed to oriented gratings or natural images. Evoked potentials and single-unit recordings showed evoked responses to novelty in V1 under some conditions. However, the PRH showed no response modulation with respect to familiarity under a variety of different conditions or retention delays. These results indicate that the PRH does not contribute to familiarity/novelty encoding using passively exposed visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad J Baruchin
- Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Adam Ranson
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Mark Good
- Department of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Vincenzo Crunelli
- Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Malta University, Msida, Malta.
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15
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Environmental Enrichment Induces Changes in Long-Term Memory for Social Transmission of Food Preference in Aged Mice through a Mechanism Associated with Epigenetic Processes. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:3725087. [PMID: 30123245 PMCID: PMC6079387 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3725087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decline in declarative learning and memory performance is a typical feature of normal aging processes. Exposure of aged animals to an enriched environment (EE) counteracts this decline, an effect correlated with reduction of age-related changes in hippocampal dendritic branching, spine density, neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and neural plasticity, including its epigenetic underpinnings. Declarative memories depend on the medial temporal lobe system, including the hippocampus, for their formation, but, over days to weeks, they become increasingly dependent on other brain regions such as the neocortex and in particular the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a process known as system consolidation. Recently, it has been shown that early tagging of cortical networks is a crucial neurobiological process for remote memory formation and that this tagging involves epigenetic mechanisms in the recipient orbitofrontal (OFC) areas. Whether EE can enhance system consolidation in aged animals has not been tested; in particular, whether the early tagging mechanisms in OFC areas are deficient in aged animals and whether EE can ameliorate them is not known. This study aimed at testing whether EE could affect system consolidation in aged mice using the social transmission of food preference paradigm, which involves an ethologically based form of associative olfactory memory. We found that only EE mice successfully performed the remote memory recall task, showed neuronal activation in OFC, assessed with c-fos immunohistochemistry and early tagging of OFC, assessed with histone H3 acetylation, suggesting a defective system consolidation and early OFC tagging in aged mice which are ameliorated by EE.
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16
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Suarez AN, Hsu TM, Liu CM, Noble EE, Cortella AM, Nakamoto EM, Hahn JD, de Lartigue G, Kanoski SE. Gut vagal sensory signaling regulates hippocampus function through multi-order pathways. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2181. [PMID: 29872139 PMCID: PMC5988686 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve is the primary means of neural communication between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the brain. Vagally mediated GI signals activate the hippocampus (HPC), a brain region classically linked with memory function. However, the endogenous relevance of GI-derived vagal HPC communication is unknown. Here we utilize a saporin (SAP)-based lesioning procedure to reveal that selective GI vagal sensory/afferent ablation in rats impairs HPC-dependent episodic and spatial memory, effects associated with reduced HPC neurotrophic and neurogenesis markers. To determine the neural pathways connecting the gut to the HPC, we utilize monosynaptic and multisynaptic virus-based tracing methods to identify the medial septum as a relay connecting the medial nucleus tractus solitarius (where GI vagal afferents synapse) to dorsal HPC glutamatergic neurons. We conclude that endogenous GI-derived vagal sensory signaling promotes HPC-dependent memory function via a multi-order brainstem–septal pathway, thereby identifying a previously unknown role for the gut–brain axis in memory control. Feeding-relevant vagal signaling occurs between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain, but it is unclear if this pathway influences cognitive processes. This study shows that endogenous gastrointestinal derived vagal sensory signaling promotes hippocampal-dependent memory function via a multi-order brainstem–septal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Suarez
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ted M Hsu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Clarissa M Liu
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alyssa M Cortella
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily M Nakamoto
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joel D Hahn
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. .,Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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17
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Nardecchia F, Orlando R, Iacovelli L, Colamartino M, Fiori E, Leuzzi V, Piccinin S, Nistico R, Puglisi-Allegra S, Di Menna L, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F, Pascucci T. Targeting mGlu5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Phenylketonuria. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:154. [PMID: 29615849 PMCID: PMC5864888 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied group-I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in Pahenu2 (ENU2) mice, which mimic the genetics and neurobiology of human phenylketonuria (PKU), a metabolic disorder characterized, if untreated, by autism, and intellectual disability (ID). Male ENU2 mice showed increased mGlu5 receptor protein levels in the hippocampus and corpus striatum (but not in the prefrontal cortex) whereas the transcript of the mGlu5 receptor was unchanged. No changes in mGlu1 receptor mRNA and protein levels were found in any of the three brain regions of ENU2 mice. We extended the analysis to Homer proteins, which act as scaffolds by linking mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors to effector proteins. Expression of the long isoforms of Homer was significantly reduced in the hippocampus of ENU2 mice, whereas levels of the short Homer isoform (Homer 1a) were unchanged. mGlu5 receptors were less associated to immunoprecipitated Homer in the hippocampus of ENU2 mice. The lack of mGlu5 receptor-mediated long-term depression (LTD) in wild-type mice (of BTBR strain) precluded the analysis of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in ENU2 mice. We therefore performed a behavioral analysis to examine whether pharmacological blockade of mGlu5 receptors could correct behavioral abnormalities in ENU2 mice. Using the same apparatus we sequentially assessed locomotor activity, object exploration, and spatial object recognition (spatial novelty test) after displacing some of the objects from their original position in the arena. Systemic treatment with the mGlu5 receptor antagonist, MPEP (20 mg/kg, i.p.), had a striking effect in the spatial novelty test by substantially increasing the time spent in exploring the displaced objects in ENU2 mice (but not in wild-type mice). These suggest a role for mGlu5 receptors in the pathophysiology of ID in PKU and suggest that, also in adult untreated animals, cognitive dysfunction may be improved by targeting these receptors with an appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardecchia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Colamartino
- Daniel Bovet Department of Psychology, Neurobiology Research Center, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Fiori
- Daniel Bovet Department of Psychology, Neurobiology Research Center, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Piccinin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Nistico
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Daniel Bovet Department of Psychology, Neurobiology Research Center, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Foundation Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pascucci
- Daniel Bovet Department of Psychology, Neurobiology Research Center, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Foundation Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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18
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Belblidia H, Leger M, Abdelmalek A, Quiedeville A, Calocer F, Boulouard M, Jozet-Alves C, Freret T, Schumann-Bard P. Characterizing age-related decline of recognition memory and brain activation profile in mice. Exp Gerontol 2018. [PMID: 29524468 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Episodic memory decline is one of the earlier deficits occurring during normal aging in humans. The question of spatial versus non-spatial sensitivity to age-related memory decline is of importance for a full understanding of these changes. Here, we characterized the effect of normal aging on both non-spatial (object) and spatial (object location) memory performances as well as on associated neuronal activation in mice. Novel-object (NOR) and object-location (OLR) recognition tests, respectively assessing the identity and spatial features of object memory, were examined at different ages. We show that memory performances in both tests were altered by aging as early as 15 months of age: NOR memory was partially impaired whereas OLR memory was found to be fully disrupted at 15 months of age. Brain activation profiles were assessed for both tests using immunohistochemical detection of c-Fos (neuronal activation marker) in 3and 15 month-old mice. Normal performances in NOR task by 3 month-old mice were associated to an activation of the hippocampus and a trend towards an activation in the perirhinal cortex, in a way that did significantly differ with 15 month-old mice. During OLR task, brain activation took place in the hippocampus in 3 month-old but not significantly in 15 month-old mice, which were fully impaired at this task. These differential alterations of the object- and object-location recognition memory may be linked to differential alteration of the neuronal networks supporting these tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassina Belblidia
- Université de Caen Normandie, UFR SANTE, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INSERM UMR 1075, COMETE-MOBILITES "Vieillissement, Pathologie, Santé", 14032 Caen, France; Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene USTHB, Département de biologie, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Comportementales et Cognitives, 16111 Alger, Algeria; Université M'hamed Bougara UMBB, Faculté des Sciences, 35000 Boumerdès, Algeria
| | - Marianne Leger
- Université de Caen Normandie, UFR SANTE, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INSERM UMR 1075, COMETE-MOBILITES "Vieillissement, Pathologie, Santé", 14032 Caen, France
| | - Abdelouadoud Abdelmalek
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene USTHB, Département de biologie, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Comportementales et Cognitives, 16111 Alger, Algeria
| | - Anne Quiedeville
- Université de Caen Normandie, UFR SANTE, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INSERM UMR 1075, COMETE-MOBILITES "Vieillissement, Pathologie, Santé", 14032 Caen, France
| | - Floriane Calocer
- Université de Caen Normandie, UFR SANTE, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INSERM UMR 1075, COMETE-MOBILITES "Vieillissement, Pathologie, Santé", 14032 Caen, France
| | - Michel Boulouard
- Université de Caen Normandie, UFR SANTE, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INSERM UMR 1075, COMETE-MOBILITES "Vieillissement, Pathologie, Santé", 14032 Caen, France
| | | | - Thomas Freret
- Université de Caen Normandie, UFR SANTE, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INSERM UMR 1075, COMETE-MOBILITES "Vieillissement, Pathologie, Santé", 14032 Caen, France
| | - Pascale Schumann-Bard
- Université de Caen Normandie, UFR SANTE, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INSERM UMR 1075, COMETE-MOBILITES "Vieillissement, Pathologie, Santé", 14032 Caen, France.
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19
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Miranda M, Bekinschtein P. Plasticity Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation in the Perirhinal Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 370:46-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Cafeteria diet and probiotic therapy: cross talk among memory, neuroplasticity, serotonin receptors and gut microbiota in the rat. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:351-361. [PMID: 28289278 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The western diet is known to have detrimental effects on cognition and the gut microbiota, but few studies have investigated how these may be related. Here, we examined whether a probiotic could prevent diet-induced memory deficits. Rats were pre-exposed to vehicle, low or high doses of VSL#3 for 2 weeks before half were switched from chow to a cafeteria diet (Caf) for 25 days; VSL#3 treatment continued until death. High-dose VSL#3 prevented the diet-induced memory deficits on the hippocampal-dependent place task, but the probiotic caused deficits on the perirhinal-dependent object task, irrespective of diet or dose. No differences were observed in anxiety-like behaviour on the elevated plus maze. Gut microbial diversity was dramatically decreased by Caf diet and here, VSL#3 was able to increase the abundance of some taxa contained in the probiotic such as Streptococcus and Lactobacillus and also other taxa including Butyrivibrio, which were decreased by the Caf diet. This affected the predicted profile of microbial metabolic pathways related to antioxidant and bile biosynthesis, and fat and carbohydrate metabolism. In the hippocampus, the Caf diet increased the expression of many genes related to neuroplasticity and serotonin receptor (5HT) 1A, which was normalised in Caf-High rats. Distance-based linear modelling showed that these genes were the best predictors of place memory, and related to microbiota principal component (PC) 1. Neuroplasticity genes in the perirhinal cortex were also affected and related to PC1 but object memory performance was correlated with perirhinal 5HT2C expression and microbiota PC3. These results show that probiotics can be beneficial in situations of gut dysbiosis where memory deficits are evident but may be detrimental in healthy subjects.
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21
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Item-Place Encoding Through Hippocampal Long-Term Depression. HANDBOOK OF OBJECT NOVELTY RECOGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812012-5.00019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Graham KS, Gaffan D. The Role of the Medial Temporal Lobe in Memory and Perception: Evidence from Rats, Nonhuman Primates and Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:193-201. [PMID: 16194964 DOI: 10.1080/02724990544000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Graham
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
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23
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Buckley MJ. The Role of the Perirhinal Cortex and Hippocampus in Learning, Memory, and Perception. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:246-68. [PMID: 16194968 DOI: 10.1080/02724990444000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One traditional and long-held view of medial temporal lobe (MTL) function is that it contains a system of structures that are exclusively involved in memory, and that the extent of memory loss following MTL damage is simply related to the amount of MTL damage sustained. Indeed, human patients with extensive MTL damage are typically profoundly amnesic whereas patients with less extensive brain lesions centred upon the hippocampus typically exhibit only moderately severe anterograde amnesia. Accordingly, the latter observations have elevated the hippocampus to a particularly prominent position within the purported MTL memory system. This article reviews recent lesion studies in macaque monkeys in which the behavioural effects of more highly circumscribed lesions (than those observed to occur in human patients with MTL lesions) to different subregions of the MTL have been examined. These studies have reported new findings that contradict this concept of a MTL memory system. First, the MTL is not exclusively involved in mnemonic processes; some MTL structures, most notably the perirhinal cortex, also contribute to perception. Second, there are some forms of memory, including recognition memory, that are not always affected by selective hippocampal lesions. Third, the data support the idea that regional functional specializations exist within the MTL. For example, the macaque perirhinal cortex appears to be specialized for processing object identity whereas the hippocampus may be specialized for processing spatial and temporal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Buckley
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK.
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24
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Henson R. A Mini-Review of fMRI Studies of Human Medial Temporal Lobe Activity Associated with Recognition Memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:340-60. [PMID: 16194973 DOI: 10.1080/02724990444000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review considers event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of human recognition memory that have or have not reported activations within the medial temporal lobes (MTL). For comparisons both between items at study (encoding) and between items at test (recognition), MTL activations are characterized as left/right, anterior/posterior, and hippocampus/surrounding cortex, and as a function of the stimulus material and relevance of item/source information. Though no clear pattern emerges, there are trends suggesting differences between item and source information, and verbal and spatial information, and a role for encoding processes during recognition tests. Important future directions are considered.
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25
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The role of the hippocampus in recognition memory. Cortex 2017; 93:155-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Hodges H, Pollock K, Stroemer P, Patel S, Stevanato L, Reuter I, Sinden J. Making Stem Cell Lines Suitable for Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human stem cells, progenitor cells, and cell lines have been derived from embryonic, fetal, and adult sources in the search for graft tissue suitable for the treatment of CNS disorders. An increasing number of experimental studies have shown that grafts from several sources survive, differentiate into distinct cell types, and exert positive functional effects in experimental animal models, but little attention has been given to developing cells under conditions of good manufacturing practice (GMP) that can be scaled up for mass treatment. The capacity for continued division of stem cells in culture offers the opportunity to expand their production to meet the widespread clinical demands posed by neurodegenerative diseases. However, maintaining stem cell division in culture long term, while ensuring differentiation after transplantation, requires genetic and/or oncogenetic manipulations, which may affect the genetic stability and in vivo survival of cells. This review outlines the stages, selection criteria, problems, and ultimately the successes arising in the development of conditionally immortal clinical grade stem cell lines, which divide in vitro, differentiate in vivo, and exert positive functional effects. These processes are specifically exemplified by the murine MHP36 cell line, conditionally immortalized by a temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 large T antigen, and cell lines transfected with the c-myc protein fused with a mutated estrogen receptor (c-mycERTAM), regulated by a tamoxifen metabolite, but the issues raised are common to all routes for the development of effective clinical grade cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hodges
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
- ReNeuron Ltd., Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Iris Reuter
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen and Marburg, Germany
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27
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Schmitt O, Badurek S, Liu W, Wang Y, Rabiller G, Kanoke A, Eipert P, Liu J. Prediction of regional functional impairment following experimental stroke via connectome analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46316. [PMID: 28406178 PMCID: PMC5390322 DOI: 10.1038/srep46316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in functional connectivity suggest that shared neuronal activation patterns define brain networks linking anatomically separate brain regions. We sought to investigate how cortical stroke disrupts multiple brain regions in processing spatial information. We conducted a connectome investigation at the mesoscale-level using the neuroVIISAS-framework, enabling the analysis of directed and weighted connectivity in bilateral hemispheres of cortical and subcortical brain regions. We found that spatial-exploration induced brain activation mapped by Fos, a proxy of neuronal activity, was differentially affected by stroke in a region-specific manner. The extent of hypoactivation following spatial exploration is inversely correlated with the spatial distance between the region of interest and region damaged by stroke, in particular within the parietal association and the primary somatosensory cortex, suggesting that the closer a region is to a stroke lesion, the more it would be affected during functional activation. Connectome modelling with 43 network parameters failed to reliably predict regions of hypoactivation in stroke rats exploring a novel environment, despite a modest correlation found for the centrality and hubness parameters in the home-caged animals. Further investigation in the inhibitory versus excitatory neuronal networks and microcircuit connectivity is warranted to improve the accuracy of predictability in post-stroke functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schmitt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - S Badurek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - W Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - G Rabiller
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - A Kanoke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - P Eipert
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - J Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Beilharz JE, Kaakoush NO, Maniam J, Morris MJ. The effect of short-term exposure to energy-matched diets enriched in fat or sugar on memory, gut microbiota and markers of brain inflammation and plasticity. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 57:304-313. [PMID: 27448745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term exposure to high-energy diets impairs memory but there is little data on the relative contributions of fat and sugar to these deficits or the mechanisms responsible. Here, we investigated how these different macronutrients affect memory, neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity markers and the gut microbiota. Rats were fed matched purified diets for 2weeks; Control, Sugar, Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA) or Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA), which varied only in the percentage of energy available from sugar and the amount and type of fat. Rats consuming SFA and Sugar were impaired on hippocampal-dependent place recognition memory compared to Controls and PUFA rats, despite all rats consuming similar amounts of energy. All rats performed comparably on the object recognition task. Hippocampal and hypothalamic inflammatory markers were not substantially affected by the diets and there was no change in the neuroplasticity marker, brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Each of the diets significantly altered the microbial composition in distinct ways. Specifically, the relative abundance of 89 taxa differed significantly between groups with the majority of these changes accounted for by the Clostridiales order and within that, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. These taxa showed a range of macronutrient specific correlations with place memory. In addition, Distance based Linear Models found relationships between memory, inflammation-related hippocampal genes and the gut microbiota. In conclusion, our study shows that the macronutrient profile of the diet is crucial for diet-induced memory deficits and suggests a possible link between diet, the gut microbiota and hippocampal inflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Beilharz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Jayanthi Maniam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, NSW 2052, Australia.
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The fate of memory: Reconsolidation and the case of Prediction Error. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:423-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zeithamova D, Manthuruthil C, Preston AR. Repetition suppression in the medial temporal lobe and midbrain is altered by event overlap. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1464-1477. [PMID: 27479864 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Repeated encounters with the same event typically lead to decreased activation in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and dopaminergic midbrain, a phenomenon known as repetition suppression. In contrast, encountering an event that overlaps with prior experience leads to increased response in the same regions. Such increased responding is thought to reflect an associative novelty signal that promotes memory updating to resolve differences between current events and stored memories. Here, we married these ideas to test whether event overlap significantly modulates MTL and midbrain responses-even when events are repeated and expected-to promote memory updating through integration. While undergoing high-resolution functional MRI, participants were repeatedly presented with objects pairs, some of which overlapped with other, intervening pairs and some of which contained elements unique from other pairs. MTL and midbrain regions showed widespread repetition suppression for nonoverlapping pairs containing unique elements; however, the degree of repetition suppression was altered for overlapping pairs. Entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex (PRc), midbrain, and PRc-midbrain connectivity showed repetition-related increases across overlapping pairs. Notably, increased PRc activation for overlapping pairs tracked individual differences in the ability to reason about the relationships among pairs-our behavioral measure of memory integration. Within the hippocampus, activation increases across overlapping pairs were unique to CA1 , consistent with its hypothesized comparator function. These findings demonstrate that event overlap engages MTL and midbrain functions traditionally implicated in novelty processing, even when overlapping events themselves are repeated. Our findings further suggest that the MTL-midbrain response to event overlap may promote integration of new content into existing memories, leading to the formation of relational memory networks that span experiences. Moreover, the results inform theories about the division of labor within MTL, demonstrating that the role of PRc in episodic encoding extends beyond familiarity processing and item-level recognition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alison R Preston
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin. .,Department of Psychology, Center for Learning and Memory. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin.
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Beilharz JE, Maniam J, Morris MJ. Short-term exposure to a diet high in fat and sugar, or liquid sugar, selectively impairs hippocampal-dependent memory, with differential impacts on inflammation. Behav Brain Res 2016; 306:1-7. [PMID: 26970578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic high-energy diets are known to induce obesity and impair memory; these changes have been associated with inflammation in brain areas crucial for memory. In this study, we investigated whether inflammation could also be related to diet-induced memory deficits, prior to obesity. We exposed rats to chow, chow supplemented with a 10% sucrose solution (Sugar) or a diet high in fat and sugar (Caf+Sugar) and assessed hippocampal-dependent and perirhinal-dependent memory at 1 week. Both high-energy diet groups displayed similar, selective hippocampal-dependent memory deficits despite the Caf+Sugar rats consuming 4-5 times more energy, and weighing significantly more than the other groups. Extreme weight gain and excessive energy intake are therefore not necessary for deficits in memory. Weight gain across the diet period however, was correlated with the memory deficits, even in the Chow rats. The Sugar rats had elevated expression of a number of inflammatory genes in the hippocampus and WAT compared to Chow and Caf+Sugar rats but not in the perirhinal cortex or hypothalamus. Blood glucose concentrations were also elevated in the Sugar rats, and were correlated with the hippocampal inflammatory markers. Together, these results indicate that liquid sugar can rapidly elevate markers of central and peripheral inflammation, in association with hyperglycemia, and this may be related to the memory deficits in the Sugar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Beilharz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - J Maniam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - M J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Concurrent assessment of memory for object and place: Evidence for different preferential importance of perirhinal cortex and hippocampus and for promnestic effect of a neurokinin-3 R agonist. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 130:149-58. [PMID: 26899993 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We here explore the utility of a paradigm that allows the simultaneous assessment of memory for object (what) and object location (where) and their comparative predominance. Two identical objects are presented during a familiarity trial; during the test trial one of these is displaced, and a new object is presented in a familiar location. When tested 5 or 80min later, rats explored both the novel and the displaced objects more than two familiar stationary objects, indicating intact memory for both, object and place. When tested 24h later rats explored the novel object more than the displaced familiar one, suggesting that forgetting differently influenced object and place memory, with memory for object being more robust than memory for place. Animals that received post-trial administration of the neurokinin-3 receptor agonist senktide and were tested 24h later, now explored the novel and displaced objects equally, suggesting that the treatment prevented the selective decay of memory for location. Next, animals received NMDA lesions in either the perirhinal cortex or the hippocampus, which are hypothesized to be preferentially involved in memory for objects and memory for place, respectively. When tested 5 or 80min later, the perirhinal cortex lesion group explored the displaced object more, indicating relatively deficient object memory, while the hippocampal lesion led to the opposite pattern, demonstrating comparatively deficient place memory. These results suggest different preferential engagement of the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus in their processing of memory for object and place. This preference test lends itself to application in the comparison of selective lesions of neural sites and projection systems as well as to the assessment of possible preferential action of pharmacological agents on neurochemical processes that subserve object vs place learning.
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Why is obesity such a problem in the 21st century? The intersection of palatable food, cues and reward pathways, stress, and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Li Y, Pehrson AL, Waller JA, Dale E, Sanchez C, Gulinello M. A critical evaluation of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1)'s putative role in regulating dendritic plasticity, cognitive processes, and mood in animal models of depression. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:279. [PMID: 26321903 PMCID: PMC4530346 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is primarily conceptualized as a mood disorder but cognitive dysfunction is also prevalent, and may limit the daily function of MDD patients. Current theories on MDD highlight disturbances in dendritic plasticity in its pathophysiology, which could conceivably play a role in the production of both MDD-related mood and cognitive symptoms. This paper attempts to review the accumulated knowledge on the basic biology of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc or Arg3.1), its effects on neural plasticity, and how these may be related to mood or cognitive dysfunction in animal models of MDD. On a cellular level, Arc plays an important role in modulating dendritic spine density and remodeling. Arc also has a close, bidirectional relationship with postsynaptic glutamate neurotransmission, since it is stimulated by multiple glutamatergic receptor mechanisms but also modulates α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor internalization. The effects on AMPA receptor trafficking are likely related to Arc's ability to modulate phenomena such as long-term potentiation, long-term depression, and synaptic scaling, each of which are important for maintaining proper cognitive function. Chronic stress models of MDD in animals show suppressed Arc expression in the frontal cortex but elevation in the amygdala. Interestingly, cognitive tasks depending on the frontal cortex are generally impaired by chronic stress, while those depending on the amygdala are enhanced, and antidepressant treatments stimulate cortical Arc expression with a timeline that is reminiscent of the treatment efficacy lag observed in the clinic or in preclinical models. However, pharmacological treatments that stimulate regional Arc expression do not universally improve relevant cognitive functions, and this highlights a need to further refine our understanding of Arc on a subcellular and network level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Alan L Pehrson
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica A Waller
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Elena Dale
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Connie Sanchez
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Gulinello
- Behavioral Core Facility, Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA
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Mendez M, Arias N, Uceda S, Arias JL. c-Fos expression correlates with performance on novel object and novel place recognition tests. Brain Res Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Ramos JM. Differential contribution of perirhinal cortex and hippocampus to taste neophobia: Effect of neurotoxic lesions. Behav Brain Res 2015; 284:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Vetreno RP, Crews FT. Binge ethanol exposure during adolescence leads to a persistent loss of neurogenesis in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus that is associated with impaired adult cognitive functioning. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:35. [PMID: 25729346 PMCID: PMC4325907 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period that coincides with the maturation of adult cognitive faculties. Binge drinking is common during adolescence and can impact brain maturation. Using a rodent model of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE; 5.0 g/kg, i.g., 20% EtOH w/v; 2 days on/2 days off from postnatal day [P]25 to P55), we discovered that AIE treatment reduced neurogenesis (i.e., doublecortin-immunoreactive [DCX + IR] cells) in both the dorsal and ventral hippocampal dentate gyrus of late adolescent (P56) male Wistar rats that persisted during abstinence into adulthood (P220). This reduction in neurogenesis was accompanied by a concomitant reduction in proliferating cells (Ki-67) and an increase in cell death (cleaved caspase-3). In the hippocampus, AIE treatment induced a long-term upregulation of neuroimmune genes, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its endogenous agonist high-mobility group box 1 as well as several proinflammatory signaling molecules. Administration of lipopolysaccharide, a gram-negative endotoxin agonist at TLR4, to young adult rats (P70) produced a similar reduction of DCX + IR cells that was observed in AIE-treated animals. Behaviorally, AIE treatment impaired object recognition on the novel object recognition task when assessed from P163 to P165. Interestingly, object recognition memory was positively correlated with DCX + IR in both the dorsal and ventral hippocampal dentate gyrus while latency to enter the center of the apparatus was negatively correlated with DCX + IR in the ventral dentate gyrus. Together, these data reveal that adolescent binge ethanol exposure persistently inhibits neurogenesis throughout the hippocampus, possibly through neuroimmune mechanisms, which might contribute to altered adult cognitive and emotive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Vetreno
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fulton T Crews
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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38
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Parihar VK, Allen BD, Tran KK, Chmielewski NN, Craver BM, Martirosian V, Morganti JM, Rosi S, Vlkolinsky R, Acharya MM, Nelson GA, Allen AR, Limoli CL. Targeted overexpression of mitochondrial catalase prevents radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:78-91. [PMID: 24949841 PMCID: PMC4270160 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Radiation-induced disruption of mitochondrial function can elevate oxidative stress and contribute to the metabolic perturbations believed to compromise the functionality of the central nervous system. To clarify the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in mediating the adverse effects of radiation in the brain, we analyzed transgenic (mitochondrial catalase [MCAT]) mice that overexpress human catalase localized to the mitochondria. RESULTS Compared with wild-type (WT) controls, overexpression of the MCAT transgene significantly decreased cognitive dysfunction after proton irradiation. Significant improvements in behavioral performance found on novel object recognition and object recognition in place tasks were associated with a preservation of neuronal morphology. While the architecture of hippocampal CA1 neurons was significantly compromised in irradiated WT mice, the same neurons in MCAT mice did not exhibit extensive and significant radiation-induced reductions in dendritic complexity. Irradiated neurons from MCAT mice maintained dendritic branching and length compared with WT mice. Protected neuronal morphology in irradiated MCAT mice was also associated with a stabilization of radiation-induced variations in long-term potentiation. Stabilized synaptic activity in MCAT mice coincided with an altered composition of the synaptic AMPA receptor subunits GluR1/2. INNOVATION Our findings provide the first evidence that neurocognitive sequelae associated with radiation exposure can be reduced by overexpression of MCAT, operating through a mechanism involving the preservation of neuronal morphology. CONCLUSION Our article documents the neuroprotective properties of reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species through the targeted overexpression of catalase and how this ameliorates the adverse effects of proton irradiation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipan K. Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Barrett D. Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Katherine K. Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Nicole N. Chmielewski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Brianna M. Craver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Vahan Martirosian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Josh M. Morganti
- Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Roman Vlkolinsky
- Departments of Radiation Medicine and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Munjal M. Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Departments of Radiation Medicine and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Antiño R. Allen
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas Medical School, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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Augustinack JC, van der Kouwe AJW, Salat DH, Benner T, Stevens AA, Annese J, Fischl B, Frosch MP, Corkin S. H.M.'s contributions to neuroscience: a review and autopsy studies. Hippocampus 2014; 24:1267-86. [PMID: 25154857 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
H.M., Henry Molaison, was one of the world's most famous amnesic patients. His amnesia was caused by an experimental brain operation, bilateral medial temporal lobe resection, carried out in 1953 to relieve intractable epilepsy. He died on December 2, 2008, and that night we conducted a wide variety of in situ MRI scans in a 3 T scanner at the Massachusetts General Hospital (Mass General) Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging. For the in situ experiments, we acquired a full set of standard clinical scans, 1 mm isotropic anatomical scans, and multiple averages of 440 μm isotropic anatomical scans. The next morning, H.M.'s body was transported to the Mass General Morgue for autopsy. The photographs taken at that time provided the first documentation of H.M.'s lesions in his physical brain. After tissue fixation, we obtained ex vivo structural data at ultra-high resolution using 3 T and 7 T magnets. For the ex vivo acquisitions, the highest resolution images were 210 μm isotropic. Based on the MRI data, the anatomical areas removed during H.M.'s experimental operation were the medial temporopolar cortex, piriform cortex, virtually all of the entorhinal cortex, most of the perirhinal cortex and subiculum, the amygdala (except parts of the dorsal-most nuclei-central and medial), anterior half of the hippocampus, and the dentate gyrus (posterior head and body). The posterior parahippocampal gyrus and medial temporal stem were partially damaged. Spared medial temporal lobe tissue included the dorsal-most amygdala, the hippocampal-amygdalo-transition-area, ∼2 cm of the tail of the hippocampus, a small part of perirhinal cortex, a small portion of medial hippocampal tissue, and ∼2 cm of posterior parahippocampal gyrus. H.M.'s impact on the field of memory has been remarkable, and his contributions to neuroscience continue with a unique dataset that includes in vivo, in situ, and ex vivo high-resolution MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Augustinack
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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Fan C, Zhang M, Shang L, Cynthia NA, Li Z, Yang Z, Chen D, Huang J, Xiong K. Short-term environmental enrichment exposure induces proliferation and maturation of doublecortin-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:318-28. [PMID: 25206818 PMCID: PMC4146142 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.128231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that doublecortin-positive immature neurons exist predominantly in the superficial layer of the cerebral cortex of adult mammals such as guinea pigs, and these neurons exhibit very weak properties of self-proliferation during adulthood under physiological conditions. To verify whether environmental enrichment has an impact on the proliferation and maturation of these immature neurons in the prefrontal cortex of adult guinea pigs, healthy adult guinea pigs were subjected to short-term environmental enrichment. Animals were allowed to play with various cognitive and physical stimulating objects over a period of 2 weeks, twice per day, for 60 minutes each. Immunofluorescence staining results indicated that the number of doublecortin-positive cells in layer II of the prefrontal cortex was significantly increased after short-term environmental enrichment exposure. In addition, these doublecortin-positive cells co-expressed 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (a marker of cell proliferation), c-Fos (a marker of cell viability) and NeuN (a marker of mature neurons). Experimental findings showed that short-term environmental enrichment can induce proliferation, activation and maturation of doublecortin-positive cells in layer II of the prefrontal cortex of adult guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Fan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Grade 2006, Eight-year Medicine Doctor Program, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ngobe Akume Cynthia
- Grade 2011, Six-year Medicine Program of International Student, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Grade 2008, Eight-year Medicine Doctor Program, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Grade 2008, Eight-year Medicine Doctor Program, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Olarte-Sánchez CM, Kinnavane L, Amin E, Aggleton JP. Contrasting networks for recognition memory and recency memory revealed by immediate-early gene imaging in the rat. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:504-22. [PMID: 24933661 PMCID: PMC4105319 DOI: 10.1037/a0037055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used to compare networks of activity associated with recency memory (temporal order memory) and recognition memory. In Experiment 1, rats were first familiarized with sets of objects and then given pairs of different, familiar objects to explore. For the recency test group, each object in a pair was separated by 110 min in the time between their previous presentations. For the recency control test, each object in a pair was separated by less than a 1 min between their prior presentations. Temporal discrimination of the objects correlated with c-fos activity in the recency test group in several sites, including area Te2, the perirhinal cortex, lateral entorhinal cortex, as well as the dentate gyrus, hippocampal fields CA3 and CA1. For both the test and control conditions, network models were derived using structural equation modeling. The recency test model emphasized serial connections from the perirhinal cortex to lateral entorhinal cortex and then to the CA1 subfield. The recency control condition involved more parallel pathways, but again highlighted CA1 within the hippocampus. Both models contrasted with those derived from tests of object recognition (Experiment 2), because stimulus novelty was associated with pathways from the perirhinal cortex to lateral entorhinal cortex that then involved both the dentate gyrus (and CA3) and CA1 in parallel. The present findings implicate CA1 for the processing of familiar stimuli, including recency discriminations, while the dentate gyrus and CA3 pathways are recruited when the perirhinal cortex signals novel stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Kinnavane
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University
| | - Eman Amin
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University
| | - John P Aggleton
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University
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Kendig MD, Lin CS, Beilharz JE, Rooney KB, Boakes RA. Maltodextrin can produce similar metabolic and cognitive effects to those of sucrose in the rat☆. Appetite 2014; 77:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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43
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Beilharz JE, Maniam J, Morris MJ. Short exposure to a diet rich in both fat and sugar or sugar alone impairs place, but not object recognition memory in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37:134-41. [PMID: 24309633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High energy diets have been shown to impair cognition however, the rapidity of these effects, and the dietary component/s responsible are currently unclear. We conducted two experiments in rats to examine the effects of short-term exposure to a diet rich in sugar and fat or rich in sugar on object (perirhinal-dependent) and place (hippocampal-dependent) recognition memory, and the role of inflammatory mediators in these responses. In Experiment 1, rats fed a cafeteria style diet containing chow supplemented with lard, cakes, biscuits, and a 10% sucrose solution performed worse on the place, but not the object recognition task, than chow fed control rats when tested after 5, 11, and 20 days. In Experiment 2, rats fed the cafeteria style diet either with or without sucrose and rats fed chow supplemented with sucrose also performed worse on the place, but not the object recognition task when tested after 5, 11, and 20 days. Rats fed the cafeteria diets consumed five times more energy than control rats and exhibited increased plasma leptin, insulin and triglyceride concentrations; these were not affected in the sucrose only rats. Rats exposed to sucrose exhibited both increased hippocampal inflammation (TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA) and oxidative stress, as indicated by an upregulation of NRF1 mRNA compared to control rats. In contrast, these markers were not significantly elevated in rats that received the cafeteria diet without added sucrose. Hippocampal BDNF and neuritin mRNA were similar across all groups. These results show that relatively short exposures to diets rich in both fat and sugar or rich in sugar, impair hippocampal-dependent place recognition memory prior to the emergence of weight differences, and suggest a role for oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in this impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayanthi Maniam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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Snigdha S, de Rivera C, Milgram NW, Cotman CW. Exercise enhances memory consolidation in the aging brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:3. [PMID: 24550824 PMCID: PMC3910002 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has been shown to reduce age-related losses in cognitive function including learning and memory, but the mechanisms underlying this effect remain poorly understood. Memory formation occurs in stages that include an initial acquisition phase, an intermediate labile phase, and then a process of consolidation which leads to long-term memory formation. An effective way to examine the mechanism by which exercise improves memory is to introduce the intervention (exercise), post-acquisition, making it possible to selectively examine memory storage and consolidation. Accordingly we evaluated the effects of post-trial exercise (10 min on a treadmill) on memory consolidation in aged canines both right after, an hour after, and 24 h after acute exercise training in concurrent discrimination, object location memory (OLM), and novel object recognition tasks. Our study shows that post-trial exercise facilitates memory function by improving memory consolidation in aged animals in a time-dependent manner. The improvements were significant at 24 h post-exercise and not right after or 1 h after exercise. Aged animals were also tested following chronic exercise (10 min/day for 14 consecutive days) on OLM or till criterion were reached (for reversal learning task). We found improvements from a chronic exercise design in both the object location and reversal learning tasks. Our studies suggest that mechanisms to improve overall consolidation and cognitive function remain accessible even with progressing age and can be re-engaged by both acute and chronic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Snigdha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
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Mapping memory function in the medial temporal lobe with the immediate-early gene Arc. Behav Brain Res 2013; 254:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Banks PJ, Bashir ZI, Brown MW. Recognition memory and synaptic plasticity in the perirhinal and prefrontal cortices. Hippocampus 2013; 22:2012-31. [PMID: 22987679 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Work is reviewed that relates recognition memory to studies of synaptic plasticity mechanisms in perirhinal and prefrontal cortices. The aim is to consider evidence that perirhinal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex store rather than merely transmit information necessary for recognition memory and, if so, to consider what mechanisms are potentially available within these cortices for producing such storage through synaptic change. Interventions with known actions on plasticity mechanisms are reviewed in relation to their effects on recognition memory processes. These interventions importantly include those involving antagonism of glutamatergic and cholinergic receptors but also inhibition of plasticity consolidation and expression mechanisms. It is concluded that there is strong evidence that perirhinal cortex is involved in information storage necessary for object recognition memory and, moreover, that such storage involves synaptic weakening mechanisms including the removal of AMPA glutamate receptors from synapses. There is good evidence that medial prefrontal cortex is necessary for associative and temporal order recognition memory and that this cortex expresses plasticity mechanisms that potentially allow the storage of information. However, the case for medial prefrontal cortex acting as a store requires further support.
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Müller CP. Episodic memories and their relevance for psychoactive drug use and addiction. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:34. [PMID: 23734106 PMCID: PMC3661997 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of adult people in western societies regularly consume psychoactive drugs. While this consumption is integrated in everyday life activities and controlled in most consumers, it may escalate and result in drug addiction. Non-addicted drug use requires the systematic establishment of highly organized behaviors, such as drug-seeking and -taking. While a significant role for classical and instrumental learning processes is well established in drug use and abuse, declarative drug memories have largely been neglected in research. Episodic memories are an important part of the declarative memories. Here a role of episodic drug memories in the establishment of non-addicted drug use and its transition to addiction is suggested. In relation to psychoactive drug consumption, episodic drug memories are formed when a person prepares for consumption, when the drug is consumed and, most important, when acute effects, withdrawal, craving, and relapse are experienced. Episodic drug memories are one-trial memories with emotional components that can be much stronger than "normal" episodic memories. Their establishment coincides with drug-induced neuronal activation and plasticity. These memories may be highly extinction resistant and influence psychoactive drug consumption, in particular during initial establishment and at the transition to "drug instrumentalization." In that, understanding how addictive drugs interact with episodic memory circuits in the brain may provide crucial information for how drug use and addiction are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P. Müller
- Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
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Jain V, Baitharu I, Prasad D, Ilavazhagan G. Enriched environment prevents hypobaric hypoxia induced memory impairment and neurodegeneration: role of BDNF/PI3K/GSK3β pathway coupled with CREB activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62235. [PMID: 23704876 PMCID: PMC3660501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions such as hypobaric hypoxia (HH) cause memory impairment by affecting cellular machinery leading to neurodegeneration. Providing enriched environment (EE) is found to be beneficial for curing several neurodegenerative disorders. The protective role of EE in preventing HH induced neuronal death has been reported previously but the involved mechanism is still not clearly understood. The present study is an attempt to verify the impact of EE on spatial memory during HH and also to explore the possible role of neurotrophin in EE mediated neuroprotection. Signaling mechanism involved in neuroprotection was also explored. Male Sprague Dawley rats were simulated to HH condition in an Animal Decompression Chamber at an altitude of 25000 feet in standard and enriched cages for 7 days. Spatial memory was assessed through Morris Water Maze. Role of different neurotrophins was explored by gene silencing and inhibitors for their respective receptors. Further, using different blockers signaling pathway was also explored. Finding of the present study suggested that EE prevents HH mediated memory impairment and neurodegeneration. Also brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a major role in EE mediated neuroprotection and it effectively prevented neurodegeneration by activating PI3K/AKT pathway resulting in GSK3β inactivation which further inhibits apoptosis. Moreover GSK3β phosphorylation and hence its inactivation upregulates CREB phosphorylation which may also accounts for activation of survival machinery in cells and provides neuroprotection. From these observations it can be postulated that EE has a therapeutic potential in amelioration of HH induced memory impairment and neurodegeneration. Hence it may be used as a non invasive and non pharmacological intervention against various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jain
- Department of Neurobiology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
| | - Iswar Baitharu
- Department of Neurobiology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
| | - Dipti Prasad
- Department of Neurobiology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
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Hoffman KL, Basurto E. One-trial object recognition memory in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is disrupted by NMDA receptor antagonists. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:62-73. [PMID: 23651879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous response to novelty is the basis of one-trial object recognition tests for the study of object recognition memory (ORM) in rodents. We describe an object recognition task for the rabbit, based on its natural tendency to scent-mark ("chin") novel objects. The object recognition task comprised a 15min sample phase in which the rabbit was placed into an open field arena containing two similar objects, then removed for a 5-360min delay, and then returned to the same arena that contained one object similar to the original ones ("Familiar") and one that differed from the original ones ("Novel"), for a 15min test phase. Chin-marks directed at each of the objects were registered. Some animals received injections (sc) of saline, ketamine (1mg/kg), or MK-801 (37μg/kg), 5 or 20min before the sample phase. We found that chinning decreased across the sample phase, and that this response showed stimulus specificity, a defining characteristic of habituation: in the test phase, chinning directed at the Novel, but not Familiar, object was increased. Chinning directed preferentially at the novel object, which we interpret as novelty-induced sensitization and the behavioral correlate of ORM, was promoted by tactile/visual and spatial novelty. ORM deficits were induced by pre-treatment with MK-801 and, to a lesser extent, ketamine. Novel object discrimination was not observed after delays longer than 5min. These results suggest that short-term habituation and sensitization, not long-term memory, underlie novel object discrimination in this test paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Leroy Hoffman
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal (CIRA), Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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Beaudin SA, Singh T, Agster KL, Burwell RD. Borders and comparative cytoarchitecture of the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices in an F1 hybrid mouse. Cereb Cortex 2013; 23:460-76. [PMID: 22368084 PMCID: PMC3584955 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the cytoarchitectonic and chemoarchitectonic organization of the cortical regions associated with the posterior rhinal fissure in the mouse brain, within the framework of what is known about these regions in the rat. Primary observations were in a first-generation hybrid mouse line, B6129PF/J1. The F1 hybrid was chosen because of the many advantages afforded in the study of the molecular and cellular bases of learning and memory. Comparisons with the parent strains, the C57BL6/J and 129P3/J are also reported. Mouse brain tissue was processed for visualization of Nissl material, myelin, acetyl cholinesterase, parvalbumin, and heavy metals. Tissue stained for heavy metals by the Timm's method was particularly useful in the assignment of borders and in the comparative analyses because the patterns of staining were similar across species and strains. As in the rat, the areas examined were parcellated into 2 regions, the perirhinal and the postrhinal cortices. The perirhinal cortex was divided into areas 35 and 36, and the postrhinal cortex was divided into dorsal (PORd) and ventral (PORv) subregions. In addition to identifying the borders of the perirhinal cortex, we were able to identify a region in the mouse brain that shares signature features with the rat postrhinal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane A. Beaudin
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Current address: Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064, USA
| | - Teghpal Singh
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kara L. Agster
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Current address: Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Rebecca D. Burwell
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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