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Fascher M, Nowaczynski S, Spindler C, Strobach T, Muehlhan M. Neural underpinnings of response inhibition in substance use disorders: weak meta-analytic evidence for a widely used construct. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1-17. [PMID: 37987836 PMCID: PMC10774166 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Substance use disorders (SUDs) rank among the most severely debilitating psychiatric conditions. Among others, decreased response inhibition capacities could make it more difficult for patients to abstain from drug use and maintain abstinence. However, meta-analyses on the neural basis of response inhibition in SUDs yielded conflicting results. OBJECTIVE In this study, we revisited the neuroimaging research field and summarized the existing fMRI literature on overt response inhibition (Go/NoGo and stop-signal paradigms) across different SUDs. METHODS We performed a systematic literature review and an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis to investigate the actual convergence of functional deviations observed in SUD samples. Results were further supplied by consecutive robustness measures and a post-hoc random-effects meta-analysis of behavioural data. RESULTS We identified k = 21 eligible studies for our analysis. The ALE analysis indicated a significant cluster of convergence with its statistical peak in the right anterior insula. Consecutive analyses, however, indicated this result was not robust and susceptible towards publication bias. Additionally, a post-hoc random effects meta-analysis of the behavioural parameters of Go/NoGo and stop-signal paradigms reported by the included studies revealed no significant differences in task performance comparing SUD samples and controls. CONCLUSION We discuss that the role of task-based response inhibition may require some refinement as an overarching marker for SUD pathology. Finally, we give a few prospects for future research that should be further explored in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Fascher
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany.
- Medical School Hamburg, ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sandra Nowaczynski
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
- Medical School Hamburg, ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Carl‑Friedrich‑Flemming‑Clinic, Helios Medical Center Schwerin, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Carolin Spindler
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
- Medical School Hamburg, ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Muehlhan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
- Medical School Hamburg, ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
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Lojszczyk A, Wilson R, Wood J, Hutton A. Motivational characteristics of recreational drug use among emerging adults in social settings: an integrative literature review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1235387. [PMID: 38026351 PMCID: PMC10644826 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1235387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recreational drug use by emerging adults has been identified as an increasingly normalized trend in social contexts. It has been documented that the consumption of these substances regularly occurs at music festivals, raves, nightlife and party settings. While it is known that emerging adults participate in these risk-taking behaviors, what is not known is their motivational characteristics for use. The aim of this review to identify and review literature describing the motivations for recreational drug use and drug choice (excluding alcohol, cannabis and tobacco) by emerging adults in social settings to inform selection of appropriately aligned harm reduction education and health messaging interventions. Methods Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) integrative approach was used to conduct the review. This integrative review was based on a three-step search strategy identifying 2,772 articles published between 2000 and 2022. Eleven studies were included in the review. This review explores the following areas: drug use settings, concurrent drug use, consumer drug knowledge, motives of use including likes and dislikes and peer influence. Results A range of factors influence motivations of emerging adults to participate in recreational drug use. Similar to the consumption of alcohol, the use of recreational drugs by emerging adults is motivated by their perceived benefits and personal motivations to achieve euphoria, emotional intimacy, social benefits, peer influence, increased confidence and to decrease inhibitions. The review findings suggest that motivational factors that reinforce recreational drug use correlate with the desire to break away from the mundane by seeking pleasure and for the opportunity to create novel experiences. Beliefs about the positive and negative impacts of drug use, together with the desire to achieve emotional satisfaction influence drug taking activity. Conclusion Recreational drug use has become an increased societal norm amongst drug using peer groups and cannot be entirely prevented. It is to be noted that emerging adults have a basic understanding concerning recreational drugs, however, consumer drug knowledge and interventions that target illicit substances is lacking and should be addressed in future research. Festivals, raves and nightlife settings provide opportunity to implement health promotion as it reaches large number of vulnerable individuals in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Lojszczyk
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Rhonda Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- School of Nursing, Massey University, Wellington, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - Jessica Wood
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison Hutton
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Nursing, John Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
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McCabe BE, McConaha CD, Falcon AL. Social norms and club drug use of young adult college students during Music Week. J Addict Dis 2022; 41:149-155. [PMID: 35713275 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2022.2086424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Young adult college students have high rates of substance use, theoretically related to social norms. Behavioral norms refer to the quantity of substances that students think others use, and attitudes refer to how much students or others approve of substance use. Prior research has shown a relationship between behavioral norms, student attitudes, and perceived parental attitudes and alcohol and marijuana use. However, the relationship between social norms and use of club drugs (e.g., MDMA) has not been studied.Objective: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to expand knowledge about young adult college student social norms and club drug use.Methods: 200 young adult undergraduates (Women = 97, 49%) were recruited from a campus recreational facility on a large private Southeastern university in April 2019. Students self-reported behavioral norms, student attitudes, parental perceived attitudes, club drug use during a typical week and during music week, and substance use consequences.Results: Logistic and negative binomial regressions showed that student attitudes were significantly related to club drug use in a typical week (OR = 2.07, p = .005), during music week (OR = 2.08, p = .001), and consequences of use (RR = 1.23, p < .001), but behavioral norms and perceived parental attitudes were not.Conclusions: Findings build on social norms research with alcohol and marijuana use. Attitudes may be more important to consider than behavioral norms or perceived parental attitudes for interventions to reduce club drug use.Young adults (18-25 years old) have a high risk for substance use; both alcohol and drug use increase throughout adolescence and peak in young adulthood.1-3 Young adults have high heavy episodic drinking (35% past month) and illicit drug use (25% past month), with greater MDMA use (10% vs 7%) and marijuana use (35% vs. 15%) than other adults.4 Alcohol and marijuana use has been linked to many negative consequences, such as blackouts, physical injuries, unprotected sex, and even death.5,6 Club drug use is also linked to negative consequences, such as memory lapse, headaches, loss of energy, trouble sleeping, depression, confusion, anxiety, irritability, nausea, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure.7,8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E McCabe
- Department of Special Education, Rehabilitation, and Counseling, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Candace D McConaha
- Department of Special Education, Rehabilitation, and Counseling, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ashley L Falcon
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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Kirtadze I, Mgebrishvili T, Beselia A, Gvasalia T, Chokheli M, Ompad DC, Otiashvili D. No Good Time Without Drugs: Qualitative Study Among Nightlife Attendees in Tbilisi, Georgia. ADIKTOLOGIE 2022; 22:152-160. [PMID: 36405630 PMCID: PMC9671217 DOI: 10.35198/01-2022-003-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals who visit nightclubs and electronic dance music (EDM) festivals tend to use psychoactive substances, often multiple substances, in this setting and are at risk of serious negative health effects. This paper aims to explore respondents' experiences and perceptions in order to have a better understanding of patterns and motives related to psychoactive substance use and high-risk behaviours in EDM event attendees. METHODS In-depth and focus group interviews with 30 EDM event attendees who reported psychoactive substance use at nightlife events. The data was analysed using the Nvivo-v.10 software. RESULTS Mixing multiple substances to get the desired effects was common. Ecstasy was often combined with Jager (alcohol). Drug use in nightlife settings occurred in a group of friends and was perceived as an essential part of having a good time. Most participants reported that they did not use drugs outside nightlife settings. The dangerous synthetic hallucinogen NBOMe was still on the scene. The respondents had a very low level of knowledge about, and perception of, the risks associated with drug consumption. Knowledge about risk minimisation strategies was very low or non-existent. CONCLUSIONS Polydrug use and a lack of perceived harmful effects put drug-using nightlife attendees at increased risk of negative health consequences. Future research should focus on identifying strategies to raise the awareness of people who use drugs in nightlife settings and encourage them to employ health protection strategies. Using the social network infrastructure can be thought of as one potentially beneficial approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kirtadze
- Ilia State University, School of Arts and Sciences, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Addiction Research Center Alternative Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - T Mgebrishvili
- Addiction Research Center Alternative Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Georgian Association of Addictologists Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - A Beselia
- Addiction Research Center Alternative Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Georgian Association of Addictologists Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - M Chokheli
- Open Society Foundation, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - D C Ompad
- New York University School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology New York, USA
- New York University School of Global Public Health, Center for Drug Use and HIV Research New York, USA
| | - D Otiashvili
- Addiction Research Center Alternative Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Ilia State University, School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Differential methamphetamine-induced behavioral effects in male and female mice lacking regulator of G Protein signaling 4. Behav Brain Res 2022; 423:113770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Doyno CR, White CM. Sedative-Hypnotic Agents That Impact Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors: Focus on Flunitrazepam, Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid, Phenibut, and Selank. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 61 Suppl 2:S114-S128. [PMID: 34396551 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There are many nonopioid central nervous system depressant substances that share a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-related mechanism of action. These sedatives-hypnotics can be indicated to treat anxiety, seizures, depression, and insomnia but are also used as substances of abuse and used to facilitate sexual assault. Barbiturates, methaqualone, and glutethimide were among the first type A GABA receptor-mediated sedative-hypnotics. Their clinical use was limited for most indications by serious adverse events and strong abuse potential but continue to be used illicitly around the world. The benzodiazepines supplanted barbiturates for most indications because they were less likely to cause severe adverse events in monotherapy. Flunitrazepam is a newer benzodiazepine that is preferentially used recreationally and to facilitate sexual assault. Flunitrazepam has greater potency and higher affinity for the type A GABA receptor than most benzodiazepines. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid is sought illicitly for its hypnotic, euphoric and anabolic effects as well as to facilitate sexual assault. When any of these GABAergic drugs are used in high doses or with other sedative hypnotic agents, respiratory depression, coma, and death have occurred. Chronic use of these GABAergic drugs can lead to significant withdrawal syndromes. Phenibut and selank are poorly studied Russian drugs with GABAergic mechanisms that are inexplicably sold to US consumers as dietary supplements. Poison control center calls regarding phenibut have increased substantially over the past 5 years. Desired euphoriant effects account for the recreational and illicit use of many GABA-modulating agents. However, illicit use can lead to significant toxicities related to abuse, dependence, and subsequent withdrawal syndromes. Significant evaluation of developing agents with GABA properties should be conducted to determine abuse potential before public access ensues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R Doyno
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,John Dempsey Hospital, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - C Michael White
- Department of Research Administration, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
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Fregonese M, Albino A, Covino C, Gili A, Bacci M, Nicoletti A, Gambelunghe C. Drug Checking as Strategy for Harm Reduction in Recreational Contests: Evaluation of Two Different Drug Analysis Methodologies. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:596895. [PMID: 33692707 PMCID: PMC7938318 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.596895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Drug checking as a part of drug harm-reduction strategies represents an essential aspect of public health policies. It focuses on rapid identification of drugs that individuals intend to use during night events, in order to implement health-protective behaviors. Chemical drug analysis techniques vary considerably, from simple colorimetric reagents to advanced forensic methods such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Materials and Methods: In 2019, drug-check services were offered at some night events in Umbria (Central Italy). One hundred and twenty attendees directly delivered unidentified substances to a harm-reduction worker, who collected a few milligrams of the substances on ceramic plates and added a drop of colorimetric reagent. Multiple reagents were used to increase the diagnostic capacity of a substance, which may react with a specific drug or a few drugs. Later, a fraction of the samples was analyzed by GC/MS. The concordance of the results obtained using these two methodologies and the intended behaviors of consumers after being informed of the test result was evaluated. Results: We analyzed 120 samples by colorimetric test: 32 MDMA, 25 ketamine, 10 amphetamine, 11 cocaine, 8 heroin, and 4 LSD samples. The results were inconclusive for 29 samples. The GS/MS analysis confirmed MDMA in 84%, ketamine in 78%, amphetamine in 91%, cocaine in 92%, heroin in 88%, and LSD in 100% of the samples. The results of samples with inconclusive results were as follows: 2, MDMA; 7, ketamine; 2, amphetamine; 2, cocaine; 2, heroin; 2, mephedrone; 6, mixes; 1, debris; and 5, adulterants as the main component. Twenty-one of 29 participants reported that they had no intention of consuming the unidentified substance. Discussion: The high percentage of individuals who claimed no intention of consuming the unidentified drugs indicates that drug checking is viable as a part of drug harm-reduction strategies. Overall, colorimetric reagents showed a good performance with regard to samples being unadulterated (LSD) or minimal in quantity, but failed to identify mixtures of substances and the adulterants present in them. Therefore, the use of more discriminatory on-site methods such as Raman or infrared spectrometry is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Albino
- Harm Reduction Services, Cooperative "Borgorete", Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Covino
- Local Health Unit, USL Umbria 1, Ser.T Perugia, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Gili
- Hygiene and Public Health Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Bacci
- Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Nicoletti
- Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristiana Gambelunghe
- Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Silva AR, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dextromethorphan: clinical and forensic aspects. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:258-282. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1758712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Silva
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Sciences, IINFACTS – Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Rougemont-Bücking A, Jungaberle H, Scheidegger M, Merlo MCG, Grazioli VS, Daeppen JB, Gmel G, Studer J. Comparing Mental Health across Distinct Groups of Users of Psychedelics, MDMA, Psychostimulants, and Cannabis. J Psychoactive Drugs 2019; 51:236-246. [PMID: 30836844 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2019.1571258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Differences in mental health (MH) of users of distinct psychoactive substances have been shown. Both substance use (SU) and MH in users are influenced by stressful life events. This study compared MH parameters in distinct groups of substance users and evaluated the impact of stress factors on these outcomes. Data stem from the longitudinal Swiss Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF) involving 4,475 young adult men. Distinct groups were created for the past 12 months' use of psychedelics, MDMA, psychostimulants, and cannabis. MH measurements (depressive symptoms, overall MH, perceived stress, life satisfaction) were used as outcome variables, while indicators of past family functioning and stressful life events served as covariates. The MH of psychedelics users was not significantly different from the no-drug-use group, whereas poorer MH was found in the other SU groups. Observed effects were influenced by the tested stress factors. The absence of association between use of psychedelics and worsening of MH deserves further investigation in male and female samples. Stressful life experiences must be considered when assessing the MH of users of illicit substances. These findings suggest that some men practice SU as self-medication to cope with life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Rougemont-Bücking
- a Faculty of Science and Medicine-Medicine Section, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science (NMS), Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Henrik Jungaberle
- b FINDER Institute for Prevention Research , Berlin , Germany.,c MIND European Foundation for Psychedelic Science , Berlin , Germany
| | - Milan Scheidegger
- d Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Marco C G Merlo
- a Faculty of Science and Medicine-Medicine Section, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science (NMS), Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Veronique S Grazioli
- e Addiction Medicine Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Jean-Bernard Daeppen
- e Addiction Medicine Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- e Addiction Medicine Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland.,f Addiction Switzerland, Research Department , Lausanne , Switzerland.,g Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,h University of the West of England, Faculty of Health and Social Science , Frenchay Campus, Bristol , UK
| | - Joseph Studer
- e Addiction Medicine Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Yang X, Xia G. Causes and Consequences of Drug Abuse: A Comparison Between Synthetic Drug and Heroin Users in Urban China. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2019; 31:1-16. [PMID: 30742480 PMCID: PMC6823082 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2019.31.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This article examined the differences in causes and health consequences between synthetic drug and heroin abuse in urban China. Two-group comparisons were conducted to quantify differences in individual characteristics, causes of drug use, and HIV/STI risky sexual behavior between synthetic drug and heroin users; logistic regressions were employed to assess the net effect of synthetic drug use on risky sexual behavior. Results revealed that causes of synthetic drug use differed from those of heroin use; a combination of the knowledge gap concerning the harmful impact of synthetic drugs and the lesser punishment for their use appeared a main reason behind the shift from heroin to synthetic drugs; and synthetic drug use was a significant and powerful risk factor for HIV/STI risky sexual behavior. Educational and behavioral interventions are urgently needed to prevent the initiation of synthetic drug use among users to reduce their HIV/STI risky sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushi Yang
- Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Guomei Xia
- Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai, China
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11
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Liao Y, Tang YL, Hao W. Ketamine and international regulations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1278449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Liao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yi-lang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Mental Health Service Line, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Wei Hao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
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12
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Shift in HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Southeastern China: A Longitudinal Study from 1987 to 2015. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13080794. [PMID: 27509511 PMCID: PMC4997480 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the shift in the epidemiological features of HIV/AIDS during the last three decades in Fujian Province, southeastern China, so as to provide evidence for the development of novel HIV/AIDS control strategies. Methods: Data pertaining to the conventional surveillance, sentinel surveillance and epidemiological survey in Fujian Province during the period from 1987 to 2015 were collected. The epidemiological trends were described, and the subtypes of HIV strain were genotyped. In addition, the response to antiretroviral therapy was evaluated, and HIV genotypic resistance was assayed. Results: There was an increasing trend observed in the reported cases of HIV/AIDS in Fujian Province. From 1987 to the end of 2015, a total of 8651 HIV/AIDS cases were reported across the province, with totally 1557 deaths found. Among the total cases, the ratio of male/female cases was 3.7:1, which appeared to be an increasing trend; 77.1% cases were detected in young and middle-aged populations aged 19 to 50 years, however, the new HIV infections recently tended to occur in young people aged 15 to 18 years and in populations aged 50 years and older. Among all infected individuals, 49.3% were married, however, the percentage of unmarried cases increased from 6.67% before 1994 to 40.1% in 2015; 64.8% had junior high school education or lower, however, the proportion of HIV/AIDS cases with junior college education or above gradually increased from 6.5% in 2009 to 21.4% in 2015. The reported HIV/AIDS cases were predominantly found in coastal regions; however, a rapidly increasing trend was seen in the number of HIV/AIDS cases in inland regions, and the geographical variation of the cases gradually reduced. There were multiple routes of HIV transmission found in Fujian Province, and 94.2% infections were sexually transmitted, with a large increase in the percentage of male homosexual transmission. A variety of HIV-1 subtypes were genotyped in the province during the study period, and CRF01-AE and CRF07-BC intersubtype recombinant forms were predominant; however, a declining trend in the proportion of HIV-1 CRF01-AE recombinant virus and a significant rise in the proportion of HIV-1 CRF07-BC recombinant virus were observed. Over 90% HIV inhibition was found in all cases receiving antiretroviral therapy during the period from 2011 to 2015, indicating a low prevalence of HIV drug resistance. Conclusions: An increasing trend is still observed in the HIV/AIDS epidemics in Fujian Province, southeastern China. However, the epidemiological pattern of HIV/AIDS has recently changed in the province, and effective control interventions targeting the shift in the epidemiological features of HIV/AIDS should therefore be implemented to control the spread of the epidemic.
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Bosch OG, Seifritz E. The behavioural profile of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol in humans. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:47-60. [PMID: 26855327 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a putative neurotransmitter, a drug of abuse, and a medical treatment for narcolepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Its precursors gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) are endogenously converted to GHB and thereby exert their psychobehavioural effects. In humans, GHB has a wide spectrum of properties ranging from stimulation and euphoria in lower doses, to sedation, deep sleep, and coma after ingestion of high doses. However, behavioural studies in healthy volunteers remain scarce and are usually limited to psychomotor performance testing. Most available data arise from either qualitative studies with illicit users or clinical trials examining therapeutic properties of GHB (then usually termed sodium oxybate). Here, we present an overview of the behavioural effects of GHB, GBL, and 1,4-BD in these three populations. GHB and its precursors strongly influence behaviours related to core human autonomic functions such as control of food intake, sexual behaviour, and sleep-wake regulation. These effects are instrumentalised by illicit users and clinically utilised in neuropsychiatric disorders such as narcolepsy, fibromyalgia, and binge-eating syndrome. Considering the industry withdrawal from psychopharmacology development, repurposing of drugs according to their behavioural and clinical profiles has gained increasing relevance. As such, GHB seems to be an attractive candidate as an experimental therapeutic in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver G Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich University Hospital for Psychiatry, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich University Hospital for Psychiatry, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zuccoli ML, Muscella A, Fucile C, Carrozzino R, Mattioli F, Martelli A, Orengo S. Paliperidone for the treatment of ketamine-induced psychosis: a case report. Int J Psychiatry Med 2015; 48:103-8. [PMID: 25377151 DOI: 10.2190/pm.48.2.c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is an anaesthetic and analgesic drug synthesized in the 1960s from phencyclidine. The recreational use of ketamine increased among the dance culture of techno and house music, in particular in clubs, discotheques, and rave parties. The psychotropic effects of ketamine are now well known and they range from dissociation to positive, negative, and cognitive schizophrenia-like symptoms. We report a case of a chronic oral consumption of ketamine which induced agitation, behavioral abnormalities, and loss of contact with reality in a poly-drug abuser; these symptoms persisted more than two weeks after the drug consumption had stopped. Antipsychotic treatment with paliperidone led to a successful management of the psychosis, getting a complete resolution of the clinical picture. Paliperidone has proven to be very effective in the treatment of ketamine-induced disorders. Moreover, the pharmacological action and metabolism of paliperidone are poorly dependent from the activity of liver enzymes, so that it seems to be one of the best second generation antipsychotics for the treatment of smokers and alcohol abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R Carrozzino
- Correctional Health Service ASL2 Savonese, Savona, Italy
| | | | | | - S Orengo
- "San Paolo" Hospital, Savona, Italy
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Palamar JJ, Kamboukos D. An examination of sociodemographic correlates of ecstasy use among high school seniors in the United States. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1774-83. [PMID: 24955818 PMCID: PMC5064947 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.926933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although ecstasy (MDMA) use is not as prevalent in the United States (US) as it was in the early 2000s, use remains popular among adolescents and young adults. Few recent studies have examined ecstasy use in national samples among those at particularly high risk for use-adolescents approaching adulthood. Research is needed to delineate sociodemographic correlates of use in this group. METHODS Data were examined from a nationally representative sample of high school seniors in the US (modal age = 18) from the Monitoring the Future study (years 2007-2012; weighted N = 26,504). Data from all cohorts were aggregated and correlates of recent (last 12-month) use of ecstasy were examined. RESULTS Roughly 4.4% of high school seniors reported use of ecstasy within the last year. Females and religious students were consistently at lower odds for use. Black and Hispanic students, and students residing with two parents, were at lower odds for ecstasy use, until controlling for other drug use. Odds of use were consistently increased for those residing in a city, students with weekly income of >$50 from a job, and students earning >$10 weekly from other sources. Lifetime use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, and other illicit drugs each robustly increased odds of ecstasy use. CONCLUSION Subgroups of high school seniors, defined by specific sociodemographic factors, and those who have used other drugs, are currently at high risk for ecstasy initiation and use. Since ecstasy is regaining popularity in the US, prevention efforts should consider these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Palamar
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Department of Population Health , New York , USA
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16
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Ding Y, He N, Detels R. Circumstances of initiation into new-type drug use among adults in Shanghai: are there differences by types of first new-type drug used? Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 131:278-83. [PMID: 23312339 PMCID: PMC3644522 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated circumstances of initiating new-type drug use among adult new-type drug users and differences among those who first used methamphetamine, ecstasy and ketamine. METHODS A total of 276 participants were recruited, using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) from nine seeds recruited through NGOs, social workers and outreach workers in Shanghai, China. RESULTS Methamphetamine was the most frequently reported first new-type drug used (37.1%), followed by ecstasy (35.6%) and ketamine (20.0%). 38.7% of participants initiated new-type drug use before the age of 21 years. 47.8% knew at initiation that club drugs can be harmful. Most were introduced to new-type drug use by friends, spouses or boy/girlfriends. The three most common reasons for initiation were curiosity, peer influence, and wishing to dull one's emotions. Those first using methamphetamine were more likely to be female, have a monthly individual income less than 3000 Yuan (approx. $476), initiate use at 21 years or older and at private setting than those first using ecstasy and ketamine. CONCLUSIONS There is an urgent need for drug education efforts in China to raise awareness of the harms of new-type drugs, as well as to increase knowledge about the paradox of new-type drug effects. Drug prevention and intervention programs should be tailore to target populations and their social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China,Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Na He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding Author: Roger Detels, Department of Epidemiology, 71-269 CHS, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772; 310/206-2837; fax 310/206-1601;
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Dong C, Anand KJS. Developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine in pediatric clinical use. Toxicol Lett 2013; 220:53-60. [PMID: 23566897 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is widely used as an anesthetic, analgesic, and sedative in pediatric clinical practice and it is also listed as an illicit drug by most countries. Recent in vivo and in vitro animal studies have confirmed that ketamine can induce neuronal cell death in the immature brain, resulting from widespread neuronal apoptosis. These effects can disturb normal development further altering the structure and functions of the brain. Our recent studies further indicate that ketamine can alter neurogenesis from neural stem progenitor cells in the developing brain. Taken together, these findings identify a novel complication associated with ketamine use in premature infants, term newborns, and pregnant women. Recent data on the developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine are reviewed with proposed future directions for evaluating the safety of ketamine in these patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxuan Dong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
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18
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MDMA induces Per1, Per2 and c-fos gene expression in rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:835-43. [PMID: 22038537 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE ±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is a psychoactive drug that has marked effects on the serotonergic system. Serotonergic agonists are known to interact with the circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). OBJECTIVES Given changes reported in the behavioral activity rhythm following MDMA treatment, the effects of MDMA on core clock gene (Per1, Per2) and c-fos expression were evaluated. METHODS Male Long-Evans rats (n = 72) were injected once with MDMA (5 mg/kg i.p.) or saline either at the middle of their 'rest' phase (Zeitgeber Time: ZT6) or the middle of their 'active' phase (Zeitgeber Time: ZT16) and killed at 30, 60, or 120 min posttreatment for gene expression analysis in the SCN using PCR. Behavioral rhythms of a separate group of rats (n = 20) were measured following treatment at ZT16 while they were held in constant darkness for 10 days posttreatment. RESULTS At ZT6, c-fos mRNA was significantly induced 120 min post-MDMA treatment but there were no significant changes in Per1 or Per2 mRNA expression. At ZT16, there were significant inductions of c-fos mRNA (30 and 60 min) and Per1 and Per2 mRNA (both 60 min) post-MDMA treatment. However, no differences in behavioral activity patterns were noted following MDMA treatment at ZT16. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that MDMA has time of day dependent actions on SCN functioning, as evident from its induction of core clock genes that are important for generating and maintaining circadian rhythmicity.
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OGEIL RP, RAJARATNAM SMW, BROADBEAR JH. Ecstasy and sleep disturbance: Progress towards elucidating a role for the circadian system. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2011.00510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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McKetin R, Hickey K, Devlin K, Lawrence K. The risk of psychotic symptoms associated with recreational methamphetamine use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011; 29:358-63. [PMID: 20636650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS To determine whether recreational methamphetamine use is associated with an increased risk of psychotic symptoms. DESIGN AND METHOD A cross-sectional survey of 157 people attending dance events in Sydney, Australia. Participants were assessed for psychotic symptoms in the past year using items from the Psychosis Screen. Participants with and without psychotic symptoms were compared on methamphetamine use, polydrug use and other demographic factors. An ordinal logistic regression was used to determine the probability of psychotic symptoms by methamphetamine use and level of polydrug use. RESULTS Psychotic symptoms in the past year were predicted by methamphetamine use and heavier polydrug use in the past year, and a history of a psychotic disorder (schizophrenia, schizoaffective or bipolar affective disorder). After removing participants with a history of a psychotic disorder (n = 16) and adjusting for polydrug use, methamphetamine use increased the probability of two or more psychotic symptoms (indicative of psychosis risk) from 9% to 21%. There was a non-significant increase in the risk of psychotic symptoms with higher levels of polydrug use. Methamphetamine use was typically monthly or less often (83%), and most users described their use as recreational (85%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Within the context of polydrug use, recreational methamphetamine use is associated with a twofold to threefold increase in the probability of psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca McKetin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Pechansky F, Remy L, Surratt HL, Kurtz SP, Rocha TBM, Von Diemen L, Bumaguin DB, Inciardi J. Age of Sexual Initiation, Psychiatric Symptoms, and Sexual Risk Behavior among Ecstasy and LSD Users in Porto Alegre, Brazil: A Preliminary Analysis. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2011; 41:217. [PMID: 22287797 PMCID: PMC3266349 DOI: 10.1177/002204261104100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Ecstasy and LSD use is widespread in large Brazilian cities, but there is limited information on their use among young, middle-class, club goers in Brazil. We conducted standardized face-to-face interviews with 200 male and female ecstasy and/or LSD users, focusing on drug use and sexual history, current risk behaviors, and psychiatric symptomatology. Participants with early sexual debut (before 14) were more likely to report lifetime use of marijuana and powder and crack cocaine than those with later sexual initiation. Early sexual debut was associated with past year sexual risk behaviors, including having sex while high (Prevalence Ratio (PR)=1.3), having two or more sex partners (PR=1.3), as well as history of sexual abuse (PR=13.6). Depression and anxiety scores were similar by age of sexual initiation. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Acute MDMA administration alters the distribution and circadian rhythm of wheel running activity in the rat. Brain Res 2010; 1359:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wu P, Liu X, Pham TH, Jin J, Fan B, Jin Z. Ecstasy use among US adolescents from 1999 to 2008. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 112:33-8. [PMID: 20570447 PMCID: PMC2967577 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate trends in rates of ecstasy use among US adolescents from 1999 to 2008, and to examine the associations between the major sociodemographic factors, especially gender, and ecstasy use, during this period. METHODS The adolescent subsamples (age 12-17) from 1999 to 2008 NHSDA/NSDUH surveys were used for the current study. Data from adolescents' self-reports on use of ecstasy and of other drugs, as well as sociodemographic characteristics, were used in the analyses. RESULTS There was an increasing trend in adolescent ecstasy use from 1999 to 2002, which was followed by a decreasing trend from 2002 to 2005, and a slight rise from 2005 to 2008. In contrast to some other drugs, ecstasy was more likely to be used by girls than by boys. This gender difference persisted over the 10-year period and could not be explained by other demographic factors. CONCLUSION Given the known health consequences of ecstasy use, especially for females, the observed gender difference in adolescent ecstasy use should be taken into account by drug prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Unit 43, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Trang Hoang Pham
- The George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Jue Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 43, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bin Fan
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Zhezhen Jin
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Phelps G, Speaker HA, Sabol KE. Relationship between methamphetamine-induced behavioral activation and hyperthermia. Brain Res 2010; 1357:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Pantalone DW, Bimbi DS, Holder CA, Golub SA, Parsons JT. Consistency and change in club drug use by sexual minority men in New York City, 2002 to 2007. Am J Public Health 2010; 100:1892-5. [PMID: 20724693 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.175232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We used repeated cross-sectional data from intercept surveys conducted annually at lesbian, gay, and bisexual community events to investigate trends in club drug use in sexual minority men (N = 6489) in New York City from 2002 to 2007. Recent use of ecstasy, ketamine, and γ-hydroxybutyrate decreased significantly. Crystal methamphetamine use initially increased but then decreased. Use of cocaine and amyl nitrates remained consistent. A greater number of HIV-positive (vs HIV-negative) men reported recent drug use across years. Downward trends in drug use in this population mirror trends in other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Pantalone
- Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies and Training, Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Wood DM, Who S, Alldus G, Huggett D, Nicolaou M, Chapman K, Oakley M, Bessim E, Julian K, Sturgeon K, Ramsey JD, Dargan PI. The development of the recreational drug outreach educational concept ‘Drug Idle’. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/14659890903141090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pichini S, Farré M, Abanades S, Pacifici R, Zuccaro P, Langohr K, de la Torre R. Immunomodulating properties of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), flunitrazepam and ethanol in 'club drugs' users. Addict Biol 2010; 15:336-45. [PMID: 20456291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing concern about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) toxicity in users, no studies have addressed GHB and other club drugs effects on the immune system under controlled administration. Lymphocyte subsets and functional responsiveness of lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation were measured in 10 healthy male recreational users of GHB who participated in five experimental sessions within the framework of a clinical trial. The study was randomized, double blind, double dummy and cross-over. Drug conditions were: a single oral dose of GHB (40 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg), ethanol (0.7 g/kg), flunitrazepam (1.25 mg) and placebo. Acute GHB produced a time-dependent immune impairment in the first 4 hours after drug administration associated with an increase in cortisol secretion. Although total leukocyte count remained unchanged, there was a significant decrease in the CD4 T/CD8 T-cell ratio, as well as in the percentage of mature T lymphocytes, probably because of a decrease in both the percentage and absolute number of T helper cells. A significant decrease was also observed in natural killer cells and in functional responsiveness of lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation. Flunitrazepam administration did not produce any change in the immune system, while ethanol intake produced a decrease in B lymphocytes and in lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogens. These results provide the first evidence that GHB intake under a controlled environmental setting impairs the immunological status and confirms the alterations in the immune function caused by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pichini
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Italy
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28
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De La Torre R. Commentary on Morgan et al. (2010): ketamine abuse: first medical evidence of harms we should confront. Addiction 2010; 105:134-5. [PMID: 20078466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael De La Torre
- IMIM-Hospital del Mar-Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neuropsychopharmacology Research Programme, Barcelona, Spain.
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Terry-McElrath YM, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD. Reasons for Drug Use among American Youth by Consumption Level, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity: 1976-2005. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2009; 39:677-714. [PMID: 20628558 DOI: 10.1177/002204260903900310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined self-reported reasons for the use of nine substances among nationally representative samples of US high school seniors participating in the Monitoring the Future study from 1976 through 2005. In general, social/recreational reasons were the most commonly reported reasons for the use of most drugs. However, for psychotherapeutic drugs, coping with negative affect and physical needs reasons were most commonly mentioned. Results indicated that the proportion of students reporting various reasons has shifted significantly over time. Further, we found significant differences by gender and race/ethnicity in reported reasons for use. Prevention and intervention efforts must address the facts that (1) while social usage reasons do predominate, it is essential to consider coping and drug-effect reasons for use as well; and (2) there are appreciable differences by gender and race/ethnicity in reasons for drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Terry-McElrath
- (Corresponding Author), University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, E-mail: ; Tel: 734-647-9142
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Mausbach BT, Semple SJ, Strathdee SA, Patterson TL. Predictors of safer sex intentions and protected sex among heterosexual HIV-negative methamphetamine users: an expanded model of the Theory of Planned Behavior. AIDS Care 2009; 21:17-24. [PMID: 19085216 DOI: 10.1080/09540120802017628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test a version of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for predicting safe sex behavior in a sample of 228 HIV-negative heterosexual methamphetamine users. We hypothesized that, in addition to TPB constructs, participants' amount of methamphetamine use and desire to stop unsafe sex behaviors would predict intentions to engage in safer sex behaviors. In turn, we predicted that safer sex intentions would be positively correlated with participants' percentage of protected sex. Hierarchical linear regression indicated that 48% of the total variance in safer sex intentions was predicted by our model, with less negative attitudes toward safer sex, greater normative beliefs, greater control beliefs, less methamphetamine use, less intent to have sex, and greater desire to stop unsafe sex emerging as significant predictors of greater safer sex intentions. Safer sex intentions were positively associated with future percent protected sex (p<0.05). These findings suggest that, among heterosexual methamphetamine users, the TPB is an excellent model for predicting safer sex practices in this population, as are some additional factors (e.g., methamphetamine use). Effective interventions for increasing safer sex practices in methamphetamine user will likely include constructs from this model with augmentations to help reduce methamphetamine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent T Mausbach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Siegel JT, Alvaro EM, Patel N, Crano WD. "...you would probably want to do it. Cause that's what made them popular": Exploring perceptions of inhalant utility among young adolescent nonusers and occasional users. Subst Use Misuse 2009; 44:597-615. [PMID: 19360535 PMCID: PMC3085531 DOI: 10.1080/10826080902809543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
With an eye toward future primary prevention efforts, this study explores perceptions of inhalant utility among young adolescents in the United States. The study makes use of data gathered via nine focus groups conducted in Tucson, Arizona in 2004 (N = 47, mean age = 13.2 years). Three main themes emerged concerning the perceived utility of inhalant use: (1) Inhalant use as a means of mental escape, (2) Inhalant use as a social tool, and (3) Inhalant use as a parental relations tool. Additionally, participants discussed an interaction hypothesis regarding inhalant use and popularity. Implications for future research are suggested and limitations described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Siegel
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 E10th Street, Claremont CA 91711, USA.
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Drug use expectancies among nonabstinent community cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 94:109-15. [PMID: 18078722 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that one's expectations about the effects of using a particular substance (i.e., substance use expectancies) are associated with the quantity and frequency of actual use. An extensive literature supports the importance of expectancies in predicting alcohol use, but less is known about the association between expectancies and use of other substances. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the association between cocaine expectancies and frequency of use in a heterogeneous community sample of drug users. Participants were 157 self-identified primary cocaine users recruited from the community as part of a hepatitis prevention study. Participants completed a structured interview that assessed demographic variables, current and past drug use, and drug expectancies. Results from multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that frequency of cocaine use was positively associated with higher expectation that drug use would increase social and physical pleasure (OR=1.67, p<0.05) and inversely associated with higher expectation that drug use would increase cognitive and physical impairment (OR=0.59, p<0.01). These findings suggest that drug use expectancies are an important correlate of cocaine use behavior in nontreatment-seeking community users.
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Relative abuse liability of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, flunitrazepam, and ethanol in club drug users. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:625-38. [PMID: 18004131 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815a2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the increasing concern about gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) toxicity, there are few studies examining the clinical pharmacology of GHB and its abuse potential. To evaluate GHB-induced subjective and physiological effects, its relative abuse liability and its impact on psychomotor performance in club drug users. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve healthy male recreational users of GHB participated in 5 experimental sessions in the framework of a clinical trial. The study was randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, and crossover. Drug conditions were a single oral dose of GHB (40 or 60 mg/kg), ethanol (0.7 g/kg), flunitrazepam (1.25 mg), and placebo. Study variables included vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, oral temperature, pupil diameter), psychomotor performance (digit symbol substitution test, balance, Maddox-Wing), subjective effects (a set of 13 visual analogue scales, Addiction Research Center Inventory-49 items, and Evaluation of the Subjective Effects of Substances with Potential of Abuse questionnaires), and pharmacokinetics. RESULTS All active conditions induced positive effects related to their abuse potential. The administration of GHB produced euphoria and pleasurable effects with slightly higher ratings than those observed for flunitrazepam and ethanol. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid induced a biphasic time profile with an initial stimulant-like effect related to the simultaneous rise of plasma concentrations and a latter sedative effect not related to GHB kinetics. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid increased blood pressure and pupil diameter. Ethanol induced its prototypical effects, and flunitrazepam produced marked sedation. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and flunitrazepam impaired psychomotor performance, digit symbol substitution test, and balance task, whereas ethanol, at the dose tested, induced only mild effects exclusively affecting the balance task. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a high abuse liability of GHB and flunitrazepam in club drug users.
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Effect of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine on intravenous self-administration of ketamine and heroin in the rat. Behav Pharmacol 2007; 18:717-24. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3282f18d58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Halkitis PN, Palamar JJ, Mukherjee PP. Poly-club-drug use among gay and bisexual men: a longitudinal analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 89:153-60. [PMID: 17267140 PMCID: PMC1945225 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to delineate patterns of poly-club-drug use among gay and bisexual men. Data were drawn from a large-scale 12-month longitudinal investigation of club drug use and sexual behavior among 450 racially, ethnically, and geographically diverse sample of gay and bisexual men in New York City. METHODS Using community-based sampling, we recruited the sample from numerous venues and assessed the self-reported use of five drugs and their relation to one another: cocaine, ecstasy, GHB, ketamine, and methamphetamine. Multivariate hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was utilized to examine associations of usage over the 12-month data collection period. RESULTS Use of the five club drugs was highly related as noted by both parametric and non-parametric analyses of the cross-sectional data. Patterns of use over time also indicated significant longitudinal associations. Specifically, the use of methamphetamine over time was related to both the use of ecstasy and GHB. CONCLUSIONS The analyses suggest that usage patterns of individual club drugs such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, and GHB among gay and bisexual men are highly related across time. These findings hold implications for the treatment approaches that are utilized to address substance abuse in this segment of the population, and suggest that practitioners focus on the totality of the substance abuse behaviors and not necessarily individual drugs which are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry N Halkitis
- Center for Health, Identity, Behavior & Prevention Studies (CHIBPS), Steinhardt School of Culture, Education & Human Development, New York University, 726 Broadway, Suite 525, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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De La Garza R, Fabrizio KR, Gupta A. Relevance of rodent models of intravenous MDMA self-administration to human MDMA consumption patterns. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 189:425-34. [PMID: 16470404 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite decades of research specifying harmful effects produced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; a principal component of 'ecstasy' pills), young people (and adults) continue to use it. In an attempt to model human MDMA consumption patterns, preclinical investigators have sought to establish reliable patterns of intravenous MDMA self-administration in rodents. OBJECTIVE The objective of this report is to offer a critical review of published data (including our own novel findings) that reveal MDMA self-administration in rodents. RESULTS The data indicate that MDMA serves as a reinforcer in rodents, though the responses are not similar to those previously reported for psychostimulants (i.e., cocaine). Important differences between rodent models and human use patterns include frequency of dosing and dosage exposure, routes of administration, tolerance that develops to MDMA after repeated exposure, polydrug use in humans but not by rodents, limits on the repertoire of behaviors that can be exhibited by rodents undergoing IV self-administration procedures, and the question of neurotoxicity as it relates to models of self-administration. CONCLUSIONS While MDMA is not as potent a reinforcer as other drugs of abuse, the fact remains that young people and adults continue to use the drug, and therefore, additional research is needed to determine why drugs with low reinforcing effects continue to be abused.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Addictive/psychology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Discrimination, Psychological/drug effects
- Hallucinogens/administration & dosage
- Humans
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Models, Animal
- N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/administration & dosage
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Reproducibility of Results
- Self Administration
- Self Stimulation/drug effects
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- R De La Garza
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Parsons JT, Kelly BC, Wells BE. Differences in club drug use between heterosexual and lesbian/bisexual females. Addict Behav 2006; 31:2344-9. [PMID: 16632210 PMCID: PMC2688448 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although there has been much empirical research documenting current trends in club drug use among gay and bisexual men, little research has addressed the variance among lesbian, bisexual, or heterosexual women. Using data collected through time-space sampling from dance clubs in New York City during 2005 (N=1104), this study explored sexual identity variance among women in the reported use of six club drugs: methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA, ketamine, GHB, and LSD. Significant differences were found in that younger women were more likely to be active club drug users. Lesbian and bisexual women reported significantly higher lifetime rates of ecstasy, cocaine, methamphetamine, and LSD use compared to heterosexual women. These data suggest a need to better understand the influence of sexual orientation and sexual culture in relation to club drug use and to tailor health promotion efforts to meet the needs of various groups of club drug using women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Parsons
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, USA.
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GHB use among gay and bisexual men. Addict Behav 2006; 31:2135-9. [PMID: 16472932 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The recreational use of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has been relatively understudied, despite its popularity in gay communities. We examined the use of GHB in a sample of 450 club drug using gay and bisexual men. Of these, 29% indicated use of the substance in the recent past. GHB users were similar to those in the sample who reported no use along key demographic factors, although GHB users were more likely to identify as gay than bisexual and were slightly older. Poly-drug use was common, with close to half of GHB users combining with methamphetamine, MDMA, or ketamine; approximately one quarter also used GHB with alcohol. Participants reported that GHB was often used at nightclubs, circuit parties, sex parties, and sex clubs, with HIV-positive men more likely to use the substance in sexual contexts. Use of GHB is common among a certain subset of gay men despite warnings within the community about the potentially fatal effects of the substance, suggesting that more effort be given to educate drug using gay men about GHB.
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Abstract
This review describes the medical, research and recreational uses of ketamine, an anaesthetic derivative of phencyclidine that has dissociative, analgesic and psychedelic properties. Ketamine has a complex mechanism of action that is further complicated by stereoselectivity; however, antagonism of glutamate NDMA receptors is thought to underlie its analgesic, dissociative and neuroprotective effects. While ketamine use in medical and veterinary settings is well documented and has a good safety record, the increase in its unregulated use outside of such controlled environments is a cause for concern. The impact on higher centres in the brain, particularly altered perception of auditory, visual and painful stimuli, results in a general lack of responsive awareness that puts the recreational user at (often unrecognised) risk of personal harm. The perceptual and mood changes observed in those who have consumed ketamine are highly sensitive to age, dose, route of administration, previous experience and setting. At low doses, stimulant effects predominate and the effect of environmental conditions are significant; with higher doses, psychedelic effects predominate and the effect of the environment diminishes. The potential of ketamine as a novel clinical and research tool is matched by its abuse potential outside medical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wolff
- King's College London National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, England.
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Drumright LN, Patterson TL, Strathdee SA. Club drugs as causal risk factors for HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men: a review. Subst Use Misuse 2006; 41:1551-601. [PMID: 17002993 DOI: 10.1080/10826080600847894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed medical and psychology databases for articles published between January 1980 and August 2005 demonstrating associations between HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infection risk and club drug use. Seventy-four articles were reviewed, of which 30 provided adjusted risk ratios for associations between HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk and club drug use among men who have sex with men. Definitions and lists of club drugs were broad and inconsistent. We constructed a conceptual framework of biologically plausible pathways for causation. Using Hill's criteria to examine club drugs as causal risk factors for HIV, we found the most evidence for methamphetamine and volatile nitrites; however, more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia N Drumright
- Antiviral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, 92103, USA.
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