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Moreno AA, Tully TN, Liu CC, Heatley JJ. Reference Interval Creation for Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA) in Healthy Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots ( Amazona ventralis) and Quaker Parrots ( Myiopsitta monachus). J Avian Med Surg 2024; 38:83-90. [PMID: 38980817 DOI: 10.1647/avianms-d-24-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Renal disease is often identified as a cause of morbidity and mortality in avian patients. However, currently, early antemortem detection of renal disease in avian patients is difficult. Anatomical and physiological differences between mammals and birds mean the use of commonly employed diagnostic testing (ie, measurement of blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and serum creatinine, urinalysis, and ultrasonography) are either nondiagnostic or difficult to achieve. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is considered a more sensitive marker for renal disease in humans, dogs, and cats. However, SDMA has not yet been assessed for diagnostic use in any psittacine species. In this study, we establish reference ranges for SDMA in both Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis, HAP) and Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus, QP). Blood was collected from 23 Amazon parrots and 32 Quaker parrots maintained in research facilities. Measurement of SDMA through a commercially available immunoassay (IA-SDMA) as well as creatinine, BUN, uric acid, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride were determined through IDEXX Laboratories. Plasma SDMA concentrations ranged from 6 to 15 µg/dL and 3 to 15 µg/dL for the HAP and QP, respectively. Sex was a confounding factor for the QP population, but sex did not have a significant effect on SDMA for the HAP population. No significant correlations were identified between SDMA concentrations and other parameters in either psittacine species. Our results show proof of concept for the IA-SDMA and provide reference intervals for SDMA in HAP and QP. Further investigation is required to determine the validity of this assay and the predictive power of SDMA in the detection of renal impairment for parrots and other common companion birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Moreno
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, LA 70803, USA, adammorenodvm@ gmail.com
| | - Thomas N Tully
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, LA 70803, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, LA 70803, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Texas A&M, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College Station, TX 77483, USA
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2
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Disease surveillance in England and Wales, January 2023. Vet Rec 2023; 192:114-118. [PMID: 36734571 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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3
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Jadhao RG, Kumbhar DD, Wakode S. Understanding the histology and hematobiochemical aspects of Kadaknath an Indian black fowl with an appealing taste native to Dhar district Madhya Pradesh. Br Poult Sci 2022; 64:214-223. [PMID: 36503342 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2154637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. The Kadaknath, an Indian fowl, is popular for its taste and health benefits. However, there is scarcity of information on its histology, haematology and biochemistry.2. Histology was conducted on various organs, including brain, heart, intestine, liver, kidney and the lung. For haematology investigation Mispa Count Plus was used (AGAPPE Diagnostic, India).3. Biochemical analysis involved determination of blood sugar, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum bilirubin, SGPT, serum protein and the alkaline phosphatase. The organs contained significant amounts of proteins characterised by strong amide (amide I-β-sheet) bands within mid and NIR region.4. Hydrated fatty acids were not found in mid IR region, although NIR revealed traces substantiated by strong - OH bending within 10 680/cm -10 400/cm.5. This work reported the usefulness of attenuated total reflectance (ATR) in understanding nutritive benefits of Kadaknath chickens and can assist avian practitioners in the detection of infections or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh G Jadhao
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), DPSRU, M. B. Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector 3, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Dipak D Kumbhar
- KYDSCT’s College of Pharmacy, Sakegaon, Bhusawal 425 201, Dist Jalgaon, India
| | - Sharad Wakode
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), DPSRU, M. B. Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector 3, New Delhi 110017, India
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Gu W, Bao Q, Weng K, Liu J, Luo S, Chen J, Li Z, Cao Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen G, Xu Q. Effects of T-2 toxin on growth performance, feather quality, tibia development and blood parameters in Yangzhou goslings. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102382. [PMID: 36535114 PMCID: PMC9791600 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a dangerous natural pollutant and widely exists in animal feed, often causing toxic damage to poultry, such as slow growth and development, immunosuppression, and death. Although geese are considered the most sensitive poultry to T-2 toxin, the exact damage caused by T-2 toxin to geese is elusive. In the present study, a total of forty two 1-day-old healthy Yangzhou male goslings were randomly allotted seven diets contaminated with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg T-2 toxin for 21 d, and the effects of T-2 toxin exposure on growth performance, feather quality, tibia development, and blood parameters were investigated. The results showed that T-2 toxin exposure significantly inhibited feed intake, body weight gain, shank length growth, and organ development (e.g., ileum, cecum, liver, spleen, bursa, and tibia) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the more serious feathering abnormalities and feather damage were observed in goslings exposed to a high dose of T-2 toxin (0.8, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg), which were mainly sparsely covered with short, dry, rough, curly, and gloss-free feathers on the back. We also found that hypertrophic chondrocytes of the tibial growth plate exhibited abnormal morphology and nuclear consolidation or loss, accompanied by necrosis and excessive apoptosis under 2.0 mg/kg T-2 toxin exposure. Moreover, 2.0 mg/kg T-2 toxin exposure triggered erythropenia, thrombocytosis, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase activity, as well as high blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and lactic dehydrogenase levels. Collectively, these data indicate that T-2 toxin had an adverse effect on the growth performance, feather quality, and tibia development, and caused liver and kidney damage and abnormal blood parameters in Yangzhou goslings, providing crucial information toward the prevention and control of T-2 toxin contamination in poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China
| | - Qiang Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China
| | - Kaiqi Weng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China
| | - Jinlu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China
| | - Shuwen Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhou Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China
| | - Zhengfeng Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China
| | - Guohong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China.
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5
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Kirk N, Echols MS, Reavill D, Gasper D, Wilcox C. Diagnosis of Seminoma With Metastasis to the Brain and Kidneys in a Moluccan Eclectus (Eclectus roratus) Using Advanced Contrast Based Imaging. J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:325-332. [DOI: 10.1647/21-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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A Review of Emerging Goose Astrovirus Causing Gout. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1635373. [PMID: 36072471 PMCID: PMC9441354 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1635373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an infection in geese caused by goose astrovirus (GAstV) has repeatedly occurred in coastal areas of China and rapidly spread to inland provinces. The infection is characterized by joint and visceral gout and is fatal. The disease has caused huge economic losses to China's goose industry. GAstV is a nonenveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. As it is a novel virus, there is no specific classification. Here, we review the current understanding of GAstV. The virus structure, isolation, diagnosis and detection, innate immune regulation, and transmission route are discussed. In addition, since GAstV can cause gout in goslings, the possible role of GAstV in gout formation and uric acid metabolism is discussed. We hope that this review will inform researchers to rapidly develop effective methods to prevent and treat this disease.
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Petrone-Garcia VM, Castellanos-Huerta IA, El-Ashram S, Juárez-Estrada MA, Fuente-Martínez B, Graham DB, Tellez-Isaias G. Histological Identification and Quantification of Eosinophils and Ascites in Leghorn Chickens Treated with High Oral Concentrations of NaCl-Pilot Study. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070381. [PMID: 35878285 PMCID: PMC9324580 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the role played by eosinophils in NaCl poisoning and right cardiac hypertrophy (ascitic syndrome) in Leghorn chickens, as well as the histological findings in the central nervous system (CNS), liver, and kidney. Moreover, the hypertrophy of the right ventricle index (HRVI) as an indicator of ascites was evaluated. Male SPF Leghorn birds at 28 days of age were submitted to two experiments. Food and water (FW) experiment: birds were treated with food plus 3.3% NaCl for the next 27 days and 1% NaCl in their drinking water from days 22 to 27. Water experiment (W): birds were treated with 1% NaCl in their drinking water for 5 days. In both experiments, the chickens exhibited loss of appetite, diuresis, and watery, green diarrhea during treatment days; at 24−27 td-FW and experiment W, the birds showed nervous signology (prostration, running movements, tremors, and comatose state). In the leukogram at 28 td-FW, an increase (p < 0.05) in heterophiles and basophils was observed. CNS eosinophilia was not observed in birds intoxicated with NaCl, though they did present demyelination in the brain and spinal cord, hepatic degeneration, mesangial proliferative glomerulopathy, and acute proximal renotubular necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Petrone-Garcia
- Livestock Sciences Department, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico;
| | - Inkar Alejandro Castellanos-Huerta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (M.A.J.-E.); (B.F.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China;
| | - Marco A. Juárez-Estrada
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (M.A.J.-E.); (B.F.-M.)
| | - Benjamin Fuente-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (M.A.J.-E.); (B.F.-M.)
| | - Danielle B. Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (D.B.G.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (D.B.G.); (G.T.-I.)
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8
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Mastakov A, Kelly-Bosma M, Allavena R, Doneley R. Polycystic Kidney Disease in 3 Juvenile Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus moluccanus). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 35:464-474. [DOI: 10.1647/20-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Mastakov
- From the University of Queensland—Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Main Drive and Outer Ring Road, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Mirrim Kelly-Bosma
- From the University of Queensland—Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Main Drive and Outer Ring Road, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Rachel Allavena
- From the University of Queensland—Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Main Drive and Outer Ring Road, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Robert Doneley
- From the University of Queensland—Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Main Drive and Outer Ring Road, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia
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9
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Peng Y, Yang X, Li H, Iqbal M, Li A, Zhang J, Zhang M, Li J, Zhou D. Salt-contaminated water inducing pulmonary hypertension and kidney damage by increasing Ang II concentration in broilers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1134-1143. [PMID: 34347242 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NaCl is the main component of freshwater salinization. High NaCl concentration in drinking water can cause pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) and kidney damage in broilers. To explore the effect of NaCl in drinking water on broilers' kidneys, this study divided 80 chickens into four groups. With the control group fed with pure water, broiler chickens were fed with fresh water (FW, NaCl 1 g/L), low salt-contaminated water (L-SCW, NaCl 2.5 g/L), and high salt-contaminated water (H-SCW, NaCl 5 g/L). The results show that ascites heart index (AHI) and hematocrit (HCT) of broilers increase in L-SCW and H-SCW, the serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine of broilers increase significantly, the kidney index increases, the kidney sections show vacuolar degeneration and fibrotic degeneration, and the TUNEL results show that the kidneys possess obvious apoptosis. In addition, the detection of RAAS-related genes (AGT gene in the liver, REN in the kidney, ACE in the lung) demonstrates that after using salt-contaminated water, the transcription levels of AGT, REN, and ACE rise significantly, and the concentration of angiotensin II (Ang II) also increases significantly. In order to verify the effect of Ang II on broiler kidneys, this research used exogenous Ang II to treat chicken embryonic kidney (CEK) cells. The results show that the cell activity of CEK decreased with the increase of the concentration of exogenous Ang II. Meanwhile, the flow cytometry assay shows that Ang II could promote the apoptosis of CEK cells. These results indicate that the salt-contaminated water can aggravate PHS and cause kidney damage. The mechanism may be related to the increase of Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hainan College of Vocation and Technique, No.95 Nanhai Avenue, Longhua District, Haikou City, Hainan Province, 570105, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Aoyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Ma W, Zhou L, Li Y, Xia D, Chen J, Chen J, Jiang X, Qin J, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Wang H, Fu Y, Zhu S, Jiang H, Ye H, Zhu Y, Lin Z, Wang W, Yang L. Persistent Purine Metabolic Abnormality Induces the Aggravation of Visceral Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis in Magang Goose. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:737160. [PMID: 34552978 PMCID: PMC8452157 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.737160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is a disease involving abnormal purine metabolism that is widespread in mammals and birds. Goose is especially susceptible for gout in early stage. However, a few studies investigated the ontogenetic pattern of goslings with purine metabolic abnormality. Our studies were conducted to investigate whether persistent purine metabolic abnormality would lead to aggravation of visceral inflammation and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in goose. A total of 132 1-day-old Magang geese were randomly divided into six replicates and fed a high-calcium and protein meal-based diet from 1 to 28 days. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Liver and kidney damages were observed in 14- and 28-day-old Magang geese, and liver inflammation increased with increasing age. In 28-day-old Magang geese, serum CAT and liver GSH-Px activity were significantly reduced. Furthermore, jejunum intestinal barrier was impaired and the abundance of Bacteroides was significantly reduced at the genus level. Collectively, the high-calcium and high-protein (HCP) meal-based diet caused liver and kidney damage in 28-day-old Magang geese, leading to hyperuricemia and gout symptoms, and the intestinal barrier is impaired and the intestinal flora is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingjuan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daiyang Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junpeng Chen
- Shantou Baisha Research Institute of Origin Species of Poultry and Stock, Shantou, China
| | - Xianzhi Jiang
- Microbiome Research Center, Moon (Guangzhou) Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yujie Zhao
- Gold Coin Feedmill (Dong Guan) Co., Ltd., Dongguan, China
| | - Xiufen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiquan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongwen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenping Lin
- Shantou Baisha Research Institute of Origin Species of Poultry and Stock, Shantou, China
| | - Wence Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Mangus LM, França MS, Shivaprasad HL, Wolf JC. Research-Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions in Common Avian and Aquatic Species. ILAR J 2021; 62:169-202. [PMID: 33782706 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-mammalian vertebrates including birds, fish, and amphibians have a long history of contributing to ground-breaking scientific discoveries. Because these species offer several experimental advantages over higher vertebrates and share extensive anatomic and genetic homology with their mammalian counterparts, they remain popular animal models in a variety of fields such as developmental biology, physiology, toxicology, drug discovery, immunology, toxicology, and infectious disease. As with all animal models, familiarity with the anatomy, physiology, and spontaneous diseases of these species is necessary for ensuring animal welfare, as well as accurate interpretation and reporting of study findings. Working with avian and aquatic species can be especially challenging in this respect due to their rich diversity and array of unique adaptations. Here, we provide an overview of the research-relevant anatomic features, non-infectious conditions, and infectious diseases that impact research colonies of birds and aquatic animals, including fish and Xenopus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Monique S França
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Tulare, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Wolf
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia, USA
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12
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Munuswamy P, Ramakrishnan S, Latheef SK, Kappala D, Mariappan AK, Kaore M, Anbazhagan K, Puvvala B, Singh KP, Dhama K. First description of natural concomitant infection of avian nephritis virus and infectious bronchitis virus reveals exacerbated inflammatory response and renal damage in broiler chicks. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104830. [PMID: 33691178 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the first report on spontaneous Avian Nephritis Virus (ANV) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) concurrent infection in broiler chicks. On necropsy, the kidneys were found swollen with its parenchyma and ureters stuffed with urate flakes. Histopathologically, the renal tubular damage and inflammatory response were severe in concurrently infected birds compared to the cases infected only with ANV, which had direct correlation with significantly (p < 0.001) increased expression of IL-1 β, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13, iNOS and IFN-γ transcripts in the kidneys of concurrently infected birds. Relative decrease in IFN-β transcript levels in the concurrently infected birds indicates suppression of antiviral response; the iNOS level was manifold increased which can be attributed to the enhanced macrophage response. Nucleotide sequencing of S1-spike glycoprotein gene of IBV and RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene of ANV confirmed etiologies as Igacovirus of Gammacoronavirus and ANV-2 of Avastrovirus 2, respectively. Both ANV and IBV virus affect kidneys. Our findings suggested that concurrent infections of these two viruses might have enhanced the transcripts of Th1, Th2 and proinflammatory cytokines with reduced IFN-β transcripts resulting in decreased host innate antiviral mechanisms leading to exacerbated renal lesions. Future experimental co-infection studies could throw more lights on pathology and pathogenesis during concurrent infections of ANV and IBV in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P, 243122, India.
| | - Saravanan Ramakrishnan
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P, 243122, India
| | - Shyma K Latheef
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P, 243122, India
| | - Deepthi Kappala
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, 221005, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P, 243122, India
| | - Megha Kaore
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440006, India
| | - Karthikeyan Anbazhagan
- Department of Animal Genetic and Breeding, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumbapet, Puducherry, 605009, India
| | - Bhavani Puvvala
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumbapet, Puducherry, 605009, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P, 243122, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P, 243122, India
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13
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Phalen DN. Diseases of the Avian Urinary System. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2020; 23:21-45. [PMID: 31759448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of the renal system can be caused by infectious and noninfectious processes. Creating a relevant differential diagnosis for kidney disease in the live or dead bird requires a structured approach where the list of differentials is narrowed based on the signalment of the bird; its history, including its diet and management; physical findings; and other diagnostic findings. This article aims to provide the reader not only a list of the diseases that occur in birds but also the guidelines on when a disease should be considered in a differential.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Phalen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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14
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Scope A, Schwendenwein I. Laboratory Evaluation of Renal Function in Birds. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2020; 23:47-58. [PMID: 31759451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Renal disease often remains undetected in living patients. Urinalysis might contribute to the diagnosis of some kinds of renal and metabolic diseases. Blood uric acid concentrations reflect the excretory functional capacity of the renal proximal tubules. In contrast, blood urea concentrations are significantly affected by the bird's hydration status and have been proposed as a useful variable to detect prerenal causes for renal impairment in birds. Measurement of exogenous creatinine excretion shows promising preliminary results to become a useful test for the assessment of renal excretion in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Scope
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna A-1210, Austria.
| | - Ilse Schwendenwein
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna A-1210, Austria
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15
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Abstract
Treatment of avian renal disease relies on supportive care, such as fluid therapy and nutritional support. Analgesia and adaptations of the environment are indicated in cases of renal disease associated with painful joints. Other treatments vary with the underlying etiology and may include systemic antibiotics, antifungal therapy, vitamin A supplementation, or chelation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Cojean
- Zoological Medicine Service, Clinique vétérinaire Benjamin Franklin, 38 rue du Danemark, ZA Porte Océane II, Brech 56400, France
| | - Sylvain Larrat
- Zoological Medicine Service, Clinique vétérinaire Benjamin Franklin, 38 rue du Danemark, ZA Porte Océane II, Brech 56400, France
| | - Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Service de médecine zoologique, Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada.
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16
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Burns RB, Dwivedi P. The natural occurrence of ochratoxin A and its effects in poultry. A review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19860005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Burns
- Agricultural and Food Research Council's Poultry Research Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland
| | - P. Dwivedi
- Agricultural and Food Research Council's Poultry Research Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland
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17
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Meulemans G, van den Berg T. Nephropathogenic avian infectious bronchitis viruses. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19980011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Meulemans
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, 99 Groeselenberg, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T.P. van den Berg
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, 99 Groeselenberg, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Nuñez LFN, Parra SHS, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Carranza C, Torre DIDL, Pedroso AC, Ferreira AJP. Detection of enteric viruses in pancreas and spleen of broilers with runting-stunting syndrome (RSS). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016000700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Enteric disease is a multifactorial problem in chickens, which causes gastrointestinal alterations, elevated feed conversions and impairment. In the last years, several enteric viruses were implicated in enteric disease; case reports have shown their presence alone or in concomitant infections during outbreaks and have suggested that they might be determining factors in the aetiology of enteric disease. This study shows high detection rates of enteric viruses in the pancreas and spleen in samples from an outbreak of enteritis and malabsorption in 16 chicken flocks (n=80 broilers). Avian nephritis virus (ANV) was the most ubiquitous virus, present in 75% of the flocks followed by avian rotavirus group A (ART-A) with 68.75%, and by chicken astrovirus (CAstV) and chicken parvovirus (ChPV) in 43.75% of samples. Viruses were present in the pancreas of positive flocks at extremely high rates: 100% for ART-A, 91.7% for ANV, 100% for CAstV and 57.14% for ChPV. By contrast, only 16.7% and 57.14% of intestine samples were positive for ANV and CAstV, respectively. Avian reovirus (AReo) and avian adenovirus group 1 (FAdV-1) were not detected. These results suggest that high viral detection rates in pancreas samples may be a result of viremia during enteric disease, with subsequent damage of the exocrine pancreas, leading to runting-stunting syndrome (RSS).
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19
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Wideman RF. Confirming the promise to prevent physiological disorders of organs: urolithiasis in laying hens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Griggs AN, Yaw TJ, Haynes JS, Ben-Shlomo G, Tofflemire KL, Allbaugh RA. Bioavailability and biochemical effects of diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:171-176. [PMID: 27167494 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if topical ophthalmic diclofenac sodium 0.1% solution alters renal parameters in the domestic chicken, and to determine if the drug is detectable in plasma after topical ophthalmic administration. ANIMALS Thirty healthy domestic chickens. PROCEDURES Over 7 days, six birds were treated unilaterally with one drop of artificial tear solution (group 1), 12 birds were treated unilaterally (group 2) and 12 bilaterally (group 3) with diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution. Treatments were provided every 12 h in all groups. Pre- and post-treatment plasma samples from all birds were evaluated for changes in albumin, total protein, and uric acid. Post-treatment samples of all birds, collected 15 min post-administration, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for diclofenac sodium detection. A randomly selected renal sample from each group was submitted for histopathologic review. RESULTS Changes in pre- and post-treatment plasma albumin were significant (P < 0.05) in groups 2 and 3, but not for group 1. Pre- and post-treatment changes in total protein and uric acid were not significant for any group. Diclofenac sodium was not detectable (limit of detection = 0.10 ng/mL) in plasma samples from birds in group 1. Post-treatment concentration of diclofenac in group 3 was statistically greater than group 2 (P = 0.0008). Histopathologic changes did not identify diclofenac-induced acute renal tubular necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Ophthalmic diclofenac sodium 0.1% administered topically every 12 h in one or both eyes for 7 days is detectable in systemic circulation in the domestic chicken, but does not cause overt significant changes in plasma uric acid or total protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Griggs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Taylor J Yaw
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Joseph S Haynes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Gil Ben-Shlomo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Kyle L Tofflemire
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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21
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de Wit JJS, Cook JKA. Factors influencing the outcome of infectious bronchitis vaccination and challenge experiments. Avian Pathol 2016; 43:485-97. [PMID: 25338230 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.974504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The factors influencing the outcome of infectious bronchitis vaccination and challenge experiments regarding the respiratory and renal systems are reviewed. Advantages and disadvantages of the available techniques for measuring protection against an infectious bronchitis virus challenge are discussed, including the definition of protection itself. Suggestions are made regarding some ways in which progress towards standardization of a recognized protocol for performing experimental challenge studies can be made and areas where more work is needed are indicated.
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22
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Dijkstra B, Guzman DSM, Gustavsen K, Owens SD, Hass C, Kass PH, Paul-Murphy JR. Renal, gastrointestinal, and hemostatic effects of oral administration of meloxicam to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:308-17. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.4.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Mohan K, Jayakumar K, Narayanaswamy H, Manafi M, Pavithra B. An initial safety assessment of hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic potential of intramuscular ketoprofen at single repetitive dose level in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1308-14. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Herbert JD, Coulson JO, Coulson TD. Quantification of tissue uric acid levels in a Harris's hawk with visceral gout. Avian Dis 2011; 55:513-5. [PMID: 22017058 DOI: 10.1637/9676-020211-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A young, captive-bred Harris's hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus, exhibited high fever and apparent paralysis of one leg shortly before death. Postmortem examination revealed milky white kidneys, white crystalline deposits in the pericardial sack, and white crystals in one intertarsal joint. Uric acid concentrations determined for the kidneys, heart muscle, skeletal muscle, and scrapings from the pericardial sack (20 mg) and intertarsal joint (2 mg) were, respectively, 12,200, 200, 110, 20,700, and 43,000 mg/100 g tissue. Compared with a healthy hawk, concentrations were elevated by a factor of 50 in the kidneys, 37 in skeletal muscle, and 18 in cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Herbert
- Department of Biochemistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 120 Midway Drive, River Ridge, LA 70123, USA
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25
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Wilson FD, Wills RW, Senties-Cue CG, Maslin WR, Stayer PA, Magee DL. High incidence of glomerulonephritis associated with inclusion body hepatitis in broiler chickens: routine histopathology and histomorphometric studies. Avian Dis 2010; 54:975-80. [PMID: 20945776 DOI: 10.1637/9050-090709-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During the routine histologic evaluation of an outbreak of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in Mississippi broilers, a high incidence of renal enlargement and glomerulonephropathy was observed in the birds presenting classic hepatic pathology. Characteristic intranuclear adenoviral inclusion bodies were demonstrated in the livers of these birds, and fowl adenovirus was identified by viral isolation and by PCR. The glomerular lesions were consistent with proliferative or membranoproliferative forms of glomerulonephritis. Histomorphometric evaluations were performed to generate a more quantitative analysis of altered glomerular size and cellularity, to detect statistically significant borderline changes, and to get a clearer insight into the incidence of the glomerular alterations. Marked increases in both the average glomerular size (area) and the total glomerular cellularity were observed for the affected glomeruli relative to normal controls. The average glomerular area values for normal glomeruli in the peripheral subcapsular cortical and central cortical kidney regions were 1791 microm2 and 5302 microm2, respectively. In contrast, glomerular measurements for kidneys exhibiting glomerulonephritis by routine histopathology, had average values for the two regions of 4429 microm2 and 11,063 microm2. The average glomerular cell counts for the two regions in controls were 44 and 107 cells/ glomeruli, while averages for birds with glomerulonephritis were 85 and 193 cells/glomeruli. The proportion of IBH-associated glomeruli greater than two standard deviations above the mean glomerular size of the normal controls was 52% for the central region and 62% for the peripheral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd D Wilson
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, P.O. Box 97813, Pearl, MS 39288, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The avian renal system differs anatomically and physiologically from the mammalian renal system. However, it is affected by similar disease categories such as infectious, nutritional, degenerative, congenital, metabolic, and neoplastic conditions. The diagnosis of renal disease in birds can be challenging and, in many cases, diagnosis is made on postmortem examination. Successful treatment of avian renal disease requires early recognition of clinical signs and correct interpretation of diagnostic tools.
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27
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NICHOLSON JK, OSBORN D. Kidney lesions in pelagic seabirds with high tissue levels of cadmium and mercury. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb06111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Hussain I, Khan MZ, Khan A, Javed I, Saleemi MK. Toxicological effects of diclofenac in four avian species. Avian Pathol 2009; 37:315-21. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450802056439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Narita M, Ohta K, Kawamura H, Shirai J, Nakamura K, Abe F. Pathogenesis of renal dysfunction in chicks experimentally induced by avian nephritis virus. Avian Pathol 2008; 19:571-82. [PMID: 18679967 DOI: 10.1080/03079459008418709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Renal dysfunction in chicks infected with avian nephritis virus (ANV) at 1 day or 1 week of age was studied. Two chicks inoculated per os and one inoculated intraperitoneally, both infected at 1 day of age, died with visceral urate deposits within 10 to 13 dpi, and the surviving infected chicks showed a markedly reduced weight gain. In a chronological study, ANV was consistently isolated from the kidney irrespective of the route of infection or age of chick. Fluorescent antigen to ANV was also detected as cytoplasmic granules in the tubular cells, accompanied by necrosis of tubular cells. A high concentration of serum uric acid was detected 4 to 13 dpi in chicks infected at 1 day of age and was frequently coincident with detection of the tubular cell necrosis. These results suggest that the increased serum uric acid concentration is caused by viral damage of kidney tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Narita
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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30
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Frazier JA, Howes K, Reece RL, Kidd AW, Cavanagh D. Isolation of non-cytopathic viruses implicated in the aetiology of nephritis and baby chick nephropathy and serologically related to avian nephritis virus. Avian Pathol 2008; 19:139-60. [PMID: 18679921 DOI: 10.1080/03079459008418663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Three embryo-lethal agents were isolated from broiler chickens having either stunting syndrome or baby chick nephropathy. The agents replicated at low levels in chick kidney cells, but a cytopathic effect was not seen. Their presence was detected by embryo mortalities after yolk sac inoculations. All three agents caused nephritis and growth suppression when inoculated into 1-day-old chicks, and one agent caused increased incidence of baby chick nephropathy. This, and one other agent, were serologically closely related to avian nephritis virus G-4260. Picornavirus-like particles were present in the kidneys of infected birds. The histopathology of baby chick nephropathy was similar to, although more severe than, the nephritis seen in clinically normal birds. The strain of birds used to produce chick kidney cells influenced the ability of G-4260 to form a cytopathic effect and plaques. Strain of bird also influenced the lesions produced on chorio-allantoic membranes after inoculation of G-4260 and the above isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Frazier
- Houghton Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Houghton, Huntingdon, England
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31
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Guo X, Huang K, Chen F, Luo J, Pan C. High Dietary Calcium Causes Metabolic Alkalosis in Egg-Type Pullets. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1353-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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32
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Mikaelian I, Patenaude R, Girard C, Martineau D. Metastatic cholangiocellular carcinoma and renal adenocarcinoma in a golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Avian Pathol 2008; 27:321-5. [PMID: 18484007 DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A 33-year-old captive male golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) was presented for necropsy with a history of emaciation and depression. The liver was severely distorted by numerous, coalescent, poorly demarcated, white firm nodules. Upon microscopic examination, these masses were found to be infiltrative and were composed of anastomosing tubular structures lined by signet-ring cells piling up in a disorderly fashion. Ultrastructurally, neoplastic cells were characterized by abundant microvilli at their apical pole and by numerous junctional complexes on lateral cell membranes. Based on morphological criteria, this tumour was classified as a poorly differentiated cholangiocellular carcinoma. Metastases were found in kidneys, testes, lungs, air sacs, pericardium, pancreas, adrenals and meninges. Additionally, two (11 and 2 mm) beige nodules were found in the cranial portion of the left kidney. Histological examination revealed locally infiltrative compact masses composed of well-differentiated tubules lined by a tall columnar epithelium without microvilli. These tumours were diagnosed as renal tubular adenocarcinomas. This is believed to be the first case of two simultaneous malignancies reported in a bird of prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mikaelian
- Centre Canadien Cooperatif de la Sante de la Faune, Universite de Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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33
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34
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Tsukamoto Y, Kotani T, Shiraishi Y, Kawamura H, Sakuma S. Epithelial cell proliferation of collecting ducts and ureters in the regenerating process of interstitial nephritis caused by infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Pathol 2007; 25:95-102. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459608419123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Tsukamoto Y, Matsumoto T, Kotani T, Taira E, Takaha N, Miki N, Yamate J, Sakuma S. The expression of gicerin, a cell adhesion molecule, in regenerating process of collecting ducts and ureters of the chicken kidney following infection with a nephrotropic strain of infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Pathol 2007; 26:245-55. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459708419209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Mándoki M, Bakonyi T, Ivanics E, Nemes C, Dobos-Kovács M, Rusvai M. Phylogenetic diversity of avian nephritis virus in Hungarian chicken flocks. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:224-9. [PMID: 16753614 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600711037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian nephritis virus (ANV) infection was detected in 4-day-old to 22-day-old chickens collected on Hungarian farms between 2002 and 2005. The animals suffered from diarrhoea, growth retardation, runting-stunting syndrome, and 2 to 6% mortality was reported. Tubulonephrosis, interstitial nephritis and uricosis (gout) was diagnosed. The presence of ANV RNA was detected in chicken carcasses using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The virus was demonstrated in 69% of the investigated farms. The nucleotide sequence of the amplification products (corresponding to part of the genome that encodes the GP1 protein) was determined and phylogenetic analysis was performed. The nucleotide sequences showed 76 to 86% identity to the reference strain isolated in 1976 in Japan. The constructed phlyogenetic tree indicates high diversity of the Hungarian ANV sequences, regardless of their origin and year of sample collection. Analysis of the putative amino acid sequences encoded by the partial GP1 sequences also revealed high diversity of the virus. Even samples collected at the same farm, at the same time but from different flocks, differed in nucleotide and putative amino acid sequences. The possible effects of the sequence diversity on the pathogenicity, antigenicity and diagnostics of ANV are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míra Mándoki
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, H-1400 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary.
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37
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Abstract
Renal disease in birds is frequently encountered. Like most other animals, birds are susceptible to a full spectrum of renal insults,such as toxins, tumors, infections, and degenerative conditions. Accurate diagnosis of renal disease is based on a complete history,physical examination, and laboratory evaluation of the patient. Because it is often required for a more definitive diagnosis, special attention is given to histopathologic evaluation of renal tissue,whether through a premortem biopsy or collection at gross necropsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Schmidt
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, PO Box 267, Greenview, CA 96037, USA.
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38
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Mándoki M, Dobos-Kovács M, Bakonyi T, Rusvai M. Molecular diagnosis of avian nephritis: preliminary report. Acta Vet Hung 2006; 54:51-60. [PMID: 16613026 DOI: 10.1556/avet.54.2006.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kidney samples from chickens diagnosed with acute nephritis and gout were subjected to histological and electron microscopic examination. The investigations revealed cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the tubular epithelial cells containing round virions of about 30 nm in diameter. Since avian nephritis virus (ANV) is known as a potential causative agent of the so-called baby chick nephropathy, an RT-PCR assay was developed for the molecular detection of ANV-specific nucleic acid in the specimen. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by direct sequencing of the amplicon obtained in the reaction. The nucleotide sequence of the PCR product showed 92% identity with the reference ANV sequence deposited in the GenBank database. After having been validated on some other suspicious cases of avian nephritis, the PCR method described in this study can be a potential tool for routine diagnostic examination of samples submitted from cases of gout and nephropathy in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Mándoki
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Szent István University, H-1400 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary.
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39
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Guo X, Huang K, Tang J. Clinicopathology of gout in growing layers induced by high calcium and high protein diets. Br Poult Sci 2006; 46:641-6. [PMID: 16359121 DOI: 10.1080/00071660500302661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. An experiment was conducted to test the independent and combined effects of high dietary calcium and protein concentrations on the induction of visceral gout in growing birds of a layer strain. 2. One hundred and sixty healthy birds were randomly divided into 4 groups at 35 d of age. The different groups were given 4 diets containing normal or high concentrations of dietary calcium or crude protein in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment for 30 d. The diets contained normal calcium (Ca) and crude protein (CP) (NCNP, 8.5 g Ca/kg and 175g CP/kg), high calcium and normal protein (HC, 36.3 g Ca/kg and 175 g CP/kg), normal calcium and high protein (HP, 8.8 g Ca/kg and 245 g CP/kg) or high calcium and high protein (HCHP, 36.8 g Ca/kg and 242 g CP/kg), respectively. 3. Typical visceral gout was induced by the HCHP diet. The HCHP and HC diet caused severe kidney damage. The HP diet did not cause kidney damage, but significantly increased plasma uric acid and inorganic phosphorus concentrations. 4. The HC diet significantly increased plasma uric acid, calcium and sodium, but significantly decreased plasma inorganic phosphorus, potassium and magnesium concentrations. The HCHP diet significantly increased plasma uric acid, calcium and sodium. 5. Urine volumes were significantly higher on the HCHP and HC diets than on the control. The growers raised on HC and HCHP diets had significantly higher total quantity of 24 h urinary excretion of uric acid, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus and potassium and a significantly lower 24 h urinary excretion of sodium. The growers fed on the HP diet had a higher 24 h urinary excretion of uric acid and inorganic phosphorus than the control. 6. It is concluded that growing layer birds should not be fed on layer rations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guo
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorder in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
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40
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Abstract
Reports on the incidence of renal disease in the avian patient vary,but renal disease is common in poultry and birds of prey. Clinical renal disease is probably under-recognized in the companion bird,with the notable exception of renal tumors in the budgerigar (Melopsittacusundulatus). Diagnosis of renal disease may rely on the identification of consistent clinical signs, clinical pathology, survey radiographs, and laparoscopic evaluation and biopsy of the kidneys. Treatment of avian renal disease relies on supportive care such as fluid therapy and nutritional support. Other treatments vary with the underlying cause and the clinical picture but may include systemic antibiotics, diuretics, parenteral vitamin A, and agents to lower uric acid levels such as allopurinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christal Pollock
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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Julian RJ. Production and growth related disorders and other metabolic diseases of poultry – A review. Vet J 2005; 169:350-69. [PMID: 15848778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In humans, metabolic complaints may be associated with a failure in one of the body hormone or enzyme systems, a storage disease related to lack of metabolism of secretory products because of the lack of production of a specific enzyme, or the breakdown or reduced activity of some metabolic function. Some of these disorders also occur in poultry, as do other important conditions such as those associated with increased metabolism, rapid growth or high egg production that result in the failure of a body system because of the increased work-load on an organ or system. These make up the largest group of poultry diseases classified as metabolic disorders and cause more economic loss than infectious agents. Poultry metabolic diseases occur primarily in two body systems: (1) cardiovascular ailments, which in broiler chickens and turkeys are responsible for a major portion of the flock mortality; (2) musculoskeletal disorders, which account for less mortality, but in broilers and turkeys slow down growth (thereby reducing profit), and cause lameness, which remains a major welfare concern. In addition, conditions such as osteoporosis and hypocalcaemia in table-egg chickens reduce egg production and can kill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Julian
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1.
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42
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Sanchez C, Bush M, Montali R. Polycystic Kidney Disease Associated With Unilateral Lameness in a Northern Pintail (Anas acuta). J Avian Med Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1647/2003-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Müller K, Göbel T, Müller S, Hermanns W, Brunnberg L. Use of endoscopy and renal biopsy for the diagnosis of kidney disease in free-living birds of prey and owls. Vet Rec 2004; 155:326-9. [PMID: 15470968 DOI: 10.1136/vr.155.11.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-nine free-living birds of prey and owls were examined and blood samples and radiographs were taken. In addition, 126 specimens of renal tissue were obtained without complications, with a mean postbiopsy haemorrhage time of 67 seconds. On average, the samples were 2.2 mm long, 1.3 mm wide and 1.0 mm deep and they all contained proximal and distal tubuli and from one to 89 glomeruli; 49 of them contained from one to four intralobular veins, and on average each sample contained 10.7 per cent air sac tissue; 113 of the 126 samples could be evaluated histologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Müller
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
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44
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Abstract
Avian renal diseases are common in practice but are often undetected or misdiagnosed. Polyuria can be interpreted as diarrhea leading to inappropriate investigation and therapy. The avian urinary system differs from the mammalian. This article explains the anatomy and physiology of the avian kidney and focuses on the diagnosis of renal disorders. In particular, blood chemistry, urinalysis, radiography, urography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and endoscopy (including biopsy) are explained and illustrated. Specific avian renal disorders and treatment possibilities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lierz
- Institute for Poultry Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Koserstrasse 21, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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45
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Poffers J, Lumeij JT, Redig PT. Investigations into the uricolytic properties of urate oxidase in a granivorous (Columba livia domestica) and in a carnivorous (Buteo jamaicensis) avian species. Avian Pathol 2002; 31:573-9. [PMID: 12593740 DOI: 10.1080/0307945021000024616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To study the uricolytic properties of urate oxidase in granivorous and carnivorous birds, experiments were conducted in pigeons (Columba livia domestica) and Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Plasma concentrations of allantoin and uric acid were determined at various times in experimental groups before and after receiving 100, 200, and 600 U/kg urate oxidase once daily and were compared with controls. All regimens caused a significant decrease in plasma uric acid concentrations within 2 days after the first administration, when compared with controls. Furthermore, both doses used in Red-tailed Hawks (200 and 100 U/kg) caused a significant postprandial suppression of plasma uric acid concentrations. Plasma allantoin concentrations were significantly higher when compared with controls. The ability of urate oxidase to prevent the physiological postprandial hyperuricaemia in Red-tailed Hawks and to reduce plasma uric acid concentrations to undetectable levels, shows the great potential of this drug for treating avian hyperuricaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Poffers
- Division of Avian and Exotic Animal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Universiteit Utrecht, Yalelaan 8, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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46
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Poffers J, Lumeij JT, Timmermans-Sprang EPM, Redig PT. Further studies on the use of allopurinol to reduce plasma uric acid concentrations in the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) hyperuricaemic model. Avian Pathol 2002; 31:567-72. [PMID: 12593739 DOI: 10.1080/0307945021000024634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reports the effects of allopurinol in a raptor hyperuricaemic model. The study was performed as a follow-up to previous experiments wherein allopurinol was used in doses of 100 and 50 mg/kg, and was proved to be toxic at these higher dose rates. To investigate whether 25 mg/kg (semel in die) s.i.d. allopurinol is a safe and effective dose in Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) to reduce plasma uric acid concentrations, experimental studies were performed using the physiologically occurring postprandial hyperuricaemia. Preprandial and postprandial plasma concentrations of xanthine, hypoxanthine, allopurinol, oxypurinol and uric acid were established by high-performance liquid chromatography at various time intervals after receiving allopurinol (25 mg/kg SID) or placebo. No significant differences were observed between the experimental and the control group. These results indicate that this dose is safe to administer; however, this dose failed to cause a significant effect on plasma uric acid concentrations. Because of the low therapeutic ratio of allopurinol in Red-tailed Hawks, follow-up studies have concentrated on an alternative for the treatment of hyperuricaemia, namely urate oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Poffers
- Division of Avian and Exotic Animal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Universiteit Utrecht, Yalelaan 8, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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47
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Ignjatovic J, Ashton DF, Reece R, Scott P, Hooper P. Pathogenicity of Australian strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus. J Comp Pathol 2002; 126:115-23. [PMID: 11945000 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of 25 strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolated in Australia between 1961 and 1994 was compared in white leghorn specific pathogen-free chicks. Twelve strains were nephropathogenic and 10 respiratory, the other three being of mixed pathogenicity. The IBV strains identified as nephropathogenic induced clinical nephritis, gross and histological kidney lesions, and mortality of 5-90%. According to the severity of these features, the nephropathogenic strains could be further subdivided into strains of high, moderate or low pathogenicity. The three strains of mixed pathogenicity induced tracheitis, mild clinical nephritis and kidney lesions but no mortality. The 10 respiratory strains caused histological lesions in the trachea but not in the kidney, and did not induce clinical nephritis or mortality. Of 12 IBV strains isolated between 1961 and 1976, nine were nephropathogenic, inducing mortality of 15-90%. In contrast, of 13 strains isolated between 1981 and 1994, only three were nephropathogenic, inducing mortality of 5-37%, whereas nine were respiratory. Seven of these nine strains, unlike other respiratory strains, failed completely to replicate in the kidney. The results indicated a change in the prevalent IBV strains from highly nephropathogenic (1960s to 1970s) to respiratory (1980s to early 1990s); moreover, the late 1980s saw the emergence of respiratory strains with altered tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ignjatovic
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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48
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Abstract
A 21-year-old male double-yellowheaded Amazon parrot was referred because of possible urolithiasis. The bird had strained to void since it was young, and recently, signs of depression and inappetence had appeared. Radiography revealed 2 mineralized opacities in the left caudal portion of the celomic cavity. A left lateral celiotomy revealed that the left ureter was dilated and contained a calculus, which was later determined to be composed of monosodium uric acid crystals and proteinaceous material. The second mineralized mass could not be located at that time, but was detected in the caudal aspect of the celomic cavity after surgery by use of radiography. Manual attempts to maneuver the uterolith from the ureter through the cloaca were unsuccessful. Five days after the initial surgery, the uterolith was removed by cloacotomy and ventral midline laparotomy. Excretory urography performed 10 and 31 days after surgery revealed that the left ureter was homogeneously opacified and gradually decreased to 3 to 6 mm in diameter. The bird remained healthy and seemed to strain less severely during voiding. Nonspecific signs associated with ureteroliths may result in delay in diagnosis. Surgical removal of ureteroliths may be an effective treatment for this uncommon condition, but it is complicated by certain anatomic features of birds and may result in ureteral stricture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dennis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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Imada T, Yamaguchi S, Mase M, Tsukamoto K, Kubo M, Morooka A. Avian nephritis virus (ANV) as a new member of the family Astroviridae and construction of infectious ANV cDNA. J Virol 2000; 74:8487-93. [PMID: 10954549 PMCID: PMC116360 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.18.8487-8493.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2000] [Accepted: 06/20/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete RNA genome of the avian nephritis virus (ANV) associated with acute nephritis in chickens has been molecularly cloned and sequenced. Excluding the poly(A) tail, the genome comprises 6,927 nucleotides and contains three sequential open reading frames (ORFs). The first ORF (ORF 1a) contains a sequence encoding a serine protease motif, and the second ORF (ORF 1b) has a sequence encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. ORF 1a may be linked to the second ORF by a ribosomal frameshifting mechanism. The third ORF (ORF 2) may encode the virion structural proteins as a polyprotein precursor. Two RNAs, probably genonic and subgenonic RNA (7.5 and 3.0 kb), were detected in the cytoplasm of ANV-infected cells. ANV and human astroviruses have the same genonic organization, and both are characterized by the presence of two RNA bands. The amino acid homologies of the products of ORF 1a, 1b, and 2 were 20.3, 41.9, and 25.8% to products of the corresponding ORFs of human astrovirus serotype 1 (A/88 Newcastle strain). We have constructed a genonic-length cDNA clone of ANV to test whether the in vitro transcript is infectious. When a chicken kidney cell culture was transfected with RNA transcribed in vitro and the cDNA clone, infectious virus was produced with cytopathic effects in the absence of trypsin. These observations suggested that the ANV (G-4260 strain) is a new genus of the family Astroviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imada
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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50
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Toxopathology of gout induced in laying pullets by sodium bicarbonate toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1999; 7:227-36. [DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(99)00020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/1998] [Revised: 05/14/1999] [Accepted: 05/28/1999] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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